ILADELPHIA 

HE WORLD WAR 



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QI4-1919 




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COFnUGItr DEPOSIT. 



PHILADELPHIA 

IN THE WORLD WAR 
1914-1919 




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T^hiladelphia 

in the 

World War 



1914-1919 




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Vuhlishcdfoy 
The Ph I ladelphiaW^r History Committee 

Wynkoop Hallen beckCrawford Co. 

"nVininitj 'Hcitdi^Martcrs " 

Trodiicevs of Uarl/tstorics 

80 Lafayette Street 

C^ewYorK, 



^ 






PrBMSHFR's Note: Wo ciiniiot let this opportunity pass 
without taking occasion to t^xpress our thanks and the very 
great appreciation that we hav(> lor the iine spirit of co- 
operation which Mr. John Frederick Lewis. Chairman of 
the Phila(lcli)hia War History r.omniittee. has shown in 
the preparation and publication of this volume, which is one 
of such historical interest and value as to be handed down 
tlirough posterity. In this expression of our appreciation we 
wish to include also Mr. J. Jarden (nienther. Secretary, and 
the otiier members of the C.onnnittce. whose whole-hearted 
cooperation and sustained effort have made the book possible. 

W'VNKOOr llALI.IliNBIXK C^HAWIOIU) Co. 



Copyright 1922. I>y 
Wynkoop HnlleDlM>ck Crawford Co. 



MAR ^5 1922 



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FOREWORD 

Philadelphia's patriotism and unswerving loyalty to the 
Nation were never more plainly manifested than during 
the World War. Her people gave without stint, of their 
time and their means; many were wounded, and some, 
alas, made the supreme sacrifice at their Country's call. 
It is ap|)r()|)riate that a record of their work shall be pre- 
served in permanent form for widespread circulation. 
Interest and sentiment alike suggest that all information 
concerning the activities of Philadelphians, whether in 
military, naval, civil, industrial or financial cii'cles during 
the war, shall be preserved for historical reasons, and as 
an inspiration to future generations. 

The Philadelphia War History Committee, which was 
appointed September 22, 1919, by the Honorable Thomas 
B. Smith, then Mayor of Philadelphia, and continued in 
office during my admiuislration, lias been steadily at work 
since its appointment, gathering material for a compre- 
hensive history, and while it has not been possible to bring 
within the compass of a single volume all the details of the 
work of our people, it is hoped that this volume will be 
Avelcomed by every Piiiladelphian as a worthy memorial of 
the services of our fellow citizens during one of the most 
vital chapters in the history of the United States. 

J. HAMPTON MOORE. 

Mavor 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Pliiladclpliias War C.liroiiology .15 

Mayor Smith's War ('.oinmitlcfs ... .46 

l'liila(li'l[)hia llciiiic Defense Heserve . . . 55 

I'iiiladelpliia Sehool M()bilizalii)ri ("nminiltee 60 

Joint Conncilnianic ("ommittee 65 

Stiidenl Mililaiy iraiiiinir ("amps ... 78 

Philadelphia Military Training' Corps ... .81 

Military Traininf; in Local Schools and (",olJ(>};es 83 

V. of P.; i')rexf'l: Hahnemann; .lell'eison: St. Josephs; 'I'cmple 

I'einisy Uania \\()nien"s Division tor National Preparedness 90 

Local Hejfrian [Relief ("omniittee .93 

History of (he 2«lh Division . . 01 

Work of the Draft lioards . . .126 

History of the T'Mli Division ... . L3 1 

HisloiY of Ulher Philaih'lphia Inils L") 1 

American I'"i(hl Service; llllh Telcf^'iaph Battalion; 19th Lnjrineers; 

Airmen of I'iiiladelpliia; \meiicaii l-'oreif^n Lefrion ; Uitli Infantry; 

Women in the Si'r\ice: Tank Corps; |iK)lh Tele'.'raph I'allalioii; Slate 

Foncibles; Pioneer Infantiy l^egimenls; First Troop, P. ('.. C; I'. S. 

.\. .\. S.; Military lnlellif.'enco; Coloied Inils; I'aldwin"-; Silii'rian 

Contingent. 

Base Hospital Liiils 201 

No. 10; No. 20; No. 31; .No. 38; ll.ispilai I nil A; B<(1 Cross General 
Hospital No. I. 

Frankford and Schuylkill .\rsenals . 231 

.\rmy Casually List 249 

Fourth Naval District Beport and 258 

I'hiladelphians in the Navy; Recruilinj; for L. S. N. B. F. ; Naval 
Intellifienco; Naval Alilitia of Pennsylvania; Camoullage Painting; 
Naval Base No. 5; U. S. Naval Commissary Schools. 



CONTENTS— CoM/fViHfrf 

I'AGE 

Naval Casualty List 331 

History of Philadelphia Marines 333 

Marine Casualty List 342 

Pennsylvania and Philadelphia Councils of National Defense .... 343 

The Port of Philadelphia 357 

Work of U. S. Shipping Board and Local Ship Yards 361 

Cramps: Merchant Shipbuilding Corp.; N. Y. Shipbuilding ('.orp.; 

Sun Shipbuilding Co.; Traylor. 

Manning (lie Merchant Marine 399 

Philadelphia Ordnance District 403 

Some Wartime Industries of Philadelphia 410 

Alexander Brothers; Alteneder; American Metal Works; American 
Pulley Co.; Baldwin; Bethlehem Steel Co.; Blaisd(>ll Pencil Co.; 
J. G. Brill Co.; E. G. Budd; Ford Motor Co.; AJjram Cox; Day and 
Zimmermann, Inc.; Heller and Brightly; Janney, Stcinmetz & Co.; 
Lupton; Jolm j^ucas & Co.; Fayette B. Plumb, Inc.; Jacob Reed's 
Sons; Shoemaker and Busch; Smith, Kline and French Co.; Summerill 
Tubing Co.; J. S. Thorn Co.; .lohn Wood Mfg. Co.; Tacony Steel Co.; 
A. H. Fox; Taylor- Wharton; Hale and Kilburn; du Ponts; Hercules 
Powder Co.; Midvale Steel Co.; Niles-Bement-Pond. 

Bell Telephone Co. of Peiuia 457 

Board of Trade 462 

Chamber of Commerce 465 

Commercial Museums 466 

War Industries Board 469 

Some Federal Agencies 474 

Federal Reserve Bank; War Savings Division: Liberty Loans; Foreign 
Language Division; Four-Minute Men; Fuel, Food and Railroad 
(including B. & 0. R. R.; P. R. R.; P. & R. Ry.) Administrations; 
Emphtyment Service; American Railway Express. 

The Newspapers' Part in the War 515 

The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Local Artists . . .517 
American Red Cmss 523 



CO'STE'STS—Conlinued 

PAGE 

Emergenry \itl of Pennsylvania 554 

Relief Activities 588 

American Friends Service Committee; National League for Woman's 
Service; Navy League; P. R. R. Women's Division for War Relief; 
Pennsylvania Society, Colonial Dames of America; Women's Land 
Army: WOtnen's Permanent Ktnerfrency Association of Germantown. 

Religious Activities 620 

Protestant Churches and Organizations. 

Roman Catholic \i(lidiocese. 

Jewish Congregations and Organizations. 

War Time Recreational Work 610 

A. L. A.; Free Library: Community Singing: Historical Hikes; ,1. W. R.; 
K. of C: RenedicI Ser\ ice Club; Salvation Army; United Service 
Club: W. C. C. S.: War llmergency I nil: Historical Society of Penn- 
sylvania: V. M. C. A.: Y. W. C. A.: War Welfare Council. 

Women's Chibs 689 

Civic: New C.entiny: Philomusian. 
Men's Clubs 6Q1 

Aero: Art: l']ngineers: Markham; Mercantile; Penn; Philadelphia; 

Philadelphia Country; Ractjuel; Rotary; University; Union League; 

Franklin Institute. 

University of Pennsylvania 711 

Bureau of Municipal Research 713 

North American Civic League for Immigrants 71 1 

Boy and Cirl Scouts 716 

British and Canadian Recruiting Mission . . 719 

The RetiuM I if Troops .... .... 725 

Vocatit)naI Training . 715 

War Oeparlmiiits Work for Demobilized Troops 749 

The American Legion 756 

Military Ord(>r of Foreign Wars 758 

Military Order of the World War 759 

National American War Mothers 760 

Philadelphia's Service Flag 762 



INTRODUCTION 

PHILADELPHIA is probably the most native American of all the larpe 
cities in the United States, and is certainly second to none in patriotism. 
Her loyalty has been shown upon every battlefield which has marked the 
Nation's history — in Mexico, in the Philippines, in Cuba, and alas, in France — 
and none the less by those who, kept at home, spared neither time nor treasure 
for those who went away. It is well to record such loyalty and to publish the same, 
so that the present, as well as the future, may know what was done and may 
again be done by a united people. 

This l)ook is such a record. It aims to be a comprehensive history of the part 
Philadelphia played in the World War. To publish everything her people did is 
manifestly impossible. Neither Municipal, State nor Federal archives have 
yet been completed, but it is hoped that in the following pages no important 
work has gone without mention, and that at least some credit has been given to 
all the different activities in which her people were engaged. Nearly 100,000 of 
her young men and women were in the Army or Navy, or in some branch of the 
Federal service directly connected therewith, and few indeed of her 100,000 homes 
but witnessed some effort towards winning the war. 

Philadelphia was the most congested war material producing district in the 
United States, and the total amount of her output and its varied character are 
extraordinary. Her ships, her locomotives and her trucks, her guns, rifles and 
shells, her medicines and chemicals, and her military and naval supplies of all 
kinds, were produced in enormous quantities, with amazing speed, and promptly 
sent wherever needed. 

From the day Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, June 28, 
191 1, the work of the municipality and her citizens began, preparedness merely, 
but none the less earnest work against possible eventualities. The War Chnjnology 
prepai-ed by Mr. Clark and published herewith will give at a glance the gradual 
sequence with which the road to war was marked. 

On March 20, 1917, the Mayor appointed a Home Defense Committee, 
and from that time until February 4, 1921, when the last of 122 ships were deliv- 
ered by the American International Shipbuilding Corporation from the plant at 
Hog Island, the city's activities never ceased. When President Wilson, on April 
6, 1917, declaied a state of war with Germany to exist, instant support was offered 
the Government. While the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee was still 
in session, the Mayor wired the President pledging the ungrudging support of 
all the men and women of Philadelphia and all the City's resources to maintain 
the honor and dignity of the Nation and to protect the lives and property of 
Americans on land and sea, and this pledge was carried out to the letter. 

The work of the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee was afterwards 
largely taken over by the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety when a Phila- 
delphia Branch was appointed for the Council of National Defense, and after 
the termination of hostilities, when the work of the Philadelphia Council was 
completed, its Chairman, Judge Martin, suggested that the historical research 



which it had coiKiurtod should ho continued by the appdintnicnt of a Pliiladclphia 
War History Committee. The Council had collected a large number of photo- 
graphs showing the war-time activities in Philadelphia, and had commenced 
the work of securing the war records of Philadelphia men and women in service. 
A house to house canvass had been made by the Police Department, and some 
55,000 records obtained, but much remained to be done. The suggestion of Judge 
Martin was accepted and a Committee appointed which organized as follows: 
John Frederick Lewis, t^hairman; J. Jarden (iuenlher, Secretary; Mrs. J. Willis 
Martin, Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton, Franz Ehrlich, Jr., James E. Lennon, Dr. 
Edward B. (ileason, John \. I.oughney and Howard A\ayne Smith. This Com- 
mittee received a small balance of an appropriation which had been made by 
City Councils to the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, subsequently 
followed by a small appropriation for clerical and slenographii^ service, and with 
these funds and the assistance of the WOniens Conunittee of the I'ennsylvania 
Council of National Defense, all the material in this book has been gotten together 
for publication. 

To J. Jarden (Iuenlher, the Secretary of the Committee, acknow ledgnietil 
is made for faithful and skilful service, but the printing and publication of the 
book are due entirely to Ihe public spirit and enterprise of the \\ ynkoop Hallenbeck 
Crawford ('onipany of New ^Ork, which has made an enviable record issuing war 
histories. 

John Fredehk k T,i wis. 




PHILADELPHIA'S WAR CHRONOLOGY 



By William Bkll Clark 




=^^]HILADELPHIA"S varied part in tlie World War from 
Juno. 1011. to the hps'nninfj; of 1021. is here arranged in 
chronologiial order. The dates of the great national or 
international events of the same period are shown in iliilics 
and form a basis of correlation with the local happenings. 
In no sense is this a complete chronology of the city 
in tlic war. To attempt to tell everything that happened, 
even through the medium of a sentence apiece, would re- 
quire more space than this entire volume. Hence, only 
the more important events are set forth. For illustration: 
the histories of the national guard units or the drafted men are not attempted 
after the departiue IVom the city. Those desirous of following them can d(j so 
elsewhere in this volume. 

In arranging the chronology, the files of the local newspapers were used and 
the compiler sought to refrain from interpolating anything which, censured during 
the war period, has been made public since. For this reason there will be found 
little regarding what happened at the Navy Yard after April, 1916. The work of 
the Yard remained a closed book to the public until tlw war ended. 

Questions of space made it imperative not to attempt to recount every draft 
call from the city; every launching at the numerous shipyards; every meeting or 
rally of the k>an and other campaigns, etc. The principal dates are given through- 
out in the cases of the loans — opening, closing, subscriptions — and one or two 
important incidents. 

The war period, particularly the year 1918, was filled with propaganda. At 
times it required a nice distinction to ascertain just what was news and what 
represented press agenting of war activities. This was particularly true in the 
recruiting campaigns and the many activities under the Food and Fuel Adminis- 
trations and various branches of the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety 
and Council of National Defense. 

Undoubtedly there will be many who may feel that their own activities 
have been slighted or overlooked. To them it can only be said that space 
was at a premium and all that could be crowded into that space appears in 
the chronokjgy. 

15 



1914 
June 28 — Archduke Francis Ferdinand, of Austria- Hungary, and his wife, assassinated in 

Serajem. 
July 6 — Pennsylvania Naval Militia (Philadelphia Battalion), sails for two weeks' practise 

cruise on U. S. S. IViode Island. 
July 9 — First annual German Day, held at Lemon Hill, by Genuan-American societies of 

the city. t 

July 2() — L'. S. Destroyer O'Brien launched at Cramps. '•' 

July 23 — Austria-Hungarian ultinialuni driirered to Serbia. ': 

German S. S. Prinz .XdallHTl sails with Philadelphia passenger. Dr. Maximilian 
Roedmann; ship subsequently put into Falmouth, England, and is seized as prize. 
July 25 — .Auslro-Uungary receiws and rejects Serbia's reply to the ultimatum. 
July 26 — Austria-Hungary and Russia liegin mobilization. 
July 28 — Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia. 

Paris liourse closed. 
July 29 — Russia completes mobilization in districts of Odessa, Kier, Moscow atid Kazan. 

.\ustro-IIungarian Consulate at 8tli and Spruce streets besiegtil by reservists 
awaiting call to arms. 
July ',iO— Russia orders complete mobilization in all districts. 

Philadelphia Stock Market feels first effects of war alarms. 
July 31 — (iermany sends Russia ultimatum to .ttop every tear measure tcithin twelve hours. 
London Stock Exchange closed. 
Philadelphia Stock lixcbange closed. 

Cancelation of sailing orders for German liner Imperator temporarily maroons a 
number of Pliiladelphians in Hamburg, including Morris I^. Clothier, Mr. and 
Mrs. George \\ . Kendrick, 3d, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Tily. 
Aug. 1 — France orders mobilizalion. 

Germany declares war against Russia. 

.\ustro-Hungarian Consulate receives Imperial order calling lidiiie c\ery Austrian 

and Hungarian, between 21 and 33. 
.Vmerican liner Merion sails from Philadelphia with 150 passengers. 
Thirty million in gold transferred from loial U. S. Mint to Sub-Treasury, New York. 
Aug. 2 — (Iermany demands free iiassage for her tro<jps across Belgium. 
Aug. 3 — Germany declares war against France. 

Germany serves ultimatum on Belgium and violates lalter's border. 

France declares war on Germany. 

Philadelphia Clearing House de<;ides to issue certilicates to protect gold supply 

from depletion by European demands. 
\ewspai)ers begin to list hundreds of local tourists caught in the war zone. 
Aug. I — Great Britain serivs uUintaium on Germany regarding violation of Belgian neutrality- 
German armies l>cgin attack on Liige forts. 
Germany declares war on Belgium. 
President Wilson issues ,\eutralily Proclamation. 

.North German Lloyd Uner Krunprincessin Cecilie, after vainly trying to make 
German port with $10,600,000 in goliL runs into Bar Harlwr, Me., the local pas- 
sengers on board including Morris L. Cooke, Dr. Francis X. Dercum, Robert 
Glendinning, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph B. McCall, Joseph B. McCall, Jr., and Miss 
Lw>nore McCall. 
British Consulate instructed to inform British ships not to enter German ports. 
Fifty French reservists leave local ajnsulate for New York. 
.\ug. 5 — Great Britain declares war against Germany. 

North German Lloyd liner Bradenhurg reaches port after pursuit off Delaware; 

left Bremen, July 23d with 387 passengers. 
Hamburg-.Vmerican Uner Prinz Oskar arrives in Delaware. 
.\ug. 6 — Austria- Hungary declares war against Russia. 
Serbia declares war against Germany. 
Philadelphia Sub-Treasury accepts deposits for .\mericans marooned abroad. 

16 



All!;. 6 — Mauretania reaches Halifax with the Pliiladelphians who had been delayed in Ham- 
burg when Imperalor failed to sail. 
Aufi- 7 — Italian liner Ancoiia arrives at Philadelphia. 

First Brigade, National Guard of Pennsylvania, leaves for two weeks' training at 

Mt. Grelna. 
Aug. fi — Monlenefiro declares W(ir aiiainst Anslria-Humiary. 
Aug. — Auslria-llurKjary declares icnr nyainsl Monlene<iro. 

Monk'iuyro declares war against Germany. 
Aug. 10 — German warsliips "Goeben" and "Breslau" enter the Dardanelles. 

American hner Ilaverford arrives from Liverpool with 5.5.5 passengers who had been 

kept in ignorance of war declarations. 
Italian liner .Ancona sails with 800 passengers, mostly reservists. 
Aug. 13 — France and Great Britain declare war againxt Austria-IIumiary. 
Aug. l-l — First British Expeditionary Force tiegins to arrive in France. 
Aug. 15 — Ilaverford sails for Liverpool with seventy-three passengers. 
Aug. 17 — Last Liege forts fall. 
Aug. 18 — Charles ,1. Hexamer, president of National German AJUance, issues appeal to keep 

Japan out of the war and .save the Pacific from Japanese domination. 
.\ug. 19 — U. S. Destroyer Nicholson launched at Cramps. 
Aug. 22 — North German Lloyd hner Bradenburg sails with heavy cargo of coal. (Note: 

The Bradenburg eluded the Allied blockade, coaled a German raider, and reached 

Norway in safety.) 
Aug. 23 — Japan declares war against Germany. 
Belgian forts at Namur fall. 

Serbia defeats Anstro-IIungarian invaders at .ladar. 
Aug. 21 — British forced hack at Mons. 
Aug. 26 — British defeated at La Caleaa. 
Aug. 27 — .Austria-Hungary declares war against Japan. 

Paul Hagemans, Belgian Consul-(_ieneral, denounei-s bombing of defenseless cities 

by Zeppelins. 
Aug. 28 — .\ustria-Hungary declares war against Belgium. 

British light cruisers defeat Germans at Ilelgolanil Bight. 
Aug. 30 — Bussian army annihilated at Tannenburg. 

Sept. 1 — American liner Merion reaches Philadelphia with 408 passengers. 
Sept. 3 — Twelve Philadelphia nurses, headed by Miss Margaret Lehman, leave for Bed 

Cross work in Europe. 
Sept. 5 — The Battle of the Marne opens. 

Merion sails for Liverpool with forty-eight passengers. 
Sept. '> — German armies retreat toward the .Xisne. 
Sept. 11 — German and Auslro-Hungarian Consuls de\ ise plan to give Cential iviiiiirc war 

news jointly. 
Sept. 13 — Battle of the A isne opens. 
Sept. II — Itahan hner Ancoita arrives at Philadelphia with 111 passengers. 

Haverford. American Line, arrives at Philadelphia with 458 passengers. 
Sept. 19 — Knights Templar of Pirst (Pennsylvania) Division, at fourteenth Annual Field Day 

on Belmont Plateau, pray for restoration of peace in Europe. 
Sept. 20 — First Belgian Mission to the United States, headed by M. H. Carton de Wiart, 

Minister of Justice, visits Philadelphia. 
Sept. 21 — .Secretary of the Navy Daniels present at Philadidphia Navy Yard, for opening 

of work on new .$200,000 shipway. 
Sept. 22 — British cruisers " .Aboukir," "Hague" and "Cressy" torpedoed and sunk by U-9. 
Sept. 30 — Battle of the .A isne ends in a draw. 
Oct. 5 — American liner Merion arrives at Philadelphia with 418 passengers. 

Citizens' Permanent BeUef Committee, Mayor Blankenburg, Chairman, issues 

appeal for money for war sufferers to be expended by Bed Cross. 
Oct. 9 — .Antwerp falls to the Germans. 

17 



Oct. 12 — ^Mrs. Edward S. Sayres organizes Local Belgian Relief Coniiiiillee. 

Oct. 11 — Belgian Consul General Hagemans makes appeal in connection with tlie visit 

of Mme. Emile Van der Velde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State. 
Oct. 19 — American liner Haierford arrives at Philadelphia with 128 passengers. 
Oct. 20 — Committee of Mercy, forerunner of Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, fornu'd at 

meeting at home of Mrs. Eli Kirk Price. 1709 Walnut Street. 
Oct. 22 — Child Federation opens booth in City Hall courtyard for Christmas gifts for 

orphaned little ones of Europe. 
Oct. 28 — Germans open attack on Ypres front in race fur Cliannel i>orts. 
Oct. 30 — Emergency .\id Committee of Pennsylvania formed, and head<iuarters openetl at 

1428 Wahiut Street. 
Nov. 1 — Cradock'i British fleet dispersed and partly destroyed by Von Spee's German Squadron 

off Coronet, Chili. 
Nov. 3 — Russia declares uar against Turkey. 

Great Britain declares the .\orlh Sea a "mililary area" and restricts neutral shipping 
Martin G. Brumbaugh elected Governor of Pennsylvania. 
Nov. 4 — ICmergency Aid Committee sends lirst consignment of 16 cases for European relief. 
Nov. 5 — Great Britain and France declare war against Turkey. 
Nov. 7 — Japan captures German Chinese concession at Tsintau. 

John Wanamaker charters Norwegian .S. S. Thelma, as Belgian food ship, ami Com- 
mittee of Publishers is formed to raise money to stock same. 
Nov. 9 — German commerce destroyer "Eniden" sunk by Australian cruiser "Sydney" off 

South Keeling Island. 
Nov. 12 — German allack on Ypres front ends. 

Belgian relief ship Thelma sails with 1,700 Ions of food. 
Nov. 23 — Turkey declares war against the Entente. 

Nov. 2.1 — Second foodship, the Orn. sails for Beligum wilh 2,000 tons of food. 
Nov. 27 — British super-dreadnaught "Audacious" sunk by mine off north coast of Ireland. 
I'Oodship Thelma reaches Kalmouth. ICngland. 




.Mayor lihinkiriburg and Committee speeding the Relief Ship "Orn" 

18 



Nov. 28 — Emergency Aid Committee takes over basement of Lincoln Building for five depart- 
ments. 
Nov. 29 — Food ship Thelma leaves Falmouth. 
Dec. 2 — Serbia declares war against Turkey. 

$198,891.06 and $60,000 worth of food raised in Philadelphia and siurounding 

towns for Thelma and Orn, according to report of Publishers' Committee. 
Dec. 5 — Foodship Thelma reaches Rotterdam. 

British S. S. Batiscan, with 6,700 tons of wheat and grain, sails from Philadelphia 

under auspices of American Commission for Relief in Belgium. 
Dec. 8 — Von Spee's German Squadron destroyed by Slurdee's British fleet o^ Falkland Islands. 
Dec. 10 — Councils appropriate $50,000 for relief of the city's destitute; fund administered 

jointly with Emergency Aid. 
Dec. 14 — Emergency Aid's three day "Made in America Bazaar," opens in Horticultural Hall, 

Broad Street, below Locust Street. 
Dec. 19 — Food ship Orn arrives at Rotterdam. 
Dec. 25 — British S. S. Ferrona, with 256,005 bushel" of wheat, sails from Philadelphia under 

auspices of American Commission for Relief of Belgium. 
Dec. 26 — .American Government protests against Great Britain's "military area" order and 

irregularities of such a blockade. 
Dec. 30 — British S. S. Industry, with 5,000 tons of foodstuffs, including $57,000 worth pur- 
chased by Philadelphia Belgian Relief Committee, sails from Pliiladelphia under 

auspices of American Commission for ReUef of Belgium. 
1915 
Jan. 7 — Great Britain's reply to .American protest declares that increased American trade with 

neutrah implies additional contraband goods destined for Germany. 
Hebrews at meeting in Mercantile Hall inaugurate $100,000 campaign for relief 

of starving Jews in war zone. 
Jan. 8 — Battle of Soissons opens. 

Jan. 11 — "Made in America Bazaar" profits announced as $50,301.10. 
Jan. 15 — Bailie of Sois.^ons ends. 
Jan. 19 — Governor Brumbaugh inaugurated. 

Jan. 24 — German cruiser "Blucher" sunk in sea-fight on Dogger Bank. 
Feb. 4 — Germany proclaims a "war zone" around the British Isles. 
Feb. 9 — American liner Haverford arrives with seventy passengers. 
Feb. 10 — Great Britain amplifies reply of January 7th. 

American note protests German "war zone" order. 
Feb. 12 — "Self-Sacrifice Day," for poor of city, held under auspices of Emergency Aid to 

raise $100,000. (Fund completed in ten days.) 
Feb. 18 — German "war zone" order becomes effective. 
Feb. 20 — .American note, identical to Great Britain and Germany, suggests compromise to make 

situation of neutrals more tolerable. 
March 5 — Philadelphia Conmiittee on American Ambulance Hospital, at Paris, reports 

$23,222.73 raised for establishment of Philadelphia ward. 
March 10 — German commerce raider "Prinz Eitel Friedrich" enters Newport News. (Subsequently 

interned.) 
Battle of Neuve Chapelle opens. 
March 12 — British abandon attack at Neuve Chapelle. 
March 22 — Austrian fortress at Przemysl (Galicia) falls to Russians. 
March 28 — British S. S. "Falaba" sunk by submarine in St. George's Channel; one American 

life lost. 
April 11 — German commerce raider " Kronprinz Wilhelm" enters Newport News. (Subsequently 

interned.) 
April 22 — Germans first use gas in second Battle of Ypres. 
A|>ril 21 — British Expeditionary Force lands at Gallipoli (Dardanelles). 
April 27 — ItaUan liner Ancona arrives with 444 passengers. 
April 28 — German aeroplane drops three bombs on American S. S. "dishing." 

19 



.\pril 29 — Home of Dr. Pasquale Gorgas, physician to Italian Consulate, bombed because be 

rcfusetl to fiivo sick oerlilicates to reservists to avoid war service. 
May 1 — Germany begins offensive on entire Russian front. American ianker "Gulfluilil" 

torpedoed, eleven killed. 
May 7 — Canard liner "Liisilania" torpedoed and sunk off Old Head of Kinsale, soulli of Ireland; 

1.153 lost, including 18S .Americans. 
Pliiladelphians lost on Lusitania: Mr. and Mrs. Paul Crorapton with six children 

and povemess. Miss Dorothy .\llen. Mr. and Mrs. Harry J. Kesser, Mr. and Mrs. 

William S. Hodges and two sons. Mr. and Mrs. (^^harles H. Robinson, Mr. and 

Mrs. E. Booth Jones and two cliildren. Da\id Todd and (ieorge Nicoll. 
Philadelphians saved on />iisi7af»'a: Samuel .M. Knox, Herman .V. Meyers, Thomas 

J. W illiams. 
May 9 — Bailie of .Arlois begins. 
May 10 — President Wilson makes "Too Proud to Fight" speech at Convention Hall to 1,000 

newly naturalized citizens. 
May !.■! — .America sends first "Lusitania" note. 
May 18 — Street sale of Polish (lags marks Polish Flag Day observance, under auspices of 

Polish Conunittee of Emergency Aid. 
"Peace Day" observed in city schools. 

Charles P. Weikel is first Pliiladelpliian to enroll in newly created Naval Reser\'e. 
May 19 — Portugal declares ivar against Germany. 

Battle of .Arlois ends. 
May 21 — Italy and San Marino declare tear against Austria-Hungary. 

May 31 — German reply on "Lusitania" justifies attack on contention that vessel was semi-niililary. 
June 2 — American liner Dominion arrives with 111 passengers from Liverpool and Queens- 
town; one dies of fright during sidimarine scare. 
June 8 — Secretary of State Bryan resigns on eve of second .American note on "Lusilania." 
June 12 — Baldwin I.o<oniotive Works announce receipt of order in amount of $6,000,000 

for i.iO locomotives for Russia. 
June It — ItaUan liner .Aneorm leaves for Italy with 100 reservists. 
July 9 — First Brigade, National Guard of Pennsylvania, leaves for Mt. ("irclna. for two 

weeks' encampment, 
.fuiy 10 — German reply to second " I.usilatiia" note makes no disavowal. 
July 11 — French War Riiiief Committee of Emergency .\i(l observes Bastile Day, and makes 

pica for relief contributions. 
French residents observe Bastile Day at Central Park. 
July 19 — Eddystone Munitions Corporation, incorporated by Baldwin I/icomotive Company 

to handle munitions orders amounting to $81,200,000. 
July 21 — Third American note on "Lusitania" declares German reply "very unsatisfactory." 
July 22 — Italian liner .Anrona sails for Italy with .300 reservists. 

Philadelphia Branch of .National Security l>«'ague holds conference on national 

defense at Ra<iiuet Club. John Waniimakcr ailvocating nation pledge its resources 

in the sum of $100,000,000. to redeem Belgium and restore peace in Europe. 
July 28 — Italian Considate issues final call to arms, more than .'i.OOO rt^ervists having already 

responde<l, but 2.').000 estimated in district embracing all of Pennsylvania and 

W'est Virginia. 
July 29 — Members of Atlantic Dei-pi'r W .iterways Association, after inspecting defenses of 

Delaware, declare them inade<|uate. 
Aug. 5 — Warsaw {Poland} raptured hy Germans. 

City Sohcitor Michael J. Ryan, in requested opinion, holds that reservists who leave 

city and dtserl dependents, should be arrested. 
Aug. 9 — Many Pliiladelphians leave city to attcnil four weeks' military training camp at 

Plattsburg, N. Y. 
Aug. 17 — .Vmcrican liner Dominion arrives and crew describe how American liner Merion, 

camoutlag(»l as a super-dreadnaught, was sunk by German submarines under 

that impression at the Dardanelles. 

20 



Aug. 18 — Emergency Aid forms Italian Relief Committee. 

Britiah liiur "Arahir" sunk off Ireland, furly-four passengers, inrlading two Americans, 

lost. 
Aug. 21 — Italy declares war <i(iainst Turkey. 
Aug. 28 — Provisional battalion of 175 men of Second Infantry leave for Panama-Pacific 

Ex])osilion. 
.Sept. 4 — State Fencibles open three-day training camp at Brooniall, Delaware County. 
Sept. 6 — Constatter Volksvest Verein. at Central Park, opens for three-day celebration, 

funds to go to German war sufferers. 
Sept. 8 — Many Philadelphians attend second Plattsburg training camp. 
Sept. 10 — President Wilson requests Auslria-IIunr/ary to recall Ambassador Conslantin Theodor 

Dumba. 
Sept. 17 — Baldwin's recei\e contract for British high explosive shells, said to amount to 

.$10,000,000. 
Sept. 18 — Colonel Fred Taylor Camp, Sons of Veterans, observe "Preparedness Day," in 

Kensington. 
Sept. 20 — Italians forego usual parade, celebrating King Victor iMnmanuel's triumphal entry 

into Rome forty-five years previous, and donate funds instead to Italian war 

relief work. 
Sept. 2.5 — British and Frenelt offensittes at Loos and in Cliampagne open. 
Oct. 6 — Loos and Cliampagne figliting ends. 

German and A usiro- Hungarian invasion of Serbia begins. 
Oct. 12 — Emergency Aid opens free employment bureau at 1519 Arch Street. 
Oct. 14 — Bulgaria declares war against Serbia. 
Oct. 15 — Great Britain and Serbia declare war against Bulgaria. 
Oct. 16 — France declares war against Bulgaria. 
Oct. 19 — Italy and Bussia declare war against Bulgaria. 

Oct. 22 — Drexel Biddle Bible Cla.ss opens six weeks' military instruction camp at Landsdowne. 
Oct. 25 — Emergency Aids report of first year's work shows 11.119 home relief cases worked 

upon; temporary positions secured for 5,408 women and 2,0 U) men, and permanent 

positions secured for 2,088 women and 2,755 men. 
Nov. 1 — Government seeks sixty-three Philatlelphians who failed to return passage money 

loaned them when caught in Europe, at outbreak of the war. 
Nov. 2 — Thomas B. Smith elected mayor of Philadelphia. 
No\'. 5 — American note to Great Britain protests irregularities of Allied Idockade. 

France ileclares war against Turkey. 
Nov. 7 — Italian liner " .\ncona" sunk tty sutmmrine in Mediterranean: nine American passengers 

lost. 
Nov. 10 — News of the sinking of the Ancona results in furious denunciations in ItaUan colony. 
Nov. 11 — Madame Paderewski, wife of the pianist an<l Polish patriot, sells "Polisli Refugee 

Dolls" at the Bellevue-Stratford. 
Nov. 23 — Philadelphia Committee on American Ambulance Hospital, Paris, sends second 

$15,000 for Philadelphia ward. 
Nov. 29 — Emergency Aid opens week's "Rummage Sale" at war relief shop, in Widener 

Building. 
Dec. 4 — Henry F<ird's "Out of the Trenches by CItristmas" Peace Party sails for Europe. 
Dec. 6 — .American note to Austria-Hungary denounces sinking of ".incona," and demands 

punishment of U-lxiat captain and reparation. 
Dec. 13 — Owen Wister, novelist, appointed to publicity conmiittee of American Defense 

Society. 
Steps taken to form Pennsylvania branch of Navy League. 
Dec. It — Women meet at home of Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel and form Pennsylvania 

Women's Division for National Preparedness. 
Dec. 19 — .American second note to .Austria-Hungary renews "Ancona" demands. 
Dec. 21 — Security League holds mass meeting in Academy of Music, with James M. Beck 

and E. Alexander PoweU as chief speakers, and inaugurates campaign for 100,000 

members in fifteen days. 

21 



Dec. 24 — Remnant of Serbian Army escapes invaders and reaches Adriatic shore. 
Dec. 29— Austria-Hungary yields to American demands on "Ancona." 

1916 

Jan. 2 — British S. S. "Persic" sunk in Mediterranean; American Consul lost. 

Jan. 8 — Brifisli complete withdrawal from Gallipoli (Dardanelles). 

Jan. 13 — Major-(Jeneral Leonard Wood addresses Pennsylvania Women's Division for National 

Preparedness, in Garrick Theater. 
Jan. 17 — Polish ReUef Committee of Emergency Aid, holds mass meeting at Moose Hall, 

Miss Hem'ietta Ely, of Rockefeller Relief Commission to Poland, being the speaker. 
Jan. 18 — .American note to Allies, in urging disarmament of merchantmen, contends that such 

armament constitutes an auxiliary cruiser. 
Jan. 19 — National .\raericani/ation Committee begins two-day conference with meeting at 

Stotesbury home. 
Jan. 20 — Theodore? Ro<isevelt. in arldress before National Americanization Committee, in 

Metropolitan Opera House, condemns hyphenate<l citizens and urges small, eflicient 

standing aniiy. susceptible to trained reinforcements. 
Jan. 22 — Emergency .\.id report shows that $5i:!,17T has been expended in war relief work 

since inception. 
Jan. 21' — Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness opens week's campaign 

to enroll women in well-defined jirogram for war or calamity work; recruiting 

station established in \\ idener Building. 
Jan. 25 — Twenty-five young women canvassers begin drive for membership in Security 

League. 
Jan. 27 Philadelphia (ieneral Relief Committee (Hebrew), begins campaign to raise $50,000 

for Ji'wish war victims by a "tag day." 
Jan. 31 — Jewish citizens, at Metropolitan Opera House, pledge $200,000 in three hours for 

Jewish war victims. 
Pennsylvania Division of Navy League appoints committees and prepares for mem- 
bership campaign with .Mexander Van Rensselaer as Chairman. 
Feb. 1 — British South .Afriean liner "Appam" arrives at Newport News under German prize 

crew, having l>een taken at sea January 15th by German commerce raider "Moewc." 
Feb. 8 — Drexel Riddle Bible Class plans reserve regiments in every ward in city to be known 

as Drexel Riddle Military Corj)s. 
Feb. 10 — Secretary of War Garrison resigns as protest against American military program. 

German and .\ustria-Hungarian .Ambassadors announce that after, February 29th, 

all armed merchant vessels will be treated as auxiliary cruisers. 
Feb. 15 — .American note to belligerents says this country urges no changes in existing rules of 

warfare. 
Feb. 21 — Germans begin attack on Verdun. 

Pofish law and nunlical students hold ball in Lithuanian Hall for Poli.sh war sufferers. 
Feb. 28 — First .Vmerican presentation of Polish ()p<'ra "Verbum Nobile," given at Metro- 

pofitan Opera House, under auspices of Polish Relief Committee of Emergency 

Aid. 
March 9 ^Portugal commandeers forty German and Austrian vessels in its ports and Germany 

declares war as a result. 
Pancho Villa and band of .Mexican outlaws raid Columbus, N. M. 
.March 11 — .Major-General Leonard Wood addresses Princeton Club of Philadelphia, on pre- 
paredness. 
A. J. Drexel Riddle, by telegram, offers Drexel Biddle MiUtary Corps to nation in 

case of war with Mexico. 
March 15 — Austria- Hungary declares war on Portugal. 
March 18 — Secretary Tumulty, for President Wilson, and Adjutant-General G. W. Read, for 

War Department, acknowledge Drexel Biddle Military Corps offer. 
March 23 — Third payment of $15,000, made by Pliiladelphia Committee of American Ambulance 

Hospital, Paris. 
March 21 — British S. S. "Sussex" sunk in English Channel; twenty-five American passengers on 

board saved. 

22 



March 31 — Navy League begins enrolling civilians for volunteer naval service; headquarters 

at Racquet Club. 
April 1 — Navy League secures 1,000 civilian volunteers in first day. 
A-prU 11 — Chairmen of state branches of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Pr<'- 

paredness, meet here to plan extension of work. 
April 17 — Company A, Philadelphia Reserves, Navy League, drills at Philadelphia Navy Yard. 
April 18 — American note on sinking liner "Sussex" without warning, sent to Germany. 
April 24 — Southeastern Chapter, American Red Cross, formed a campaign for 50,000 members. 

launched with exhibit in Widener Building. 
German Bazaar opens for week at Convention Hall, Broad Street and Alleghany 

Avenue, under German Red Cross and German Relief Society. 
April 26 — Campaign opens to raise $500,000 in ten days to equip citizens' army of 48,000 men 

as part of Drexel Biddle MiUtary Corps; banquet at Hotel Adelphia, with General 

Leonard Wood as chief speaker. 
General Townsend and British force surrender at Kut-el-Amara (Mesopotamia), to 

Turks. 
May 2 — Twenty-three Philadelphians leave on Navy League practise cruise on U. S. Battle- 
ships Missouri, Wiscon.sin and Ohio. 
May 3 — First City Troop opens classes for rookies to be held each Wednesday and Thursday 

evenings in May and June. 
May 4 — German note renews "Arabic" pledges and assur<inces: admits "Sussex" may have been 

sunk by U-boat, bat gives conditions of reparation based on restriction to Allied 

blockade. 
Citizens Army of Drexel Biddle Military Corps parades and attends mass meeting 

at Metropolitan Opera House, where Governor, Mayor and others speak. 
May 8 — .American note refuses to consider other questions in dispute in settlimi sinking of 

"Sussex." 
German note admits .linking "Sussex" and offers reparation. 
May 18 — .Austria-Hungarian offensive in Italy opens. 
May Sl-^Firsl day of the Naval Battle of Jutland. 

Plattsburg rookies, awaiting camp opening, drill at Second Regiment Armory. 
June 1 — Battle of Jutland ends with the British suffering great losses, but retaining control 

of tlie sea. 
June 3 — Brusiloff begins Russian offensive against .Austria-Hungary. 
June 5 — Many Philadelphians attend third Plattsburg training camp. 
June 6 — Lxjrd Kitchener lost when British cruiser "Hampshire" strikes mine and sinks in 

North Sea. 
June 10 — First Brigade, National Guard of Pennsylvania, fights sham battle on Belmont 

Plateau, and camps in Fairmount Park, as part of campaign for 1,800 new members, 
June 17 — U. S. Naval Transport Henderson launched at Fourth Annual "Navy Day" cele- 
bration, at League Island. 
June 18 — .Austrian offensive against Haly ends. 

President Wilson orders National Guard of country to Mexican border. 
June 19 — Pennsylvania National Guard receives orders to mobilize at Mt. Gretna, not later 

than following Wednesday. 
Mayor Smith issues proclamation to display flags during National Guard mobili- 
zation. 
June 20 — Brigadier-General William G. Price, Jr., orders First Brigade (Philadelphia), National 

Guard of Pennsylvania, to be under arms in armories, on morning of June 22d. 
Large commercial and mercantile houses assure employes in Guard that they will 

be paid in full, or in part, while on duty. 
June 21 — First Brigade, National Guard of Permsylvania, ordered to Mt. Gretna on June 

24th. 
Colonel Charles C. Allen, of First Infantry, discharges entire band, which requested 

two weeks' delay in mobilization to fulfill concert orders. 
June 22 — Ollicers of First Brigade sworn into Federal service at headquarters in Lincoln 

Building; men assemble in Eumories. 

23 



.Tuni- 22 — Citizens Soldiers' Aid Committee, formed at meeting in Mayor's reception room, 

with ,300 in attendance; an executive committee of twenty-five, to be appointed 

by the Mayor, authorized. 
June 23 — First Brigade pas.ses in farewell parade down Broad Street. 
June 24 — First Brigade, in special trains of two sections for each regiment, departs for Mt. 

Gretna. 
Emergency Aid Committee proffers aid to Citizens Soldiers' .Vid Committee in case 

of war with Mexico. 
June 23 — Four Philadelpliia cavalry troops, company of engineers and hospital and ambulance 

company entrain for Mt. (Iretna. 
June 27 — Citizens Soldiers' Aid Committee completed, with Mayor Smith, as Chairman, launch 

work for relief of mililiiuncn's dependents. 
June 28 — Mayor's ollice and Franklin National Bank Building usikI us recruiting ollices for 

volunteers for National Guard. 
June 30 — S(>cond Regiment leaves for Mt. Gretna for border. 
July 1 — \'erJun fighting ends. 

Battle of the Somme opens. 

Second Regiment, National Guard of Pennsylvania, passes through B. & O. 

Station, at 1 a.m.; lunch(H)n served by Pennsylvania Women's Divisiim for .National 

Prepareflness ; vast crowd greets soldiers after waiting ft>r twenty-four hours. 
First Hegiment, National (Juard of Pennsylvania leaves Mt. Gretna for border. 
July 2 — Third Regiment leaves Mt. Gretna for border. 

July 6 — Four Phila<lelphia cavalry troops leave Mt. Gretna for border. 
July 7 — Philadelpliia cavalry troops pass through B. & O. Station, at 1 a.m.; greeteil by 

crowd; fed by West Philadelphia branch, Pennsylvania Women's Division for 

National Preparedness. 
Sixth Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, leaves Mt. Gretna for border. 
July f! — linusitoff's Hnssian ojffensire against Austria-Hungary ends after remarkable sueeess. 

National (luard personnel sent to border shows First Infantry, 53 ollicers anil 876 

men; Second Infantry, .31 ollicers and 984 men; and Third Infantry, 51 ollicers 

and 875 men. 
.Iij1\ id — German mercltant submarine " Denl.irliland" arrives at Baltimore. 
July 15 — One hundred and twenty-five Philadelphians in Naval Militia embark at League 

Island for two weeks' practise cruise. 
July 16 — First phase of Somme offensive ends. 
July 17 — Citizens Soldiers' ^Vid Committee, at meeting at City Hall, receives generous pledges 

for support of guardsmen's families. 
July 18 — Second phase of Somme offensive Ijegins. 

Great Britain publishes blacklist of .American firms. Eighty-three on original list. 

Seven removed subsequently. 
Aug. I -Citizens Soldiers' Aid Committee sends appeal for financial help to 1 4,OU0 citizens. 

Fmergency .\id Home Relief Division and Pennsylvania Women's Division for 

National Preparedness take joint headquarters at 222 S. 18th Street. 
German merchant submarine " Deulschland" leaves Baltimore. 
Aug. '* — War Department order transfers StK-ond Infantry to .Second Artillery at F^l Paso, 

Texas. 
Aug. 15 Three hundre<l and fifty voluntet^rs of the Association of United States Naval 

Volunteers, which separated from Navy League, depart for practise cruise on 

U. S. S. Bhode Island. 
Aug. 16 — Second phase of Somme battle ends. 
Aug. 27 — Boumania declares war against Germany and .Austria. 
Aug. 28 — Italy declares iwir against Germany. 
Aug. 29 — Germany, .Austria and Turkey declare ivar against Boumania. 

Gongress passed \nval Defense .Act with three-year Imilding program. 
Sept. 2 — German-.Austria-IIungarian invasion of Boumania begins. 
Sept. 3 — Third phase of Sonmie battle begins. 
Sept. 7 — United Stales Shipping Act approved by President. 

24 



Sept. 15 — Secretary Daniels, of Navy, in address at League Island, before Atlanlii- Deeper 

Waterways Association, pledges Navy's support for inland waterways. 
Sept. m — War Department announces that brigatle of Pennsylvania National (nuird will 

soon be ordered home from border. 
Oct. 2 — Priitz Eilel Friederick and hroiipriiiz Wilhrlni, interned (ierman raiders, arrive at 

Philadelphia Navy Yard, from Norfolk, with their crews and also prize crew from 

Apparn. totaling about 7.^0 men; vessels stored in Back Chaimc^l and crews begin 

erection of German village ashore. 
Special Joint Committee on Care, Sustenance and Relief of Men in the Naval 

Military Service of the United States, meets at City Hall to arrange to continue 

work of Citizens Soldiers' Aid Committee. 
Oct. 3 — Convention Hall leased by Councils' special commit lee for entcrtaimiieni of national 

guardsmen returning from border. 
Oct. 5 — Mayor appoints a general committee to act in conjunction with couiicilmnnic 

committee in welcoming home guardsmen. 
Oct. 7 — German U-boat, U-53 visits Newport ami leaves irilliin tliree liinirs. 

Oct. 8 — U-53 attacks Allied and neutral shipping off Nantucket, sinking one Norwegian, one 

Dutch, and six British freight and passenger steamers. 
Oct. 9 — First Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, arri\(^ home, parades on Broad 

street, and is banqueted at Convention Hall. 
Oct. 10 — Third Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, arrives home, parades on Broad 

Street, and is banqueted at Convention Hall. 
Oct. 12 — National Defense Council, named by President Wilson. 

Oct. 21 — Philadelphia Connnittee for .\rmenia Belief takes up collections throughout the city. 
Oct. 22 — Three thousanil \rmenians and .lOO Syrians hold services in .St. Stephen's Church 

in behalf of alllicted brethren in Asia Minor. 
Oct. 21 — French attack at \'erdun. 
Oct. 31 — Southeastern Chapter, Red Cross, holds first annual meeting and reelects Dr. 

Richard H. Harte to continue in charge of work. 
Nov. 1 — German merchant submarine " DeutsMand" arrives at New London. Conn. 

British S. iS. "Marina" sunk off Ireland, six Americans lost. 
Nov. 4 — Company B, Engineers, National (iuard of Pennsyhania, return from border. 

parade on Broad Street and are banqueted at State Fencible's Armory. 
Nov. 7 — W(X>drow Wilson reelected for second term. 
Nov. 12 — Third pha.ie of Sonmte battle ends. 
Nov. 17 — German inerchaid sulimarine " Deutschland" in altempting to leave Neu' lAindon, runs 

doum accompanying lug and is forced to return to pier: Jive of tug crew drowned. 
Nov. 21 — German merchant submariiw "Deutschland" sails for home. 

Nov. 28 — Provisional government of Greece decl<ires war against linlgaria and Germany. 
Dec. 6 — Bucharest. Boumania. captured. 

Lieutenant Arnold Bleeker, member of crew of Krtmprinz \\ ilhelin. drowned wlu'n 

catboat capsizes in Back Channel. 
Dec. 11 — Second "Made in A?nerica Bazaar." conducted for week by Emergency Aid, opens 

in Horticultural Hall. 
Dec. 12 — Germany irwites peace negotiations anil asks Presiilent W'ilsnn to transmit offer to England 

and France. 
Dec. 1.) — Conquest of Boumania completed, its army escaping to Bussia. 
Dec. 16 — French reconquer much of ground lost at Verdun. 
Dec. 18 — American note to all belligerents asks terms to bring war to an end. 
Dec. 30 — Twelve army aviators complete wing flight from Mineola to League Island. 

li»17 
Jan. I — Allies rc/u.sc to consiiler German peace offer. 

Four Philadelphia troops request no entertainment u[)on return from border. 
Jan. 12 — Allies give outline of war aims, including restoration of .Allied territory, reparation, 

dismemberment of Austria-Hungary and partition of Turkey. 
Jan. 16 — Four Philadelphia cavalry troops arrive at West Philadelphia Station and go to 
armories. 

25 



Jan. 18 — President Wilson delivers "Peace Wilhoal Victory" address to Senate, and outlines 

"league of Peace." 
Jan. M^German note announces tlial all ships will l>e sunk on sight in war zone, but offering 
safety for one American vessel weekly to Fatnioutli, England, if given distinctive 
marks ami forhitlden to carry contraband. 
Feb. 3 — President Wilson gives German .Ambassador von Bernstorjf his passports and recalls 
Ambassador Gerard. 
President Wilson addresses Congress and gives reasons for action. 
Great crowds watch bulletin boards in all sections of the city. 

Owners of twenty-three high power motor boats offer them to the Government. 
Army recruiting stations open recruiting campaign in entire district. 
Stoneman P'ellowship, at Baptist Temple, pleilge 10,000 men for war duty. 
Specitd police guard placed around Midvale Steel Works. 

Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness announces itself as ready 
to .serve. 
Feb. 4 — .Mayor promises police cooperation with federtd authorities in guarding Government 
property. 
Southeastern Chapter, Red Cross, is ordered to place local unit on war basis. 
Philadelphia Navy Yard closed to the pubUc. 
Feb. 5 — Philadelphia Turngemeinde closes its radio station on Turngemeinde Building, 
Broad Street and Columbia .Vvenue. 
(icrnian sailors on merchimt ships in harbor to be arrested if they go ashore. 
Slate leaders of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness arrange 

for conference of all branches for February 8th. 
Collector of Port Berry orders no vessel to sail without proper clearance papers. 
Southeastern Chapter. Red Cross, starts to raise $15,000 for naval base hospital; 
has two army base hospitals ready. 
Feb. 6 — William Howard Taft, at dinner of Ixague to Enforce Peace, in Belle\ ue-Slratford, 

declarc-s that .\merica is being driven into war. 
Feb. 7 — Delegates to National German Alliance convention here, plwlge loyalty to the 

United States. 
Feb. 8 — Forty-tlu-ee branch chairmen of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National 
Preparedness meet and plan two naval hospitals, one for League Island and one 
for Fort Molt (Delaware). 
Crews of German merchantmen alloweil on shore. 
Feb. 9 — Herbert Hoover, at City Club address, makes appeal for war sufferers of Northern 

France and Belgium. 
Feb. 11 — Second .\rtillery. National Guard of Pennsylvania, returns from border. 

IUhI Cross appeals for $100,000 to establish tlu-ee base hospitals. 
Ft-b. 12 — Second .Vrtillery. National (Uuird of PemisyKania, parades on Broad Street with 

fiJl e<piipmcnt, and is banquete<l at Armory. 
VfXi. 1 1 — .\mlmssador Htmslorff sails front New York. 

Feb. 1.S — Agitiition begun to remove interned (iernian seamen from Philadelphia Navy Yard. 
Feb. 16 — Urquliart Chapter, Women's Division, opens working headquarters at lli02 Chestnut 

Street. 
Feb. 19 — Begin erecting barbed wire fence around German village at Navy Yard. 
Feb. 25 — Canard liner "Laconia" torpedoed, Uiree Americans {two women) lost. 
Feb. 26 — PresiderU H'lV-sofi asks Congress for power to arm .American merchantmen. 
March 1 — Zimmerman's "Mexican-Japanese" note made public. 
March 4 — Pacijisl Jilibtister in Senate defeats armed merchantman bill. 
March 5 — President Wilson inaugurated for second term. 

Peimsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness and Southeastern 
Chapter, American Re<l Cross, effect merger. 
.March 9 — President calls session of Congress for .April 16th. 

March 10 — Federal agents arrest Frederick Rohner, .\delbert K. Fischer, Mrs. Helene Fischer 
and two chauffeurs on charge of receiving nineteen chronometers smuggled from 
interned German raiders at Navy Yard. 

26 



March 10 — Philadelphia Medical Auxiliary of Council of National Defense formed at meeting 

in Bellevue-Stratford. 
March 11 — British, under General Maude, capture Bagdad. 
March 12 — Belgian Relief Committee begins campaign to care for 100,000 Belgian children 

for six months. 
March 14 — Enlistments in Naval Coast Defense Reserve begin at Naval Home on Grays Ferry 

Road. 
March 15 — Czar of Russia abdicated. 

German arrtiies retire to Hindenburg line, behind Somme battlejields. 
Rumor circidated that three interned Germans were shot by marines for attempting 
radio messages from decks of interned raiders. 
March 17 — .American S. S. "City of Memphis" sunk by U-boal. 

George Wentworth Carr, chairman of Committee on Home Defense for Chamber 
of Commerce, Mayor Smith and naval oflBcers confer on plan for voluntary military 
organization of 15,000 men to cooperate Vfith Naval Coast Defense Reserve. 
Women's Section of Navy League formed for relief work. 
German interned raiders towed out of Back Channel to new berths at Navy Yard, 

and crews ordered removed to Forts McPherson and Oglethorpe, Georgia. 
Governors of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and New York, 
meet at Union League and adopt resolution calling on President to secure funds 
and equipment to put National Guard in shape for immediate work. 
Recruiting office for 6,000 men for Naval Coast Defense Reserve opened in Mayor's 
reception room. 
MMch 19 — .American S. S. "Illinois" and "Vigilancia" sunk by U-boats. 

A. J. Drexel Biddle opens campaign to recruit di\asion of 20,000 men at 1917 Mt. 

Vernon Street. 
Fourteen German seamen attempt to escape from interned raiders at Navy Yard; 
twelve are recaptured and Navy Department reports two drowned. 
March 20 — Philadelphia Home Defense Committee formed at meeting at Mayor's office, with 
300 citizens in attendance. Mayor Smith elected Chairman; John C. Bell, Vice- 
Chairman ; George W. Carr, Secretary ; and Joseph E. Widener, Treasurer. 
Emergency Aid and National League for Women's Service plan to coordinate all 
women's work in state. 
March 21 — President advances dale of extra session of Congress to April '2d. 

Navy enrols first woman for active duty. Miss Loretta Walsh, 734 Pine Street. 
Governor Brumbaugh appoints Peimsylvania Committee of Public Safety, including 

forty Philadelphians, and George Wharton Pepper, as Chairman. 
American tanker Healdlon, twenty-one days out of Philadelphia, torpedoed and 
seven Americans lost. 
March 22 — Appeal made for 700 men for Philadelphia Naval Militia. 

March 23 — Mayor announces the names of the Executive Committee of the City Home 
Defense in addition to the officers: E. T. Stotesbury, Finance Conunittee; 
A. J. Drexel Biddle, Home Reserve; John F. Lewis, Decorations and Posters; 
W. W. Roper, Recruiting Stations; William Potter, Edward A. Noppel, Mrs. 
J. Wilhs Martin, Clarence Wolf, Ernest T. Trigg, John B. Mayer and Cyrus 
H. K. Curtis. 
March 26 — German sailors, guarded by poUce and marines, leave Philadelphia Navy Yard for 

south, on two special trains. 
March 27 — Em'olment of women for national service and for Navy League work opens at 

1428 Walnut Street. 
March 28 — Albert W. Straub, Director of Atlantic Division, Red Cross, tells women of South- 
eastern Chapter of dastardly plot to spread death among wounded American 
soldiers by poisoning bandages. 
Pennsylvania Committee of Pubhc Safety organizes at Harrisburg, withGeorge 

Wharton Pepper, Permanent Chairman, and Effingham B. Morris, Treasurer. 
British War Rehef Bazaar opens in Horticultural HaU. 
Independence Hall thrown open for Naval Coast Defense Reserve recruiting. 

27 




Miirrli 



\l;.nli 



March 30 



Miirdi :U 



(..iiri.s-. "f I'rjtiik w. r.ulilcr, Stanley Co. of AiiitTlca, 

.\aliunat Guardsman yuardini/ a liriilye. 

April 1 — Police pr<)hil>it Peace MeelinK. adxt-rlisiMi 
Isiiiertiency Pi-ace Federation. 



2i! — Philadelpliia National (juard 
regiments open recruiting 
campaigns. 

29 — Joseph R. Wilson plans tx) 
raise regiment of "President's 
(iiiards" and otTer it to 
President N\ ilson. 

First Infantry, National Guard 
of Pennsylvania, mustered into 
Federal service and assigned to 
guarding bridges and munition 
plants eastof the Susipiehanna. 

Third Infantry, National (juard 
of Pennsylvania, sworn into 
Federal service. 

Vast patriotic meeting at Inde- 
penilence Scpiare, addri'ssed by 
Senator lliram Johnson and 
others, and preceded by many 
parades of military, patriotic 
and fraternal bodies gathering 
from all sections of the city, 
for South liroad Street Theater, by 




Cowrt^^v of Fnink W. Ruhlcr. Stanley Co. of .\inrrlca. 

Dr. Conwell leadimj in prayer al Pnlritiiic Mceling in Independence Square. 



28 



April 1 — Philadelphia Military Training Corps, including Drexel Biddlc, Land Title and 

Macrahean units, hold review at Lantlsowne, and addressed liy Brigadier-General 

Waller, Marine Corps. 

April 2 — President Wilson addresses Congress, advisiny deeluralion of war against Germany. 

Third Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania departs in four sections for guard 

duty in western part of State. 
War Department accepts offer of International Motor Club of Philadelijliia tender- 
ing its services. 
Uecruiting for "President's Guards" opened at 3303 Race Street. 
Battleships of Atlantic Reser\e Fleet o])en recruiting dri\'e from automobiles. 
Slate Fencibles establish recruiting booth at City Hall. 
April 3 — Senate passes State of War Resolution. 

U. S. Battleship Kansas opens recruiting tent on City Hall plaza. 
April 4 — Plans made for vohmteer police force of 20,000 men, composed of single men over 
forty-five, or married men, ineligible for military duty. 
National Security League, at Scottish Hites Hall, endorses conscription. 
April 5 — Governor requests Philadelphia Defense Committee to cooperate with State Com- 
mittee of Public .Safety. 
April 6 — House passes State of War Resolution. 

PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARES A STATE OF WAR WITH GERMANY. 
Hamburg-.\merican liners Rhietia and Prinz Oskar, which had been itlle in port 

since 1914, are seized by Federal authorities; machinery found damaged. 
Naval Miiitia ordered to mobilize at First Regiment Armory. 
All recruiting in city spurred. 

Proclamation by mayor in ten languages, warns aliens to obey the law. 
AprU 7 — Cuba and Panama declare war against Germany. 

Home Defense Committee announces formation of motor transportation corps. 
Home Defense Reserve to have forty-one companies of about .500 men each. 
Battleship Ohio opens recruiting tent on City Hall plaza. 
April 9 — British .Armies open Arras offensive. 

Philadelphia Naval Militia, 170 men, report for duty at Philadelphia Navy Yard. 
Engineers' Club gets behind movement to form another Philadelphia engineer com- 
pany for National Guard (Company E). 
Austria-Hungarian steamer Franconia seized by Federal authorities in Delaware; 
machinery found damaged. 
April 10 — Explcsion of undetermined origin at the Eddystone Amnumition Corporation, 
near Chester, kills 121 men and women workers, including thirteen Philadelphians, 
and injures 300, including many from this city. 
April 11 — Brazil severs diplomatic relations with Germany, and seizes forty-six German ships. 
April 12 — Belgian Rehef Committee receives .$52,500 from six groups of Chamber of Conunerce 

for child relief work. 
April 14 — Navy Department orders all wireless stations in city, whether receiving or sending, 
dismantled, save those government owned and operated. 
Three "anti-war" moving pictures withdrawn from circulation by State censors. 
April 15 — First stage of Battle of ,4rros ends. 

April 17 — Mayor Smith names Committee of 300 to entertain French and British War Missions. 
Engineers Club asked to secure volunteers for regiment of engineers for Roosevelt 

Division. 
Emergency Aid votes for three-coiu-se dinners for food conservation. 
April 18 — Mayor and committee call on Secretary Tumulty and Assistant Secretary of State 
Phillips, at Washington, anil are assured visit of foreign war missions to Philadel- 
phia. 
Twenty-nine recruits (enroll at new Bourse Recruiting .Station for volunteer farm 
work, in wheat and rye fields of Northwest. 
April 20 — Naval recruiting mass meeting held at Academy of Music. 

University of Pennsylvania's battalion of 2,000 students is re\ieHed on Franklin 
Field. 

29 




CourtMy of Frank W. Buliler. 



SlanU-y Co, of America. 

Mayor Smilh and Marshal Joffre. 



April 

April 
\pril 



April 



April 21 — Home Defense Coiiimillce plans food consi^rviition army. 

British High Commission, headed by Sir Arlliur James lialfonr. Secrelary of Slate for 

Foreign Affairs, arrives in I'nited Stales. 
Rell Telephone C^ompanv henins organization of battalion for United States Signal 
Reserve Corps. 
22 — Dr. John P. Garber, Su[>erintendent of Schools, outlines plan for school gardens and 

twenty additional teachers. 
2.3 — Second stage of Rattle of .Arras begins. 

'21 — Military Training Camps Association, at 132 Commercial Trust Building, receives 

applications for First Ollicers Training Camp at Fori Niagara. 

Y. M. C. .\ delegates resolve on i?:in0.flnO war fund to bo raised in State within a year. 

2.'> — French War Mission, headed by Marshal .Inffre and Vice-Premier M. Viviani, arrive 

in United .Slates. 

Captain George F. Cooper, chief of staff to commandant of Philadelphia Navy Yard, 

appointed lo command Fourth Naval District. 
Rear-.\dmiral Benjamin Tappan appointed commandant Philadelphia Navy Yard, 

Vice-Captain Bobert I.ec Russell transferred to other duties. 
American armed tanker \iirunm sunk, ami iirst two I'hiladclphians killed in action 

with enemy since beginning of war — Charles J. Fischer and Frank II. Loree. 
Board of Kducation releases for balance of term all students over fourteen years old 

engaged in war work. 
Marines stage sham battle at Broad and .\rch streets. 
Pennsylvania Base Hospital No. 10, ordered mobilized. 
Mayor's School Mobilization Committee arranges to send 11.000 schoolboys of 

sixteen years or over to aid farmers. 
Jefferson Hospital unit offered to (jovernment. 
May .5 — Headquarters in W itherspoon Building opened to recniil regiment of engineers from 
this section. 
Motor Messengers Service formed by Emergency Aid. 



April 


26 


.\pril 


29 


May 


1 


May 


o 


Mav 


.3 



30 



May 6 — Sentry of Company D, First Infantry, fatally wounds man who failed to heed 

challenge on Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, at 3 Ith Street and Girard Avenue. 
May 7 — German connnerce raiders taken into United Slates Navy under new names, Krori- 
prinz Wilhelm becoming Baron mn Slenben. and Prinz Eilel Friederich becoming 
Baron de Kalb. 
May 9 — French High Commission atVorded lavish entertainment upon visit to Philadelphia. 

One killed and eight injured in accident in drydock at Navy Yard. 
May 10 — Philadelphia olliier candidates begin to leave for Fort Niagara, over period of lhn<' 

days, the trio of trains being known as the "Red, White and Blue Specials.'" 
May 11 — Twenty-seven speed boats turned over to Government by Delaware River Power 
Squadron. 
Base Hospital No. 10 mobilized at Calvary Presbyterian Church. 
May 12 — Italy begins Isonzo offensive. 

May 14 — Theodore Roosevelt accepts State Fencibles as an infantry regiment for his division. 
May 15 — Governor signs appropriation bill creating Pennsylvania Commission of Public 
Safety and Defense, with $2,000,000 appropriation. 
Medical Reserve Corps organized at Cooper Battalion Hall, and plans laid to enlist 
3,600 men. 
May 16 — Philadelphia oilicer killed, and eight enlisted men of Company C, 3d Infantry, made 
ill by eating poisoned food while on bridge guard at Port Perry, Allegheny County. 
Baldwin Locomotive works staff takes steps to help complete 9th Engineers. (Later 
officially designated the 19th Railway Engineers.) 
May 18 — Conscription bill passes. 

Base Hospital No. 10 leaves for overseas. 
May 19 — Sentry of Company C, First Infantry, kills civilian who failed to heed challenge at 
Schuylkill Arsenal. 
General William G. Price, Jr., named brigadier in charge of Artillery Brigade, 
National Guard of Pennsylvania. 
May 21 — First Liberty Loan Campaign begins; Philadelphia district quota $140,000,000. 
May 22 — United States Medical Corps (known later as LI. S. A. A. C.) mustered into Federal 

service at Cooper Battalion Hall. 
May 27 — Mayor names heads of some of registration boards. 

May 28 — Mayor completes naming registration boards for forty-two registration districts. 
May 29 — District Registration Boards meet with Registration Commission and learn duties. 
May 31— U. S. A. A. C. leaves for Allentown. 
Jime 1 — Battle of Arras ends. 

Austria-Hungary counter attacks and stops Italian Isonzo offertsive. 
Emergency Aid begins food economy drive. 

United States Army begins recruiting drive to raise 100,000 men in twenty days. 
June 2 — Municipal military agricultural camp opened at Byberry, with twenty-four boys. 

Ninth (19th) Engineers mobilized at Commercial Museum. 
June 5 — National Registration Day. 

Estimate Philadelphia enrolment will reaih 170.000. 
June 10 — Theodore Roosevelt, as guest of five railroad brotherhoods, in address at Metro- 
politan Opera House, declares that man who won't risk life in war should k)se vote. 
Marines launch national recruiting week with mass meeting at Keith's Theatre. 
June 12 — hing Constanline of Greece abdicates. 

Home Defense Reserve begins drills, 2.3O drillmasters acting as instructors at forty 
centers. 
June 14 — First Liberty Loan drive ends; Philadelphia raises $145,172,950. 
June 18— Red Cross Week opens with Philadelphia's quota $3,000,000. 

1st Telegraph Battalion (Bell Company) leaves for training camp at Long Branch, 

N.J. 
Open recruiting office for candidates for Second Officers' Training Camp. 
June 20 — Italian Commission, headed by Enrico Arlolta, entertained in Philadelphia. 
June 22 — Monster Women's Red Cross parade features Red Cross drive. 

31 



June 2.1 — Pennsylvania \ational Guard and army open week's recruiting drive. 
I'hiladelphia subscribes S:i.200,000 to Red Cross fund. 
Fifty-one Philadelphia draft boards named by governor, 
.luly 2 — (Ireece (Coveriinienl of A Irxander) declares icar against Btilijaria and (irniiany. 

Company R, Enf;ineers, despatched to Camp Meade, 
.luly 4 — City holds ollicial Independence Day celebration at Independence Hall, with Dr. 

Ernest LaPlace and Judge John M. Patterson as orators. 
July 7 — l.st Regiment headquarters and Isl Battalion move from armory to Camp Hrowii. 

at ('ommercial Museum. 
July Q — Police begin can\as to enlist women in Hoover food army. 

July 10 — Governor names members of two Go\ernment appeal Ixjards. 
Jidy 1 1 — City observes French Bastile Day with meeting at Independence Square. 
Jid\ 1.1 — National Guard units not already in serWce. mobilize in armories. 
Jul\ 17 — Truck Companies Nos. 15 and 4. National Guard of Pennsylvania, go to Mt. Gretna. 
July 20 — ;Vn/iofifi/ drnfl drairinij lakes place at Washimjion. 

Thousiuids watch bulletin boards for draft numbers. 
July 22 — Siam declares war against Austria and Germany. 
July 2.3 —British Recruiting Mission opens headquarters at 211 S. 9th Street. 
Philadelphia's first quota for National Army fixed at 14,21.5 men. 
July 27 — Loial Ixiards send out lirst call to draftees to report for examinations. 
July 30 —Physical examinations of draftees begin. 

I'>th Railway lOngineers reviewwi in Fairiiioiiiil Park. 
JuK '.\\ — lirilish open offensive around Ypres. 
Kug. 4 — Liberia declares tear against Germany. 
.\ug. 9 — 19th Railway Engineers leave city before sunrise. 
\ug. 10 — Food Gontrol bill jmssed. 

.\ug. I.'} — Company E, Engineers, National Guard of Pennsylvania, sent to Mt. (iretna. 
List of Fort Niagara conmiissioiis announced. 

Names of men to go to S-coiid ( tllicers' Training Camp at Fort ( )glethnrpc announced. 
2d Artillery, in camp at Camp Wanaiiudicr, Noble, Pa. 
6th Regiment goes from .\rinory to Camp I")llis, near Lansdowne. 
Entire 1st RegiinenI assembled at (]amp Brown. 

3d Regiment begins to arrive home from western Pennsylvania, and encamps at 
Camp Taylor, near Springfield, Delaware County. 
Aug. 14 — China declares war against Germany and .-Xustria. 
Aug. 1.1- — Niagara Training Camp ollicers arrive home on special train. 

Aug. 16 — Company B, Engineers, National Guard of Pennsylvania, with balance of 1st 
Battalion, ordered from Camp Mi-ade to Camp Haiu^cKk, (ieorgia. 
Announce pro|M)sed numcriial units of 79tli Division at Camp Meade. 
Aug. 19 — Italians begin second I sonzo offensive. 

Aug. 20 — Belgian High Commission, hcjidejl by Baron Ludovic Moncheur, entertained lavishly 
by city. 
First City Troop; Battery E, 2d .Vrtillery; Company D. 1st Infantry; Company k. 
3d Infantry; and Company I. 6lli Infantry, are regimental advance guards sent 
to Camp Hancock. 
Aug. 22 — Two sections carry men to Second Officers' Training Camp at Oglethorpe, Ga. 
Aug. 28 — War Department halts movement south of 2d Artillery within three hours of de- 
parture time; equipment held on trains. 
.\ug. 29 — 2d Artillery li'aves Camp Wanamaker for the Smth. 

Sept. 1 — Philailelphia holds monster parade in honor of drafted men, guard unit^, marines, 
sailors, defense units and patriotic organizations in line. 
Survey of Hog Island is lirst step in proiH)si'd shipyar<l for fabricating steel cargo 
steamers. 
Sept. 6 — 160th .\nniversary of birth of Lafayette, celebrated at Independence Hall, with 
.\mbassador Jusserand as guest of honor. 
Field Bakery Co., Field Hospitals Nos. 2 and 3; .\mlmlance Company No. 2, and 
1st Brigade Headquarters, leave for south, 

32 



Sept. 8 — Explosion kills two and injures score at Frankford Arsenal. 

Sept. 9 — 3d and 6th Regiments hold final review on Garrettsford Road, Delaware County. 

Sept. 10 — 3d Repinient holds farewell parade on Rroad Street. 

Philadelphia Ttiiiehlall raidetl by Federal officers, Herman Lenike and Dr. Martin 
Darkow heing arrested and warrants issued for three other officers of company. 

Sept. 12 — 1st Infantry and three remainiiiK Philadelphia cavalry troops leave for South. 

Sept. 13 — 3d and 6tb Infantry lea\e for south. 

Sept. 11 — Five officials of Philadelphia Tagehlail held in heavy hail for Federal Grand Jury. 

Sept. 15 — Federal Grand .lury indicts Louis Werner. Editor-in-Chief, and Dr. Martin Darkow, 
Managing Edilur, for treason, and other three for violation of Espionage Act. 

Sept. 16 — Kerensky becomes virtual dictator of Russia. 

Drafted men go to Lansdowne for two days' training with Philadelphia Military 
Training Corps. 

Sept. 19 — F'irst Pliiladelphia draft army <iinlingent, 387 men, leave from three West Philadel- 
phia districts. 

Sept. 20 — One hundred and sixty-five men from 12th District leave for Camp Meade. 

Sept. 22 — About 3,000 drafted men leave for Camp Meade. 

Sept. 23 — Two thousand eight hundred and thirty-five drafted men, completing A^ per cent 
of the Philadelphia increment, leave for Camp Meade. 

Oct. 1 — Second Liberty Ijoan Campaign opens. 

Oct. 3 — William Potter appointed Federal Fuel Administrator for Pennsylvania. 

Oct. 6 — Last increment of Philadelphia's 50 per cent of drafted men leave for Camp Meaile. 

Oct. 10 — E. T. Stotesbury reelected Chairman of Southeastern Chapter, American Red Cross. 
Francis A. Lewis appointed Federal Fuel Administrator for Philadelphia. 

Oct. 15 — Women's Liberty Loan Commitlei- organized. 




Courtesy of Fianlt W. Buliler. Stanley Co, of America. 

Ansu'eriwj llie First DriiJI Cull. 

33 



Oct. 17 — Transport "Anlilles" sunk by submarines; sixty-seven lost. 

One Philadelpbian, H. H. Cumniings, lost on Antilles. 
Oct. 24 — Austria-Hungary counter-attacks Italians on Isonzo and at Caporetto. 
Oct. 25 — Liberty Bell parade in Independence Square, on behalf of Second Liberty Loan. 
Oct. 26 — Brazil declares war against Germany. 

Oct. 27 — Second Liberty Loan drive ends. Philadelphia subscribed $234,901,000. 
Nov. 1 — Women's Committee, Council of National Defense, starts two-day drive to enlist 

600.000 Philadelphia women for war work. 
Nov. 3 — First .Vmerican killed in action in France — Enrigbt, Gre.'iham and Hay. 
Nov. 4 — Four thousand draftees leave for Camp Meade. 
Nov. 7 — Lenine and Trotsky Revolution overthrows Kerensky in Russia. 
Nov. 8 — Italians in retreat reach Piave River line. 

Nov. 11 — Home Defense Reserves fight sham battle in Fairmount Park. 
Nov. 12 — Y. M. C. .\. opens campaign for funds. 

Federal agents begin active investigation of food shortage and profiteering. 

Pennsylvania Railroad lifts freight embargo to supply city with coal. 
Nov. \'-) — John I'rederick Ix'wis, named Chief of Section No. 2 of Recruiting Service for Lnited 
States Shipping Board and its Schools of Navigation and Marine Engineering 
between the Connecticut River and Norfolk, Va., to train oflicers for the Merchant 
Marine. 
Nov. 16 — Clemeneeau Ministry formed in France. 

Ex-President Taft addresses Y. M. C. A. campaign rally at Bellevue-Stralford Hotel. 
Nov. 18 — Sixty Poles leave Philiidelphia, to serve in Polish .Vrmy. 
Nov. 19— Y. M. C. A. campaign net.s .$1,792,237. 
Nov. 20 — Battle of Camhrai Ix'gins. 

Destroyer "Chauncey" rammed and sunk in war zone. 

Seven wheatlcss meals a week re(iuire<I by Food Administration. 
Nov. 23 — British attack at Canilirui ends. 

Nov. 26 — State l'"oo<l .Xdministrator Heinz ILxes food prices for City and State. 
Nov. 28 — .\nnounce list of oflicers commissioned at Second Officers' Training Camp, at I'orl 
Oglethorpe, (leorgia. 

Food .\dniinistration requires meatless Tuesdays. 
Nov. 30 — Ludendorff attacks British at Camhrai. 

Fooil Xdiiiinislralion requires meatless Fridays. 

University of Pennsylvania Hospital I 'nit No. 20 mustennl into Federal service. 
Dec. 1 — Volunteer enlistments in Army, Navy and Marine corps resumed. 
Dec. 3 — German attacks at Camhrai end. 

War Savings Stamps Campaign opens with Robert K. Cassalt as Philadelphia 
District Chairman. 
Dec. 6 — Destroyer ".Jacob Jones" sunk in war zone by submarines. 

Six Philadelphians lost on destroyer Jacob Jones. 

Waller E. (Joodenough, General Manager of American International Shipbuilding 
Corporation, in address to 900 Hog Island employes, tells them of 12(1 ships to 
be fabricated there for Government. 
Dec. 7 — United .States declares war against .Austria-Hungary. 

Jay Cooke named Federal Food .\dministrator for Philadelphia. 
Dec. 10 — General Alleiihy. tcith British .Irm.v, captures Jerusalem. 
Dec. 13 — Final day for volunteer enlistments brings totfd to 2,7.50. 

Henry P. Davidson. Chairman of war council of American Red Cross, adtlresses mass 
meeting in .Metrofiolitan Opera House preceding Red Cross raeml)ership drive. 
Dec. 17 — Retl Cross membership drive opens. 
Dec. 19 — Austria-IIunijary-Ilalinn fighting ends. 

City promised 15.000 tons of anthracite daUy to relieve fuel shortage. 

Physicians name<l to medical advLsory lx)ards. 

Councils speiMal conmiittee on care and sustenance of men in miUtarj' and naval 
service visits Camp Meade. 
Dec. 24 — Red Cross campaign closes with more than 540,000 members. . 

34 



Dec. 27 — William G. McAdoo appointed Director-General of Railroads. 
Dec. 28 — United States lakes over control of railroads. 

Railroads of City in Allegheny region. 
Dec. 30 — Coldest day in nine years, with thermometer at four degrees below zero, and coal 
shortage acute. 

1918 
Jan. 1 — Pennsylvania Railroad annuls one hundred trains and Philadelphia & Reading 

annuls sixteen. 
Two killed, six injured, at explosion at Navy Yard. 
Jan. 2 — Mobs raid coal cars on West Philadelphia sidings. 

Jan. 3 — One thousand four hundred drafted men leave for Camp Meade, completing 86 

per cent of city's first quota. 
Jan. 4 — Pennsylvania Railroad embargoes all general freight to give city coal. 

Jan. 8 — President Wilson delivers his "iU Points" address to Congress. 

Jan. 9 — Theodore Roosevelt visits war industries and addresses Peirce School, commence- 

ment exercises, at Academy of Music, scoring the country for un preparedness. 
National Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Roard begins hearings at Hotel Walton 
on question of wages affecting 45,000 shipyard workers in district. 
Jan. 15 — Three men and five women socialists convicted in criminal court for "unlawfully 

endeavoring to persuade persons from entering the service of the United Slates." 
Jan. 16 — Fuel Administrator Garfield issues fuel conservation order, closing all industries, 
except shipbuilding and food producers, for five days beginning January 18th, and 
commands plants to remain closed on Mondays and holidays for ten weeks; 
order effects stores, theaters, etc.; 650,000 men made idle in Philadelphia district. 
Jan. 21 — City and Government authorities take first steps for homes for Hog Island workers, 

in Fortieth Ward. 
Jan. 27 — Rear Admiral Francis T. Rowles appointed Assistant General Manager in charge of 
agency yards of the Fleet Corporation and ordered from Washington to this city. 
Food Administration issues orders for wheatless Mondays and Wednesdays, and for 
all suppers to be likewise wheatless. 
Jan. 29 — Senate Commerce Committee decides to probe charge of $6,000,000 profit in building 
of Hog Island. 
Four Minute Men open anti-sedition drive in City. 
Feb. 4 — Fuel Administration seizes surplus domestic size coal in City for general distribution. 
Feb. 5 — Rear AdmirEil Bowles opens office in Medical Arts Ruilding, and assumes control 

of Hog Island and Bristol. 
Feb. 6 — War Welfare Council formed to conduct all future welfare drives. 

Adalbert K. Fischer, seized and interned as a dangerous alien enemy. 
Feb. 12 — Americanization campaign opens with rally at Metropolitan Opera House, Senator 
Kenyon, of Iowa, being the principal speaker. 
Recruiting campaign for shipyard workers opens station in Widener Ruilding. 
Feb. 13 — Fuel Administrator Garfield suspends Monday closing order. 

Police, after ten-day campaign, register 6,481 German alien enemies in City. 
Feb. 14 — Plant of Schutte and Koerting, 12th and Thompson streets, seized by Alien Property 

Custodian. 
Feb. 20 — Department of Justice begins probe of Hog Island. 

Feb. 26 — Naval tug Cherokee sinks in storm twelve miles off Fenwick Island Light; Philadelphia 
commander and two men included in twenty-nine lost; ten survivors rescued from 
raft. 
Feb. 27 — Philadelphia sends last of its 100 per cent quota to Camp Meade, under first call 

for 14,215 men 
Feb. 28 — General .\llenhy and British Army take Jericho. 

Food Administration limits bread rations to two pounds per week, per person. 
March 3 — Russian Soviet signs Bresl-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany. 

35 




CourtMy of Krank \V IlijM.-r, stntiliy Oi of America, 

The Archhisliop of York ami Bishop Rliitielamlcr. 



March I — Archhisliop of York visits City. 

March 18 — During week of March 18th, cnrohiiciil of 8.000 hoys ;imiI riicii l)ct;iin, fi>r Pcimsyl- 

vanln's Farm Army. 
March 19 — Phihiclclphia ollicer, one of sixteen killiMl «h(ii destroyer Mnnley is in collision in 

war zone. 
Man-b 21 — Ludendorff begins Somme ojfensiir. 

Corifiresx passes bill girinq President fxmer lo operate railroads lo end of war. 
March 23 — British caterpillar tank arrives to h(X)st British and Canadian recruitinK cnnipaij^n. 
March 26 — Marshal Forh apiMiinted Mlied (ieneralissinio. 

Jud^e llickinson orders Kederal .Jury to acquit two Tayehlatl editors accusitl of 

treason: to he tried lal(>r on espionage charfic. 
March 28 — British halt (ierman Somme offensive uitliin ipin ranije of Amiens. 

Germans repulsed in attack at .Arras. 
March 31 — First dayliRht savinR law becomes effective. 
April 1 — Ba.se Ilospitjd i\i>. 20 leaves for France. 

April 2 — Five hundred men. lirst contingent of si-cond draft quota, leave for Camp Meade. 
.\pril 3 — Approximately .$.')00,000,000 worth of orders, covering construction of 382 ships. 

by eleven Delaware Hiver shipyards, annoimced by Admiral Bowles. 
.\pril 6 — Third Liberty Ixian <ainpai)in opens with exercises, marking unveiling of Statue 

of Liberty, in South Penn Square. 
April 7 — Hog Island employes observing "Liberty Day" pledge themselves to win war 

with ships. 
April 9 — Ludendorff launches l.ys offensive toward Channel ports. 
April 14 — Navy Defxirtmenl announces disappearance at sea of naval collier "Cyclops," with 

293 officers and men. 

36 



April 11 — Six Philadelpliia men lost on Cyclops. 

April 16 — Charles M. Schwab named Director-General of Emergency Fleet Corporation. 

Philadelphia named as port of debarkation for supplies and troops, by War Depart- 
ment. 
April 19 — Schwab announces that Emergency Fleet Corporation oflices will be transferred 

from Washington to Philadelphia, and commandeers Goniery-Swartz Building, 

Broad and Cherry streets. 
April 20 — Women war workers paratie 25,000 strong for Liberty Loan. 
April 21 — Guatemala declares ivar aijainst Germany. 
April 22 — Vice situation, in Philadelphia, cleared by appointment of Captain William B. Mills 

as Acting Superintendent of Police. 
April 2.5 — Wilhani Ifoward Taft makes two local addresses on behalf of Liberty Ijmn. 

Dragnet out for 10,000 British slackers in city. 
A.pril 26 — British close Zeebrugge liartmr in daring naval feat. 

Thirty-five thousand school children jjarade with Liberty Bell for Liberty Loan. 
\pril 27 — Four hundred and sixty-two men depart for Camp Meade, as first contingent of 

3,632 men ordered to Camps Meade and Lee, in five-day movement. 
British halt German offensive at Lys. 
April 28 — Provisional brigade of 78th Division, from Camp Dix, parades on Broad Street, in 

Liberty Loan. 
April 29 — Eleven of Pershing's Crusaders arrive for Liberty Loan. 

Sixty-seven Pliiladelphia High School boys, Drst of local School Farm Army, leave 

for State College camp. 
May 1 — Sixty-six men drown when French cruiser rams coastwise steamer City of Athens. 

off Delaware coast. 
May I — Third Liberty Loan ends; Philadelphia subscribes $169,350,600. 

May 5 — S. S. Tuckahoe launched a[t New York Shipbuilding Cor{)oration plant, 75 per cent 

complete, in twenty-seven days and three hours after first piece of steel was laid. 
May 6 — Nicaragua declares war against Germany. 
May 8 — A. Merritt Taylor, named head of Transportation and Housing Section, Emergency 

Fleet Corporation. 
May 9 — British partly close harbor of Ostend to submarines. 
May 13 — One hundred and five French Blue Devils pay city brief visit. 
Thrift Pledge Week opens in new War Savings Stamp drive. 
May 11 — Board of Education voles to end teaching of German in public schools. 
May 15 — First air mail route from New York to Washington opened, with half-way stop at 

Philadelphia (Byberry). 
Lieutenant Torrey H. Webb, LInited States Signal Service, pilots first plane to this 

city. Lieutenant James C. Egerton continues flight to Washington. 
May 17 — Governors and former governors of thirty-four states gather at Independence Hall 

and pledge themselves and their respective states "to carry the war to a vic- 
torious end." 
May 19 — War Chest campaign for $20,000,000 opens with many exercises. 
May 22 — Detachment of Company L, 315th Infantry, first 79th Division unit to visit city, 

takes part in Women's Service flag parade for War Chest drive. 
May 23 — Costa Rica declares war against Germany. 

Provost Marshal General Crowder issues "Work or Fight" order. 
May 26 — One thousand two hundred drafted men lia\e for Camp Meade. 
May 27 — Ludendurff luunches .Xisne offensive. 

Schooner Edna, from Philailelphia, towed into (jort a derelict, and gives first warning 

of submarine operations oil the coast. 
May 28 — Isl Division, American Expeditionary Force, captures Cantigny. 
May 30 — Charles H. Markham takes charge of Allegheny region. United States Railroad 

Administration. 
War Chest campaign extended. 
Announce winners of conunissions at Third Officers' Training Camp, Camp Hancock. 

37 




rrtrm^ ' ^- ' 'ii "ttttti 

t'ourti'sy of the rhllai]c1ptila "Inquirer." 

French "lilu" /JcriV.v iuhl' !u I'liiiaAclplim. 



Jiiiii' 1 — Transfer of oHicers of Emergency Fleet Corporation from Washint'toii to Pliiliidelpliia, 

bcjiiin. 
Juno 2 — (Jerman submarine (U-151) destroys Carolina, Texat and Winneconne, steanisliips; 
and Isabel B. Wiley, Edward //. Cole and Samuel B. Haskell, schooners, in mid ofT 
Jersey and Delaware coasts. 
June 3 — Tanker llerlierl L. Pratt damaged by mine off Delaware Breakwater. 
June 4 — Crew of Edna, and of Schooners Ilaappauge and Ilallie Dunn, reach New York 
with stor>' of being eight days prisoners on the U-151. 
Port of Philadelphia closed for three hours. 
June 5 — 2rf American Division enters battle against German Marne offensive. 

Second registration day for men who became twenty-one since June 5, 1917. 
Sergeant-Major Hyan arrested as bogus war hero. 
June 9 — Fourth Ccrman offensive {Montdidier-Noyon) opens. 

June 13 — Emergency .\id asked by Federal aulhoritie-s to supervise welfare problems for 
women entering war industries. 
War Chest liUed. 
Fourth Cernian offensive stopped. 
June 15 — .\uslro-lhingarian offensive on Italian Piavo line opens. 
June 23 — .Austria-Hungary begins to retire from Italian front. 
June 27 — National draft lottery for June 5th registrants held. 
June 28 — First Liberty Sing held at Liberty Statute, with 1,200 sailors and marines parti- 

ci[)ating. 
July 1 — Food AdminLslralion established sugar ration of three pounds per month, per person. 

Federal Grand Jur>' starts draft scandal investigation. 

Mrs. I'2ninia C. BergdoU arrested for aiding her son, drover C, to dodge draft duty. 
July 4 — Six cargo carriers and two destroyers launched as Delaware Biver district's part 
in the national Fourth of July launching of one hundred sliips. 
Sixty thousand alien-born march in great patriotic parade. 

38 




rmirti'sy nf the Atlantic Refining Cu. 

Tank Sli-anishiji "Ilerhi'rl L. PratI" damaged by a (German Miiw ajj lien and < .Inckni Sltmih. 

at the entrance to Delaware Bay. 



July 
July 
July 
July 
July 
July 
July 



July 



July 
July 

July 
July 

July 



4 — Naval barracks, at SewcH's Point, N. J., destroyed by mysterious fire. 
6 — Pennsylvania Reserve Militia goes to Mt. Gretna to camp for two weeks. 
9 — Southeastern chapter. Red Cross, starts drive to enrol 300 nurses. 
10 — Fifth Ward draft board suspended by order of President Wilson. 
11 — Explosion at Frankford Arsenal kills two and injures six. 
12 — Haiti declares tear against Germany. 

14 — Bastile Day celebrated at Mass Meeting at Metropolitan Opera House, speakers, 
including George Wharton Pepper, James M. Beck, and Lieutenant Paul de 
Perigord, French soldier-priest. 
Ten thousand people at Valley Forge celebrate Bastile Day and honor Llnitcd States 

Marines, from League Island and Camp Fuller, Paoli, Pa. 
Federal agents and marines arrest 400 in Chester vice clean-up, foreruimer of slacker 

raids. 
Ladendorff opens fifth offensive (Champagne-Marne) . 
28th Division, excluding artillery, engaged south of the Marne. 
Marines open week's recruiting drive. 

Foch's counter-attack (Ainse-Marne offensive) stops German drive. 
19 — Armored cruiser "San Diego" sunk by mine off Fire Island, N. Y.; sij- seamen lost. 

Honduras declares war against Germany. 
23 — Department of Justice starts hunt for Erwin Bergdoll, draft dodger. 
24 — Fuel Administration enforces lightless nights for the first four days of each week to 

conserve coal. 
26 — Twenty South Americsin diplomats inspect Hog Island. 

39 



1.5 



18 




Counpay of A I S 



Mrs. Wilson Clirislening the "Quislconck." 



.liiK 



.\ug. 

Vug. 

.Vug. 
.\ug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

Aug. 

Aug. 



20 — First casualties of the 28tli Division begin to be ri'c<Mve(l in city. 
2 — Two hundred men arrested in \\o()dsi<le I'ark slacker raid, conduclcd by Deiiartiiii'nt 
of .lustice and American Protective League. 
Food Administration cuts sugar rations to two pounds per month, per person. 
,1 — Watonwan, first ship to be launched nt the ^TerchaIlt Shipbuilding Corporation, 

Bristol, sticks on ways. 
,') — Mrs. Wilson (accompanied by the President) christens the Quistconck, Hog Island's 

first ship. 
6 — Five hundred men arrested in Shibc Park slacker raid. 
S—British open Somme offcnsit)e. 
10 — -American tsl Army organized. 

12 — Dry zone established in one-half mile radius of Frankford Arsenal. 
1 1 — Waloiran laun<he<l successfully at Bristol. 
lo — Several hundre<l arrested in .Atlantic City slacker raid, conducted by Department 

of Justice and Philadelphia branch of American Protective League. 
18 — Oise-Aisne offensive launclied. 

53d Artillery Brigade of 28th Division enters fighting. 
19 — Y'pres-Lys offensive launched. 

One hundred and fifty negroes arrested in South Philadelphia slacker raid. 

40 




/■//(' "(III islrdnrk" niiiiy fur licr Jirsl Iriji. 



Aiip. 22 — First local curb iiiMrkel opened at North College and Rid^e avenues. 

Aug. 21 — National Refiistration Day for men who have reached twenty-one since June .'>. 

1Q18. 
Aug. 26 — Bailie of the Scarpe opens. 

One thousand two hundred and eighty-one drafted men leave for Camp Lee. 

New call received for 10,000 men. 
Aug. 27 — Submarine Chaser No. 209 sunk by Fclir Taussig, in mistake for submarine south 

of New York; 1 Philadelphians among seventeen lost; five saved. 
Aug. 30 — Five hundred and fifty men captured in vice raids in city. 
Sept. 1 — Fuel Administration enforces first "(lasless Simday." 
Sept. 2 — Ten thousand men, war workers in Labor Day Parade, 
Sept. 3 — Battle of Scarpe ends. 

Sept. 5 — District Appeal Board No. 2 dismissed by Provost Marshal (ieneral. 
Sept. 11 — $300,000 fire in New York Shipbuilding Corporation. 
Sept. 12 — Battle of I lavrineourt-Epehy opens. 

Battle of .St. Miliiel opens. 

National Registration Day for men from eighteen to twenty-one and from thirty- 
one to forty-five; 210. ,563 registered in city, 
Sept. 13 — St. Mihiel salient reduced by Isl .American Army. 

Federal Grand Jury indicts twenty-eight for various draft frauds. 
Sept. 15 — Allied drive in Balkan.i opens. 
Sept. 17 — Battle of Harrinconrt-Epehy ends. 

The Spanish influenza makes its appearance in city wluii fuurtei-ii nurses and five 
internes, at the Pennsylvania Hospital, are reported ill as the result of observations 
and research upon six .sailors taken there sulfering with the disea.se. 
Sept, 18 — One thousand inlluenza cases reported in epidemic at Pliila(lel|ihia Navy Yard. 
Sept. 19 — Allenby begins final campaign against Turkey, in Asiatic Turhcy. 
Sept. 21 — Bulgarian armies retreat in Balkans. 

Sept. 2 1 — Registration of women for new Women's Food Army begun. 
Sept. 25 — One thousand four hundred cases of influenza reported in city. 

41 



Sept. 26 — Meuse-Argonne and Champagne offensives begin. 

28tb and 79th (National Army) divisions, entering fighting. 
27 — Five Tageblalt defendants convicted of having violated the Espionage .\cl. 
28 — Pageant on Broad street precedes opening of Fourth Liberty Loan. 
30 — Bulgaria granted an Armistice. 

U. S. A. T. C. Ticonderoga sunk by submarine (U-152), 230 lives lost; twenty-tlu-ee 
saved and two captured. 
1 — Student Army Training Corps becomes compulsory in all colleges and uni\ersities. 
2 — Influenza epidemic spreads to all parts of the city. 

3 — Board of Health closes public schools; all Liberty Loan meeting indoors called oil'. 
■1 — Second stage of Meuse-Argonne offensive liegins. 

Five hundred and seventy deatlis and 4,061 cases of influenza reported. 
Board of Health closes all saloons, theaters and churches. 
8 — Second battle of La Caleau begins. 
9 — ?(i American .Irmv created. 
14 — Belgians open Dixmude offensive. 
16 — Seven hundred and eleven deatlis in twenty-four hours establishes an inllucnza 

record for city. 
17 — Battle of the Selle begins. 
20 — Fourth Liberty Loan ends; Philadelphia subscribes. $311,306,250, 

Influenza epidemic considere<I well under control. 
23 — Six hundred Home Defense reservists patrol beats of police made ill li\ influi-nza. 
24 — Italy begins I iclory offensive. 

25 — Board of Health lifts quarantine on schools and churches. 

26— Representatives of 65.000.000 Slavs meet at Independence Hall li> dcrlnri' tin- 
independence of till' mid-Furopean states. 



Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 



Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 



Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 




Courtfsy of the PlilUdi'lphU •■Press." 

Reading the Declaration of Indepemience of Mid-European Nations, Independence .SV/iifirc. 

42 




Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler. Slanley Co. i.t Amorlca. 

Governor Sproul and rncinhfrs of I he Union League at the Liberty Statue \iiu 



.,/(,, Day, nUS. 



Oct. 26 — Board of Health lifts quarantine against saloons, theaters and public meetings. 
Nov. 1 — Battle of Sambre begins. 

Final stage of Meuse-Anjonne offensine begins. 
Nov. 3 — Auslro-IIungarlan armies in Italy completely routed. 
Nov. 4 — Aiuilria-Iluwiary granted an armistice. 

Italian colony holds great celebration for victory, culminating with meeting in In- 
dependence Square. 
Nov. 5 — William C. Sproul elected Governor of Pennsylvania. 

43 



Nov. 6 — Federal agents and American IVoteitive Leapiie raid OKinpii- l>()\iiif; iluli fin 

slackers. 
.Nov. 7 — False armistice reiH^rt stiirls jubilee in city. 

Secrel^iry of the Navy Daniels, at reieption to Director Scbwali, at Melropolitan 

( )pera House, tells Emergency Fleet he fa\ ors lag merchant marine. 
Nov. IIMIMISTICE D.\Y. 

President Wiison's Armistice Day ProcUiraation; "My fellow countrymen — The 

armistice was signed this morning. Kverything for which America fought, has 

been accomplished. It will now be our fortunati' duty to assist by example, by 

sober, friendly counsel, and by nialerial aid. in the i'st^d)lishMii'til of just democracy 

throughout the VNorld. WcMxIrow Wilson." 
Nov. !.■} — Food \dmiiiistration lifts all wheal restrictions. 

Nov. 21 — President Wilson signs War Prohibition Hill, making iialion dry after Jul.\ I, I'Uy. 
No\ . 27 — War Department orders demobilization of Student \riii\ Training Corps. 
Dec. 1 — British crui.ser Cuni/wT/anrf arrives at Navy Yard. 

Dec. I — Caplain Alfrtnl F. B. Carpenter, hero of Zeebnigge, is speaker at Bed ( .ross meitiiig 

at Academy of .Music, opening Bed ("ross Chrislniiis iiicudx'rship drive. 
D(k;. ."> — First British armed force to parade streets of Philadelphia since Bevolution, is 

detachment of sailors and marines from II. M. S. Cumberland. 
Dee. 7 — President Wilson sails for Peace ('imfereiice. 

1019 
,lan. .iO -First troopship with returning Anu'riian soldiers to reach this port is \TMcri(an 
liner llarerfurd. with 2. .")(!(• men of 6.">tli Coast \rliller\; liiit wouiuh'd colori-d 
enlisted men, and ;iK wounded and sick ollicers. 




stanlpy Co. of .\:iur.^u. 

Troops on Ihe " Haverford.' 
44 



Feb. 21 — American liner Norlhland arrives with 47 Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. workers mid 

1,501 fighting men. 
Feb. 23 — President Wilson reaches Boston, returning from Peace ('onfcrence. 
March 5 — President Wilson sails again for Peace Conference. 
March 22 — American liner Haverford arrives with 2,095 American soldiers, including 100 Ponn- 

sylvanians. 
April 20 — Victory Loan opens with imveiling of Victory .Statue. 
April 28 — Transport Mongolia reaches New York with first 28th Dixision units; pari of 111th 

Infantry. 
April 29 — Transport Kroonland reaches New York with balance of lUlh Infantry. 
April :!0 — Transport Finland arrives at New York with 103d Engineers. 

Transports PocahonUis and Mercury race up the Delaware with Majcjr-General 

Muir and the II 2th Infantry complete, and 107th Machine Gun Battahon. 
May 1 — Transport Maui brings 109th Infantry to Philadelphia. 
May 7 — Transport IJberalor brings 103d Field Signal Battalion, 103d Suj)ply Train and 

balance of 103d Engineers, to Philadel|ihia. 
May 9 — Transport Mongolia reaches New York with 53d Artillery Brigade llcadquiirters, 

107th and 109tb Field Artillery and l()3d Sanitary Train. 
May 10— Victory Loan ends; Philadeli)hia subscribed $208,450,500. 

May 11 — Transport Edgar F. Luckenbacit arrives at Philadelphia with part of 110th Infantry. 
May 12 — Transport 'Santa Olivia arrives at Philadelphia with balance of 110th Infantry. 
May 15 — 28tb Division holds last review in nionsterparadeon Broad. Chestnut and Market streets. 
May 16 — Transport Peerless reaches Philadelphia with lOBth Field Artillery and 10!!th Machine 

(iun Battalion, too late for the Di\ isional Beview. 
May 26 — Transport Princess Maloika reaches Ni>w '^ork with first units of 70th Di\ ision — 31 1th 

Infantry; 301th Field Signal Battalion and 151th Artillery Brigade Headquarters. 
Transport Tiger arrives in New York with 310th FieUl .\rtillery. 
Transport Virginian arrives at Newport News, Va., with 312th Field Artillery and 

311th Machine Gun Battalion; met by representatives of Philadelphia Welcome 

Home Committee. 
May 28 — Transport Edward Luckenbacli arrives at New York with 311th Field Artillery and 

312th Macliine Gun Battalion. 
May 29 — Transport Kroonland arrives at New York with part of 316th Infantry, Divisional 

Headquarters, 304th Engineers, Headquarters Troop and Di\isionaI Train Head- 
quarters. Major-General Jos. E. Kuhn greeted at the dock by Mayor Smith 

and Conmiittee from Philadelphia. 
Transport Texan reaches Philadelphia with balance of 316th Infantry. 
May 30^Transport Santa Rosa arrives at Philadelphia with the 315th Infantry (Philadelphia's 

Own). 
May 30 — Secretary of the Navy Daniels witnesses launching of five ships at Hog Island 

in forty-eight minutes. 
May 31 — Transport Dakotan arrives at Philadelpliia with 304th Supply Train, 79th Military 

Police Company, detachment of 310lh Field Artillery and Companies L and M, 

315th Infantry. 
June 1 — Transport Shoshone brings final 79th Division men to Philadelphia; Horse Battalion 

of 304th .\mmunition Train and 301th Sanitary Train. 
Transports General Gorgas and Canandaigna arrive at Philadelphia with 933 and 

1,327 troops, respectively. 
June 28 — Versailles Peace Treaty with Germany signed by Allies. 
Sept. 10 — Auslro-Hungarian peace treaty signed at St. Germain. 

Sept. 26 — His Eminence, Cardinal Mercier, .\rchbishop of Malines, is guest of city. 
Oct. 27 — The King and Queen of the Bi'lgians and the Duke of Brabant, received by Mayor 

Smith. Also entertained by the Belgian Committee of the Emergency Aid, and 

by the Red Cross. The King christens LInited States Army Transport Cantigny, 

at Hog Island. 
Nov. 18 — Prince of \\ ales makes brief visit to city. 
Nov. 27 — Treaty with Bulgaria signed by Allies at Neailly. 

45 



IMAYOR SMITH'S WAR COMMITTEES 

William Bell Clark 




\RGE groups of public-spirited citizens werp twice called 
into volunteer service by Mayor Thomas B. Smith during 
the mid-years of his term. Both functioned admirably, 
the first, in 1916. in caring for the families of the National 
Guardsmen from this city sent to the border, and the 
second, in 1917, in encouraging patriotic endeavor, aiding 
recruiting, preparing for home defense and offering prac- 
tical assistance to service men and their families. 

The volunteer organization of 1916 was the Citizens' 
Soldiers Aid Committee of Philadelphia: the one of 1917, 
the Philadel[)hia Home Defense Conuniltee. W liile their duties were widely diver- 
gent, the personnel in each instance was somewhat similar, and the Mayor was 
Chairman of t\uh. Likewise, the Mayor's reception room was generally the 
meeting place, and the original oflice personnel remained almost intact through 
the life of both organizations. For these reasons it has been deemed best to deal 
with them in a single chapter. 

In the few years which have elapsed since the days of the Mexican border and 
those of the World War, confused impressions have arisen regarding the work of 
the mayor's committees and those of other organizations. Frecjuently the Citizens' 
Soldiers Aid Committee and the .loinl Councilmanic Committee have been mis- 
taken as one and the same, while the myriad of mushroom organizations which 
sprang into temporary existence in I hi' early days of 1917 have resulted in hazy 
ideas as In just what each did. 




ly i. li Sniw. 



Philadelphia Mounted Police. 
46 



To one seeking to separate "the wheat from the chaff," the files of the Phila- 
delphia newspapers were the first recourse. Their columns were filled with valu- 
able information; the early activities of each of the committees were described 
in full. But the world-wide war news of 1916 emd 1917 could not help but crowd 
the committee work into narrowing space until it eventually disappeared. This 
was particularly true when, with the first hurrali at £m end, the organizations got 
down to routine. Fortunately, the original files of both committees are in exis- 
tence. Those of the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee are in the office of George 
Wentworth Carr, who was Secretary of both organizations; those of the Philadel- 
phia Home Defense Committee in the Mayor's fifing room, No. 353, City Hadl. 

The Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee 

On June 18, 1916, a Uttle more than three months after Pancho Villa and 
his Mexican bandits raided the border town of Columbus, N. M., President 
Wilson, by official proclamation, called the National Guard into Federal service. 
Two days later, Brigadier-General William G. Price, Jr., commanding the 1st 
Infantry Brigade — the 1st, 2d and 3d Begiments, all of Philadelphia — ordered the 
men under arms in their respective armories on the morning of June 22d, and, 
on the day of mobifization, the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee was formed. 

Mayor Smith had issued a call for the meeting the previous day and more 
than 300 representative citizens crowded into Boom 202 (the Mayor's reception 
room) in response to his request. The mayor, as chairman of the meeting, outlined 
the purpose — to take steps to safeguard the families of the guardsmen by extending 
financial aid to those whose income was cut suddenly from a living wage to the 
thirty dollars a month paid by the Government to an enlisted man. In the course 
of his opening address he said : 

"No red tape methods should be permitted to delay temporary relief where the need is 
apparent. It is far better that an miworthy few should impose upon us, than that the sufferings 
of the many deserving be prolonged, while a too critical investigation of their cases is being made. 
Our aim should be quick, effective, but quiet helpfulness For the present, and until experience 
has indicated more clearly the phases into which our work will develop, our organization should 
be simple and flexible; and I, therefore, suggest that our officers and committee be limited to 
a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, treasurer, an executive committee, a managing committee, 
and a finance committee. Obviously the first thing needed is money and that in large amounts. 
If Philadelphia's soldiers should be in the field for a year, we shall need hundreds of thousands of 
dollars. We cannot start too soon to raise it. Some sources from which speedy responses should 
be expected have occurred to me. Some of the plans suggested were by large individual sub- 
scriptions from Philadelphia citizens of wealth; the use of glass bowls in public places, and appeal 
to pastors of churches to take up special collections." 

Following the Mayor's suggestions an election was held and the following 
officers selected; Chairman of the General Committee, the Mayor; Vice-Chairman, 
Colonel Sheldon Potter; Treasurer, Joseph E. Widener, and Secretary, George Went- 
worth Carr. In addition it was decided to have a managing committee of the 
officers and eleven other members ; an executive committee of sixty -five, and finance 
committee of eighteen. 

The Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee became operative on June 24th, within 
one hour after the first troop train had left the city for Mt. Gretna, when an appli- 

47 



cation was received from a twenty-year old bride of a few months. She was given 
immediate assistance and subsequently placed in a lucrative position. Between 
June 2Uh and July 7th, the Committee paid out $508 without any investigation, 
following the Mayor's idea that it was better to lose a few dollars than to permit 
some needy and worthy person to suffer. 

The first meeting of the executive committee' of sixty-five was held on June 
27th, at which time a large sum of money was pledged. The personni'l of the Ex- 
ecutive Cominittee was as follows: 

Herbert D. .Mlman. Richanl L. .\usliii, C. C. A. Baldi, John C. Bell, General H. Dal.- Benson. 
.\. J. Drexel Biddle, former Mayor Budolph Blankenhnrp. Samuel T. Bodine, Charle.s S. Calwell, 
George Wentworth Carr, Mrs. .Mexander J. Cas.-iiilt. Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt. Frederick T. 
Chandler, Morris L. Clothier, Dr. Ru.ssell Conwell, I'jlward M. Cooke, Colonel J. Howell Ciini- 
mings. C>Tus H. K. Curtis, .\gnew T. Dice, Mrs. (ieorpe Dallas Dixon, Mrs. (Jeorge W. C. 
Drexel. Franz Ehrlich, Jr.. William S. Ellis, Nathan 'P. Kolwell. Howard R. French, Joseph P. 
Gaffney. Ellis A. Gimbel. Dr. E. B. Gleason, Colonel Jolm C Gribhcl. Mrs. John C. (iroonie. 
William Hancock, Charles C. Harri.son, Stevens HiK-kscher, Max Herzberg. Isjiac D. Hetzel, 
Mrs. Georgia Q. Horwitz, James E. I.ennon, Howard W. I.ewis, Colonel Samuel D. Lit, L. M. 
Kinnard. Charles H. Krumbhaar, Hugh McCalTrey, Joseph B. McCall, Judge J. \\ illis Martin, 
Thomas .Martindale, Gustav Mayer. Thomas E. Mitten, Getirge Wharton Pepper. Colonel 
Sheldon Potter, Eli Kirk Price. Frank P. Prichard, Samuel Rea, Francis B. Rt^ves, Levi I-. Rue, 
Dr. George E. de Schweinitz, Edgar FalLs Smith. Joseph N. Snellenburg. Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury. 
E. T. Stotesbury, Edwin S. Stuart, Judgi- Mayer Sulzberger, Charlemagne Tower, Jolin Wana- 
maker, Mrs. Barclay H. Warburtnii. Joseph E. Wid.'Uer, .VIcxandcr Van Rensselaer and Mayor 
Smith. 

On June 30lli. thi' ( Icncral ( ".ommittee met in the Mayor's reception room and 
the personnel of the finance and managing committees wen- amiounced as follows: 
Finance Commitlee: E. T. Stotesbury, chairman; Frtxlerick T. Chandler, Morris L. Clotliier, 
Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, William S. Ellis. Natlian T. Folwell, Ellis A. 
(limbel. Colonel John C. Gribbel, Charles C. Harrison, Mrs. George Q. Horwitz, Howard W. 
I>ewis, Colonel Samuel D. Lit. Hugh McCalTrey, I>evi L. Rue, Joseph N. Snellenburg, Edwin S. 
Stuart. .Mexander Van Rensselaer and John Wanamaker. 

Managing Commillep: Mayor Smith, chairman; all olTic-ers ex-oflicio and John C. Bell, 
Samuel Bodine. William Hancock. Stevens Heckscher. Max Herzberg. Mrs. A. J. Cassatt, Mrs. 
George W. C. Drexel, .Mrs. Jolm C. Groorae, Edgjir F. .Smith, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury and Colonel 
J. Howi^ll Cummings. 

As the relief wf)rk progressed an afliliation was elTected with the Home Relief 
Division of the Emergency Aid Committee, and by July 81 ii the work of the or- 
ganization had been so extended as to necessitate three departments, the Executive 
and Hegistralion in City Hall and the Home Melicf Division at 221 S. I8th Street. 
The i'lxecutive Department received contributions and disbursed the (Jeneral Fund, 
took care of the general correspondence and outlined l\w policies of the Committee. 
The Hegistration Department received applications and the Home Helief Division, 
in charge of the Emergency Aid, made investigations and paid liie allowances to 
the dependents of the soldiers. The Pennsylvania Women's Division for National 
Preparedness cooperated with the lOmergency Aid Committee in the home n-iicf 
work. L ndcr the direction of Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt, a member of the Executive 
Committee of the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee, twenty -seven volunteer visitors 
made investigations. These twenty -seven were: 

Miss Madeline .Vsbury, Mrs. L. C. Black, Miss Ijouise Cochran, Miss Eleanor Solis-Cohen, 
Miss Judith Solis-Coh(!n, .Mrs. C. L. Card, Miss F^thel Dripps, .Miss Blanche V. Moore, Miss 
Helen E. Donaghy, Miss Mary .\. Gilbert, Mrs. Francis S. Hoskins, Mrs. Henry L Hyneman, 

48 



Mrs. Emma Hoffa, Mrs. Hem-y F. Kassebaum, Mrs. George 0. Lummis, Miss Martha C. F. 
Bent, Dr. H. E. McSorley, Mrs. H. Gordon McCough, Mrs. Mustard. Mrs. Marshall, Mrs. 
Powers, Mrs. B. Alexander Randall, Miss M. H. Stryker, Miss Amy D. Smith, Mrs. J. Harry 
Scott, Mrs. J. Frederick Thomas and Mrs. H. Frederick Wilson. 

The Emergency Aid Volunteer workers were: Mrs. J. Willis Martin, acting chairman; 
Mrs. John C. Groome, chairman Home Relief Division; Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. Reed A. 
Morgan, Mrs. F. M. Myer, Mrs. Gibson Bell, Miss Louise Snowden, Mrs. Francis D. Lewis, 
Mrs. Henry C. Boyer, Mrs. Alexander Ramlall, Mrs. W. Penn Smith, Mrs. J. B. Lippincott, ,Ir.. 
Mrs. Charles Piatt, Jr., Miss Eleanor Baker, Miss Eleanor E. Carr, and Miss Elizabeth D. 
Wheeler. 

By mid-July the r.(inimilt(>o liad received a total of $6,000 and had expended 
more than § 1,000 for relief work. In addition, by personal subscription outside of 
the Rehef Fund but within the Committee, about $1,200 had been gathered to pur- 
chase baseball equipment for each of the thirty-six Philadelphia National (iuard 
companies then at (^.amp Stewart. El Paso, Texas. On July 18th, when the 
financial condition became exceedingly precarious, Mr. Stotesbury, as Chairman 
of the Finance Committee, addressed a meeting of the (ieneral Committee and 
secured pledges, within a half hour, for $9,540. He showed that the Committee 
needed between §500 and $1,800 weekly to carry on the work. Pledge cards were 
issued at the meeting, and also placed in the hands of business and other organ- 
izations and sent to a large mailing list of reputable citizens. On July 22d, the Com- 
mittee announced that it had received a total of $15,712.05 and had expended 
$5,756.10. 

The overhead expenses were kept tiuDugiiout at a mimimuin. The Pennsyl- 
vania Women's Division for National Preparedness paid for the services of one 
clerk and Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt paid the expenses of a stenographer. Other 
patriotic women in the Committee personally paid incidental expenses, so that the 
overhead to the Committee consisted of the salary for six clerks — four at the City 
Hall and two at 221 S. 18th Street— with a total jiayroll of $91 weekly. 

By the end of July more than 100 families had appealed for lielp. These 
were: 213 wives; seventeen fathers; 206 mothers of soldiers. There was 
a total of 486 dependent cliildren in these appeals and there were twenty-four 
expectant mothers. At first the persons on the allowance list called at the Home 
Refief Division for their money, but when the infantile paralysis epidemic became 
virulent in the summer of 1916. a plan was devised whereby money could be sent 
by check. In the case of foreign born parents of soldiers, the money was sent in 
cash to avoid misunderstanding. 

On August 1st. Mayor Smith made a public appeal for funds to aid the work, 
and the immediate results were apparent when $984 came in on August 3(1 and 
$1,658 on August 4th. By August 8th. the Committee had received a total of 
$27,060.10 and had expended $11,876.10. Through the balance of the month and 
early September receipts and disbursements grew alike, and on September 7th, the 
former reached $36,996 and the later $22,322. 

About the middle of Sejjtember. the Committee learned that the Army Ap- 
propriation Bin, approved by the President on September 8th, contained an item 
of $2,000,000 for the refief of the dependents of the soldiers of the National Guard 
and the Regular Army. At that time it appeared as if the Philadelphia soldiers 
would remain indefinitely in the field. The Committee, realizing that its funds 
were inadequate to carry it beyond December 15th, took up the question of another 

49 



public appeal or securing the relief through the War Department. Fortunately 
in early October, two of the Philadelphia regiments — the 1st and 3d — returned 
from border service. There remained at Camp Stewart the 2d Regiment, at 
that time being converted into the Second Field Artillery. The Committee sent 
to the Commander of the 2d Artillery the names of the soldiers in the unit whose 
families were being aided and advised to apply for relief to the War Department 
under the terms of the act. 

Negotiations were at the same time carried on with the War Department, and 
on September 26th, N. B. Kelly, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, in- 
terviewed Secretary of War Baker at Cleveland, Ohio, acting for the Committee 
while traveling on another matter. Mr. Kelly wired the result of his interview 
as follows: 

"Secretary of War Baker advises that you do not seek additional contributions. Have 
applicants for relief inform their relatives to secure appHcation blanks from their commanding 
officers at tlie front to be forwarded to War Department. Said department will secure family 
records through \our conunittee. Said aiiplicants will be paid by (lovernment, if your reports 
as to their needs are favorable." 

With the return of two regiments in October the Cdtnmittee found its funds 
sullicient to continue providing for the 12.") dependent families in the 2d Artillery 
for a little longer than had been anticipated, and it was not until November 27th 
that a letter was sent to each of the 12.") soldiers stating that allowances would not 
be paid after December 1.5th, and instructing tiiem to apply to the War Departnieiil 
for relief. \Mien December 1.5th arrived the Committee's funds, as had been 
anticipated, came to an end. From ,Iime 21th to December 1.5th it had raised 
and exjH'uded, the major part being received from members of the Cominitt(>e, the 
sum of .? 12,32."}. 17. lis work practically ended on that date. What remained was 
merely considerable routine endeavor to get the dependent families safely trans- 
ferred from the payroll of the Committee to that of the War l)ej>artmenl. The 
Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee, as an organization, passed into history «illi tlie 
(Mid of the year 1916. 

Tim: l*Mir.\i)i.ii'Mi \ Home Defense Committee 

The Pliiladelplii:! Hume Defense Conunittee grew out of a meeting called 
originally to I'ornuilate plans to aid the Fourth .\aval District recruit 6,000 men 
for the Naval Coast Defense Reserve. It was during the pre-war (for America) 
days, while the nation was awaiting President Wilson's address to the jtendiug 
special session of Congress, after Ambassador Bernstorlf had been handed his 
passports, and when all activities centered on preparedness. Captain Robert 
Lee Russell. C S. N.. Commandant Philadelphia Navy Yard, hafl recpiested 
public assistance in making the recruiting tam|)aign go, and on March 20, 1917, 
in response to Mayor Smith's invitation, there gathered in the Mayor's reception 
room, representatives of many organizations, business, frat(>rnal, social and i)a- 
Iriotic. The total was close to 400. 

The gathering saw more before it than I he lecruiting campaign. It sensed 
the inevitable entry of the nation into war, and it used the opportunity of the 
public meeting to line up the city in solid front behind the President. Mayor 
Smith acted as chairman and, a few minutes after the opening of the session, Franz 
Khrlich. .Tr., President of the Philadelphia Branch of the National German-American 

50 



Alliance, introduced a resolution pledging the resources of the city and its people 
to the President. To make the resolution more emphatic in showing the disap- 
pearance of the hyphen, the seconder was John B. Mayer, President of the German 
Society of Pennsylvania. Ten minutes later the following telegram was on its 
way to Washington : 

"The Philadelphia Home Defense Committee, just organized, and now in session at the 
Mayor's office, Philadelphia, composed of representatives of great railroads, public utility com- 
panies, large mercantile and industrial establishments, great commercial and labor organizations, 
sectional business men's associations, athletic and yacht clubs, and representing a vast majority 
of all the citizens of Philadelphia, have imanimously adopted the following resolution: 

"The members of the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee, as individuals and for the 
corporations and associations represented by them as well as for the people of Philadelphia 
generally, pledge the ungrudging .support of all the men and women of I'hiladtlphia and all its 
resources to the President of the tinited States in his efforts to maintain lh<' Imnor and dignity 
of the Nation and protect the lives and property of Americans on land and sea. 

"Thomas B. Smith, Mayor." 

Before adjournment, the newly formed committee pledged its aid to the 
naval recruiting campaign as outlined by Captain H. A. Bispham, H. S. N., repre- 
senting Commandant Russell ; decided upon an executive committee to he ajipdiuted 
by the chairman, and elected the following officers: 

Chairman, Mayor Smith; Vice-Chairman, John C. Bell; Secretary, George VVenlworth Carr; 
and Treasurer, Joseph E. Widener. 

The City beat the State by twenty-four hours in its preparedness work. It 
was not until the following day, March 21st, that Governor Brumbaugh appointed 
the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety. 

On March 23d, the Executive Committee having been appointed, met in the 
Mayor's reception room and considered a vast patriotic meeting as one of the best 
ways to arouse the people of the city to the emergency. At the same time the 
Mayor named the chairmen of the standing committees as follows: 

Finance. E. T. Stotesbury; Home Resenv. A. J. Drexel Biddle; Decora/ions (iml Poslcrs, 
John Frederick Lewis; Ftecruilimj Stations, William W. Roper. 

These chairmen, with the officers of the General Committee and the following 
others, constituted the Executive Committee: 

Wilham Potter, John B. Mayer, Clarence \^'olf. Edward A. Noppel, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, 
and Ernest T. Trigg. 

Likewise a publicity committee was appointed that day consisting of: 

M. F. Hanson, Colonel James Elverson, Jr., Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Samuel Meek, E. A. Van 
Valkenburg, W. L. McLean, Thomas D. Taylor, P. \\. Whaley, Gustavus Mayer, C. Lemke and 
Rowe Stewart. 

On the following day, Saturday, March 24th, the Executive Committee met 
at the Poor Richard Club and laid plans for the previously approved patriotic 
meeting to be held in Independence Square on the subsequent Saturday, March 
31st, with a special celebration for the school children in Washington Square, 
adjoining, at the same time. A Committee on Celebration was appointed with the 
following members: 

51 




0»urtL-sy of Frank W 



Buliler, StAnley Co. of AraerlCA. 

Prominent Men at Rally al I ntlependence Hull. 



Chiiiriimn. Wiillcr Loc HDsotibrrncr. Thomas Robins, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, T. Di-W itt 
Cuyler, Dr. Frank H. Iluslcad, E. A. Wriphl, Jr., Frederick Jones and Dr. H. Evert Kendip. 

On March 26tli tlic piMsonnel of some of tlic standinf; {•oinmitlees was an- 
noiincod as follows: 

Finance: E. T. Slotesbiiry. Chairman; (icordc Iv Hiirtol, Uobert K. Cassatt, Jay Cooke, 
3d, Percy M. Chandler, J. Howell Cinnminps, Stanley (i. Flapp. Jr.. John H, Mason, Levi L. 
Rue, Benjamin Rush. Daniel H. Wentz, George II. Frazier, Ellis D. Gimbel, E<Iward F. Ilenson, 
Colonel Sanuiel D. Lit, Randal Morgan, Gcorpe II. McFadden, Lincoln K. Passmore, Adolph 
G. Rosenparten and Joseph IC. Widcner. 

Home rtexerre Commillee: \. J. Drexel Riddle, Chairman; Dr. Clement Biildlc. Charles B. 
Helms. Lee J. Eastman, J. DeWilt Jobborn, Colonel Jacob D. Lit. l«:fTinpham H. Morris, C. S. W. 
Packard and .\l<'xander Van RensschK-r. 

Tlic (irsl l)if; acliievemenl of IIh' lliinic Dofenso ('.oiiimittcc, the patriotic 
rally at Indepondencp Square and Washington Square, was held on March .list, 
as planned, a full week before the official declaration of war. It was preceded by 
many processions of military units, fraternal organizations, business associations, 
school children, et<-., all forming in their respective localities and centering u|)(in 
the historic squares. \ crowd variously estimated as from 10,000 to 20,000 people 
participated in tli(^ two main celebrations. Mayor Smith presided at the meeting 
in Independence Square, and addresses were delivered by Senator Hiram W. ,lohn- 
son, of California; Senator Boies Penrose, of Pennsylvania; I'Vanklin Spencer 
Edmonds, C. Stuart Patterson, Provost Edgar Fahs Smith, of the University of 
Pennsylvania; Rev, Dr, Russell H. Conwell, lU. Rev. Henry T. Drumgoole, 

52 




ronrtesv nf Frank W. Ttiihler. Kfanlcy On of America. 

Relaliivx of Pliilml''li)li{ii men in llie Service bring Clirislnms packages. 



and TJoutonant-iipnoial S. B. M. Young. The speaker at the meetin.i; for schonl 
children in Washington Square was city statistician, Edward J. Cattell. 

In the meanwhile the work of the standing committees was not neglected. 
The Committee on recruiting stands enlisted many volunteer workers who jilaced 
their services in clerical capacities under the recruiting ofHcers of the Naval Coast 
Defense Reserve, the Regular Navy, the Regular Army and the National Guard. 
This volunteer force of helpers enabled th<> various branches of the Federal service 
to extend recruiting work to all parts of tlie city instead of being confined to certain 
central localities. The fust Naval Coast Defense Reserve Station at the naval 
home was soon augmented by a itermanent station in the Mayor's reception room, 
another in Independence Hall and a third in the Crozier Building. The battle- 
ships of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet set up recruiting tents on the plaza of City Hall. 
The National Guard went beyond their armories, centering around the City Hall, 
and they, with the Navy and Regular Army, conducted Hying automobile recruiting 
squads, the machines in many instances being secured by the Recruiting Stands 
( '.onunitteo. 

The work of tho Home Defense Reserve Committee, resulting in the creation 
of the Philadelphia Home Defense Reserve, is fully described elsewhere in this vol- 
ume, and is only touched upon here to show the connection between it and the 
Home Defense Committee. 

The work of the School Mobilization Committee, under the chairmanship of 
Franklin Spencer Edmonds, is also reviewed elsewhere. 

While the Home Defense Committee found it unnecessary to take up the finan- 
cial aid to soldiers' dependents, which had been the function of the earlier Citizens' 

53 



Soldiers Relief Committee of the Mexican border days, it did find a valuable source 
of work in tlie establishment of a Personal Service Bureau to aid the soldier and 
his family to adjust themselves to war conditions, convey messages between them, 
look up those who failed to communicate projjerly with their homes, forward mail 
and packaj;es and oiler a general helping hand to service men from other cities 
located temporarily in Philadelphia. 

Perhaps the biggest achievement of the Personal Service Bureau, under !\Irs. 
M. L. Woodruir, was the forwarding of Clu-istmas packages to the Philadelphia sol- 
diers in American camps in the holiday season of 1917. All that the Home Defense 
Committee required was that the package conform to War Department rules and 
be properly addressed. Arrangements had been made with the various draft 
boards so that packages left with them were forwarded to the City Hall and, during 
the entire month of December, thousands of packages were sent to the men in the 
service, the great bulk going to Camps Hancock and .Meade. The detail of this 
work was tremendous, as the Committee gave a receipt for each package accepted 
for shipment, issued acknowledgment cards which had to be placed within the pack- 
age, and then traced those which went astray or which failed of acknowledgment. 

The PersonsJ Service Bureau remained in existence throughout the war, 
conducting in February, 1918, a military census of the city. This census lost its 
value because it was not possible to continue it daily throughout the balance of 
the war, the great draft exoduses of the subsequent months being too large to per- 
mit of codifying at the time. The census had an immediate value, however, to 
the bureau, as it enabled it to dear up (questions of home address and names which 
were in doubt or confusif)n. 

Of the other commiltcfs. the work of the Home Di-fense Reserve was also 
permanent throughout the war, but the Conmiittees for Recruiting Stations, 
and Posters and Decorations gradually ceased activities through the substitution 
of the draft for volunteer enlistments, and the establishment of the .State head- 
quarters of the Pennsylvania (lommittee of Pid)lic Safety in this city. 

The activities of the State Committee naturally found expression in the col- 
umns of the local new.spapers; its organization was perfected on a larger scale and 
gradually it look over much of what the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee 
had planned. By the time the State Committee found it necessary to establish 
a Philadel[)hia branch of the Council of National Defense and Committee of Public- 
Safety, the old Home Defense Committee, save for the Rcirsonal Service Bureau 
and the Home Defense Reserve, was a thing of the past. Its existence had been 
comparatively brief, but it had functionefl well in the emergency. And, after 
all, it was for the emergency that it sprang into being. 



54 



PHILADELPIIIV HOME DEFENSE RESERVE 

N the early days of 1917, when the war clouds were 

gathering thick and fast and it became more and more 

apparent that this country would soon be drawn into 

the World War, the formation of a Philadelpliia Home 

^ Defense Reserve was suggested. 

Two preliminary and simultaneous eil'orts were made, 
independently of each other, which later resulted in one 
definite movement, under the Mayor's Committee for 
Home Defense. 

George Wentworth Carr, afterwards captain in the 
Ordnance Department, held a series of conferences with Mayor Smith and at the 
.same time Wm. H. Wilson, former Director of Pubhc Safety, was also working 
out a general plan to be submitted to the Mayor for his approval. As a result 
of the efforts of Captain Carr and Director Wilson, a call for 21,000 men was 
made on April 7, 1917. 

Cards were printed and distributed widely throughout the city, outlining the 
general purpose of the Home Defense Reserve, giving the plan of organization and 





Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. 

Ilonw Di'fviixe rtcxrrivs Pnxs in Bi'i'iew. 



55 



mobilization, authority conferred and the equipment wliich would be supplied. 
The appeal furtlier suf,'gested the formation of a motor transportation corps. 

The response to this call was encouraging, and all over the city the organiza- 
tion was effected. With so large an enrolment it was soon found difficult to main- 
tain discipline and enthusiasm; therefore in September, 1917, a meeting was held 
which was attended by delegates from the different companies and a plan foi 
reorganization was sul)mitted to the mayor and approved by him. 

As a result of this suggestion an executiv(> committee of ten was appointed in 
addition to a chairman, who was to act as Civilian Director of the Reserve, and 
on October 31, 1917, the following circular letter was issued: 

I indor ttie plan of reorfjanizalioii, an cxociilivc comruittee of ten, in addition to a cliairman, 
who will ait as civilian dircitor of the rcsorvt' — and a secretary, in conjunction with Captain 
\\ illiani 15. .Mills, will elTi-ct the contcniplaliHl reorganization, .\fter cari^ful consideration the 
following plan has been adopted and unanimously indorsed at a meeting of (ielegali-s held on 
W ednesday afternoon, October 21, 1917. in room 627. City Hall. 

The organizalion shall be known as the Philadelphia Home Defense Reserve. 

The unites of the reserve, now divided into forty-one districts, will <'ontinue in their respective 
districts, but will be groupinl into four divisions, correspondinf; as nearly as practicable to the 
five main police divisions of iIk- I'ity. 

The first division will be east of the Schuylkill I<i\cr from South Street, south, and will 
comprise the followiric districts: 1. 2. 17, 2.1. 3:5. .17. U. 

The second and third divisions will be east of the Sctnnlkill Miver from South Street, north 
to Lehigh Avenue, and will comprise the following districts: .!, I. 5, 6, 7, 8, '>, 10. 11, 12, l)i. 
19, 20, 24. 26, 28, 31, 10. 

The fourth division will be east and west of the Schuylkill Uivcr, north of Lehigh .\venue 
and Fairniount Park line, and will comprise di.striets 13, It, l.i. 22, 21, 27, 30, 3.5, 36, 39. 

The liflh division will be wi'sl of the Schuylkill Hiver from the Kairmount Park line, south, 
and will comprise districts 16. 21. 29. 32. .31!. 

Ml of (he districts in each division will be fornu'd into a baltaliou. wlii<'h will be under 
the eonuMand of a major and the whoh' organization of the city will be under a regimental 
commandiT or c<ploncl. \ll appniiities in the military organization of the reserve will be 
provisional. 

The provisional appoiiili'cs were as follows: William B. .Mills. Commander; Walter (.ilascow. 
Major, First Division; Harry \V. Walton. Major, Second and Third Divisions; Edwin Hulley, 
Major, Fourth Division; Lucien .M. W iler. Major. Fiftli Division. 

Pursuant to onler, each divisi<m commander will inunediately get in touch with the ollieers 
now in conunand of the various districts now included in his division and arrange for the appoint- 
ment of provisional company ollieers. In each case the wishes of the respective units as to thi- 
identity of company olficers shall be considere d; litiicss an<l experience to be the deciding factors 

Oi \i.ii-i< :\ri<>\.>< I'on Mi;\iiti;iisiiii' j\ tiii-: ni;sir:Hvi-: 

Every applicant shall be at least twenty-one years of age. physically normal, ol good moral, 
character and shall either be a citizen of the I'niled Stali-s or in possession of his first papers; 
provided, however, that he- is not an eni-my alien. 

The Home Defense Reserve will operate upon Ihi' above basis and contiiiue intact in so far 
as each district is at present constituted and can nmsler a full company in accordaiui' with the 
above regulations. Such districts as cannot nmsler a full company will be consolidated with 
the nearest adjoining district in the same division. The members of the reserve will be instructed 
in general military work and particularly in police duties. Regular drill will be ecmducted and 
protiiolions made on merit. Members will be sworn in oiilv when ordered to active duty in an 
emergency and will not carry amis except at drill and when on active duty. 

Social organizations in aid of the reserve will b(^ ('ncouraged and may coiiiliine in on(^ or 
mori^ districts. Xo spe<ial rulivs or regulations governing th<'ir fornialion will be [iromulgated 
for the present, the only conditions being that they shall be a help and credit to the organization. 

Recruiting will be supervised by the major in command of each division. 

56 



Statement of Purpose 

The orRanization is bi'iiiR created to serve in case of an emergency that inifjht threaten the 
hves and property of tlie cili/.ens of Ptiilatlelpliia and their farnihes. necessitating the presence 
of a large part of the uniformed pohce force in a particular section of the city. Under such con- 
ditions, it is provided tfial tlie Home Defense Reserves sliall patrol beats temporarily vacated 
by the regular police and render such other service as the exigency may demand. Should 
the police require assistance to meet the emergency, then the members of the Home Defense 
Reserve will be called upon to report to any place in the city. 

The members of the reser\e can only be summoned by the mayor, through duly constituted 
officers, and camiot be called upon as an organization by any state or federal oHicer nor be required 
to do any military or [lolice duty by reason of nuMubership in the reserve. 

The above slatemeiit was signed by William B. Mills, acting colonel, and 
Arno P. Mowitz, civilian director. 

In the course of the reorganization nl the Reserve il was apparent that many 
of the men desired advanced military training and to meet this desire it was decided 
to organize a special regiment of 1,500 ollicers and men, to which were added the 
Home Defense Reserve imits already organized, uniformed and equipped. This 
special regiment f)f 1.500 men — later increased to 2,500 — was uniformed and 
armed at the expense of the city. The men were selected by their respective 
captains on accoimt of regularity at drill, interest manifested, and general qualifi- 
cations. (!)ut of the number so recommended the major of the particular division 
made a final choice and certified them to the conunander. The tentative allotment 
to the four divisions was: First Division, 200; Second and Third Divisions, 300; 
Fourth Division, 100: Fifth Division, 600. 

In a short time the full numljcr of men was enrolled and a waiting list was 
prepared of men anxious to serve. The known presence of 2.500 fully equipped, 
trained and armed men, subject to the call of the Mayor and the Director of Public 
Safety, was, ipso facto, a powerful deterrent to those who might have otherwise 
tried to stir up trouble. 

A uniform, consisting oi a blouse (United States regulation, except color of 
forestry green), trousers, overcoat, belt, police club, badge and cap was provided 
by the city and when the reserve was mustered out became the property of the 
men. Rifles were issued to 800 men and revolvers to 1,300. 

William B. Mills was made colonel of the regiment and he appointed Joseph 
Klapp Nicholls regimental adjutant on November 8. 1917. Major Lucien M. 
Miller, commanding the fifth division was appointed heutenant-colonel on April 24, 
1918. 

On November 19, 1917, companies were formed in Germantown and Chestnut 
Hill and a mounted troop was accepted as members of the military unit. The 
fourth division was divided into the fourth and sixth and G. Henry Davis was 
appointed major, commanding the sixth division. 

On November 19, 1917, Major Glascow resigned and Captain James W. 
Johnson was appointed acting major until January 18, 1918, when, upon resigna- 
tion, he was succeeded in command of the first division by Joseph L. Bailey. 

During the period of reorganization, from September, 1917, to April, 1918, 
the men were drilled twice a week and by March were uniformed and ready for 
any call to duty. The officers were sworn in by the Director of Public Safety on 
April 3, 1918. 

57 



The first call made by the Bureau of Police was on May 17, 1918, when some 
of the platform employees of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company struck for 
more pay and threatened to create a disturbance. The divisions were mobilized 
at the various station houses, sworn in by tlie Director of Public Safety and placed 
at the disposal of the Bureau of Police. This duty lasted from May 17th to 21st. 
and, although no serious outbreak occurred, the presence of 2,500 efficient Reserves 
no doubt lielped to keep in check any disorderly element. 

On June 5, 1918, Lieutenant-Colonel WiliT, entered the national service and 
was succeeded by Major Edwin llulley, of the fourth division. Colonel llulley, 
who had successfully t'ommanded the fourth division, was a veteran of the Spanish 
War and developed the regiment to a great degree of efficiency. A full regimental 
Staff was appointed and meetings were held twice a week at the headquarters, 
room 697, City Hall. Regular military discipline prevailed, reports were received 
from each division giving the name, address, badge number and ecpiipinenl of each 
officer and man. This information was card indexed and kept in perfect order. 
In a short time the whole regiment felt the effects of his leadership. 

l)n July I. 1918. the Reserve policed Broad Street from Girard Avenue to 
Washington Avenue in connection with the Parade of All Nations. 

From July 30 to August 1. 1918, the {Reserve helped the police bureau main- 
tain order in South i'liiladclpliia during the race riots, 'i'he entire regirn(>nt was 
quickly mobilized in South Philadelphia and Cooper Battalion Hall. 2:5(1 and 
Christian streets, made field headquarters. 

Un September 28th, the regiment policed Broad Street from Lehigh Avenue 
to Snyder Avenue during the Fourth Liberty Loan Parade, and on October Uth 
assisted the Liberty Loan workers in details of two men each in about 600 parades 
to arouse popular enthusiasm and bring the citizens to a realization of the serious- 
ness of the situation and of their duties in connection with the loan. All over the 
City at a certain fixed time, two Home Defense Reservists escorted two Boy 
Scouts who carried the colors, two four-minute speakers and a town crier with 
a bell. 

ProbabU the most self-sacrificing duty performed by the numbers of the 
Reserve was in connection with the epidemic of inlluenza which swept over our 
City during the fall of 1918. Members of the fourth division rendered assistance 
at the Kmergency Hospital at Holmesburg on October i:Uh, 1 Uh and l.'ith. The 
fifth division was also very active along the same lines in West Philadelphia. 
The transportation corps of this division took the doctors to their patients during 
the epidemic, one doctor alone making 200 calls in one day. They also main- 
tained transportatit)n service in connection with the Emergency Hospital at 
18th and Cherry streets. This division was ecjuippcd willi a regulation army ambu- 
lance which was donated by citizens of West I'liiladelphia. From October 23d 
to 31st, owing to the number of policemen who were taken down by the epidemic, 
150 reservists were assigned each evening to the various police stations and per- 
formed regular police duty. At the same time about 100 men each day policed 
the down-town streets of the city in plain clothes, arresting spitters who were 
summarily fined. This service was particularly valuable during the cpidi'mic and 
was efficiently rendered, as was demonstrated by the decrease in the mimber ol 
arrests the second day of duty. Public recognition of this service was made by a 
resolution of Councils. 

58 



On November 7, 1918, due to the rumor of the armistice being signed, an 
emergency call was issued at 3 p.m. and by 6 p.m. the Reserves were on the streets 
at points designated by the Police Bureau, aiding in handling tiie crowds in the 
center of the city. This work lasted till midnight. 

On November 11, 1918, at 3. .50 a.m., when the news of the signing of the 
armistice was given out, every man re})orted at once to the call and was on duty 
until midnight, helping to maintain order and handle the crowds in the center of 
the city and along the important avenues which were congested. 

On August 12, 1918, the Wingohocking sewer at Broad and Courtland streets 
caved in, endangering property and Ufa. Members of the fourth division rendered 
special service in aiding the citizens and police in this instance. 

October 29, 1918, members of the second and fourth divisions helped police 
the large fire on Broad Street below Montgomery Avenue. 

The members of the fifth division guarded the pubhc school at 56th Street 
and Kingsessing Avenue from January 1 to May 1, 1918, to protect it from in- 
cendiaries, who had set on fire several other school buildings. This service was 
especially arduous on account of the severe weather, the thermometer registering 
as low as six degrees below zero. 

From February 18 to 28, 1919, the Reserve furnished the PoUce Department 
with automobiles and men to be used as decoys in an elfort to catch auto thieves 
and discover the disposition of stolen cars. 

What threatened to be the most hazardous duty assigned to the Reserves was 
the order mobiUzing the whole regiment for duty on May 1, 1919. May Day had 
been set as a day upon which a labor protest would be made over our whole country. 
No parade permits were issued in this city and no gatherings in public squares 
were permitted. Tlireats of labor agitators to parade and hold meetings were 
made and it was feared that force would be required to back up the orders 
of the PoUce Bureau. The Reserves, fully armed, cooperated with the PoUce 
Bmeau. 

On May 15th, the Reserves helped to poUce the line of the parade of the 
28th Division, wliich had been engaged in France and had won an enviable 
record. 

During the floating of the Second Liberty Loan the Reserve secured $545,050, 
mostly in §50 bonds. There were about 3,000 individual subscriptions. 

When the Third Liberty Loan campaign was organized the divisions turned 
in with a wiU and the results spoke for themselves. 

In the Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans, the Reserves cooperated throughout 
the City with the Citizens' Committee without any definite organization of the 
Reserves as a whole, although many of its members held important executive 
offices under the various district directors. 

In the War Chest and Salvation Army campaigns as in the Fourth and Fifth 
Liberty Loans, the Reserve was not asked to cooperate in its entirety, but co- 
operated individually, many of its members holding important positions and 
contributing largely to their success. 

The work of the Home Defense Reserve in Liberty Loans was under the 
direction of Captain W. Nelson Mayhew. 

After May 15, 1919, the Home Defense Reserve was inactive but always 
subject to call, until demobilized. 

59 



I^TELLIGE^CE BuBEAU 

This bureau, under the personal direction of Captain Joseph B. Seaman, 
assisted by Lieutenant W. H. S. Batenian, Company C, Fourth Division, 
consisted of a large number of men of exceptionally high ability and standing. 

The Intelligence Bureau was in a position, due to its pecuhar circumstances, 
to do valuable work in securing a voluminous amount of highly interesting in- 
formation. 

it is of special note that two foreign governments as well as our own govern- 
ment complimented Chief Seaman on the valuable information secured by this 
bureau. 

The spirit of cooperation was so strong that arrangements have been made to 
maintain the organization as a permanent agency for the promotion of mutual 
and government interest. Public .spirited men williin the bureau financed its past 
and future work. 

On Saturday, December 27th, a parade was held, and the Pliiladelphia Home 
Defense Reserve officially passed out of existence at 1 p.m., December 19, 1919. 

The Select and Connnon Councils of Piiiladelpiiia commended the Reserves 
for their work and. in view of the patriotic service which they rendered without 
pay, permitted the members to retain possession of tlieir uniforms. 

THE PH1L.\DELPIIIA SCHOOL .MOBILIZATION COMMITTEE 

Immediately after the declaration of war, a group of Philadelphia teachers 
requested Mayor Smith, to appoint a committee for the purpose of mobili/iiig the 
resources of the schools for public service to the nation, and in April, 1917, the Phila- 
delphia School .Mobilization Conunittee was appointed to serve under tlie Pliila- 
delphia Home Defense Committee. It roiilinueti its work until shortly after the 
signing of the armistice. 

The Committee coordinated the resources of the schools along the following 
lines: 

(1) The facilities afforded by the buildings, laboratories, shops, playgrounds, 
etc., of the schools of Philadelphia and vicinity. 

(2) The services of young men and women, largely pupils in the schools, 
who desired to work to the best interests of the city, State and nation. 

(3) The services of teachers, who could be rch^ased from their regular school 
duties during a part of the school year, to exercise an oversight and direction of 
these young men and women in patriotic service, either within or without the 
schools. 

(4) The services of teachers during the summer vacations. 

(5) The services of other voluntec^r workers. 

Head(iuarlers, in the Widener Building, were donated for this purpose by the 
management, and various commissions were appointed to take charge of the de- 
tails of the work. At this time William 11. Hall, of New York City, was Director 
of the Inited States Junior Working Reserve of the I nited States. He met with 
the Conunittee and aided in the consideration and formulation of plans of classes, 
which were later developed to a very large extent, not only in Philadelphia but 
throughout the nation. The Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee was 

60 



the first local committee appointed with these purposes in view, and therefore, 
its worlv has special significance. 

A resume of the work accomplished is as follows: 

The Commission on Junior Instriidion inaugurated a campaign of education 
in patriotism and thrift among the pupils of the schools, and indirectly through 
them to their parents and the general public. Addresses were delivered at the 
various schools on current war topics, war and Liberty Loan, daily lessons were 
prepared for school use, instructions in thrift and domestic science were distributed 
through the schools for home use, and a series of pamphlets were prepared, pub- 
lished and distributed in conjunction with the P]ducational Committee of the Phila- 
delphia Chamber of Commerce, the most important being as follows: "Bobby 
and the War." "Democracy and Autocracy Compared," and "What the United 
States Stands for in the War. " 

The Convnission on Comnninily Serrice lent encouragement to the Big Brother 
and Big Sister movement, estabhshed summer classes in public school buildings 
for delinquents, and organized committees on the care and feeding of young children. 
Eventually a large portion of the activities of this commission was assumed by the 
War Camp Community Service in Philadelphia. 

The f:nmmission on Science and Technical Training aimed to secure the fullest 
use of scientifically trained teachers and laboratory equipment for the service of 
the war, and stimulated instruction for those who desired to enlist in lines of work 
for which specialized skill was needed. This Commission assisted in the enlarged 
organization of the Philadelphia Trade School for CJirls. and eventually secured 
the acceptance of this school by the Board of Public Education as a part of the 
school system of the city. It also established and furnished teachers and eciuip- 
ment for classes of sailors and soldiers in cooking, typewriting, French, surveying 
and navigation; it assisted the Philadelphia Navy Yard in starting apprentice 
classes in shipbuilding by examining and classifying applicants, securing instructors. 
and obtaining class-rooms and equipment for these purposes in the South Phila- 
delphia High School for Boys. It also aided in the development of the Summer 
High School for Girls in the William Penn High School in the summer of 1018. 

The Commission on Adult Enlisiment and Census prepared an enniilmcnt blank 
for the teachers of the city who would volunteer for public service in thcii- vaca- 
tions and free time. Over .500 applications were received from men and women 
in the educational institutions of Philadelphia for services in agricultural, indus- 
trial and commercial work. This Commission supplied the material with which 
the other commissions worked. 

The Commission on Farms and Farm Camps inaugurated the nioNemcnt for 
placing older High School boys upon farms for farm labor, of which there was a 
great shortage. Permission was obtained from the Board of Public Edu<ati(>ii to 
excuse from the schools as early as May fii'st those boys whose school standing justi- 
fied this privilege. Hundreds of farms were investigated, and thousands of acres 
of unused farm lands in the vicinity of Philadelphia were tested, and agricultural 
production stimulated wherever possible. During the summer of 1917 farm 
camps were established at Swedesboro, N. J., and at Paoli, Berwyn, Phcenixville, 
Glenloch. (Gettysburg, and Byberry, in Pennsylvania. High School boys lived 
at these camps and went out during the day to work on the farms in the vicinity 
of the camp, returning^ to the camp at night. The success of the work of High 

61 



School boys on farms in 1917, not only in Philadelphia but over the whole country, 
led to the promotion by the Department of Labor at Washington of this method 
of helping to meet the acute farm labor shortage throughout the country by the 
organization of the I nited States Boys' Working Reserve. 

During the summer of 1918 the Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee 
organized the work of the Boys' Working Reserve for the Philadelphia district, 
comprising Pliiladelphia. Dek^ware, Bucks. Montgomery and Chester counties 
under the direction of William J. Serrill. with the Secretary of the Philadelphia 
School Mobilization Conimitfee acting as Associate Director. 

Under this organization, Farm Camps organized as Liberty Camps were 
established at Andalusia, Bustleton, Byberry, Media, kennett Square, ("hclsea, 
Whiteland. Coiicordvilie, Norristown and llatboro. 

These Liberty Camps were managed ioially by Pennsylvania State College 
agricultural students. Pennsylvania State College further contributed largely 
to the success of these camps and to the farm work of tlie ('ommittee in general 
by the establishment and conduct of a series of Farm Training Camps for High 
School boys from all parts of the State. The successive periods of instruction 
were two weeks in length, and during the existence of the training school more 
than 1.^0 Philadejpliia boys were taught the rudiments of farm work. 

The Commission on Junior Enlistmenl and Placement registered over 2,500 
pupils in the schools for patriotic service. From among these registrants the fol- 
lowing services were rendered: 

(a) More than 1,300 were placed in farm work: of these between 500 and 600 
during the summer of 1917, and 800 during the summer of 1918. 

(b) Mure than 200 boys were placed in industrial and clerical work and in 
apprenticeship courses in the United States Navy Yard. 

(c) More than 150 boys were sent to the Pennsylvania State College Farm 
Training Camp for instruction in farm work prior to assignment to summer farm 
work. 

(d) Several hundred girls were assigned to volunteer and paid services in 
Red Cross activities, food conservation work, community services, and light agri- 
cultural pursuits. 

(e) Recruits were selected by c(jnipetitive examination, and sent to Camp 
Devens, the training camp of the I nited States \aval Reserves. 

(f) Many hundreds of boys were enrolled in war garden and cooperative 
garden enterprises. 

The (hmmission on Inspection investigated the hours of labor, provision for 
recreation, working and li\ ing conditions before placement of these junior patri- 
otic workers, and continued this inspection at regular intervals during the period 
of their service. During the summers of 1917 and 1918 the Commission regularly 
inspected the boys in farm work, and recommended at the termination of such 
service in all meritorious cases that full credit be given by the various schools. 
It also provided supervision in motion-picture theaters for the High School girls 
engaged in the soUcitation of funds fur the Bed Cross in ,Iune, 1917. 

The Commission on Food Supply conducted the pioneer campaign for thrift 
in the use of food, and conducted campaigns for signers of Hoover P'ood Pledge Cards. 

It prepared and distributed literature, etc., to schools and lK)Uses in the cam- 
paign of education in food conservation. 

62 



It conducted series of food canning and drying demonstrations in twenty- 
one public schools to acquaint housewives with the latest and best methods of 
drying and canning. It published a daily report of the condition of the wholesale 
produce market, listing the supply as "abundant," "normal." and "scarce," and 
thus prevented serious gluts of food on tlie markets with their attendant waste. 

It also pubUshed wholesale prices of fish daily, together with propaganda for 
the greater substitution of fish for meat. 

With the organization of the United States Food Administration in Phila- 
delphia with Howard Heinz as Director, the Commission was discontinued as a 
part of the Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee and became a part of the 
Vo(k\ Administration. 

The Commission on Manufaciiiring Service organized the equipment in school 
shops and laboratories for the manufacture of articles and supplies in demand by 
the government and Red Cross. It supervised the construction of forty food dry- 
ing trays and apparatus for food canning and drying demonstrations under the 
school luncheon department of the public schools, the manufacture of ten thousand 
tent pins for the United States Quartermaster, Red Cross packing boxes, Red 
Cross bandage rollers and other types of Red Cross supplies. 

The Commission on Country Chib Entertainment secured the cooperation of 
twenty country clubs in and near Philadelphia for the entertainment of enlisted 
men stationed in Philadelphia during the summer of 1917. Each club organized 
a Saturday or a Sunday party of fifty to one hundred sailors or soldiers, and pro- 
vided the transportatif)n, meals and recreation for the day. This work later 
developed into the provision, through other channels, of a country club for enlisted 
men at Rockledge, Pa. 

The Commission on Lecture Courses for men in the service organized lecture 
courses, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Camp Dix, Camp Meade and Wissahickon 
Barracks. 

The Commission on School Entertainment organized a series of entertainments 
at the Philadelphia Navy Yard by High School pupils from the South Philadelphia 
High School for Girls and the Northeast High School. 

The Commission on the Junior Bed Cross organized the Junior Red Cross School 
Auxiliaries in the schools of Philadelphia, Rucks, Chester, Delaware and Mont- 
gomery counties. The national campaign for the Junior Red Cross was held between 
Lincoln's Rirthday and Washington's Birthday in 1918, and was a great success. 

The work of the School Mobilization Committee was financed through 
popular subscription, through appropriations, from the Municipal Home Defense 
Committee, and the State (Committee on Public Defense, and was supported bounti- 
fully by all of the public authorities. The private and parochial schools cooperated 
to the utmost, and the Superintendent of the Parochial Schools in Philadelphia 
served as a member of the Committee. In large measure the Committee served 
as an experimental testing station for work among juniors, and as soon as an idea 
had been tested out and its practicality demonstrated, it was copied in other 
communities, and by other committees, so that the work of this Committee may 
be fairly recorded as a pioneer in this line. 

As a result it demonstrated the tremendous capacity for public work among 
the juniors, their enthusiasm and sincerity more than making up for their lack 
of experience ; and it may be fairly stated that among the factors in bringing the 

63 



war to a successful conclusion, the boys and girls of Philadelphia contrihutcd 
to their full capacity. 

The olliccrs of the Coininittfc hikI the members of the Commissions were as follows: 
Gener.\l Officers: 

Chairmen. — Franklin Spencer Edmonds. FrankUn C. Brodhead. 

Vice-Clmirnien. — John C. Frazee. Vjjril, 1*>17, to Septeinlier. I'MT: l.<)iiis Nusbaum, Septem- 
ber, 1917, to January, 191^. 

Treasurers. — Jos. E. Widener, April, 1917. In October. 1417; Maurice Fels. Oclolier. I''17, to 
January. 1919. 

Finance Manager. — Thomas Holiins, April. 1917, to Scpleinlur. 1917. 

Secretaries. — Joseph M. Jameson. April. 1917, to June. 1917; Edwin \\ . Adams, June. 1917, 
to .September. 1917; Haymond I., ("hambers. Septendicr. 1917. to August. 1918; llenvis 
Roessler. August. 1918, to October. 1918; Charles C. ila/h'l. October. 1918, to January, 
1919. 

Commi.i.tion on Informalion and Puhticily. — Josej)h M. Jameson. Chairman, 

Commission on Junior Inslruclion. — \\ in. D. Lewis. Chairman, 

Commission on Comnninily Seriice. — W ni. O. Easton. Chairman. 

Commission on .Science anil Terlinical Training. — Henry V. Cunuuere. Cliairiuan, 

Commission on .\dntl EnlislmenI anil Census. — .Vrlhur J. Itowland. Chairman. 

Conimi.ssion on .Inniiir EnlislmenI iinil Pliicenienl. — Ilenr\ J, (iideon. (Chairman, 

Commission on Inspeclion. -lAn\\s Nusbaum. Chairman. 

Commission on FihiiI Supply. — Dr. J. lUi.s.sell .Smith. Chairman. 

Commission on Farms and Farm ('amps. — l'"dwar<l E. \\ ildman. Chairman 

Conmiission on Manufacluring Service. — (Zliarles C. Heyl. Chairman. 

Commission on Commercial Serrice. — Parke Schoch. Chairman. 

Commission on Medical Jnspeclion. — Dr. \\aller S. Cornell. Chairman 




Cnurtesj' of the Philadelphia "Inquirer." 

Lord Reading and Charles M. Schwab al Hog Island 
61 



THE JOINT SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE CARE, SUSTE- 
NANCE AND RELIEF OF THOSE IN THE MILITARY AND 
NAVAL SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES 

By Charles P. O'Connob 




HE uiKcitainty (if the j\Iexican situation in 1916 found 
the Councils of Philadelphia preparing for eventualities. 
At a nieetinji of Select Council, held on ,Iune 22, 1916, 
a joint convention of Select and Common Councils was 
authorized on motion of Isaac D. Hetzell, and an invitation 
extended to tiie Hon. Thomas B. Smith. Mayor of the 
City, to ackh'ess the meeting. The joint convention was 
held <in Thursday. June 22d, at 3 p.m. Mayor Smith 
presented a resolution calling for the appointment of a 
joint committee for the care and sustenance of those 
in the military and naval service. 

The resolution was presented and [lassed. It provided for a "joint special 
committee of twenty members (ten from each chamber), to arrange for the pro- 
vision for the families of Philadelphians in the military and naval service, and for 
the care, sustenance and enteitainmenl of thos(> in such military and naval service 
who may be permanently or temporarily quartered in Philadelphia, for the trans- 
portation of the injured or sick, and for the burial of any who may die while in the 
service." 

The personnel of the committee was: P'rom Select Council, Messrs. Lennon 
(ex-officio), D'Autrechy, Davis, Dugan, Finley, Harris, McKinley, Quigley, 
Seger, Willard. J. and Hetzell (chairman). From Common Council, Messrs. 
Gleason (ex-officio), Barnes, Conn, Gatfney, Kelly, C. F., McCloskey, Righter, 
Roberts, J., Schwartz, F., Siegert,. Trinkle. At the meeting for organization 
Charles B. Hall was elected secretary. Harry Wittig. sergeant-at-arms and Charle 
P. O'Conncir, stenographer. 

The following sub-committees were appointed: 

Finance: Gaffney (chairman), Segor, Finlcy. McKinley. D'Autrccliy. 
Sustenance and Relief: Kclley {cliairnian), Dugan. McKinley. (^)uigley, Schwartz. 
Hospitals and Quarters: liighter (chairman). Trinkle, Harris, Conn, Davis. 
Burials: Willard (chairman), Siegert, Barnes. Roberts, Finley. 

Mr. Siegert resigned from Councils and was succeeded by Joseph S. O'Brien 
who also served on the sub-connnittee on burials. 

The executive committee consisted of the chairman of the general committee, 
the presidents of Select and Common Councils and the chairman of the subcom- 
mittees. This executive committee cooperated with the "Citizens' Soldiers' 
Aid Committee," appointed by his Honor, the Mayor, to prevent overlapping 
or duplication of assistance to those in need. 

65 



Work During the World War 

When the United States entered into the World War, and it became ap- 
parent that the National Guard troops in Pliiladelphia and other military and 
naval orjianizations would bo immediately called into active service and that 
great recruitin"; efTorts would be made in the city, the duties, powers and juris- 
diction of the committee were extended by resolution to "meet any other emer- 
gency that may arise in the future which the committee may bo called upon to 
consider in connection with the terms of the original resolution under which they 
were appointed." All expenses incurred were paid out of appropriations to the 
Clerks of Councils for the purposes of the committee and work was developed and 
continued until .lanuary 7, 1918. 

A resolution, similar to the one of June 22d, 1916, was adopted, and the com- 
mittee for 1918-1919 consisted of the following members: 

Ex-officio, Jiinies E. Lennon, i)resi(leiit of Scli"(M ("oiincil; Ex-ofTicio, Edward B. Glea.son, 
president of Conim<m Council; Isaac D. tfetzell, chairman; .Morris E. Conn, Harry H. Davis, 
John V. Diipan. Joshua Evans, William E. Finley. Joseph P. (iafl'ney. I")ennis J. Grace, John 
McArllmr Harris ideceased), William J. MiC.loskey. I'rinjile Horthwick (appointeil to sm'ceed 
Mr. MeCloski'yj, Jolin J. McKinloy, Jr., Philip M. Myers. Joseph S. O'Brien (resi):ne<l), Boherl 
.Smith (appointed lo succeed Mr. O'Brien), William H. ()uif;Iey. Fred. .S-hwartz. Jr., Charles 
Seper (deceased), George W'. Sheehan, Jefferson Shiel, W . W'. Trinkle, James W'illard, Charles 
B. Hall, secretary, Harr>- W'lttig, sergeant-at-arms, Charles P. O'Connor, stenographer, David 
W. Harris, stenographer. 

Sub-Committees 

Executive Conunittee: Isaac D. Hetzell, chairman; James E. Lennon. Edward B. Gleason, 
Joseph P. Gaffney, James W'illard. W . W'. Trinkle, John F. Dug.in. 

Camps and (Quarters: Joseph P. (iaffney. Chairman; Willimii .1. McCloskey, Charles Seger, 
Joshua Evans, Joseph .'^. O'Brien. 

Sustenan<(? and Belief: John F. Dugan, chairman; William K. I'iiijrs. Morris Iv Conn. 
Philip S. Myers, W illiam H. Quigley. John J. McKinley. .Ir.. Freil. Schwarl/. Jr. 

Hospitals: W'. W'. Trinkle, chairman; J. MiXrlhur Harris. Dennis J. (!race, George W'. 
Sheehan, Harry H. Davis. 

Burials: James W illard, chairman; Jellerson Shiel. J. \I( \illiiir ll.irris, William Iv I'inley. 
Fred Schwartz, Jr. 

The various committees rendered reports whicli are lieicwilh added. 

Executive Committee 

The first meeting of this committee was held on July i:!, 1916, when the 
(pieslion of taking care of city employees in the military service by payment of 
their salaries, less the amount received from the Covernment, and the matter of 
substitute employees was taken up. Mr. Calfney stated that he had had a c(m- 
ference with the mayor on the subject, and that the mayor had notified his directors 
to prepare a roster of city employees in the service to approximate the amount that 
should be set aside for their payment, and to use this for making an appropriation. 
The following were passed by Councils relative to the payments to be made to those 
entering the service as well as to substitute employees: 

An Ordinance 

Granting leave of absence to city, county and other employees paid on warrant 
from the city treasury while on military service in the .National Guard of 

66 



Pennsylvania or in tiie service of the United States Government: providinf? for 
the appointment and payment of temporary appointees to fill such vacancies. 

Sect. 1. The Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain. 
That leave of absence with pay shall be granted to any employee paid by warrant 
of the city and county of Philadelphia, who makes application therefor, for the 
purpose of military service in the National Guard of Pennsylvania or in the service 
of the United States Government. 

Sect. 2. That the vacancy created by the absence of any employee on such 
military service shall exist only until such time as said employee shall return from 
said military service. Such vacancy may be fdled by temporary appointment 
thereto, and such temporary employee shall be paid at the same rate of compensa- 
tion as was paid to the employee to whose position he was temporarily appointed. 

Sect. 3. The term "leave of absence with pay" as mentioned in Sect. 1 of 
this ordinance is hereby defined as the difference between the salary or wages of said 
employees and the salary or wages paid them in the service of the state or nation 
(where the same is less than paid by liie city), and warrants for such amounts shall 
!)(• turned over to such persons as shall be designated by them. 

Approved the 30th day of June, A. D. 1916. 

Thomas B. Smith, 

Mayor of Philadelphia. 

By resolution of July 26, 1916, an appropriation was made and approved by 
the Mayor. 

An ordinance later approved July 26, 1916, amended the Ordinance of June 
30, 1916, and provided that employees of the city, entitled to "leave of absence with 
pay" must have been "employed at least three months continuously." 

The committee met frequently during the period of trouble on the Mexican 
border and all matters referred to it were given prompt attention. 

Welcoming Troops Returning From The Border 

With the return of the troops, authority was given the committee to arrange 
suitably for their reception and entertainment. 

The receptions and banquets to the 1st and 3d Regiments returning from the 
border of Mexico on October 9 and 10, 1916, respectively, were held in Convention 
Mall, Broad Street and Allegheny Avenue; accommodations being made upon the 
stage for some 6,000 relatives and friends of the men. 

A program of one of these receptions is printed for future reference and 
guidance. 

CONVENTION HALL, PHILADELPHIA 

Reception to the :!(i HeKiment, N. (i. P., Tuesday, October 10, 1916. 

Prayer of Thanksgivinc; Hev. Ttioiiiiis W. Diivis, Chaplain. 3(1 Regiment, N. G. P. 

Introduction of the Mayor . . .Mr. Isiuic I). Helzell. 

Address of Welcome Hon. Thonms R. Smith, Mayor of Phila(ielplii;i. 

Address Colonel George E. Kemp, Conmiamlinfc, 3(1 Regiment, N. G. P. 

Greetings from Gov. Rrum- 

baugh (Read by Mayor Smith.) 

67 



Presentation of bouquet to 

Capt. Derb, Co. C, from 

His Fellow-Officers of the 

23d Police District Hon. Joseph S. MacLaughlin, Director of Supplies. 

Address General William G. Price. 

Mess C.vll 

The following was the menu furnished at these banquets: ice cream and cuke 
being served to the friends of the men: Oyster Cocktails, Celery, Olives, (ihorkins. 
Stewed Snapper, A icnna Rolls, Sweetbread Cutlets, Punch, Broiled Half Spring 
Chicken, Claced Sweet Potatoes, Peas, Harlequin Ice Cream, Fancy Cakes, 
Coffee, Cigars, Cigarettes, WTiite Rock, Ginger Ale, Apollinaris. 

Additional Receptions and Parade 

On the return of Company B, 1st Pennsylvania Engineers, a reception and 
banquet was tendered them at the State Fencibles \rmon,' on Saturday, November 
4, 1916. In the absence of the Mayor, Joseph S. jMacLaughlin, Esq., Director 
of the Department of Supplies, officially welcomed the engineers to Philadeiplila. 

A reception and banquet to the 2d Regiment was held on February 12, 1')1T, 
in the 2d Regiment Armory, Broad Street above Diamond. Tiie banquet was pre- 
ceded by a parade of the regiment in full army equipment, this being the first time 
that Philadclphians had an opportunity of viewing it as an artillery regiment. 

Ill coiiMcction with tliis parade, tiie conuiiitlee was called upon to furnish 
800 horses and mules. These were secured with the cooperation of Messrs. 
John Wanamaker. I^dwin H. Vare, James Mullen. James Irvin, T. L. Flannigan. 
Howard 1^. Mucii, Frank Curran, McMahon Brothers. S. A. McClay. the liiited 
Gas Improvement Company, R. & A. J. Peoples, and the Penn Reduction 
Ci>iiq>any. 

The horses and mules were delivered at i:5tli and Callowhill streets on the 
morning of the parade, February 12, 1917, to Captain Geisel, of the 2d Regiment. 

Every detail incident to tiie ])arade and reception, such as printing of invita- 
tions, menu, police arrangements, souvenirs, etc., was conqileted prior to llie arrival 
of the soldiers, and nothing occurred to mar what was conceded to be a gala event. 

The ((imiiiittee received a telegram from Major Charles W. Edmunds, 
commanding tlie Isl Squadron, Penns>lvaiiia Cavalry, conqirising the 1st City 
Troop, 2d City Troop, Troops A and G, stating that the squadron did not desire 
any reception or entertainment upon their return from the !\lexican border, as 
they wished to return to their homes iniiiiediately u])on their arrival in Philadelphia. 

The approximate number of soldiers who were accommodated and fed at these 
various banquets was alioul 1. 000. 

WoRij) W \n 

Beginning with the mobilization of troops for the World War, the executive 
(i>iiiinitte(< was constantly called u[ion to dispose of various subjects whii'li were 
referred to tlicm \>\ the general and suh-rorniniltees. 

II(m. Norris S. Marratt, President .ludge of (^.ourt of Common Pleas No. 2, 
called the attention of the committee to the fact that the men in the ;51olh Infantry, 
an all-Philadelphia regiment at Camp Meade, were without gloves and other neces- 
sary woolen clothing. The committee visited Camp Meade and learned that many 

68 



Philadelphians were in the 314th and 315th Infantries; 312th Field Artillery and 
304th Engineers. The officers of these regiments stated to the committee that the 
men were in need of woolen clotiiing, such as sweaters, gloves, helmets, wristlets 
and stockings. Immediately after the visit of the committee to Camp Meade 
bids were received and contracts made for the articles mentioned, and as soon as 
the same were delivered to the conmiittee, they were sent by special messengers 
to the men at Camp Meade. Many other soldiers who made application for these 
articles were also supplied. 

The winter of 1917-1918 was the most severe in twenty-five years, and sweaters, 
helmets, socks, wristlets, etc., were given away at various camps to the Phila- 
delphia men. Many pairs of woolen stockings were donated to the committee by 
the Home Defense Connnitlee for distribution, and woolen wristlets in vast num- 
bers were knitted by the ladies of a church in Bridesburg of wiiich Rev. August 
Piscator, 3391 Frankford Avenue, is the pastor. 

Major E. St. John Greble, connnander of the 108th Field Artillery (formerly 
the 2d Pennsylvania Artillery) appeared before the committee in March, 1918, 
and requested the purchase of a machine designed for bathing purposes for the 
use of the men in the 108th Field Artillery, stating that such a machine was espe- 
cially adapted for this purpose and for sterilizing the clothing of the men, and was 
necessary to prevent an epidemic of vermin, and that such a machine would cost 
about §9,000. The committee innnediately took up the question and unanimously 
agreed that purchase should be made and an order was given to the Exshaw 
Company of Bordeau.x, France, to build one. It was later delivered to Major 
Greble in France, and the conunittee received many letters of thanks for their 
kindly act in this respect. After the war was over this machine was sold in France 
for $1,724.14, and the money used by the 108th Field Artillery to defray expenses 
incurred prior to their departure overseas. 

On July 17, 1918, the members of the executive committee and a committee 
appointed by the Mayor received Lieutenant Clarke, five aviators and observers 
who flew from Mineola, N. Y., to Philadelphia in battle planes, landing at Belmont 
Plateau. A luncheon was given at the Bellevue-Stratford, their stay being limited, 
but all the men enjoyed the welcome very much. 

John Ashhurst, librarian of the Free Library of Philadelphia, urged the com- 
mittee to appropriate the sum of §500 to defray the expenses incident to furnish- 
ing books, magazines and other reading matter to the soldiers at training camps, 
cantonments, etc., stating ;that the citizens of Philadelphia had, in answer to their 
appeal, sent tons of reading matter for transmission to the men, and that consider- 
able expense was necessary in the selecting, sorting, pasting, etc., of all this material 
incident to its being forwarded. The committee, recognizing the worthiness of 
tiie request, acquiesced. Four tons of this matter was sent to the Navy Yard and 
almost two tons distributed among the soldiers on the troop trains passing through 
the city. 

Beception to the 28th Division 

The joyous news of the signing of the Armistice in November, 1918, was fit- 
tingly received, but wlien the report came that the 28th (Iron) Division was headed 
homeward, Philadelphians felt a deep, personal thrill. This division, composed 
largely of Philadelphia men formerly of the 1st Infantry Brigade, N. G. P., bore, as 

69 



its divisional insignia, the red Keystone. It was, indeed, a City and Stale unit 
and the news of its return strui-k a responsive chord in tiie lieart of every citizen 
of the Commonwealth. 

Tlie story of the ])ara(le of liie division, and the general entertainment pro- 
vided for liie men, will he found elsewhere. 

Reception Plans for the 79iii Division 

When word was received that this division was about to return home, a 
(it V -wide demand was made that it, also, he paraded again. The War Depart- 
ment was communicated with and expressed entin> willingness to accede to the 
request of the relatives and friends, but the long drawn out release of the units 
from France and the intense heat in Philadt^lphia at the time that the distinc- 
tively local men were at Camp Dix, combined to make a parade physically im- 
possible. The welcome accorded to General kuhn and his men is described 
elsewhere. 

Subsequent to the return of the two divisiiins, the Welcome Home (^.om- 
mittee continued to function in arranging for the reception of other units. 

Reception to ( General Per.shing 

On September 12. 1010. ( ieneral .John ,1. Pershing, commander-in-cliirf of 
the \merican I'Apeditionary Forces, arrived in Philadelphia and was tendered a 
magnificent reception by the citizens c)f Philadelphia. The general was met at 




(ieniTtil I'tTsliing. with Governor Sprtml and Mayor Sniilli. escorted by the "C/ily Troop." 

70 



North Philadelphia Station by the Hon. William C. Sproul, Governor of Pennsyl- 
vania; the Hon. Thomas B. Smith, Mayor; a committee of representative citizens, 
the executive committee, and an honorary guard of Distinguished Service men, 
whom the general especially recognized. General Pershing, his staff, and the 
members of the committees then proceeded to Independence Hall, where in the 
Declaration Chamber, the Mayor presented to General Pershing, with the love 
of the people, a little golden reproduction of the world-loved Liberty Bell. In 
his response to the address of presentation, General Pershing said: "It fills me 
with deepest emotions to be on this sacred spot and it seems especially fitting that, 
upon the conclusion of the war which was fought for the sacred principles declared 
to the world by the signers of the Declaration of Independence, we should 
be here. I feel that I should say a word as to the splendid part taken in this 
battle for civilization by the city of Philadelphia and by the state of Pennsyl- 
vania. You have given of your soldierly, young manhood in large numbers; they 
have carried forward to the battlefields of France the patriotism that they learned 
in this Cradle of Liberty; they have done a service not only to your state and your 
city, but a service to the world. We are all proud of them, and I, as their com- 
mander, desire especially to convey to you this appreciation. I am very grateful, 
for your thought of me in this connection and thank you from the bottom of 
my heart for this precious gift, which I accept as a present not only to me, but to 
the men of the American Expeditionary Force, whom I had the honor U> command, 
and it is to them that I give the credit. I thank you, sir." 

After the exercises in the Declaration Chamber. General Pershing and his 
pai'ty took their places on the stand, erected at the south entrance of Independence 
Hall. He was greeted by thousands of Philadelphians and responded to their 
welcome in a brief speech. 

General Pershing then planted a tree to the east of the hall, the Emergency 
Aid of Pennsylvania and the Emergency Aid Aides, assisting. 

Reception to Cardinal Mercier 

On September 26, 1919, a pultlii' reception was tendered Desideratus, Cardinal 
Mercier, Archbishop of Malines and Primate of Belgium. A luncheon was served 
at the Bellevue-Stratford to Cardinal Mercier and his suite, at which 
addresses were made by Rabbi Joseph Ivrauskopf, Archbishop Dougherty, Bishop 
Rhinelander and Cardinal Mercier. The Cardinal remained in Philadelphia for 
several days and during his stay was accompanied by a special committee to 
numerous institutions, where individual receptions were given. 

Reception to the King and Queen of the Belgians 

King Albert and (^)ueen Elizabeth of Belgium, accompanied by the Duke of 
Brabant, arrrived in Philadelphia on October 27, 1919, and were given an 
official reception at Independence Hall. Their Majesties were obliged to leave 
at 6 P.M., but following the visit to Independence Hall, the King christened a boat at 
Hog Island, and was taken through the Baldwin Locomotive Works at Eddystone 
through the courtesy of Mr. Samuel Vauclain, a member of the Citizens' Committee. 
Queen Elizabeth was'entertained at the headquarters of the Belgian Relief Commit- 
tee of the Emergency Aid and at Bryn Mawr College. 

71 



SlB-CoMJIITTEE ON Si STENAISCE AIND ReLIEF 

III 1916, immediately after the National Guard regiments were assembled by 
the War Department for service on the Mexican border, this committee's attention 
was called to several cases of desliliition. caused by reason of the main su])j)ort 
of a family being sent to the Me\i<;in liorder and his income from ci\il life lut olV. 

Applications for aid were made to members of the committee personally, 
through the Police nepartmeiil and other public oflicials and to various charitable 
organizations, who in turn foi« aided them to your conuuittee. 

The sergeant-at-arms of the committee was given charge of this branch of the 
work and authorized to investigate each a])|>lication and nuike su<h payments 
as the circumstances warranted. The conuuittee agreed that no pul)licity should 
he given about those seeking assistaiu-e and that all applications for aid !)(■ con- 
sidered in executive session. In caiiying on its work the conuuillcc had the hearty 
cooperation of the Citizens' Soldiers" Aid Committee, which prevented duplication 
of payments to those seeking financial assistance. 

The first payment was made on .lune 27. 1016. and payments continued weekly 
to March 2, 1917. During that period the maximum nuudxT of applications 
favorably acted upon was fifty-nine, and the total amount expended was $1,925.30. 

Tlie work of the committee during the Mexican border trouble had just been 
completed when Congress declared war upon ('iciruany and olliei- liuropean coun- 
tries. 1 pan the declaration of war the Philadelphia regiments were again called into 
.service and inuuediate requests made upon the conuuitlee for linancial assistance. 

'{'he committee instructed the sergeant-at-arms to take charge and resume 
his fornu'r work of investigation. The first payments w(M'e made im April MJ, 1917, 
to eighteen families and aiTiuuuled to -SIO.^. 

In June, 1917, the draft law was pass<'d and in Septeudiei ol' that year tlii' lirst 
draft made, followed at short iulei\als b\ others, whicii aiildrualically sent thou- 
sanci.-; of our young men to Naiious camps, and later overseas. \s the drafts were 
made the nundier of applications for assistance jumped in leaps and bounds and 
the payments made by the committee increased correspondingly. 

PaynuMits were contiiuied weekly to Decend)er 28. 1917, on which date 
$2,9:52.:59 was paid to 117 families. 

The payments due December 28, 1917 and 1918. being allei Christmas, it was 
decided by the conuuillee to luake payments of the same pi ioi- lo Ihe 2.Tlh, so that 
families of the soldiers might enjoy the l'esli\e season. 

The connnitlee then decided to make payiuenls semi-iiioulhly and on .lanuary 
11, 1918, $6, .50:5. 61 was paid to a total of .■J12 families. Semi-iiionthly payments 
continued and the mmdier of families on the roll increased to 1,085 on iNovendier 
29,1918, with a total payment of S 12,961. 10 for that period, and it is estimated that 
at least 5.000 dependents beneliled thereby. 

Preceding the above date (November 29, 1918), Ihe armistice was signed, 
and the number of applications materially decreased, owing to discharges from 
service, etc. The committee continued making payments until November II, 1919. 
when they were discontinued, and the total amount expended from Aj)ril I'.]. 1917, 
to above date was $116,855.17. 

In the early period of the work of the connnittee at)plicafions were received 
so rapidly that it was necessary to employ two skilled investigators as assistants 

72 



to the sergeant-at-aims, and not a single application was noglocted. Every case 
was thoroughly investigated in a confidential way and considered on its merits. 

Before making payments to applicants, the committee verified, through the 
local draft boards and the War and Navy Departments, the fact that the soldier 
named in the application was in the service. In a number of cases, however, 
circumstances were such that it was necessary to grant immediate relief and later 
verify the service record of the man. Init every case so assisted was found 
bona fide. 

From April. I'>17. the ollice of the committee was open for those seeking liiian- 
cial assistance — many times such a[iplications being mad(^ at night. Hundreds 
were given advice on subjects of all kinds, viz: locating a relative in service: seeming 
delayed allotments: adjusting controversies between landlords, agents and tenants; 
instalment accounts and gaining admission to hospitals for those who were ill. 

Over 3,000 applications for aid were received and tlie committee worked in 
harmony with the following organizations to prevent duplication of assistance and 
fraud : 

American Red Cross (Home i^elief Division): The Jewish Welfare Board; 
The Mayor's Personal Service Bureau; Local Draft Boards: The I'olice Depart- 
ment: The Home Defensi* Bes(Mves. 

Delayed government allotments caused considerable hardship to the families 
of those in the service. These delays weic, no doubt, due to the fact that men 
were constantly being transferred from one branih of the service to another: from 
camp to camp, or sent overseas, but Dr. Carl kelsey. the allotment officer at Phila- 
delphia, cheerfully aided the committee in adjusting all such matters. 

By reason oi the delay in receiving these allotments, many of the dependents 
receiving aid from the connnittee, were unable promptly to pay their rent, so 
that landlords and agents, not knowing the circumstances, placed the collection 
of rents in the hands of constables. Immediately upon nn-eipt, of notices the 
dependents would rush to the ofiice of the lommittee, complaining of I lie prospective 
eviction. Not less than two hundred lases of this nature were cared for, and 
through the kindness of the Philadel[)hia Constables' Association no evictions were 
made. 

Henry M. Stevenson, Esq., offered his legal services free to families of soldiers 
and sailors, and the committee was indebted to him for preventing the eviction of 
many dependents. 

In numerous cases arrangements w i-re nuRJe with hospitals for care of a wife, 
mother or children of men in the service who were unable, through lack of funds, 
to secure medical treatment, or who were too ill to remain at hctnie. To those who 
could remain at their home, but wen- unable to pay for medical attention, the 
committee procured the services of the district doctor free. 

Many cases were brought to the attention of the committee whi're an order 
had been made upon a delinquent husband by the Municipal Court. In accordance 
with the Allotment Act these orders had precedence over other claims, and with 
the cooperation of the Municipal Court the connnittee were able to have the orders 
complied with. 

Several cases were reported to the committee where the man in service was 
killed and the question came up as to how long the connnittee should carry his 
dependents upon the committee's list. After careful consideration it was finally 

73 



agreed to continue payments to such dependents until tliey recei\<'d their first 
payment from the War Risk Insurance. 

In the beginning the committee was greatly coiuiTut'd ;is lo the maimer of 
making payments to the dependents, but through an agrecnieiit wilii tlie City 
Controller a warrant was drawn for a lump sum semi-montlily and xouchers later 
filed with his office covering the amount paid to each individual. 

All payments were made by check which numbered ujiwards of 1.000 semi- 
monthly, and ollicials of the ('.ontinental-K(iuilahlc Trust Company, through which 
the ('hecks were paid, were extremely courteous, and rendered a real service. 

The committee feels that its work was deeply appreciated by those who 
received financial assistance and that the taxpayers" money was judiciously 
expended. 

Sub-Committee on Camps and Quarters 

Shortly after the I'nited States declared war on Germany a number of soldiers 
arrived in Philadelphia unannounced, and as no accommodations had been made 
for them, they were obliged to sleep in one of the city parks in the southern section 
of the city. This information was received by the committee and the matter 
promptly taken up by the Mayor and the secretary of the conuuittee. 

The first motor truck company remaining over night in IMiiladclphia was on 
January 31, 1918, and was housed at the State Fencibles Armory. Supper and 
breakfast were furnished to the men and every comfort given them. 

As the armory was being used for military purposes, it became necessary to 
arrange other quarters in which to billet the men remaining over night. After 
giving this problem considerable thought it was decided that the rooms and cor- 
ridors of Councils (fourth floor, Cit\ Hall) were the most available in whidi to house 
the companies, owing to the central location. Arrangements were immediately 
entered into with the Police Department to furnish cots and pillows; new sheets, 
towels and soap were purchased, and shower baths installed. 

The following procedure was carried out in preparing for the comfort and 
convenience of those billeted: I pon receipt of information that a motor truck 
company would arrive and remain over night in Philadelphia, notice was given the 
office of the superintendent of police, recpiesting that a motorcycle detail escort 
the train tc the city's center. The trucks were parked on the Parkway or plaza 
of City Hall, and many times from 1,50 to 200 trucks were on C.ity Hall Plaza, 
Broad Street and the Parkway. Thi' doors at the northeast corner of City Hall 
were open at all times during the night and the elevators kept running continuously. 
City Hall guards were stationed on the fourth floor and at the entrances, to prevent 
outsiders from disturbing the men; cots were erected and soap and towels placed 
in the wash rooms and shower baths. The corridors were lighted, stationery and 
stamps placed in the writing room set apart for use of the men; free telephone 
service was given and everything done to make the men feel "at home." 

A kitchen was equipped on the fifth floor of City Hall where mess was served 
to companies. In the event of a company being without rations, or in emergencies, 
the men were fed at nearby restaurants at an average price of sixty cents per meal. 
This oc'curred freijuently and many times late at night. 

When a large contingent arrived, too many to accommodate in the kitchen 
on the fifth floor of City Hall, field kitchens were erected on the plot of ground on 

74 



Filbert Street, between Broad and 15th streets, leased by the Pennsylvania State 
Construction Company, which showed a patriotic spirit by permitting the use of 
this ground and furnishing the necessary wood for the fires. 

As soon as a company arrived either at City Hall, at the Studebaker Building, 
or at 18th and Race streets, a representative of the committee was on hand 
and immediately got in touch with the ofiicer in charge and procured for them oil, 
gasoline or rations, and telephoned the Fire Bureau, during the winter months, 
to have a fireman with hose put water in the radiators of the cars, which were 
emptied immediately upon arrival to prevent freezing. 

The officers were entertained at one of the hotels or clubs, and it was said by 
many of these men, that nowhere else in the country were the men treated with 
such kindness and consideration as they were in Philadelphia. 

Quite frequently men arriving required medical attention which was im- 
mediately rendered. Late in 1918, an order was received from the government 
that all such cases be referred to Major Pollard, who thereafter had general super- 
vision and gave medical attention to all ill or injured men. 

A medical officer from the War Department was sent to Philadelphia to in- 
spect the quarters used by the soldiers. He was given all information asked for, 
and when he saw that each man was provided with individual towel, soap, comb 
and brush, and that the cots were arranged so as to leave nearly two feet of space 
between, he was most agreeably surprised, and informed the committee that the 
sanitary arrangements and surroundings were excellent and in keeping with the 
stringent rules of the government. 

On June 1, 1918, and continuing for about a week, the Emergency Fleet 
Corporation moved their headquarters from Washington to Philadelphia by motor 
trucks. This gigantic task was performed by the Motor Transport Corps, their 
trucks leaving Washington and arriving in Philadelphia without a stop, the trip 
being made in about twenty hours. Immediately upon unloading the trucks at 
140 North Broad Street, the men came to City Hall carrying their heavy laden 
packs into the corridors and dropping exhausted upon the cots arranged for them. 

Motor truck companies were housed in City Hall corridors until the influenza 
epidemic of October, 1918, when Director Wilmer Krusen, of the Department of 
Public Health and Charities, directed that no soldiers be billeted in City Hall 
during this terrible epidemic, and suggested that a building be commandeered for 
the purpose of accommodating motor truck companies. Immediately the new 
building at the northwest corner of Broad and Brown streets, known as the Stude- 
baker Building was taken over and within twenty-four hours it was fully equipped 
and ready for occupation. The lessor of the building desired a two years' lease 
at a rental approximating .$45,000 per year. This seemed excessive and a search 
for other quarters was begun. The committee occupied the Studebaker Building 
for about a month at a cost of $4,500. 

The four-story property at the northeast corner of 18th and Race streets had 
been condemned by the city for parkway purposes, and after looking at many 
other buildings, this property seemed to be the most desirable, as it was near to 
City Hall, faced the Parkway, on which the motor trucks could be parked, and 
would not cost the city a penny for rental. It was in a dilapidated condition when 
inspected by the committee, but within two weeks was transformed into thoroughly 
comfortable quarters for approximately 350 men. 

75 



During all the time the committee looked after the housing of these men, it 
was ably assisted by the canteen service of the American Red Cross, of which Mrs. 
(ieorge W. C.hilds Drexel was chairman, by Mrs. Harry Michell and Mrs. Zulick, 
and by Mrs. Rhodes, of the Motor Messengers' service, and her associates. 

Upon the signing of the armistice and demobilization many soldiers en route 
to their homes in various sections of the country stopped here, and being without 
funds, were cared for by the committee. This problem became so acute that 
at a meeting of the committee held on November 27, 1918, a communica- 
tion was received from the American Red Cross requesting permission to send 
demobihzed men to the quarters at 18th and Race streets. 

The committee decided that to comply with this reqii(>st would interfere witli 
the activities of the committee in housing the persomiel of motor truck trains by 
overcrowding or disorder, as these individual men would not be under tiie ccjinmand 
of an officer. In order to cooperate with the Red Cross in taking care of these men 
negotiations were entered into with the 1 niversity of Pemisyivania for the use 
of a building owned by it at 1721 Arch Street. The Trustees of the I niversity 
tendered the use of this building free of rent in lieu of the committee making all 
im[)rovements. The committee had tlie house remodeled, and a boiler costing 
.$1. ()()() was installed, as well as shower batlis, new beds, mattresses, pillows and 
individual lockers. 

The l^irector of the Department of Public Safely detailed three patrolmen 
(.eight hour shifts) to police the building, and the conuuittee employed two janitors, 
one for day and the other at night, as the building was always open. Cards of 
admission were ol)tained from the American i^ed Cross, on which was the name 
and address of the soldier seeking lodging, and this rule was strictly obserxed to 
prevent promiscuous itinerants gaining admission, which would detract from tlie 
worthy purpose for which the (piarters were being used. There were 12.661 sent to 
1721 Arch Street who made use of the ai conunodalions provided. The total 
number of men billeted at City Hail, the Studebaker Ruilding and at 18th and 
Race streets, lunouiited to 20,000. In oilier words, the corninitlee provided foi 
about 33.000. 

Sub-Committee on Ho.'<pit.\i.s 

The subcommittee on hospitals, inunediately after its appointment, received 
appHcations for medical attention from the dependents of those in the service. 
The hospitals in Philadelphia cheerfully complied with e\ery request for tin- admis- 
sion or treatment of those alllicted. 

The district medical Inspectors and police surgeons were frequently called 
upon at all hours to visit homes of those who nmic ill and unable to pay for medical 
attention. 

Particular attention is called to the number of cases admitted to the Rush 
Hospital, mainly through the kindly inlhience of the secretary of the conuuittee, 
Charles B. Hall. Many of those admitted to this hospital were in the last stages 
of tuberculosis and every comfort and attention was given them during their illness. 
Several were greatly improved during their stay and were ihen sent to the con- 
valescent or outdoor hospital at Malvern and discharged when permanent im- 
provement was shown. 

Preparatory to the campaign for the Liberty Loan in the latter part of 1918, 

76 



a number of soldiers wounded overseas were broujjht from Camp Dix to Phila- 
delphia to aid in floating the Loan, and were quartered in City Hall. About this 
time the epidemic of influenza struck Philadelphia, and several of these men suc- 
cumbed. 

Sergeant Blake, in chai'ge of these wounded soldiers, was taken ill, and after 
considerable trouble to have him placed in a hospital. Mother Ines, of the Miseri- 
cordia Hospital, made room for him and he was admitted. Everything was done 
to save his life, but without success. 

Preparations were in progress for the opening of the Philopatrian Institute 
as an emergency hospital, and when it was found that sixteen of the soldiers quar- 
tered in City HaU were suffering from the "flu," a hurried consultation was held 
by the chairman of the committee, Mr. Hetzell, Doctors John M. Fisher and Henry 
A. Strecker, and the Sisters of St. Joseph, and the institute immediat(>ly trans- 
formed into lunergency Hospital No. 3, where these si.xteen men were taken. 

Sub-Committee on Burials 

This subcommittee on bmials took charge o( a nund)er of requests for assis- 
tance in the burial of soldiers or for their innnediate next of kin. 

In all cases of death, wIkmc iinancial assistance was requested and given, the 
committee kept the fact from the general public so that the families of the deceased 
would not be branded as recipients of charity. Proper v(juchers and bills were 
filed in the office of the City Controller covering the expenses. 

When a soldier was buried, the funeral was military in character, and through 
the courtesy of the commanding oflicers at the various military and naval depots 
in Philadelphia, firing squads and bugle corps were furnished whenever requested. 

No words can express the appreciation shown by th(> families of the deceased 
for the service rendered by the conmiittee to those who had lost their loved ones, 
and while the number of applications was but small in comparison to the thousands 
who entered the service, the committee fulfilled, in every detail, the object of its 
appointment. 

The committee gave personal attention to the shipment to their homes of the 
bodies of several soldiers who died during the influenza epidemic and helped to 
defray the expenses in all such cases. 



77 



EARLY PREPAREDNESS ME\SURES 

THE STUDENT MILITARY TRAI.MNG CAMPS 

Known as the "PLATTsniRr." Camps 

pi;^ljMESE camps, which proved to bo so enicioiit an clcnioiit in 
preparedness for national (iefense. were initialed by a h'tler 
addressed under date of May 10. 1913, by Major-General 
Leonard Wood, then chief of stalL Inited States Army, to 
the university and coilep' presidcMits of tii<' country, statinj; 
that the Secretary of War had decided to hold two exper- 
imental military camps of instruction for students of 
educational institutions, during the then coming summer 
vacation period, and that if these camps should prove to 
be a success, the intention was to hold them aiuitially in 
each of the four military sections or <li\isions of the country. 

Camps were established that sunnner at (iettysburp. Pa., and at the 
Presidio of Monterey. Cal. One hundred and liftN-uine students attended the 
(iettysburf; camp from sixty -one institutions located in dillercut parts of the 
country. Of these, twenty-five were from Pennsylvania, and of the twenty-five 
six were from Philadelphia, all from llic I iii\ersity of Peimsylvania. The attend- 





78 



ance from the State of Pennsylvania was distributed as follows: High School, 
Hanover, 1; Lafayette College, Easton, 1; Lehigh Llniversity, Bethlehem, 8; 
Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 2; Pennsylvania Military College, Chester,!; 
Pennsylvania State College, 2; Philadelphia Trades School, 1; University of Penn- 
sylvania, 6 ; Washington and Jefferson College, 3 ; a total of twenty-five. 

Sixty-three students attended the Monterey Camp, from twenty-nine institu- 
tions. Of these none were from Pennsylvania. 

These first camps in the summer of 191.3 were succeeded in the summer of 
1914 by similar camps at Burlington, Vt., Asheville, N. C, Ludington, Mich., and 
Monterey, Cal., with a total attendance of 667, of whom thirty-four were from 
Pennsylvania and nine from Philadelphia. 

In 1915 a movement to establish similar summer military training camps for 
business and professional men materiaUzed. Camps for students were held with 
an attendance of 615 at Plattsburg, N. Y., 212 at the Presidio of San Francisco, 
Cal., 95 at American Lake, State of Washington, and 144 at Ludington, Mich. 
Camps for business men were held with attendance of 1,189 at the first camp and 
564 at the second camp at Plattsburg, N. Y., and of 72 at San Francisco. At 
Fort Sheridan, 111., a camp composed of both students and business men was 
held, numbering in all 515, the total for 1915 in all camps summing up to 3,406. 

In 1916 camps for students were held with attendance of 3,316 at Plattsburg; 
1,166 at Fort Terry. New York (for boys), and 125 at American Lake; for business 
men, at Plattsburg, with attendance of 1,387 at the first camp and 3,281 at the 
second. Following these, camps composed of both students and business men were 
held at Plattsburg, attendance at the first camp being 3,214 and at the second 
1,000; also at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, first camp 335, second camp 221; at Mon- 
terey, California, 1,094; at Fort Douglas, LItah, 579, and at Fort Sam Houston, 
Texas, 421 — a total attendance at all camps for 1916 of 16,639. The total attend- 
ance in the four years at all camps from the miUtary departments of the country 
was as follows: 

Eastern Department, 16,917; Western Department, 2,325; Central Depart- 
ment. 771; Southern Department, 421. Total, 20,434. 

The exact number of Pennsylvanians and of Philadelphians attending the 
summer camps of 1915 and 1916 is not available. 

The students attending the Gettysburg Camp in 1913, at a meeting held 
one evening at Hummelstown on their hike to the practice range at Mount Gretna, 
organized the Society of the National Beserve Corps of the LInited States, and 
elected as president of the corps Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh Llniversity, 
Pa. Following the close of the camp. President Drinker and General Wood after 
conference, sent out letters to presidents of institutions who had shown active 
interest in the estabUshment of the camps, suggesting the formation of an advisory 
committee of university and college presidents on the camps, and such a com- 
mittee was formed in the autumn of 1913, composed of John G. Hibben, Princeton, 
Chairman of the Committee; A. Lawrence Lowell, Harvard; Arthur T. Hadley, 
Yale; John H. Finley, College of the City of New York (later Commissioner of 
Education, New York State); H. B. Hutchins, University of Michigan (now re- 
tired); George H. Denny, University of Alediama; E. W. Nichols, Superintendent 
Virginia MiUtary Institute; B. I. Wheeler, University of California (now retired); 
Henry S. Drinker, Lehigh University, Pa., Secretary of the Committee. 

79 



Presidont Ilibben aiid President Drinker have continued to hold the office of 
chairman and secretary of the committee to the present time. 1920. Superintendent 
Nichols retired from membership in the committee in the autnnm of 1916. and 
the committee since its formation in 1913 lias been enlarged by the addition, as 
members, of the following: President M. L. Burton, University of Michigan: 
President .1. Livingston Farrand. 1 nivcrsily of Colorado: President 11. \. ( iarfield, 
Williams College: President .\. C. Humphreys, Stevens Institute of Technology 
Presid(>nt K. J. James, University^ of Illinois (now retired and succeeded by Presi- 
dent na\ id kinley): Chancellor . I. 11. kirkland, \ andcrbilt I niversily: President 
J. Ci. Schurman, Cornell University: Ht. Rev. Thos. J. Shahan, lledor, Catholic 
University of America: President Henry Suzzalo, University of the State of 
Washington: President W. (). Thomiison, Ohio Stale I iiiveisity. 

The men attending the first business men's camps in 191.') formed organiza- 
tions for promoting the training camps movement, and in .laniiary, 1916, at a 
joint meeting held in \e\v York City the sliidciits and business men's organiza- 
tions consolidated, forming the present Militar\ Training Camps Association of 
the United States, and elected Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh University. 
Pa., chairman of the go\erning connnittce. This association was reorganized in 
May. 1920. the new constitution pro\ iding for a president, a vice-president from 
each continental military department of the United States, a secretary and treasurer 
and governing committee. Dr. Drinkei'. (Expressing a wish to retire (Vom active 
executive duly, was eleited honorary pri'sident. and ( irenville (^lark. of New ^ ork. 
who had been the active genius in the organization of the business men's camps in 
191.5. was elected president, and Captain \rthur I". Cosby was reelected executive 
secretary with offices at l'> West i:?d Slr.'ct. New Wuk City. 

The association in November, 1916. adopted llir following resolution: 
"Reiohed, That the object and policy of this association is to bring about a 
system of universal obligatory military training and service for the young men 
of the United States, un(l(>r exclusive federal cuiiln)!. and that this purpose be 
publicly announced and folldwi'il as the pnii<\ of the association." 

On theenteringof the United States into llic World Wai. in I lie spring of 1917, 
the Military Training Cam|)s \ssociation at once tendered lo Ihe goveriuneni the 
service of its entire organization anil offices throughout the coimtry lo aid in the 
enrolment of officers for war service. It is estimated that the graduates of the 
training camps of 191.3, 1911. 191.T and 1916 furnished about 16.000 much needed 
officers for active service in the World War. The offi<'ers' camps established in 
1917 by the Government at Plallsburg. Niagara falls and other points in that 
year took the place of the training camps held in the summers of 1913. 1911. 191.'j 
and 1916, and following the close of the war. the ( ioveriuneiil has substituted the 
summer training camps for students enrolled in the \\. (). T. C. (Reserve Officers' 
Training Corps) for those of previous years. Today, 1920, units of the R. O. T. C. 
are established in many of the universities and colleges of the United Slates, 
directed by army officers detailed by the War Department for this especial service, 
and it is a notable fact that this is the only efficient. |>ractical military preparedness 
movement (outside of the National Guards organizations in the dilferenl Slates) 
in existence, and it is a direct result and outgrowth of the movement initiated by 
General Wood in 1913, and which had its main start at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. 

80 



THE PHILADELPHIA MILITARY TRAINING CORPS* 

The Philadelphia Military Training Corps had its inception in the summer of 
1015, when it came into existence throujih the untiring energy of Major A. J. 
Drexel Riddle. 

The late President Roosevelt was an enthusiastic supporter of Major Riddle's 
plan for militai y training, and .Tudge J. Willis Martin was a most active worker in 
developing the Corps. 

It is interesting to note in passing that the Philadelphia Military Training 
Corps movement was preceded liy the definite preliminary work of the Drexel 
Riddle Rible Classes. Major (ieneral Leonard Wood addressed a meeting of the 
classes, and, by courtesy of the War Department, a non-commissioned officer took 
charge of the instruction and drills. 

On October 1, 1915, Major Riddle established an encampment at Lansdowne, 
Pa., which he placed under connnand of Colonel J. Campbell Gilmore. Through 
the cordial cooperation of Major General George Rarnett. Commandant of the 
United States Marine Corps, non-commissioned officers of the I iiited States Marine 
Corps were detailed as instructors. Sixteen students joined the camp. 




Courtesy of FiaiiU W. liuiiltT. SUulo Cu. uf America. 

The first of llic 'idO Coniiiuiiie.'i. 

The support of a number of prominent citizens of Philadelphia, who convened 
at a meeting in the home of Alexander Van Rensselaer, made it possible to pay for 
the maintenance of 150 men at this first camp. 

After the close of the camp the recruits formed a military organization, known 
as the Drexel Riddle MiUtary Training Corps, and various societies and business 
firms formed military bodies in association therewith. These groups became 
known as the Drexel Riddle Citizens' Army, and were drilled during the winter 
season at the various drill halls through the kindness of Major Logan Feland, 
U. S. M. C. (now Rrigadier General, who was in command of one of the marine 
regiments on the battle front), and under his direction officers and non-com- 
missioned officers of the I'nited States Marine Corps volunteered their services 
as instructors in the Officers' School, which was established for higher training 
and at the drills. 

Thirty-two hundred (3,200) men had become well instructed in the Citizens' 
Army when, in April, 1916, A. J. Drexel Riddle opened the campaign for prepared- 
ness in Philadelphia. During the progress of this campaign the Citizens' Army 
grew to many thousands and, under- the thairmanship of William R. Nicholson, 
the campaign met with success. 

*Sumniarizefl liy ihe Secretary of Ihf Philadelphia \\'ar History Coiiiinittee. 

81 



Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel was Chairman of the Women's Division, while 
Mrs. Charles W. Urquhart was Acting Chairman. Although Mrs. A. J. Drexel 
Biddle was not an officer of the Division, her quiet and effective work and 
generous contributions aided materially in its success. 

During the progress of the campaign a parade of the Drexel Biddle Citizens' 
Army was held in Broad Street, culminating with a mass meeting at the Metro- 
politan Opera House, which was addressed by the Governor of Massachusetts, the 
Mayor of Boston and Major Biddle. The Hon. George S. Graham was Chairman 
of this meeting. 

Following the campaign a corporation was formed to coiiliiuic tlie work, and 
William B. Nicholson became President and Major Biddle Vice-President and 
Treasurer. 

A deep debt of gratitude is owed to the patriotism of the several thousand 
citizens of Philadelphia who generously contributed their time and means to 
the cause of the Corps. 

During the spring and summer of l')l(). 12. ()()() men were enrolled in the Drexel 
Biddle Citizens' Army. As a resvdt of this preliminary work and the organization 
of the Philadelphia Military Training ("orps a bill was inlnxluced in Congress by 
Representative Butler, authorizing the sum of ^:51.()(H) lo Ije used by the Marine 
Corps in the establishment of a camp for the training of citizen soldiers. 

Through the continued patriotic leadeiship and help of Major General 
George Barnett, and by his authority. General Feland, L . S. M. C. (then .Major), 
assumed conmiand of Camp Drexel, so named in recognition of the patriotic 
service and untiring devotion to her country of Mrs. (ieorge W. Childs Dr(>xel. 

The camp was opened at Lansdownc, Pa., during July and August, 1916. 
Previous to the opening of the camp several hundred men who had received instruc- 
tion entered the various branches of the service, including the National (niard of 
Pennsylvania, the Army, the Navy and L nited Stales Marine Corps. At the end 
of the camp 179 men signed to enter the new branch of the service recently author- 
ized by act of Congress, known as the Marine Corps Beserves. 

At the outbreak of trouble with Mexico more than 100 of the men joined the 
National Guard. The Philadelphia Military Training Corps was signally honored 
by the city of Philadelphia, by being chosen as escort to the National Guard on the 
return of two of its regiments from the Mexican border. 

Besides the work at the camp. Major Biddle drilled the employes of a large 
number of banks, trust companies and commercial houses in Pliila(li'l|)liia. The 
Land Title & Tru.st Company, of which Colonel .Nicholson is President, furnished 
more men to the government than any other bank or trust company in Pennsyl- 
vania. Several particularly large grouiis of m(>n who regidarly drilled were the 
employes of the Pennsylvania Company, Central National Bank, Girard Trust 
Company, Autocar Company, Packard Automobile Company and the Gomery- 
Schwartz Motor Car Company. William Freihofer su|)plied a unifoiined regiment 
of men from his employes. The Bailey, i5anks \; liiddle Company furnished 
a fully uniformed company; Miss Natalie Sellers Barnes recruited and uniformed 
a body of 200 men at Bryn Mawr, most of whom later joined the s(Mvi((>; Rev. 
Father William J. Lallou furnished a company of men from his church; .lacob 
D. Lit, Isadore Stern and Louis Gerson patriotically recruited a regiment of fully 
uniformed men. 

82 



When Major Biddle and General Feland were called away from Philadelphia, 
the late H. Frederick Wilson, Managing Director of the Drexel Biddle Bible Class 
movement, took command of the MiUtary Training Corps. At Mr. Wilson's 
death he was succeeded as Director of the Corps by H. D. Jones, who, with Marine 
Gunner H. Molloy, had charge of the drills. 

At Lansdowne, in Philadelphia and vicinity, some 40,000 men were drilled in 
the Philadelpliia Mihtaiy Training Corps, of which number more than 24,000 
entered the Government service. 

A particularly interesting fact is that several thousand of the men entered the 
service when most needed, namely, during the few weeks directly after war was 
declared and before the draft was instituted. 

The Directors of the Philadelphia Military Training Corps were James M. 
Anders, M. D., John C. Bell, Livingston Ludlow Biddle, A. J. Drexel Biddle, 
Col. Quincy Adams Gillmore, George Wharton Pepper, E. A. Van Valkenburg, 
Bichard L. Austin, Wm. H. Donner, Lee J. Eastman, William Freihofer, Jacob 
D. Lit, Wm. R. Nicholson, Emile G. Perrot, David B. Provan. 

MILITARY TRAINING IN LOCAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

An effort was made to secure a brief statement from those institutions in 
Philadelphia in which a Students' Army Training Corps or some other military 
organization was established, and reports from the following places were received: 

The LTniversity of Pennsylvania: During the spring of 1917 ahnost two 
thousand men enrolled in the Voluntary Student Battalion under command of 
Colonel William Kelly. During the winter of 1917-18 a Beserve Officers' Training 
Corps was established under Major Charles T. Griffith, U. S. A., in which 900 
students enrolled. In the fall of 1918 the University started a four (4) year course 
in Military Science for students in order that they might be fitted to receive com- 
missions in the Army and Navy. This course, which was to include a number of 
carefully selected subjects from the College, Wharton, and Towne Scientific 
Schools, was intended to prepare students for the degree of Bachelor of Science in 
MiUtary Science. 

In connection with the war-time work of the University, it is interesting to 
note that voluntary enlistments prior to June, 1917, represented 60 per cent of 
the law school students and two fifths of the medical students. 

The first United States Ordnance School was established at the University. 
In the Engineering Department there were given special courses preparing men for 
the signal service, radio, etc. Most of the members of the Aviation Examining 
Boards throughout the United States were likewise trained at the Parent Unit 
organized at the University Hospital, which conducted a number of special courses 
for nurses and nurses' aides. On July 1, 1918. an Officer Material School was estab- 
lished in the Engineering Building of the University under the auspices of the United 
States Navy, which was being conducted for enlisted men in the Navy showing 
special ability. Each course extended over a period of three months and was 
attended by a squad of 200 sailors, who were quartered in the ITniversity dormi- 
tories. In other class rooms of the Engineering Building, a School of Navigation 
was conducted under the supervision of John F. Lewis, Chief of vSection 2 of the 
United States Shipping Board's Becruiting Service, and for nearly two years 
these rooms were heated and lighted without expense to the Government. 

83 




Induction of Sliulenl.t into the S. \. T. ('... I nirersily of Pcnnsylvanid. Orlohrr I. I9IS. 

1 1 is lliiis Mi'ii that several thousand men. Ix'sidc the icf,'iilar I'niversity of 
l'cniis\l\ania students, were being trained at the Iniversity f()r special branches 
of the I nited States service. 

Besides this, the University organized among her sons three ambulance units, 
a Rase Hospital, several Red Cross luiils. and various detaclied units. Its liospilal 
set aside 250 of its beds for the special use of tlie Army and Navy. Many of the 
University laboratories were turned over t( i and \\ ere being used by the Government 
and its special experts. Vaiious laboratories in llir jjifriiu-criiii: i^uildiug had liccn 






%%tt.t^-, •• 




; ..¥-», 



I'iniil Iti'vifiv of Aura/ Unit. Liiiier.sily of I'lniinyliniiiii. I )<<<oiliir /", IHIS. 

84 



turned over to the United States Shipping Board, where it carried on routine worlt 
for the Department of Concrete Ship Construction of the Emergency Fleet. Tlie 
various testing laboiatories of the l*]ngineering School also were being used by the 
United States Signal Corps Instruction Department in testing airplanes, etc. 

In all departments of the University new subjects were introduced and old 
subjects modified so that the regular students had special opportunities to prepare 
for mifitary, naval or other governmental service, or for constructive work in in- 
dustries related to the war or government work. In the professional schools 
many such courses were offered. 

A report received January 15, 1920, gives the total number of 10,000 Penn- 
sylvania men, students, faculty and alumni, who served during the World War. 
Of this number 207 died, 166 were wounded and 165 were decorated. 

Drexel Institute: The induction of students in the Students' Army Train- 
ing Corps Unit at Drexel Institute began on October 10, 1918. First Lieutenant 
James P. Lyons was detailed as Commanding Officer of the Unit on September 17, 
1918. On November 26th, Second Lieutenants Jammer, Sewell, Tarbox and 
Brunner reported from the Students' Army Training Corps, Training Camp, 
Plattsbmg Barracks, New York. There were 247 men enrolled in this Unit, five 
of whom were transferred to the Officers' Training Camp for Infantry, Camp 
Gordon, Georgia. The Unit was demobihzed on December 18, 1918. Four of the 
Drexel students received second lieutenants' connnissions at the Plattsburg Camp. 
These were: Wilham K. Woodruff, WilUam Adam, Jr., Edward R. Focht and Eugene 
T. White. 

Hahnemann Medical College: On October 1. 1918, the Students' Army 
Training Corps of the Hahnemann Medical College of Pliiladelphia came officially 
into existence and on December 16th officially went out of existence. Two 
hundred and eighteen men were enrolled. Colonel Lockwood was the first com- 
manding officer. 

Two and a half months of Army Ufe and training was the lot of the students; 
that it did them much good physically, there is no doubt; how much medicine they 
learned during that time is a question. 

Barracks life at the First Regiment Armory gave the students something to 
think about for many a day. Their experiences were many and varied. How 
much studying they did no one will ever know, except, perhaps, the students 
themselves; how many pranks they played on one another and the officers they 
surely know; perhaps the officers do not know, and it is just as well that they do not. 

Colonel Lockwood was succeeded by Captain WiUiam Henry Frazee. Captain 
Frazee was a strict disciplinarian, which goes with Army life, and it did not take 
him long to set to rights the relaxation which wf)uld naturally take place on the 
change of commanding officers. Captain Frazee was fond of his student body, and 
did everything possible to make barracks life pleasant for them. Several dances 
wer(> lield for the students whicii were followed by "eats." Captain Frazee always 
seemed to know where to get free music and "feed" for these occasions, which 
were always enjoyable and for which the Corps was always doubly thankful. 

While Captain Frazee was fond of discipline, he still had a warm spot in his 
heart for those who were in trouble and always tempered his justice with mercy. 

Colonel Lockwood and Captain Frazee were fortunate in having an able 

85 



stall of assistants, wlio, like the student l)od\, at (ince became devoted and 
attached to them, and left no stone untmned to make their stay at Hahnemann 
a most })l(>asant and successful one. The stalT consisted of Lieutenant Sannicl 
J. Hughes, Personnel Officer; Lieutenant Harold A. Donegan, Adjutant, and Lieu- 
tenant M. Berkman, Quartermaster. 

Jefferson Medical College: In the summer of 1917, immediately after the 
creation of the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps by the War Department and the 
Inited States iNaval Reserve Force by the Navy Department, under Presidential 
authorization, all students and prospective students of Jefferson Medical College 
were circidarized and urged to join either one nr the other of these organizations. 
During the session 1917-18, 339 of the 16(i students of JelTerson College were enlisted 
in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps and thirt\-iine in tlie Inited States 
Naval Reserve Force. 

Following several conferences with the War Department by Dr. Hoss V. 
Patterson, the Dean of the College, a contract was entered inlu on September 16, 
1918. for the establishment of the Jefferson Medical College I nil of the Students' 
Army Training Corps. Acting under special orders from the\\ar Deparlinent, 
\\ . D. Canaday, Captain, Infantry, U. S. A.. \\hn had just successfully completed 
tlie organization of the Students" Army Training Corps at Williains College. 
\\ illiamstown, Mass., reported at Jefferson Medical College on October 21, 1918, 
as commanding officer, and with five lieutenants began the organization of theCnit. 

The 1 nit was organized with extraordinary rapidity. The medical |)liysical 
examination was completed within twenty-four hours. Almost the entire medical 
personnel of the faculty and their assistants were organized iiilo an (examining 
body and a systematic examination completed in a very short time. The JellVrson 
I lospital Medical \(!\isory Board, which had been organized for some montlis. and 




liayurifi i'rucltcf. 

86 



had examined several thousand referred draft board cases, acted in the capacity 
of an Examining Board. Induction into mihtary service, through Draft Board 
No. 4, with whicii special arrangements had been made, was accompUshed with 
equal facility. The details necessary to the induction of the students were 
expeditiously handled through correspondence and telegrams with their home 
boards. This was a task of some magnitude, as the home geographical distri- 
bution of the student body reached into some forty states. With the exception 
of two or three cases, the whole matter was very promptly handled and the induc- 
tion completed on November 1, 1918, when 431 of the 462 students in the College 
were inducted into service, 398 into the Students' Army Training Corps, and thirty- 
three into the United States Naval Reserve Force. Of the 398 students in the 
Students' Army Training Corps, 286 were transferred from the Medical Enlisted 
Reserve Corps. 

The majority of those not inducted into service were citizens of foreign coun- 
tries and those physically unfit for military service. 

The Inasmuch Mission at 1011 Locust Street, Philadelphia, was requisitioned 
for service as barracks. A contract for its lease from the Board of Managers was 
entered into; the building was rapidly emptied, cleaned and made ready for oc- 
cupancy. Cots, blankets and kitchen suppUes were contracted for and delivered. 
The students were rapidly placed in uniforms and soon received their entire 
equipment; and for the first time in the ninety-four years of its history, the 
student body of Jefferson Medical College was in the uniform of the military 
forces of the United States. The Recreation Board of Philadelphia placed the 
Starr Garden Park, 7th and Lombard streets, Philadelphia, at the disposal of 
the Unit to be used as a driU ground, this being within easy marching dis- 
tance of the College. Permission was also received for the use of the Third Regi- 
ment Armory at Broad and Wharton streets for driU in bad weather. Military 
drill was a pai't of each day's work. 

Before the barracks had been made ready for occupancy, it became evident 
to the students and the faculty and even to the commanding officer that any 
effective medical work would be ruined by putting students together in barracks 
under conditions entirely unsuitable for study, and in an atmosphere which would 
be utterly discouraging to scholarly attainment. The Dean made another trip 
to Washington and succeeded in getting approval of the War Department for the 
students of this LInit to remain in fraternity houses, of which there were eight, and 
in the boarding houses in which they had secured quarters before the institution 
of the Students' Army Training Corps. They reported for drill in the morning 
at six o'clock, however, and were satisfactorily messed at the Military Head- 
quarters on Locust Street. 

Tliere was general satisfaction, reUef and much rejoicing on the part of the 
students, faculty and instructors upon the demobihzation and discharge of the 
members of the Students' Army Training Corps. So far as medical schools were 
concerned, the experiment was a failure, both from the Military and Medical 
standpoints. It was proved that it was quite as impossible to make both physicians 
and soldiers of students at the same time as it is to chase two rabbits at once. 
The error was a fundamental one of conception; impossible administrative diffi- 
culties were imposed by the plan upon both college and military authorities. The 
mistake should never be repeated. It was fortunate that the experiment lasted 

87 



only for a short time and that the discharge of the men on December 18, 1918. 
gave them an opportunity for the rest of the year to do effective medical work. 
There was no doubt in the minds of medical teachers that the plan was absolutely 
destructive of all effective medical work. Whether this would have become ap- 
parent to the War Department in time to have rectified the blunder is a matter, 
of course, of speculation. 

St. Joseph's College: The Student Army Training Corps was organized 
at St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia. September 26, 1918, and the students were 
inducted into the I'nited States Army on (October 1st. 

Owing to the signing of the armistice, demobilization was ordered on November 
26th and was completed on December 10th. 

'I'hc prevalence of the inilucnza made it necessary to suspend classes from 
October 4th to 21st; so that in all less than eight weeks were actually employed 
in the normal activities of the I nit. 

The primary purpose of the Stud(MU Army Training Corps, as stated by the 
NN'ar Department, was to utilize the executive and teaching personnel and the 
physical equipment of the educational institutions to assist in the training of officer 
can(iidat(\s to meet tlie necd.s of the service. 

As originally planned in August, the collegiate section was open to registrants, 
who were members of some authorized college, university or professional school, 
who were between the ages of eighleen and twenty-one, and who were physically 
quahiied for general or limited service in the Army. 

On September .5th a list of twenty-three prescribed subjects of study was drawn 
up by the War Department for tiie student soldiers fourteen hours of class and 
thirty-eight hours of study a week being prescribed for their preparation. On 
September 18th these subjects were grouped into courses appropriate to various 
branches of the service, and from time to time thereafter until the day of demobiliza- 
tion detailed syllabi were sent from Washington, setting forth more specifically 
the grade and character of the instruction to be given in each line of work. To 
meet these recurring suggestions, many readjustments in the program prepared 
by the College became necessary. 

The subjects from which the academic program was to be made up were the 
following: 

War issues (prescribed lor ;dli. military law (prescribetl for all), luiglish, 
French. German, mathematiis. piiysics. chemistry, biology, geologv, psychology, 
geography, topography and map-making, meteorology, astronomy, hygiene, 
sanitation, descriptive geometry, mechanical and freehand drawing, surveying, 
economics, accounting, history, intcrnatidiial law and govciiiriicnt. 

By a concession of the faculty, work done by the nii'iuhcrs of the Student 
Army Training Corps in the following subjects was credited towards the 
requirements of the A. B. degree: War issues, mathematics, physics, chemistry, 
biology, astronomy, surveying. 

The miUtary officers were: Commanding Officer, Lieutenant J. P. Lyons; 
.\djutant and Quartermaster. Lieutenant L. K. fields; Supply and Personnel 
Ofliccr, Lieutenant F. P. McC.ardcll; Assistant Oilicer, Lieutenant Kessel; Msiting 
Surgeon, Michael F. Gallagher, M.D.; Inspecting Surgeon, Lieutenant M. L. 
Lichtenberg. 

88 




Temple University: In the early fall of 1918, Temiilo University estab- 
lished a Student Army Training Corps. It combined with its Units the students 
from the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art. The students at 




Pliitlo Uv i'' <;utukiiiisl. 



S. A. T. C. ttl Temple Universi'y. 
89 



Toiiiplc were registered in llie College ul' Libera! Arts, tiie Medical School and llie 
Dental School. There were 275 men in this unit and ninety men in the Unit from 
the Industrial Art School. There was an additional Init of sixty-eight Navy men, 
some of these being Temple students, others taking instruction at the Art School. 

The Second Regiment Armory located near the University provided barracks 
for a portion of the men. other large halls being secured in the vicinity for additional 
barracks and a mess hall. The Samaritan Hospital assigned the large solarium 
wards and the roof garden ordinarily used for the children to the Corps as an in 
firmary. 

Captain Will II. Dietrick was appointed to the official charge of the Unit 
remaining with the University after the demobilization of the Unit and until it was 
decided not to continue the Reserve OfTicers' Training Camp wliich succeeded the 
Student Army Training Corps. Dr. James 11. Dunham, I'h.l)., tiie dean of the 
College of Liberal Arts, had charge of the educational program. Almost im- 
mediately after the men went into barracks the influen/a appeared among them 
and the entire I niversity went into (juarantine. Tiucf inendxMs of tiie Corps 
died as the result of the epidemic, two l)eing medical sludeuts wlm were serving 
for tlie time in the em(>rgency hospitals. 

After tiie epidemic had passed the University settled down lo the new con- 
ditions. All schedules were more or less made to conform to the regulations imposed 
by the presence of an Army camp in its midst. 

Professors and students rapidly readjusted themselves to the new <nndilions. 
The life of the University was beginning to function smoothh whm Ihc urder for 
demobilization came. IVIany of tlie students returned to the colleges from which 
they had come. The students of Teniph- slipped back into their regular courses, 
and, save for the presence of the Captain and the small group \\\u> remained in 
the Reserve Ofiicers' Training C^.orps. the University by the end ol' the school year 
was in very much the same condition as it had been at the close of the previous year. 

The University was fortunate in the officers assigned to it, so that there was 
no friction between the Army officials and those of the University. All cooperated 
in trying to work out the most stupendous pioldem that has ever been presented 
to the universities of America. 

PENNSYL\ANL\ \\( tMlvXS DIVISION FOR NATIONAL 
PREPAREDNESS* 

In the early autumn of 1915, Mrs. George \V. Childs Drexel determined to 
organize the women of Pennsylvania to meet eventualities. With the war clouds 
in luirope growing blacker, Mrs. Drexel felt that [it was only a matter of lime 
before tliis country' would become involved in the struggle. Women, she knew, 
would be called upon to render many and varied services, and it was to meet these 
new and real responsibilities that she quickly developed her plan. 

A meeting was held at her town house in September, 1915, among those present 
being: Miss Marion Diddle. Miss Sophie Cadwalader. Mrs. J. Cardner Cassatt, 
Mrs. John W. Geary, Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. (i. O. Ilorwitz, Airs. Norman 
Jackson, Mrs. Thos. McKe^n, Dr. Clara Marshall, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Miss 
Mary Mitchell, Mrs. I. H. O'Hara, Mrs. George Wharton Pepper, Mrs. Coriulius 

•By the Secretary of the Pliiladelpliia War History Committee. 

90 



Stevenson, Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge, Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer and Mrs. 
Barelay H. Warburton. 

At this meeting plans for an organization were discussed. Mrs. Drexel was 
elected President. The Vice-Presidents elected were Mrs. Martin and Mrs. O'llara. 

The other women present constituted the Executive Committee. 

After several weeks, Mrs. Drexel had a series of interviews with Major General 
Leonard Wood and saw Secretary of War Garrison, both of whom were much 
impressed with the practical way in which the matter was presented. 

The next meeting, to which representative women from all the counties in the 
State were called, was held on November, 191.5, at 18th and Locust streets, when 
Mrs. Drexel summarized her plans and made her appeal as follows: 

"The purpose of this Division is to organize women throughout the State of 
Pennsylvania for preparedness in the event of war, and to be ready for wf)rk in 
those fields in which women can most efl'ectively aid at such times or in case of 
State calamity. 

"The division will be composed of chapters, each with a minimum membership 
of 500, with a chairman for each chapter. These chairmen, by virtue of their 
office, will compose the State Council. There will also be officers and an executive 
committee with headquarters in Philadelphia." 

About 150 women were present and they returned to their several cities de- 
termined to organize for work. The State Vice-Presidents were increased to 
five, the three additional officers being Mrs. Sharp, of Chambersburg, Mce-President- 
at- large; Mrs. H. Wells, of Wilkes-Barre, for the northeast section of the State; 
and Miss Adams, of Kane, for the northwest section of the State. 

Among the original Chapters were: 

Allentown — Miss Helen F. MacDonald 
Ariny and Navy — Mrs Francis Howard 

Williams 
Bristol— Mrs. Griffith H. Williams 
Bucks County — Mrs. F. Leroy 
Coatesville — Mrs. Addison A. Lamb 
Colored— Mrs. E. B. Leaf 
Columbia — Miss Lillie S. Evans 
College Women — Mrs. D. Feidt 
Delaware Valley — Mrs. Charles A. Parsons 
Doylestown — Miss Ehzabeth Ross 
Drexel Biddle Bible Class— Mrs. A. J. llawk- 

sley 
Franklin — Miss Gertrude Adams 
Gettysburg— Mrs. Walter H. 0"Neal 
Harrisburg — Mrs. Charles Ryder 
I^ansdowne — Mrs E. Wager-Smith 
Langhorne — Mrs. Tryon 
Lancaster — Miss Susan Carpenler Frazier 
Leljanon — Mrs Harrison Souder 



Main Line — Mrs. Charlton Yarnall 
Milton— Mrs. J. Hunter Miller 
Norristown — Mrs. Martha C. Mecunes 
Oil City — Mrs Fannie Gaude 
Old York Road— Mrs Harry E. Asbury 
Penna. Railroad — Mrs. George Dallas Dixon 
Phila., General — Mrs. Henry B. Coxe 
Pittsburgh — Mrs. Harry Brown 
PottsviUe — Miss Anne E. Ridley 
SewickJey — Mrs. Alexander Lauglilin 
Snyder County — Mrs. Schrier 
State College — Mrs. E. E. Sparks 
Suidiury — Mrs. H. J. Evans 
LTrquhart — Mrs. George W. Urtiuhart 
West Chester — Mrs. George W. I'hillips 
West Philadelphia— Mrs J. Hamilton Simill 
Wilkes-Barre — Mrs. Wells 
Williamsport — Mrs. La Rue Munsoii 
Wyncote — Mrs. M. K. Neitfer 
York County — Mrs. J. C. Schmidt 



Extension of Work 

As the Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness developed 
its work, eight departments were established: 

Department No. 1. Care of Soldiers' and Sailors' Families and Care of Sajferers 
from General Calamity — Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt, Director. In the event of America 



91 



<>iif;aginf^ in war. soldiers in service would receive SI.") a nionlii: sailors, $20. It was 
()b\ ious that this amount would be insufficient to provide even necessities for the 
families at home. Calamity, such as AockI, earthquake or fire wf)uld produce con- 
ditions for the relief of which this department would work, but of whicii no estimate 
could be made as to the service required. The department pledged itself to re- 
sponsibiHty of the care of soldiers' and sailors' famiUes and of sufferers from general 
calamity. 

Department No. 2. Nursing — Mrs. Norman .Tackson, Director. Securing 
nurses for the Army. 

Department No. 3. Siin/ical Supplies- Mrs. Hodman E. (irisiom. Director. 
This department enrolled all who wished to aid in the preparation of dressings, 
bandages, compresses, etc, to be us<>d in lime of war and calamity. 

Department No. 4. Convalescent Homes for Ilospiluls .Miss Marion Biddle, 
Director. The object of this department was to enroll all who would promise to 
provide and support, wholly or in part, a suitable building to b<' used as a hospital 
building or convalescent home in tlie e\ent of war or calamity. Fifty-five 
buildings were offered. 

Department No. 5. Messrngrr and (Ununuinicdtion Service — Miss Mary 
Mitcliell, Director, This department organized tlie first service of its kind, and all 
members wen' required to learn not merely the rumiing of aiituMKiliilcs, but also 
their care and the making of at least miiioi' adjustments and repairs. A large 
immber of women were also enrolled who learned to wig-wag. 

Department No, 6. Firsl Aid and Assistance in Daily Fouline Work of Hos- 
plldls and Dietetics — Dr. Clara Mitchell. Director. 

Department No. 7. Emergency Commissariat. (Canteen) — Mrs. Robert E. 
Strawbridge, Mrs. Thomas McKean and Mrs. Barclay II. Warburton. Depart- 
ment No. 7 was the first of its kind anywhere, and as a result of the preliminary 
experiences the subsequent work of the Ued Cross was expedited. Practi<-ally 
ever>' troop train traveling through I'liiladelphia from Ml. (Iretna Id the Border 
was met. 23.iil() men were canteened. 

De[)artment No. 8 A. GovernmrnI Camps Mrs. ( ieorge Wharton Pepper, 
Director. The object of this section nl I )r|iiu hiiciil \o. 8 was to provide funds for 
Pennsylvania men who desired to prepare for military service in the training 
camps at Plattsburg and elsewheri': also, to aid in securing the best candidates for 
enrolment . 

Department No. 8 B. Clerical Serricc Miss Sophie Cadwalader. Director. 
The work of this section comprised bookkeeping, tv pi'wiitiiig. card-cataloging, and 
oilier kinds of clerical work in the e\enl of wai- or (•alamit>, when j)rofessional 
workers would bi' hard to obtain. A knowledge of accounts was stressed, as well 
as a clear and legible handwriting. 

Department No. 8 C. Sewing — Mrs, Alexander ^'an Rensselaer, Director, 
The object of this section was to enrol women to cut out and sew upon garm(>nts 
required by hospitals and convalesient homes, in the event of war or calamil> . 

In January, 1916, a mass meeting was held in the Garrick Theatre, at wliich 
1,700 women from all counties in the State were present, and so great was the de- 
mand for seats that over six hundred were unable to crowd their way into the 
building. 

The piupose of the Division was ex-plained by (leorgc Wharton Pepper and 

y2 



George Q. Horwitz. Major General Leonard Wood made the main address. 

State Headquarters were established in the Central City Building and spe- 
cially trained women speakers toured the counties. The number of chapters 
increased to sixty-two, with a membership of 11,000. Every member was com- 
pelled to take up one certain form of prepaiedness work and to abide by her choice. 

The division purchased a portable dental equipment for use on the Mexican 
Border in 1916 and paid the salary of Dr. C. J. Ilollister. The sum of $25,000 
was collected for equipping Base Hospital No. 10. 

After America entered the weu', it was found best to continue the work under 
the American Red Cross and the division, as such, discontinued in April, 1917. 
In practically every case where there had been a chapter of the division, the chair- 
man became the head of the local Red Cross Chapter. 

LOCAL BELGIAN RELIEF COMMITTEE 

One of the first efforts — if not the first — for Belgian relief was organized by 
Mrs. Edward S. Sayres, who, on September 30, 1914, called on the Belgian Consul 
and offered the services of the Flower Mission, of which she was President, to 
collect and ship food and clothing to non-combatants in Belgium. Her offer was 
accepted and on October 11th notices were read in all Main Line churches that a 
meeting would be held the next day at "Black Rocks," the residence of Mr. and 
Mrs. Sayres, and that on the 14th contributions would be received at the Bryn 
Mawr Reading Room. 

Twenty persons attended the first meeting, which was addressed by Mr. Paul 
Hagemans, the Consul General of Belgium. Mrs. Charles C. Harrison was 
appointed to cairy on the work in Philadelphia and later became Chairman of the 
Belgian Committee of the Emergency Aid. On the 14th, an audience of 150 
contributed 2,091 pieces of clothing and blankets. From (!)ctober 15th to 21st the 
Committee, assisted by Mrs. Hagemans and Miss Hagemans, received 8,831 gar- 
ments in Overbrook. The Committee collected .$1,040.69 and purchased new 
garments and thirty barrels of flour. The 10,922 gainients and other supplies 
filled an entire freight cai'. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company contributed its 
services and shipment was made to the Belgian Consul at New York, whence the 
shipment left on the Rolterdam addressed to The Netherlands Committee for 
Relief of Belgian Refugees. It reached its destination on November 7th. 

On April 17, 1919, the King of the Belgians conferred on Mrs. Sayres the 
Medal of Oueen Elizabeth. 



93 



PHILADELPHIA AND THE 28th DIVISION 
William Bell Clark 



i\E-FOI RTH of the total personnel of the National Guard 
of Pennsylvania, when it entered the Kederal service to 
win immortal honor in the W orld \\ ar as tiie 28th Division, 
came from Philadelphia. Hundreds of the lads who left the 
City of Philadelphia in the ranks of its (Jiiard Inits made 
the supreme sacrifice on the battlelields of France. Other 
hundreds will carry to their graves the scai's of wounds 
sustained when Pennsylvania's Iron Division wrote <;rim 
history in a foreif^n land. Those so fortunate as to have 
escaped the casualty lists will have with them to the end 
memories of the shorn wheatfields by the Marne and the ()urc(], the ruins that 
once was Fismes, the gas-swepl plateau overlooking the Aisne, the death- 
capped ridges beside the Aire and the No Man's Land beyond Thiaucourt. Thus, 
the "red keystone" of the 28th is an insignia to which Philadelphia's claim is 
great. Tiie history of the Division, as it is here nnl'dldcd. is written, therefore. 






RK«®ST.iwi2amo,s, 



omY Ht. % 



Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler. Stanley Co. of America. 

"The Call lo Arms" by ajjuartellf Jruin Ihc htjiiyiiiiciil. A'. C I'. 

94 




Courtesy of Franl 



Sranlcy Co. of Anu-vica. 

Capl. Ward Pierson, tcadijuj his (jompany. 



with the view, not of slighting the State at large, but to expand 111)011 the iwit 
played by those who hailed from this city. It is a history of the divisional units; 
a more intimate narrative of such of those units as were recruited in w liole or 
in part from Philadelphia. 

From the Border to Hancock 

On the day in 1916 when President Wilson decided to ciiastise Pancho 
Villa for his temerity in attacking the border town of Columbus, N. M., the 
Pennsylvania National Guard Division began its momentous history. It is a 
far cry from Texas in the summer of 1916 to France in the summer of 1918, but 
the events which had their inception with the President's Executive Order of June 

18, 1916, marched with steady sequence to their cuhnination overseas. The tour 
of duty on the Mexican border proved the preliminary training for the achieve- 
ments of Pennsylvania's Guardsmen in the American Expeditionary F(ine. Down 
on the sand plains of Camp Stewart, Texas, was begun the transition from militia 
to a potent fighting division. 

One day after the President's call, the machinery of the Pennsylvania 
Adjutant General's office began to operate. General Order No. 21, issued on June 

19, 1916, from Harrisburg, directed all National Guard organizations, with a few 
exceptions, to report for duty at their home stations on Thursday moi ning, June 22d, 
and to assemble at Mt. tiretna, long tlie training ground of the Guard, by June 24th. 
At that time Philadelphia had three full regiments of infantry — the 1st, 2d and 3d — 
forming the 1st Infantry Brigade; regimental headquarters and four companies of 
the 6th Infantry; a squadron of cavahy — First City, Second City, and A and G 
Troops, a company of engineers (B), and the Tacony field hospital and ambulance 

95 



company. To these latter, designated as Field Hospital No. 2 and Ambulance 
Company No. 2, fell the honor of being first mustered into the Federal service. 
They passed into the control of the Wat Department on Juno 28th. four days 
after reaching Mt. (Jretna, and were on their way to the border tlit> following day. 
Company B of the Engineers was federalized on June 29th; the entire 1st and 2d 
Regiments of Infantry on June 30th; 1st Brigade Headquarters and the 3(1 Hegi- 
mentonJuly 1st; the four Cavalry Troops on July 6th, and the Fi(>l(l and Staff, 
Band, Sanitary Detachment and Companies E, K, L, M of the 6th Infantry on 
July 7th. Either the day tiu-y were mustered in or the day fdllowiiig. the units 
started southward in troop trains. 

If the Pennsylvania Guardsmen dreamed of following Pershings ^Expeditionary 
Force into the heart of old Mexico aft(M- the wily \ ilia, they were doomed to dis- 
appointment. Arriving on the border, they were sent to (lamp Stewart, not far 
from El Paso, Tex., where through the long hot summer they were drilled, drilled, 
drilled. Nor was this all. The War Department found the Pennsyh anians long 
(m infantry and short on artillery and ])roi ecdcd to remedy tlie defect by trans- 
forming two of the infantry regiments, the 2d. of Philadelphia, and the 9th, of 
Wilkes-Barre and the Luzerne county mining region, into artillery. These, with 
the 1st Artillery, from Pittsburgh. Wiliiamsport anil Phoeuixville. were formed 
into an artillery brigade. The 2d Infantry became the 2(1 \rtiller\ and llie 9th 
Infantry the Ikl Artillery. The Philadelphia artillnMiuM were eqiiiijped with 
1.7 Kuns and became the ""heavies" of the brigade. 




of Frank W- Iltiltler, Stanley Co. of America. 

Vd/iomi/ ('•unrdsnieti in ('.iiiuii nl .liukiiilnii ti. 

96 



The War Department found also that some of the infantry regiments and 
the cavab-y regiment were minus certain units called for on the Army organization 
plan. Transfers effected in two of these increased the number of organizations 
credited to this city. In the 6th Infantry, a headquarters company, a supply 
company and a machine gun company were formed and designated as Philadelphia 
units, and, in the 1st Cavalry, headcpiarters and supply troops were organized in a 
similar manner and also awarded to Philadelphia. 

By early fall the Pennsylvania Guard Division had secured a splendid basic 
training. There had been divisional maneuvers, brigade maneuvers and regi- 
mental maneuvers, target practice, bayonet instruction, trench digging lessons, 
schools of instruction on general military subjects, lectures and so on through a 
crowded curriculum. However, on September 29th when word came through 
ordering the 1st and 3d Regiments home, it was received with gladness. Phila- 
delphia waited with open arms and each organization upon its arrival was treated 
to a banquet, those to the larger units being held in the temporary Convention 
Hall at Broad Street and Allegheny Avenue, and to the smaller ones in their own 
armories or headquarters. The last to get back from the border was the 2d Artillery, 
which on one of the bitterest days of the winter of 1916-1917 heraldcfl its return 
by a regimental review wherein it displayed to a proud city its new artillery equip- 
ment, the heavy 4.7's and their caissons. 

Philadelphia's Guardsmen donned civilian clothes and began to pick up the 
threads broken the preceding summer. Some of them remained civiUans for a 
half year, others — those who came up from the south among the last — for scarcely 
more than two months. The rumble of the World War was coming daily nearer 
to the United States. On February 3, 1917, Ambassador Bernstorff was given 
his passports; on February 14th he sailed for home; on February 26th President 
Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm American merchant ships; on March 
21st the President summoned Congress in extra session on April 2d, and on March 
25th. twelve full days before the declaration of a state of war with Germany, 
Philadelphia's 1st and 3d Infantry were called into the Federal service once 
more. 

The Guardsmen reported at theii respective armories for duty at 7 a.m. 
March 28th and were mustered into the Federal service on March 30th and 31st. 
The 1st Infantry was assigned immediately to duty guarding bridges, war industries 
and canal locks in the territory east of the Susquehanna River, with regimental 
headquarters in the armory at Broad and Callovvhill streets. The 3d was ordered 
to the western part of the State on similar duty and departed in troop trains on 
April 2d. By April 6th. the day the gauntlet was cast down to the enemy, both 
organizations were on the lookout for aliens or alien sympathizers in the vicinity 
of places of miUtary importance in the State. 

The disposition of the units of tiie 1st Infantry was as follows: 1st Battalion 
Headquarters, Broad and Callowhill streets; Company A, headquarters, Neshaminy ; 
detachments, Perkasie, Yardley and Midvale Steel Works; Company B, head- 
quarters, Bridgewater; detachments, MorrisviUe and Frankford Junction; Company 
C, headquarters, Schuylkill Arsenal; detachment. Grays Ferry Bridge; Company D, 
headquarters, 32d Street and Lancaster Avenue; detachments, (rirard Avenue 
bridge and Chamounix Lake, Fairmount Park. 

97 




IJuliIiT. Suiilty Co. ol Amcrivu 



Trucks parked on City Hall Plaza. 



2d Battalion 1 loadquartcrs, Coatosville; Company K, Frankford Arsenal; 
Company F, headquarters, Coatesville; detachments, Thorndale and Downinglown: 
Company G. headquarters. West Reading; detachments, Tuckerton and Manayunk : 
Company II, hcadiiiiartcrs. Phocriixville; delaehments, Xorristown, iManayunk 
and Earnest. 

.3d Battalion Headquarters, Columbia; Company I, headquarters, Bockville; 
dctai'hrncnt. Lemoyne; Company K, h(\'i(l(]uarters, Safe Harbor; detachments, 
Lcmoyne, Marlic Forge and Cohunbia; ("ompany L, headipiarters, Boone Station 
near Darby ; detachments, Ivistwick, Eddystone and Remington Arms; (\>mpany M, 
headquarters, Lemoyne; detachments. Hummelstown, Columbia and Shocks Mills. 

IIead(}uarters Company, Broad and Callowhill streets; Machine ( am Company, 
headquarters. Broad and Callowhill streets; detachment, 37th and Market streets; 
Supply Company, Broad and Callowhill streets. 

West of the Susquehanna Biver, the 3d Infantry was disposed as follows: 
Regimental Headquarters, Mtoona, Pa.; 1st Battalion headciusirtcrs, Johnstown; 
Company A, Johnstown; Company B, Point Marion; Company C, Port Perry; 
Company D, Bockwood. 

2d Battalion Headtjuarters, Huntingdon; Company E. Huntingdon; Company 
F, Newport; Company G, Spruce Creek; Company H, MilHin. 

3d Battalion Headquarters, 11.55 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh; Companies I, 
K and L, same address; Company M, Washington, Pa. 

Madiine Gun Company, 1155 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh; Supply Company, 
Altoona, and Sanitary Detachment, Altoona. 

98 



One other Pennsylvania infantry regiment, the 18th, of Pittsburgh, had also 
been called out at the same time as the 1st and 3d. and was on guard duty in the 
northwestern quarter of the State, with headquarters at Ridgeway. 

While the other units of the National Guard awaited the call to Federal service, 
they and the regiments already on duty conducted spirited recruiting campaigns. 
The main recruiting stations of both the 1st and 3d Regiments were in their local 
armories, although all of them set up sub-stations in the various towns where their 
units were quartered. At the same time the Adjutant General proceeded to 
organize additional units to fill the complement of the Division. To Phila- 
delphia fell another company of Engineers (E), a Field Bakery Company. Field 
Hospital No. 3, Truck Companies Nos. 3 and 4 of the Supply Train, the 2d Com- 
pany of Military Police, and Truck Companies Nos. 10, 11 antl 12 of the Amnnmi- 
tion Train. 

On June 25, 1917, Company B. of the Engineers, reported for duty, was 
mustered into Federal service the following day and shortly afterwards was sent 
to Camp Meade, Admiral, Md., for construction work. Subsequently it repaired 




r.nit.^i .1 Frank W. Buhler. Stanley r-n ,,t m. . i . i 

Philwli'liiliiii \iiillt'rym<_'ii al JtnkiiilLiuit. 

to Camp Hancock for similar duty ahead of the balance of the Division which, 
within two weeks, was called to the colors, each unit being ordered to mobilize 
at its respective headtjuarters or armory on July 15th. 

On July 16th the entire Philadelphia Battalion of the 6th Infantry and 
the field and statT, headquarters, supply and machine gun companies were 
mustered in, as were all members of the Sanitary Detachment save three who 
reported on July 22d. On July 17th the Artillery Brigade Headquarters, Brigadier 
General William G. Price, Jr., commanding, was sworn m at the headquarters 
in the Liberty Building. Then in sequence came Truck Company No. 3 on July 
20th; the Field Bakery Company on July 20th and 21st; Field Hospital No. 2, 
July 21st: Ambulance Company No. 2, July 21st and 22d; Field Hospital No. 3, 
July 22d and 21th; Troops A and E (First City), July 23d; Headquarters Troop, 
July 24th; 2d Field Artillery, July 20th to 24th; Truck Company No. 1, July 24th; 
Troop G, July 25th; Troop D (Second City), July 26th; First Infantry Brigade 

99 



Headquarters. July 26tli: 2(1 Ci)iiipany. Military I'olice. August 3(1: Truck Com- 
panies Nos. 10, 11 and 12. Ainiiumition Train. August 2d: and Supply Troop, 
August 4th. 

On August .5. 1917. the I'litire IVimsylvania \ational (luard ni\ision. num- 
bering 841 oflicers and 2,'). 215 1 men. was nuisteri'd into the National service formally. 
The following table shows the strength of the I'hiladilphia units on that day: 

Olliccrs \lon 
First Brigiide Headquarters 2 ."> 

\rlillcry Brigade Head(niartrrs 

Kifid Hakcry 

\iiil>iilan( r Company Xo. 2. 

hi. Id Hospital No. 2 

I'iild Hospital No. :$ 
rriick Coinpany NO. 3. Supply Traiii. 
Truck Company No. t, Supply Train. . 
Truck Coinpany No. 10. Anununition Train. 
'Truck Company No. 11. Ammunition Train. 
Truck Company No. 12, Vmmunilion Train. 

Company B. iMiuincprs 

Company K. Knfrinccrs 

Second Company. Military Police. , 

Second Kii'ld Artillery 

Headquarters Troop. 1st Cavalry 
.Supply Troop, 1st Cavalry 

Troop .\, 1st Cavalry 

Troop D, 1st Cavalry 

Troop K, Isl Cavalry 

Troop G, Isl Cavalry 

1st Infantry 

.id Infantry 

field and Stalf, 6lh Infantry 

Ileadcpiarters Coinpany. ()th Infantry 
Supply Company, 6th Infantry 
VIachin(i Gun ('onipany, Otli Infantry . . 

Sanitary Detachment, 6th Infantry 

Coinpany K, 6th Infantry 

(Company K, 6th Infantry 

Company L, 6th Infantry 

(Company M, 6lli Infantry 



:', 


11) 


1 


62 


1 


!!1 


", 


7'> 


(1 


HO 


1 


1') 


1 


16 




.■)!! 




.->:{ 




.'>2 

- 1 


1 


l.-.H 


'2 


12:? 


II 


1.2152 


1 


,-.2 


2 


.')2 


:! 


«)1 


:i 


106 


:! 


99 


:! 


128 


.>.> 


1,977 


.■>() 


1 ,6i!0 


9 




I 


29 


O 


39 


:i 


62 


,5 


27 


:■, 


76 


; 


«1 


:i 


82 


:i 


78 



Total 232 6,821 

Dining the brief period between .August 5, 1917, and the concentration at 
Camp !Ian(Y)ck,the smaller UTiits.with the exception of some of the truck compani(>s, 
were held at their loral liead(|uarters. 'The truck c()in|)anies were eitli("r held at 
the 1st Hegiment Armory or sent to Mt. (iretna for immediate duty. In the case 
of the 2d Artillery, a suitable site for a temporary camp was found near !\obIe, 
Pa., on the estate of .lohn Wanamaker. and. in honor of the donor, was namcnl 
Camp Wanamaker. In mid- August, the 1st and :U1 infantry were relieved of guard 
duty and began to concentrate in and near Philadelphia, the 1st securing a camp 
site near the Commercial Museum and naming it Camp Brown after its Com- 
mander. Colonel Millard D. lirown. The Ml Infantry left the western pat t of 
the State on August 11th. and the following day arrived home, camping at Camp 
-A. Merritt Taylor, a short distance beyond the 69tli Street 'Terminal in Delaware 
County. 

100 



'Yhv move south liegan in September. The 1st Infantry left Camp Brown 
1)> train on September 11th. arriving at Camp Hancock on Friday, September 
I 1th; the 3d left on September 12th, arriving September 15th. and the other units 
in order until by the end of the month the entire Division was assembled on the 
new grounds a short distance outside the City of Augusta, Ga. 

The ensuing nine months was a heart-breaking period for the ofTicers and 
men of the old Guard. They saw brigadiers, colonels, majors and captains skilfully 
eliminated through the action of Army Plucking Boards. Even their Major- 
Cieneral, Charles M. Clement, was relieved December 11, 1917, and succeeded 
December 15th by General Charles H. Muir. Historic organizations were broken 
up or amalgamated with other units. The War Department, with wisdom learned 
abroad, was making some radical changes in Army organization, particularly with 
reference to infantry regiments. Under the new plan, the strength of the Infantry 
was increased from 150 men to a company to 250 men, while machine gun bat- 
talions, hitherto unheard of in the Ameiican Army, were being established as 
part of the Divisional Organization. All of this reorganization was not carried on 
without considerable trouble. Various portions of the State, through their repre- 
sentatives in Congress, attempted to save their regiments whole, remonstrating 
against the destruction of former identities. In the case of the 1st Cavalry, it 
was re-assembled, after the fust break up, as the 10.3d Cavalry and was fmally 
redistributed to other units. In the final infantry aUgnment, the western part 
of the State was far more successful than the eastern in saving its regiments, as 
the 10th, 16th and 18th. all from west of the Susquehanna, were kept intact as 
the 110th, 111th and 112th Infantry regiments, respectively. 




(Vmrtesy of Frank \\'. P.uhier, Stanley Co. of AmerirH. 

NaUunal (huinlsmeii cainiiiny un (lie Wanamaker Estate, Jenhinlown. 

101 




Infpmatlonal 



iSlh DiDisiun Men ul Jersey (^ily. 



Tlio poniM'al order which raiisod all of the Ironblo. and which, iiicidciilally, 
oslablishod oflicially the 28th Division, was dated .November loth. Its result 
will be belter understood from the following tabic, which shows the original guard 
unit, from whence it hailed, and what became of it: 

National Guard Unit Locality ?lilli Division Imil 

]sl Infantry Pliihulclphin lOOlli Infantry. 

3(1 Infantry (less band and 

several liundrod men) Piiiladelphia I lOlli Iiifaiilry. 

■tth Infantry: 

Machine Gun Coni])any, C 
and D Companies, part of 
Sanitary Detachment and 

Supply Company Lancaster, Columbia. AllenloHn KWth IMacIiine (!un 

Battalion. 
2d Battalion and part of Head- 
quarters and Supply Com- 
pany Columbia, Allentown. llaiiibiirf;, Sun- 
bury, Pine Grove, Lebanon KtTth Machine Gun 

Companies A and B, part of Battalion. 

Headquarters, and .Supply 

C'ompany Beading, Allentown. Columbia 1 Ofith Machine Gun 

Battalion. 
Detachment Headquarters, 
Supply and B Company Columbia, AJlentown .'Slid Depot Brigade. 

102 



filli Iiifiintry (less band) Philadelphia, Pottslown, C;hester, Phoe- 

nixville, Norristown, Doylestown, 

Media, West Chester lllUi Infanlry. 

Hth Infantry (less hand) Harrisburg, York, Tamaqua, Chambers- 
burg. Mahanoy City, Huntingdon, 
Carlisle, Pottsville, Bedford, Lewis- 
town 112lh Infanlry. 

Kllh Infantry Greensburg,Monongabela, New Brighton, 

Somerset, Mount Pleasant, Indiana, 
Alloona, Washington, Waynesburg, 

Blairsville, Latrobe 110th Infantry. 

Kith Infantry (less band) Scranton.Wilkes-Barre.EastStroudsburg, 

Honesdale, Bloomsburg, Moscow 109th Infanlry. 

16lh Infantry Oil City, Corry, Meadville, Bradford, 

Kane, Franklin, Erie, Ridgeway, 
Weu-ren, Kittaning, Butler, Grove 

City 112th Infantry. 

1 fUh Infantry Pittsburgh 11 1th Infantry. 

1st Artillery Pittsburgh, Williamsport, Phoenixville, 

South Betlilehera 107th Field Artillery. 

2d Artillery Philadelphia 108th Field Artillery. 

:?d Artillery Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton, Pittston, Nanti- 

coke, Plymouth, Tunkhannock 109th Field .\rtillery. 

1st Cavalry: 

Detachments Headquarters 
Company, Supply Company, 

and Troops B, F, I, M, E. . Philadelphia, Tyrone, New Castle, Sun- 
bury, Lewisburg 103d Engineers. 

Machine Gun Troop Boalsburg 108th Machine Gun 

Battalion. 

Detachment Troop I Sunbury Division Headquarters 

Troop. 

Detachments Troops F and H. Newcastle and Pittsburgh 107th Field Artillery. 

Detachments Troops D, K, I, L, 

M and Troops A, C, and G. Philadelphia, Lock Haven, Bellefonte, 

Lewisburg, Simbury, Harrisburg 108tb Field Artillery. 

Detachments Troops I. K. L. Sunbury, Lockhaven. Bellefonte 109th Field Artillery. 

Detachments Troops E, B, M Philadelphia, Tyrone. Lewisburg lO.'^d Trench Mortar 

Battery. 

1st Engineers Philadelphia, Scran ton, Pottsville 103d Engineers. 

1st Battalion Signal Corps Pittsburgh lOlid Field Signal Bat- 
talion. 

Military Police Pittsburgh, Philadelphia 103d Headquarters and 

Military Police. 

Supply Train Harrisburg, Lancaster, Philadelphia, 

Pittsburgh 103d Supply Train. 

Anununition Train Philadelphia, AUentown, Shamokin, 

Harrisburg, West Chester, Williams- 
port, Selinsgrove 103d A ni munition 

Train. 

Sanitary Train Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Lancaster, 

Coraopolis 103d Sanitary Train. 

Of the remainder, the bands of the 3d, 4th, 6th, 8th and 13tli Infantry were 
detached entirely from the Division, and the 3d Battalion of the Ith Infantry had 
months before been sent to tlie Rainbow ( I2d) Division as a machine gun battalion. 

Once the changes had been made and tlie men settled down to routine, the 

103 



lime passed slowly on their hands. There were hikes and sham battles, bayonet 
practice and gas mask instructions, guard mounts and target shooting, trench 
digging and reviews, rc^gimenlal and otherwise. One of the biggest days was 
February 22, 1918 (W asliingtun's Birthday), when Secretary Lansing reviewed 
the entire Division in a morning pai'ade. Rumors of a quick movement overseas 
began to fK)at around the camp in .January. 1918, and persisted continually until 
the orders linally came, but it was late April before the 28th bade farewell, and 
a hearty one, to Camp Hancock. 

OVERSEA.S .\M) TIIK MaRNE 

The 28th Division might have spent even a longer time at ("amp Hancock 
had it not been for the critical situation which arose on the western front in the 
spring of 1918. The (iermans hail launched two big oQ'ensives, the one which 
retook the old Sonnne battlefield and threatened to break the British line toward 
Amiens, and the oilier which endangered the channel ])orts in northern France. 
Great Britain had made frantic appeal to the liiiti'd States for an army and it 




^1 lAirijo Ship Iniill id lion Ishiiiil. 

was in part answei- to this appeal that sailing orders came to Hancock. The 
Division was at full war strength when the orders arrived. Some months before, a 
draft of Peims\Kania selecti\e seix ice men had bi'cn receiveil and had been used 
to fill in what gaps existed on the regimental rosters. About a week before de- 
parture another small draft of men. from middle and western states and numbering 
about .'>(K». was also added to the l)i\ ision. making the litst addition of non-l'cnnsyl- 
vanians. These men were distributed five or six to the line companies of infantry 
and soon absorbed. 

The units of the Division began to leave Camp Hancock by train on April 21st, 
traveling to Camps Mills, Upton and Merrilt. Of the larger units containing 
many I'hiladelphians, the 109th Infantry de|)arted fiom the south on April 22d; 
the llOlh Infantry on April 21tli: the llltli Infantry on April 26th; the lO.'ld 
Sanitarj' Train on .May 10th and the 108th Field Artillery on May 11th. iiy 
May l.^th the old training ground was des(Mted save for the ,5.3d Depot Brigade. 

Twelve British and two American tiansports convoy(Hl the Division overseas. 
Six ships were in the first convoy, which sailed from New York on May 3d, arriving 
at Liverpool, England, .May 16th and l"th. They were as follows: 

101 



H. M. S. C(7y of Cakutla. 107th Machine Gun Battalion and 1st Battalion, 
110th Infantry; H. M. S. Aiichises. 108th Machine ( iun Battalion; V. S. S. Corsican. 
2d Battalion, 110th Infantry; II. M. S. Ansonia, 3d Battalion, 110th Infantry; 
H. M. S. Demosthenes. hcad(iuart('rs and auxiliary units, 110th Infantry; H. M. S. 
(kirnuuiiu, 109th Infantry, and Division Headquarters, with Major General 
Muir and staff. 

On May 5th the speedy H. M. S. Olympic departed from Hoboken with the 
56th Infantry Brigade Headcjuarters and the 111th Infantry and arrived at South- 
ampton on May 12th, four days before the slower convoy, which had sailed two days 
before it. On May 7th H. M. S. Aquilania. with the 103d Train Headquarters, 
28th Division Military Police, 109th Machine Gun Battalion and 112th Infantry, 
set sail and reached Liverpool on May 14th, also ahead of the iirst convoy. Five 
more ships sailed in convoy from New York on May 19th. They were: 

H. M. S. (leramic, 103d Ammunition Train; H. M. S. Briton, 103d Sanitary 
Train: H. M. S. Malugama, 103d Engineers; H. M. S. J«*7icio, 108th and 109th 
Field Artillery; U. S. S. Salnrnia. 107th Field Artillery. These five docked at 
Liverpool on May 30th and 31st. The final ship, H. M. S. Khiva, with the 103d 
Supply Train, sailed from New York on May 27th antl arrived at Liverpool on 
June 7th. 

Short time was spent by any unit on the British Isles. Two days at "Notty 
Ash," a camp near Liverpool, was practically the longest stay, after which the men 
were loaded on trains for Dover and rushed from the British port across 




0)iirtcsv nf Frank W 



Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. 

National Guardsmen off for War. 
105 




U Drkcn ul LilUviluiic liijk I'tanl. 



tliP .Enfrlisli r.lianncl to Calais. Once in Kraiicc. ra])icl (Iis])osili()n was 
made of cadi unit. For puijiosos of acnislomitit; it to iiiodcru warfare, the infantry 
was broken up in battalions and brigaded with the British in the vicinity of Nieles- 
les-lMecjuiii. This traiiiinfr lasted for two weeks: in oilier words, iinlil the time 
when the ( leiiiians laiinelied their third olVensive toward Montdidier. 

Witli the enemy surging Paris-ward in mid-June, the 28th was called hastily 
from the British seetor and everything, save the artilliMy brigade at ^ annes, 
assembled in the vicinity of (lonesse, which lies northeast of J'aiis and along 
highways radiating to either the British or French battle fronts. While at Gonesse, 
the Di\isi()n heard of the fourth great ("icrman ofTensive of the year, an offensive 
which, aiming at Soissons and Bheinis, was broken at the latter place but swung 
down to the Marnc in a pocket which had its apex at Chateau-Thierry. 

The ejjic of the 7th Machine (lun Battalion of the ."^d Division at the Chaleau- 
Thien-y bridge-head on May 31st and of the Marines of the 2(1 Division at Belleau 
Wood and Bouresches on June 6th had already gone down into history when in 
late June the 2!Uh Division the arlillcrv brigade excluded — was rushed in motor 
ktriies to south of the Marne with divisional headquarters at Saulchery, and 
the four infantry regiments encamped eastward from that jioint as far as 
Montmirail. 

The first unit of the Division to reach the front line and suffer casualties was 
Company 1*] (from Philadelphia) of lln' 1 Oikl l<>ngineers, which, (ni the evening of 
June 28lh, Uist eight men wounded, when a road over which they were passing 

106 



to tlii'ir hillcls. a sliort distanrc from Chateau-Thierry, was heavily shelled. The 
entire 2cl Ballalioii of the Engineers, working under orders from the .'58th French 
Corps, were engaged during the subsequent two days in digging second line trenches 
south of the Marne near Chateau-Thierry. 

On the night of June 30th the first infantry engagement took place with two 
"model" platoons from the 111th Infantry participating. It was purely volunteer 
work on the part of the Pennsylvania doughboys, who wei'e chosen from A and I' 
Companies of the regiment to join with the 13;3th French Infantry in an attack on 
Hill 201, lying north of the Marne and east of Chateau-Thierry. Lieutenant Cedric 
Benz, of A Com|iany, and Lieutenant ,Tohn II. Shenkel, of B Company, com- 
manded the two platoons. The attack, launched at night, was a complete success, 
thirty-eight prisoners being taken, the hill cleaned of machine guns and snipers, 
and all done with slight casualties and so much individual heroic work that the 




Ailaiilic Reflning Co, 

U. S. S. "Fulger" sliowimj anli-Sahmarine Gun forwiinl . 



French issued about twenty Croix detiuerres and were profuse in divisional and 
corps commendations of the Americans. 

From July 1st to 14th the balance of the Division trained in the region south 
of the Marne, platoons from the other three infantry regiments being sent occasion- 
ally to the front line. To the westward. Companies A and B of the 103d Engineers 
and Company C of the 109th Macliine Gun Battalion took over the defense of 
the Charly bridge-head on July 9th, and between then and July 15th were sub- 
jected to intensive shell fire and suffered quite a few casualties. 

A new offensive from the Huns was momentarily ex]3ected. Just where it 
would strike was a question of doubt which aU the French and American aei'ial 
observers could not answer. It was figured that it would either be westward on 
the front between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry, or southward on the east and west 
sides of Bheims. The F'rencli did not expect a direct thrust acioss the Marne east 
of Chateau-Thierry and were confident that even if it should come there the 

107 



1 




1 ruuj-ip'.tr! "Siiuiuy, Imill ill (.>(i;/i//.v Shiityurtl. 

aiiifk-ial (Icfciisfs of barbed wire would slop the advance. Hence the Frencli 
line was thinnest alonjj the Maine between C.hateau-Thieny and Donnans, while 
what reserves they had were concentrated back of Soissons and Hheinis. 

The line of the Marne was lnld I'mm ('.halcaii-lliiin y to Dornians by the 
3d American and 125th French Divisions, the I'ornier extending: from Cliateau- 
Thierry to C.rezancy and the latter from Cre/ancy to Dornians. IJehiiui lliem, 
on July 1 Uh, was stationed the 28th Division, which had been movinf; up 1)\ easy 
stages for three days. The infantry line of tiie 2!Uh. in the reserve Ircnclics. three 
miles soutii of the front, consisted ifrom west to east) of the ll2lii. II lib. ilOth 
and 109th Infantry, with the lO'nli Macliini-( uiu Battalion in support of the I I2lii 
and 111th Infantry (the .Idlli Briizade) and the iOiith Machine C.un Battalion in 
support of the llOtli and Id'Hli Infantry (the r).")th Brif^ade). The 1st Battalion 
of th(> 10,'kl Engineers was also stationed wilh the 55th Brigade. 

In this ])osilion the 56th Brigade la> behind the .'id \meiican Division and the 
55th Brigade behind the 125th I'rcnch Di\ision. The SmiTielin River, which runs 
northwestward to emjity in the Marne near Me/y. bisected the 55th Brigade, the 
100th Infantrv King to the cast of the ri\cr and the 110th to the west. The 
Surmdin Bi\cf did moif than bisect the 55tli Brigade, ll marked the boundary 
between two groups of French armies with the following confused result: The 
56th Infantry Brigade was in the .'?8th French Corps of the 6th French \rmy. 
supporting the ,'5d American Division, of the same Corps, and the 55th Brigade, 




Sti-Milns. Boston. 
L. S. S. "W'yomitiii." Jla(islti[> (-. .S'. !\itrlh Sea Ftrcl. Imill iil i^rani/i's Sluiivdnl. 

108 



while supposedly in the 5th French Corps instead of the 38th French Corps, had one 
of its regiments, the 110th, operating in 38th Corps territory, and the other, the 
l()9th, in 5th Corps territory. 

This was the general situation on the night of July 14th. save that four com- 
panies, two from the 109th and two from the 110th, had been detailed for purposes 
of instruction with the 125th French Division several days before and were still 
in the front Une south of the Marne. These units were Company L, lO'Oth. ( '.aptain 
.Tames B. Cousait: Company M. 109th. Captain Edward P. Mackay. Company B. 
UOth. Captain William Fish, and Company C. UOth. Captain W. Curtis Truxal. 
The total strength of the foin units was 942 officers and men. but, instead of being 
concentrated, they were scattered along a five mile front with French units between 
each. The exact disposition is given as follows: 

Company L, 100th — two platoons on the line of observation alonf; the railroad south of 
.laulgonne with two platoons in the edge of the woods near the crest of the hill to the south. 

Company B, 110th, had two platoons on the line of observation imrne<liatel\ west of the 
river bridge south of Passy and two platoons in the edge of the woods about one kilometer to the 
south. 

Company C, 110th, was disposed similar to Company B, but on the right of the rix er bridge 
south of Passy. 

Company M, 109th, likewise had two platoons along the railroad to the east of Company C, 
llOth Infantry, and two platoons in support in an orchard on the slope of the hill to the south 
and slightly west. 

For instruction purposes i)iit one iilatooii lA' each company had been placed 
on the line of observation, but at the time the situation is given a relief was 
taking place in each company, the enemy barrage coming dow n at tlie time both 
the platoon relieving and the one to be relieved were on the lino of observation. 

The story of the great Cerman barrage which broke out at 11.55 o'clock on 
the night of July 14th, and which deluged not only the front line but the reservi^ 
positions as well, is by tliis time a familiar tale. In the dry terms of the report, 
the explanation of what happened on the front occupied by the four American 
companies reads: 

On the right of the sector of the 125th French Division, which extended to the east of Cour- 
thiezy, inclusive, the enemy followed the rolling barrage and succeeded in penetrating through 
the Bois de Conde until he reached the heights north of St. Agnan at about :i p.m. The French 
line had gradually given ground, falling back to a line which ran rouglily from St. Agnan north- 
west through the center of the clearing of Janvier Fme. to the Moulin Ruine. about two and one- 
half kilometers south of Varennes. 

But what had happened to the four companies? Read on: 

The orders issued by the conmianding general, 12.5th French Division, prior to the attaching 
of the four .American companies to his division for instruction purposes pro\ ided that in case of 
attack the outpost hne would fall back to the line of principal resistance which ran aromid the edge 
of the woods on the northern crest of the hills throughout the sector. In view of the additional 
strength, in case the Boche should attack while the four American companies were attached to 
the division, subsequent orders were issued prior to the date of the Boche attack, to the effect that 
the outpost line would be held and the Boche prevented from crossing the river. The orders 
wliich the captains of the four American companies received were to "Resist to the utmost" in 
case of attack. The spirit of this order was carried out by the four American companies with 
the following results: 

Company M, 109th Infantry, on the extreme right, fought its way back through the woods, 
eventually reaching the French line north of Conde-en-Brie with about 150 (.•') men. The other 

109 



three companies held their ground, the forward platoons being ahnost to a man eitlier liillinl or 
captured, while the support platoons held their ground till outflanked or surrounded. Hut a 
small percentage of these three companies succeeded in reaching our lines. 

So much for the official report. Here are the figures of one of tiii> l)ravest 
battles against odds in the histon,' of the American l'>xpediti(>nary Force: 

Company L, 109th: KiUed, twenty-six; died of wounds, four (one of these a pri.soner); 
wounded, forty-eight; prisoners, eighty-nine (fourteen of whotn were wounded in :i(l<liliiin to 
the one who died of wounds); escaped, se\enty-six. 

Company M, 109th: Killed, twenty-three; died of wounds, four 'all prisimiTsi; wounded, 
tw(?nty-nine; prisoners, one hundred and twenty-one (including fourteen wDuiideil and four who 
died of wounds); escaped, sixty-six (including nine who were on detached service at the time). 

Company B, 110th Infantry: Killed, twenty-eight; died of wounds, four (all prisoners); 
wounded, forty-one; prisoners, fifty-thre<! (including nineteen woimded and four died of wounds); 
escaped one hundred and fifteen. 

Company C, 110th Infantry: KiUed, forty-six; died of woumls. three lall prisoners); wounded. 
nineteen; prisoners, one hundred and thirty-one (including fifly-oiU' wounded and three died of 
wounds); escaped, twenty-six. 

Of the total of 942 officers and men with tlic four cMinpaiiies on JiiK I.'jIIi, \-.\ 
were killed in action, fifteen died of wotuids. 1157 were wounded, hut did not fail 
into tiie enemy's hands, ninety-eight were wounded and captured by ttie (ierinans 
and 28 1 were captured although not wounded. Just 283 men escaped imscathcd. 
In L Company, Captain Cousart was ca])tured, as was Sergeant (Cadet ) Abraham 
Mildenberg, while Lieutenants \\ illiam Bateman and W ilham |{. Dyer were Ivilled. 
Lieutenant James B. Schoch and Lieutenant Wiilaid M. !?. Crosman brought off 
most of the survivors, tiie report staling: ".Vbout 8 I'.m. (July l.'itii) Lieutenant 
Schoch, of L Company, of the lOyth Infantry, and al)out fifty m(!n came straggling 
through Brigade P. C. looking for something to cat." 

Captain Mackay, of M Coiniiany, also managed to escape with ten men, as chd 
Lieutenant Thomas B. \V. Fales witii forty, while Lieutenants W illiam B. Brown, 
Walter L. Swarts and Edward llitzerolh were captiued. 

In B Conipany of the llOth. Cai)tain Fisii, Licutctiaul Claude Smith, Lieu- 
tenant Alban Jones and Lieutenant (iilniorc llayman brought oil' abt)ut 123 men, 
while Lieutenants James Gus Graham, and Bert Guy were woundcul and taken 
prisoners, the latter being so badly injured thai he died shorlly afterwards in a 
prison camp at llindenburg, I pper Silesia, 

Captain Truxal, Lieutenants Wilbur E. Schell and Hoberl J, Bonner of i'. 
Company, 110th, were captured. Lieutenant BonncT being badly wounded, aiul 
Lieutenant Samuel S. Crouse was killed. 

In addition, three officers from other units on observation w illi the I'lenrh were 
captured along with about eight men from tlie sanitary detachments of the two 
regiments. The officers were: Lieutenants James tiee of \ Company, llOtli: 
Edward R. Taylor of K Company, llOth, and Herman Sloan of Iv Company. 
lOQlh. Lieutenant Charles F. Linn of the Medical Detachinciil i>f the llOlli 
managed to fight liis way back in safety, as did Captain Charles L. McLain of F 
Company. 110th, but the latter was wounded. 

On the left, the 3d \meri<an Di^ ision held intact, but the collapse of the 
French and the isolation and ultimat<> destruction of the four com])aiii('s of the 
28th endangered the entire right flank of the American forces and at the same time 
fornied a pocket whidi began at Mezy and continued westward to Dormans. In 

110 



this extremity, the 38th United States Infantry, the most eastern unit of the 3d 
Division, swung its right wing down the course of the Sumerhn River as far as 
Coningis, where a portion of the 125th French Division, reorganized, maintained 
a front extending southeasterly to Monthurel. From Monthurel due eastward 
ran the hue of the 109th Infantry, thus suddenly thrown from su])port to a front 
Hue position. To the right of the 109th lay the 20th French Division, a shock 
unit which had been hurried up when the 125th collapsed. The 110th American 
Infanti-y, west of the Sumerlin, while exposed to the Hun bombardment, was 
protected by the French line between Coningis and ]\Ionthur(^l fiom direct attack. 

The German horde poured down through the Bois de Conde hours behind 
schedule, due to the splendid resistance of the four companies, and emerged on the 
front of the 109th late in the afternoon. The 2d Battalion of the 109th, under 
Major Ralph A. Gregoi-y, faced the oncomers and was reinforced at once by the 
1st Battahon of the 103d Engineers and part of the 109th Machine (Jun Battalion. 
By a ruse, in wearing French uniforms, the enemy appeared in the open and the 
Pennsylvania men, mistaking them for retiring poilus, withheld fire until it was too 
late and found themselves driven back by terrific machine gun fire from the Conde 
woods. At 7.30 P.M. the French counter-attacked toward St. Agnan, but without 
success. In the meanwhile, on the left of the line. Captain William C. Wilhanis, 
of H Company, with a small reconnoitering party, crossed a plateau facing Mont- 
hurel and was in danger of being cut off. Bugler George L. Mcllroy won 
the Distinguished Service Cross by daring the withering fire with a message for 
help, and Captain WiUiams seemed the same coveted honor by the manner in 
which he extricated himself and his men. The Distinguished Service Cross fell 
also to Captain Edward J. Meehan, of D Company, whose unit had been in an 
advanced exposed position, and which he saved by determined fighting. 

On July 16th at 10 a.m. the 109th counter-attacked, using all units save I 
Company, which was held in reserve. During the night, however, the (Jermans 
had brought up more machine guns and proceeded to enfilade the line from the 
direction of St. Agnan. Three impetuous assaults were halted by the terrific fire 
and the casualties ran high. Captain Walter M. Geaity and Lieutenant Donald 
MacNutt, of A Company, were killed, as was Lieutenant Henry Q. (iriflin, of 
C Company. Lieutenant Walter Fiechter, of K Company and Captain Felix 
Campuzano, of B Company, were wounded. Coiporal J. J. Lott, of B Company, 
was cited for bravery for the manner in which he twice slipped fijrward and cut 
barbed wire entanglements, returning each time to lead details through the gaps 
and not desisting until severely wounded. Gas and shells had added to the 
casualties in both the 109th and 110th. The Regimental P. C. of the 109th near 
Conde-en-Brie was struck and Rev. Walter Murray, the Regiment's Y. M. C. A. 
man, killed. The officers wounded included Captain Roland C. Heisler, Regimental 
Adjutant; Captain James F. Cooper, of G Company, and Lieutenants George lleni-y 
West, of L Company, and John J. Owens, Battahon Reconnaissance Officer. In the 
110th a whole squad of machine gunners were killed when a shell made a direct 
hit on their dugout, and another shell plowed into Company A while the unit was 
marching to position, kiUing four men and so severely injuring two others that 
they died on the way to a hospital. 

In the meanwhile, further west, the 2d Battalion of the lUtli Infantry, under 
Captain William Dunlap, was sent forward on July 17th to refieve the hard-pressed 

111 



I5()th Infantn*' of the 3d American Division in the vicinity of Crezancy. On that 
same day the battalion counter-attacked between Crezancy and Fossoy, driving 
the Huns, who had gained the south bank of the Marne. in disorder across the river. 
On July 18th. Lieutenant .John H. Burd Quinn. of B Company, llllh Infantry, 
was killed. 

Through July 17th the 109th Infantry continued a holding position on the 
hill north of Conde, while the French again attacked further east. The (iennan 
heavy guns from along the Marne continued their bombardment throughout July 
17th and July 18th. but ceased before the end of the latter day. In tlie meanwhile 
the l()9th had been reheved at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of July 18th and with- 
drawn for a much needed rest. The combined Franco-American olfensive. launched 
south of Soissons at dawn on July 18th. afforded the chance for the relief. 

From July 18th to July 20th the ( iermans continued to hold the (^onde woods, 
but their chief desire was to get back across the Marne to safety. For the next 
three days the infantry regiments of the aolh Brigade rested, receiving replacements. 
They were particularly needed in the 109th. The regiment was minus 80.'5 men on 
July 22d, the day the replacements arrived. The.se 803 were accounted for then 
as follows: killed. 79; wounded. 107: missing, 317. In the llOlli Infantry, where 
the loss had been entirely from shell lire and gas, save for B and C Couipanies, the 
casualties for the period were: Killed, 57; wounded, 137; missing. 226; total, 420. 

\\ liile the infantry rested, the engineers immediately set to work to pn^pare 
for an advance. The 1st Battalion repaired the roads at Moulius, Courthiezy 
and Chevaney, just south of the Marne, laboring betw een July 22d and 2.ith under 
terrific shell fire. At the same time the 2(1 Battalion was busy further west, 
Companies K and F repairing roads from Aulnois through l-^ssomes and Chateau- 
Thierry, and Company D building a pile trestle bridge across the Marne at the 
eastern end of Chateau-Thierry. 

Through the Heart of the M \hm; Pocket 

The ,^6th Brigade was the first to start north in pursuit of the retreating 
(iermans. On the afternoon of July 21st the 111th and I12lli Infantry, passing 
through Chateau-Thierry, crossed the Marne on pontoon bridges and on July 23d, 
with the 112th in advance, both regiments jiroceeded toward drande Bue Fme.. 
where orders were received from Brigadi(>r (ieneral William \\ eigel, of the 56th 
Brigade, placing the 111th Infantn.^ at the disposal of the 26th (New England 
National (iuard) Division. The order was carried out by 9 a.m. July 23d and 
the regiment went into camp in the woods to the east and west of the farm. At 
3 .\.M. on July 24th the 2d and 3d Battalions of the 1 1 llli relieved the lOlst and 
102(1 Infantry and ])repared for an attack the saiur day at dawn. 

At 6.45 A. M. both battalions surged forward, but eniouiitrred ru) opposition. 
In the meanwhile General Weigel had taken over command nl tiie sector from the 
26th Division and the 56th went forward again as a biigade. the lllth on the 
right and the 112lli, under Colonel (ieorge C. Bickards, on the left, (ieneral 
Weigel named La Croix Rouge Ferme as the brigade ()bje(ti\c. Phe advance 
contimied. subjected to machine gun fire on the left, until about I p.m.. when, in 
attacking through the Forest de Fere, a scalding niachine gun lire was nu't. The 
far end of the lllth's line, and the 112th were "hung up" and four companies of 
the IlKh — E, H, 1 and K — with Colonel Shannon in the center, pushed ahead in 

112 



the form of a "V" and were almost surrounded. The men of the regiment call it 
their "Lost Battalion," as the fom' companies were isolated for two hours until the 
left and right wings were enabled to close up the gap. As darkness approached and 
the enemy's resistance redoubled, it was decided to hold the ground so far gained 
and dig in for the nigiit. Company K was placed in the front Une and the balance 
of the troops echeloned to the rear. All night and through the following morning 
the (iermans shelled the position, but without dislodging the defenders, and on 
the evening of July 25th the sector was taken over by the 167th Infantry and the 
111th returned to Courpoil and Trugny woods for a much needed rest. The 
111th remained in Trugny woods until July 28th, when it was moved to Vente 
Jean de Guillame and held in reserve until August 3d. 

On July 27th the ."SSth Brigade, the 110th Infantry leading, crossed the Marne 
near Mezy and ])ushed forward to the Foret de Fere in support of the .{Qth French 
Division. Ahead of the 109th and 110th lay the Ourcq country with the front 
line, from left to right, consisting of the 42d (Rainbow) Division, the 39th French 
Division and the 3d American Division. Tiiat same night the 110th Infantry 
moved ahead to reheve the 156th French Infantry, etl'ecting the reUef by daybreak, 
when the Pennsylvania regiment was ensconced with the 3d Battalion to the north 
and west of Courmont, th(> 2d Battalion on the edge of the village and the 1st 
Battalion in reserve in a woods two kilometers further west. The 110th faced one 
of the strongest positions prepared by the enemy in its retreat — a hill known as 
both 188 and 212. depending upon what elevation different maps happened to 
give it. The crest of the hill was covered by the Grimpettes woods and in this 
fastness the Hun had assembled one of the choicest arrays of machine guns flanked 
by light arlillciy and iirotccted by skilfully prepared trenches. /Vlong the south 
slope of the hill Mowed tiic Oinxtj River, a stream at that season about ten feet 
wide. The side of the hill up which the 110th was to go was practically bare of 
vegetation, the only protection being a jiaitially sunken road aliout midway up 
the slope. 

Before the first attack could be launched, the Regimental Headquai'ters at 
Fresnes was struck by a shell whicli killed Liculcnaut Colonel Wallace W. Fetzer 
and live orderlies. Tliis was on the morning of July 28th. On the afternoon of 
the same day the 2d Battalion started for the hill. The Ourcq was crossed in 
small combat groui)s and. reforming on the northern side, the battalion started 
up, despite a total absence of artillery support. The enemy waited until the 
advancing doughboys were about 300 yards away and then opened up with rifle 
and machine gun fire. The effect was deadly. The battalion halted and then 
the men attempted to work tiieir way forward on their stomachs. Rut the fire 
was too severe. After exhausting every effort to get closer to the German lines, 
the battalion was forced finally to withdraw. Three officers were wounded in the 
course of the afternoon, they being Lieutenants Robert G. Frasier, Rol)ert B. 
Herbert and Frederick T. Yeager. 

On the morning of July 29th a combined attack was attempted upon the 
Grimpettes woods and Hill 230. direttly north of it. The 3d Battalion attempted 
to storm the latter position, but was stopped by intensive fire from the summit, 
and the 2d BattaUon fared no better in front of Hill 212. Companies G and E had 
led off, the former to the west and the latter to the east of the line. Each forced 
its way upward valiantly, Company G managing to get within 100 yards of the 

113 



woods before being held up and Company E penetrating the timber for a short 
distance. Neither could hold the positions gained, however, and by 9 a.m. were 
back along the Ourcq where they had started. The two attacks had cost the 
regiment dearly in both officers and men. In E Company, Captain James E. 
Zundell was so badly wounded that he died the following day, and Lieutenant 
William C. Stevenson was instantly killed. Lieutenant Earl R. Churchill of F 
Company was shot to death by niailiine gun bullets. Lieutenant George T. 
Rodgers was killed while observing with the 37 mm. platoon of Headquarters 
Company. Lieutenant John \V. Day of the Machine (um Company was so badly 
wounded by a high explosive shell that lie died of his injuries on September 7th, 
and two oflicers of K Company. Lieutenants Richard Stockton Bulhtt and Walter 
B. Riggle, were killed by machine gun bullets along with thirty-nine men from their 
company. Among the wounded for that day were Lieutenant Frederick R. 
Bridges, Company H: Lieutenant Joseph R. Chambers, Company A; Captain 
Wade T. Kline, Company I; Lieutenant Owen F. McDoiniell. (ouipaiiy 1^: Lieu- 
tenant George W. R. Mai-tin, Company A (who remained on duly and was wounded 
again the following day); Lieutenant Walter S. Peterson, Company C; and Lieu- 
tenant George L. Roat, Company \. 

In the meanwhile, on July 2ytli. tlie lO'Uli lufautr\ liad been .swinging to a 
support position to the left rear of the 1 10th. The 3d Battalion was in the lead and 
was advancing during the morning hours under both machine gun and shell fire 
which was sweeping down the Ourcq \alley from Sergy and further north. .M 
Company, under Lieutenant Edward B. Goward, advanced to flank a machine 
gun which was menacing the balance of the battalion, and to do so had to cross 
the Ouicq. The platoon in the lead came into the radius of other rapid- 
fire weapons and Lieutenant Goward was mortally wounded. First Sergeant 
Howard L. Barnes went to his as.sistance and was likewise wounded. At this 
instant. Lieutenant Thomas B. W. Fales, the oflicer who had brougiit the remnant 
of M Company back from the Marne and had been out on a patrol, returned to find 
the men becoming demoralized. Lieutenant I'ales went to the assistance of 
Sergeant Barnes and then kept on to Lieutenant Goward, but was so seriously 
wounded before reaching the latter that he died the following day. Despite this 
setback the 10')th reached a nariow gauge railroad on the west bank of the 
Ourci) and dug in on the night of July 2'Jth, maintaining the position despite a hail 
of shrapnel and high explosives. 

At 2.30 o'clock on the afternoon of July 30th the llOlli made its final attack 
on Mill 212. The regiment was given artillery support at last and, following a 
heavy barrage, went forward with the entire 3d Battalion and Company D of 
the 1st Battalion in the lead, and the 2d Batlalidii in sn])porl. Before the attack 
started the Regimental Ileadquaiters at CourmonI had again been hit by a shell 
and seventeen men, including two captive German officers who were being inter- 
rogated, were killed. D(>s])ite this the ])Iaii as laid down was carried out. The 
victorious llOtli, losing oificers aiul men in large numbers, but undeterred, pressed 
forward into the woods and over the summit of the hill, (Jearing it of the enemy 
and taking hundreds of prisoners. When the fighting was over the bodies of 400 
Germans were counted on the ground. Four oificers were killed in the attack 
and twenty-one wounded, the dead being Lieutenant Thomas Massey of G Com- 
pany; Lieutenant Wilbur Small of D Company; Lieutenant Nelson Pcrrine of 

111 



Headquarters Company and Lieutenant Arthur Walters, who had reported for 
duty the same day and was in Regimental Headquarters when the shell struck it. 
Among the wounded officers were Lieutenant Marshall S. Barron, M Company: 
Lieutenant Walter S. Bates, F Company; Lieutenant Henry H. Bonsall, Head- 
quarters Company; Lieutenant Andrew Boyes, H Company; Lieutenant Philip 
M. Darby, I Company; Lieutenant Harry M. Foos, Headquarters Company; 
Lieutenant David Garrison, K Company; Lieutenant LTllman C. Hendler, K Com- 
pany; Captain John D. Hitchman, Regimental Adjutant; Lieutenant William 0. 
Holmes, I Company; Lieutenant Joseph E. Kerst, A Company; Major Edward 
Martin, Acting Regimental Commander; Lieutenant William E. Myers, D Com- 
pany; Lieutenant William E. Pierce, Brigade Adjutant; Lieutenant R. B. Purman, 
K Company; Lieutenant Charles C. Schrandt, E Company ; Lieutenant Franklyn E. 
Waite, K Company; Lieutenant Homer E. Wellman, L Company, and Lieutenant 
John W. Woodend, L Company. 

While the 110th was winning the Grimpettes woods, the 109th, on the left, 
was giving sterhng support. The lOQth crossed the Ourcq, the 2d Battalion leading, 
and stormed the woods in front of Cierges. On this day Sergeant John Winthrop 
(later killed in action) won special conmiendation for the way in wliich he took 
command of Company G when all of its officers had been wounded. Distinguished 
Service Cross winners of that day were Major Martin of the 110th; Captain John 
J. Kennedy of the 110th; Major Thomas B. Anderson (deceased), llOth; Lieu- 
tenant UUman C. Hendler, Company K, UOth and Lieutenant Blake Lightner, 
110th. 

On the night of July 30th the 110th was relieved, the 109th taking over its posi- 
tion on the crest of Hill 212, and on August 1st the 109th in turn was relieved. Both 
regiments moved southward to the woods southwest of Le Charmel and there 
on the night of August 1st a German bombing plane located the camp of the 
UOth and dropped six bombs, killing twenty-two and wounding eighty men. In 
the period from July 28th to the air raid the UOth lost ten officers and 220 men 
killed, 31 officers and 960 men wounded and one officer and 39 men missing. In 
the same period the 109th lost three officers and fifteen men killed; seven officers 
and 391 men wounded and 154 men missing. Both regiments had also changed 
commanding officers. Colonel Brown, of the 109th being succeeded by Colonel 
Henry W. Coulter, and Colonel Kemp, of the 110th, by Major Martin, the changes 
being effected by order of Brigadier General Darragh, commanding the 55th 
Brigade, on the afternoon of July 29th. 

FiSMES AND Beyond the Vesle 

Between the 1st and 4th of August the Germans conducted a rapid but 
successful retreat from Cierges and Sergy to Fismes, on the Vesle, being closely 
pursued by the 32d American Division which had just swung into the light. On 
the night of August 3d the 32d had thrown reconnoitering parties into Fismes, but 
these were driven out the following morning and it was not until nightfall of 
August 4th that the town was finally won. On the afternoon of August 3d, with 
the 56th Brigade leading, the 28tli Division staited northward to the support of 
the 32d, the road lying through the Bois Meuniere, Cierges, Sergy, Chamery, 
Coulanges, Cohan and Dravegny to St. (liles, just south of Fismes. 

On the night of August 6th the 2d and 3d Battalions of the 112th Infantry 

115 



relieved the 32d Division and occupied the woods lyinfi directly south of the town 
of Fisnies. The space between the woods and the town, known as "'Death Valley,"' 
was constantly swept by shell fire and, like the tow n itself, almost untenable. The 
two battalions consolidated their positions in the night of August 6th, and the 
morning of the 7th, supported by the fire of the 109th Machine (iun Battalion, 
succeeded in crossing the ^■esle west of Fismes. On the next day the 2(1 Battalion 
of the 112th fought its way across the river into Fismette, a small suburl) separated 
from Fismes pioper by tht; 75-foot width of the N'e.sle and connected by a three- 
arch stone bridge, the northern third of w iiich had been blow n away by shell lire. 

In the meanwhile the l():5d |-]ngineers hat! not only repaired thi> road south 
of Fismes, but had built the bridge west of Fismes over which the 112lh had won 
its way and had also bridged the Vrdrc Biver, a small stream running north- 
westward into the \ esle and which had to be crossed to enter Fismes. It was 
in this work that Lieutenant Harry C. Hill, of Company A. was severely wounded 
on August 7th. while directing the erection of win^ entanglements and grou])s of 
combat trenches south of Fismes. 

The 11 2th was being hard pressed in the hamlel on the north side ol' the 
Vesle and, on .\ugust 8th, the 1st Battalion of the llltli and the one-puunder 
platoon of Headquarters Company were sent forward to assist. The battalion 
reached Fisnies early in the morning but was unable to cross the river during, 
daylight hours of August 9tli. two officers. Lieutenants \nthony Wausnock. 
Company A. and James B. Wharton. Company C, and about twenty iniui being 
wounded. After darkness on August 9th. the battalion crossed on the shattered 
bridge and at I a.m. on the lOlli attacked northward uixm the hillside beyond 
Fismctte in an elfort to cnlaige tiie iioldings on the north bank. It was a daring 
effort, but enemy machine guns were too numerous for the small force. Within 
a few hours the battalion had lost some of its fiucsl officers and men including. 
Captain Fdmund W. Lynch and Lieutenant Frank .M. (ilendeiiniiig, killed, and 
Captain James A. Williams and Lieutenants Robert B. Woodbui-y, Frank C. 
Homer. Myer K()st<'nbaum. Harry J. Keller and Waller I'llinger, wounded. The 
2d Battalion of the regiment had started on .\ugusl 9tli to the support of the 1st 
and on August 10th the 111th took over the entire sector from the 112th. Shortly 
after midnight on the morning of August llth. the ;5d r>altali(>n tried to throw 
part of its force into Fismette to the support of the other two battalions. A 
deadly German barrage stopped the effort after a few men had crossed the river, 
and these latter remained with the 2d Battalion until \ugus| i:^tli. wlien llic 
regiment was relieved by the 109th Infantry. 

The job of keeping open the lines of communication between the 
N'esleand Divisional Headquarters in Draxegny. devolved \\\um the lOlid l-jigineers, 
and resulted in severe casualties. On .\ugust 9lli. Captain John II. Ballamy, 
topographical officer, was killed while acting as liaison officer for the Regimental 
Commander south of Fismes. Two days later Lienlenant Ibirry D. Thrasher, 
camouflage officer, was kified near Resson Farm while directing the camouflage 
of a battery position, and on August 17lli Lienlenant Colonel Frank J. Duffy 
was struck and instantly killfMl when a shra|)nel burst oveihead as he was enleiing 
his side car at Courville. His driver died at the same lime. All the engineering 
companies were suffering heavily, as were the men of the 103d Sanitary, Supply 
and \minunitiort Trains. 

U6 



For the ambulance section of the Saiiitaiy Train, the evacuation of the 
wounded from Fismette antl Fismes was carried on under extraordinary difliculties. 
On August 10th the 110th Ambulance Company (formerly Ambulance Company 
No. 2 N. G. P.) which, by the way, had been the only ambulance company 
available for duty at Conde-en-Brie in mid-,July and had evacuated all of the 
wounded on supply trucks fiUed with straw, had five of its ambulances caught in 
Fismes under a terrific barrage. All five machines got through safely, one with 
its top blown away, the success of the achievement jjeing due to the heroism of 
Captain George E. McGinnis, Wagoner Orignes P. Biemuller, Private James R. 
Brown, Private James T. O'Neill and Wagoner Harry E. Hoach, who were 
awarded Distinguished Service Crosses. 

The 55th Infantry Brigade came up from the vicinity of St. Giles on August 12th, 
the 110th Infantry relieving a French regiment to the light of Fismes on that night, 
and the 109th taking over the defenses of Fismes and Fismette on August 13tli. 
The ]09th at first sent only a single company — I — into Fismette, but two days 
later reinfoit'cd it with two jilatoons from M Coni])any. During its tenure of the 
town — until the night of August Wth — the slender force, aided by the fire of the 
108th Machine Gun Battalion and Company K of the 109th in Fismes, broke 
up all contemt)lated counti'r-attacks and enlarged its holdings. The foothold in 
Fismette was the only place in the sector where the division was aciuss the \ esle. 
The line of the 110th, from Fismes eastward and to the north of (.(jurville, was 
200 meters south of the ^ esle, the enemv havinu' a fortified railniad embankment 




l(l.'!d Trcnrli Murlnr Baticry arriinwj ut New ^'ork. 
117 



between the UOth and the river. From August I2tli to August 18th the 1st 
Battahon of the UOth held the line of resistance, two medical officers. Captains 
Fred H. Shaffer and Walter J. Shidler, being wounded during the period. On 
August 18th the :ki Battahon reheved the 1st in the front hne and, on the following 
day. the 109th was reheved in Fismes and Fisinette by the 2d Battalion of the 
112th Infanti-y. Until August 25th the UOth was content with a holding position 
south of the \ esle, the period being filled with night raids, in one of which Lieu- 
tenant Augustus Aspenwall, of B Company, was killed. Other casualties of the 
period included Lieutenant Edward W. Fuge. of A Company, killed August l')th. 
and Lieutenants Wilham ^ . Harvey, and Cyrus L. Horner of the .Machine Gun 
Company, wounded August 24th. 

A determined effort was made before flawn on August 2.'jth to drive the enemy 
back across the \ esle. the 3d Battalion of the UOth attacking in a three-wave 
formation which smashed forward to th(> objective, but was unable to hold it 
because of the overwhelming fire from the heights beyond. Companies I and L 
were enfiladed also by machine gun lire and were forced to withdraw before M 
CoinpanN. which, under Captain Iklward .L Stackpole, Jr., held its position until 
9.,30 A.M.. when it also withdrew, the Captain wounded, and another officer, {lieu- 
tenant Leonard .larkson. killed. The battalion lost nmif than one hundred men 
in the attack. 

lunboldened by the succe.s.s in driving back the I lOlli. the (lermans, on the 




Courlttiy uf Frank W. Buliler. Stanley Co. of .\merlca. 

(i. t. li. W'lerari!! reviewing \\(jrld 11 ur Truups. 

118 



morning of the following day, descended upon the 112th in Fismette, preceding 
the attack with a barrage which isolated Companies G and H in the town on the 
north bank. There is a story that a German, attired in an American uniform, 
ran through Fismette in advance of the attack, seeking to demoralize the defenders. 
If the story is true, the ruse was not successful, as G and H Companies started to 
retire in good order. The bai-rage, however, which prevented reinforcements being 
sent them, resulted in a total of 111 casualties out of 260 men engaged, the majority 
being taken prisoner. Captain Edward Schmelzer and Lieutenants Milford W. 
Fredenburg and Alfred Young were among the prisoners, while Lieutenant Joseph 
A. Landry was killed. One officer, Lieutenant Benjamin E. Turner, and ten men 
were the last to evacuate the town, reaching Fismes shortly after dawn of 
that day. 

On the night of August 11th the 53d Artillery Brigade, which had completed 
its training at Vannes, began to reach the lines of the division south of the Vesle, 
the 107th and 109th regiments equipped with French 75's and the lOStli with 155 
howitzers. Batteries from all three swung into position along the front south of 
Fismes and Villette, reheving French artillery units, and soon making fife unbearable 
for the enemy to the north. All through the last half of August the 53d Artillery 
Brigade tuned up with preUminary practice on the enemy in the highlands between 
the Vesle and the Aisne. Casualties were frequent, principally from gas, but 
valuable coordination with the tried and true infantry units was established and 
the precision of the brigade's barrages soon won it the confidence of the remainder 
of the Division. The first fatality occurred on August 18th at Arcis-le-Ponsart, 
when Lieutenant Henry Howard Houston, 2d, Aide to General Price, the Brigade 
Commander, was killed by a high explosive shell. 

As August waned the pressm-e of the Franco-American forces north of Soissons 
began to be felt in the vicinity of Fismes. The enemy appeared restless and it was 
decided to drive them before they again became stabifized. The first step in this, 
the triumph of the Oise-Aisne offensive, fell to the 111th Infantry. On the night 
of August 31st it had gone forward to the rehef of the 112th in Fismes and for a 
short distance to the right of the town. On the afternoon of September 4th the 
3d Battahon launched a sudden attack in cooperation with the 77th Division on the 
left and the UOth Infantry on the right. The attack went home, the 3d Battalion 
retaking Fismette and driving the defenders pell-mell up the hiUs to the northward. 
Further east, the 2d Battalion of the llOth on the same day successfully crossed 
the Vesle and took Basheux, a town some distance up the hill to the north of the 
river. On September 5th the 3d Battalion of the 110th leap-frogged the 2d, and 
advanced further up the heights, but with the loss of Major Thomas B. Anderson, 
killed, and Captain Stackpole and Lieutenants John L. Robinson and James T. 
Taylor, wounded. That night Major General Muir cfiscovered a gap between 
his Division and the French units to the east and withchew the 111th Infantry from 
Fismes, marching it across the front to position on the right of the divisional line 
in the vicinity of Courlandon. The 77th Division, on the left, took over the 
Fismes area thus vacated. 

The stage was set for the final act. The division was ready to attack, three 
regiments abreast, with the 110th on the left, the 109th in the center and the 111th 
on the right, the 112th being divisional reserve. At 1.25 o'clock, preceded by a 
twenty-five minute barrage, the three regiments started forward on what was 

119 




C.Ikiiii liir \r'ii 



'oil Iran iind Slccl (.'). 



onp of llie inosl dospoiato halllos of the war. From l*"ismotlc tliioiifrh 
Baslicux to Courlandon Iho air was heavy with jias wavo after jias wave, wliiih 
the Germans rolled down the slope. In the face of this, and of a tremendous 
concentration of madiine i,'iin and artillery lire, tlie three rej^imeiils pushed for- 
ward at the rate of 100 yards every two minutes until by 1 oclock. in tiie afternoon 
they had advanced approximately three kilometers north of the Vcsle, and patrols 
from the lOQlii and llOtli liad foujrhl their way into tlie litlie town of ("dennes, 
on tile very sununit of the i)iateau between the \ esle and the Aisne. 'I'hc attack 
had been driven home to complete success; the Germans were driven back to the 
r.hemin des Dames, north of tiu> \isiie: but the result was not achieved without 
terrific losses. In the 109th, Colonel Samuel \. Ham, who had succeeded 
Lieutenant C.oionel Coulter, the latter being wounded September 4th, was him- 
self des])erat el y injured and pained the Distiiif-'uishcd Ser\ice Cross for his inlrejiid 
conduct. \\ ith Colonel Ham evacuated, Major Martin of the 1 iOth was detaihed 
to take hold of the 109th, and shortly after he left his original regiment. Colonel 
Frank TnrnjikiTis. its Commander, was desjx'rately gassed, the command devolving 
upon Captain .John .\iken, who was also gassed the same day. 

The 109th's casualties included Captain F. D. Wolfe of D Company and 
Lieutenants ,Iohn Litschert of II Comi)any. l\arl W. Da\is of F Coin])any and 
Hazzard Melloy of I Company, killed, and the following oilicers wounded: Captain 
John M. Gentner, C Company; Captain Edward J. Meehan, D Company; Lieu- 
tenants William S. Cripps. Harold A. Fahr and C Wingfield Phillips. (■ (4)in]iany; 
AllV<'d H. Loney, C Company: William T. iianunons, B Coiupjuiy; H. I?. \ an 
Ostenbrugge, K Company, and William C. Ross and Alexander H. Latta, Head- 
quarters Company. 

120 



In the 110th, Lieutenant Jacob Feldman of D Company was killed and 
Lieutenant Wilham F. Caldwell so badly wounded that he died on October 9th. 
Among those wounded or gassed on September 6th and the next day, while the 
regiment was in a holding position on the heights, were Captain William E. Pierce, 
Regimental Adjutant; Captain John R. Dunkel, Company Vr. Captain William M. 
Sylvis, Medical Detachment: and Lieutenants Stewart M. Alexander, Head- 
quarters Company; John F. Allison, Machine (Jun Company: Charles F. Linn 
and Alvah L. Parsons, Medical Detachment; William W. Moycr, Dental Cor])s; 
Robert E. Perkins, Company D; Charles H. Quarles, Company F; William Spirko, 
Company E. and ( "hauncey T. Young, Headquarters Company. Lieutenant Yoimg. 
who was a Sergeant during the engagement, remained on duty although badly 
gassed, was promoted for gallantry in action, but died from the elFect of the gassing 
before his commission reached him. 

In the 111th Infantry, Captain Louis Fielding of E Company was killed and 
Lieutenants Carroll Missimer and Joseph B. Roulston were wounded. 

There weic numerous instances of extiaordinary heroism on tiie part of men 
of both the infantry and artillery regiments. One of the citations went to Captain 
(then Lieutenant) Hubert W. Dutton of D Company, 109th Infantry, who single- 
handed charged a German machine gun nest, killed the oflicei' conniianding, captured 
the crew of fourteen men and 1,000 rounds of ammunition and turned the gun 
on its former owners, keeping it in action for five hours subsequently. Another 
Distinguished Service Cross man was Lieutenant Allan S. Dayton of Battery C, 
107th Field Artillery, who led an infantry patrol out ahead of the line to adjust 
artillery fire on machine guns, held his advanced post for a half hour until telephonic 
communication had been established with his regiment anrl then helped to carry 
a wounded officer back of the lines. 

The Germans tried several counter-attacks on the night of Septendjer ()tli, 
but all of them were repulsed by tli<; triumphant 28th, which held its position 
for the next twenty-four hours and was relieved on September iitii by a French 
division. This operation marked the conclusion of the 28th's participation as part 
of a French Corps. It brought the following citation, signed by Generals Matter 
and Pougin, of the French Army: 

From the beKinniiif^ of the attack llie American (lelachnients were signulizcil liy Ihi ir 
ardor, bravery and enthusiasm. In spite of the firing of the enemy's heavy and hglit niacliine 
Kuns. trench mortars and the work of riflemen hidden in trees, lliese men threw themselves bravely 
on their adversaries. Fierce hand-to-hand fighting resulted and the combat was most violent — 
the men never ceased fighting during all the operation, fighting in a way to arouse the enthusiasm 
and admiration of the French commanders and men of the French Army. 

Another citation, from General L. de Mondesir, reads: 

American comrades! I am grateful to you for the blood so generously spiileii on llir soil 
of my country. I am proud to have commanded you during such days and to ha\e foiiglit with 
you for the deliverance of the world. 

The Arcjonne 

Following its relief on September 8th, the 28th Division was marched eleven 
kilometers south horn the front to a point well below the \ esle, and from there 
to lipernay. There they were given two days of rest. The next move was on 
September 13th to Nettancourt. The Division was ordered out on the night of 

121 



September 17th, and proceeded by stifF night marches northward toward the 
Argonne, where, on September 20th, it took over the sector in front of the 
Argonne Forest and across the Aire Valley, leaving a thin screen of French 
troops on the outpost line. 

The first great American offensive was about to be launched with the 28lli 
Division covering 1,000 yards front, extending from Boureuilles on the east to Cote 
285 on the west, with its right held by the 110th Infantry on the west bank of the 
Aire and its left, with the 112th in line, extending deep into the thick woodlands 
of the Argonne. The 109th Infantry was in the center of the front line and the 
1 11th in divisional reserve. Little need be said of the great five and a half hours' 
artillery barrage which covered the broad Meuse-Argonne front in the wee small 
hours of the morning of September 26th. It is too old a story to retell. The 
position of the 28th on the morning of Septend)er 26th lay between the 77th 
(New York National Anny) Division on the left and the ."i.ith ( Kansas and Missouri 
National (niard) Division on the right, ("ontact with the 77th was estahlisiicd 
in the Argonne and the Aire River separated the most eastern regiment of the 2Hth 
from the most western one of the 35th. 

It was a dense foggy morning, which a preceding smoke screen served to render 
more opaque, through which the 28th advanced in the opening hours of the drive. 
Fortunately, the 75"s of the 107th and 109th and the 155's of the 108th had thrown 
the linns out of tlieir front line trenches, so there was little machine gun or sniper 
lire to hinder the men in moving forward. As it was, numerous small groups 
became hojielessly lost in the clouded atmosphere and several times it was neces- 
sary to halt and reform. The ground in front of tiic lO'Hh and 1 lOtli was open 
but exlremeU hilly, ridge after ridge running in parallel from east to west, wiiile 
in front of the 112th was the thick woodlands of the Argonne. As a result, the 
two regiments of the 55th Brigade were able to make mor(> rapid progress liiaii 
the 112th, and before the first day had ended two battalions of the llltli had been 
called from reserve to fill the gap. Despite the handicap of the country over 
which it foiiglit. the I 12th made much move rajiid ])rogress than the 77lh Di\isioii 
on its left flank. On tiie right, the llOlh Infantry stormed the town of \ arennes 
at tiie ])oint of the bayonet in the late afternoon of September 26th, while the 
l()9th. in the cetiter, ])ushe(l forward abreast of it. engaging in spirited contest 
with machine guimers and snipers, and eventually mopping up the suburbs of 
Yarennes at the same time that the 110th was taking the portion of the town 
west of the \ire. The 55th Brigade dug in just beyond \ arennes for the night, 
while the 56lh continued its fight through the woods a kilometer or so behind. 
Captain John E. Boyle of the Machine Gun Company, 110th Infantry, was wounded 
this day, as were three Lieutenants from the lOOlh: I'dward \V. Sterling. K Com- 
pany; Daniel 1*. Lafferty, F Company, and Charles Mi Faddcn. M, M Company. 

The next day, September 27th, the advance, with Ihe (Jerman resistance 
stiffening, reached and ])assed Montblainville. a strongly fortified hatiilel lying 
north of Naremies and on the west bank of the Aire. In the llOth Infantry 
Lieutenants William S. Bonsai, C Company; Stephen W. I)ick("y, C Company, 
and l^lmer S. luay, L Company, were killed. The woiuided of the regiuKMit 
included Lieutenant Frederick (i. Bell, F Company; Lieutenant Thomas L. Cort, 
E Company; Captain William Fish, B Company (who remained on duty); Lieu- 
tenant Harry J. Flynn, A Company; Lieutenant .Vrthur ,1. Schratweiser, Ilead- 

122 



quarters Company, and Lieutenant Harry J. Traphoner, G Company. In the 
109th, Captain John J. Owens, of I Company, and Captain Roland C. Meisler, 
Regimental Adjutant, were wounded or gassed. 

On the morning of September 28th the 55th Rrigade launched forward along 
the Aire and stormed into Apremont, while the 56th Brigade, still finding the 
woodland hard going, was brought to bay before Le Chene Tondu, a hill lying just 
west of Apremont. The fighting of the day was terrific. Lieutenant Albert J. 
Oronsteen of Company G, 110th, was killed, and three Lieutenants, Samuel 
Ilazlehurst, Company L; Joseph S. Ferguson, Company M and Clarence Laird. 
Company L, were so badly wounded that they died a few days later. In addition 
the following were wounded: Lieutenant Harry M. Foos, Machine Gun Company; 
Lieutenant Daniel Fox, Company (J; Captain Albert 0. King, Headquarters 
Company; Lieutenant George W. Kuhnbaum, Company E; Lieutenant Frank L. 
Lynch, Company B; Captain Charles L. McLain, Company F; Lieutenant Arthur 
Robinson, Company G; Lieutenant VVinthrop E. Sullivan, Company B, and 
Lieutenant Frederick T. Yeager, Company H. In the 109th Infantry, Lieutenant 
James A. Bonsack, Jr., Company A, was killed, and the following wounded: 
Lieutenant Harry A Fryckberg, Company E; Lieutenant Herman Goldstein, 
Company I; Lieutenant Harry R. Sage, Adjutant, 1st Battalion. 

Apremont had been originally set by General Headquarters as the objective 
of a two day advance. The brains which mapped out the campaign, however, 
had failed to take into consideration the nature of the terrain lying between the 
town and Boureuilles. That the 28th Division accomplished the task set for it in 
three days was remarkable. It had only done so at a terrific cost of men. Regi- 
ments were down to half their original strength, and the men surviving were in 
a bad state from constant exposure and extraordinary physical exertion. Never- 
theless, the high command decided on another stroke being necessary before 
relieving the Division. This stroke was needed because of the .slow progress of 
the 77th Division on the left. Before it could be launched, however, it was neces- 
sary for the 55th Brigade to consolidate its positions in Apremont and ward off 
German counter-attacks, which came with frequency during September 30th and 
October 1st. It was in one of these on October 1st that the gallant remnant of 
the 110th and a few companies of the 109th withstood the assault of far superior 
numbers, and Brigadier General Dennis E. Nolan of the 55th Brigade won the 
Distinguished Service Cross by lighting in the ranks with the doughboys. The 
Distinguished Service Cross went also to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph H. Thcjmpson 
of the 110th Infantry and Lieutenant Andrew B. Lynch of the same regiment, who 
performed meritorious service in repulsing the counter-attack. Lieutenant Leslie 
W. Horn of D Company, UOth, and Lieutenant Charles R. Rowan of G Company 
were both so severely wounded that they died within a few hours. On September 
29th Lieutenant John V. Merrick, Company D, and Lieutenant Chester A. 
Stover, Company M, were wounded and Lieutenant Guyon J. Wierman, Company 
D, was taken prisoner. 

About the same time that the counter-attacks were being repulsed by the 
55th Brigade, the 56th Brigade was attempting, but vainly at first, to take Le 
Chene Tondu. So strongly fortified were the Germans that tlie position seemed 
impregnable to an unsupported infantry attack. The 53d Vrtillery Brigade was 
rendering all the assistance possible, the 109th Artillery, in Apremont, having 

123 



already been badly gassed and shelled. On October Itli. (^.olonel Asher Min(M' 
of the 109th Artillery was badly wounded. 

Such, then, was the situation when on October 6th the 103d Trench Mortar 
Batten,', its men exhausted after days of toil over the muddy road and harassed 
by constant shell fire, reached the .i6th Brigade line and for the lirst lime put their 
wicked mortars into action. On that day the 103d Trench Mortar Battery 
justified itself completely. Its shells, deluging the ridge aufl the trenches beyond, 
literally blew the (iermans out of the way so that the 1 1 llii on the right and the 
112th on the left were finally able to push forward and take with slight k)ss the 
position which had cost them dearly enough during the preceding week. 

The 77th Division on the left was getting info more and more trouble, its 
"Lost Battalion" having suddenly sprung into history, and it was to save this 
battalion and also to clear the path for the farther advance of the New York 
l^ivision that the final phase of the 28th's participation in the Meuse-Argonne 
offensive began. It was the morning of October 7th. Miead lay the town of 
Chatel {".hehery. with Hill 223 on the right Hank and Hill 2H on the left. The 
original plan was for the 327th Infantry, of the 82(1 Division, to the right of the 
28th. lo take Hill 223 while the .').')th Brigade captured the town of Chatel ('.hehery 
and the ,)6lh brigade stormed Hill 2U. I nder this arrangement, the advance 
of the o'Ah and iJ6th Brigades began on the morning of October 7th, and by 10 
o'clock the 109th and 110th were into and tiirough Ciiatel ('.heiiiMy, dri\ing the 
Huns from house to house at the point of tiie bayonet, while the 1 12th iiifaulry 
was advancing upon Hill 21 1 and the 111th Infantry was supporting both brigades. 
However, the 327th Infantry was held up south of Hill 223 and the (iermans, 
in force on this eminence, were delivering a severe eulilading fire upon the 
occupants of Chatel Chehery. In this emergency the 2d Battalion of the 109th 
Infantry was sent to clean up Hill 223 and succeeded after a briiM' struggle. The 
ll2tli also made history by the way in which it succeeded in storming Hill 211. 
By nightfall of October 7th the Division, or what was left of it, had cleared the 
entire region of the enemy, thrusting a menacing salient into the \rgoiiiie which 
had the immediate result desired -the rapid evacuation of that territory by the 
Germans, who had been holding up the 77th Division and surrounding the "Lost 
liattalitm." One day later, October 9th. the entire 2f!lh l)i\ision was relieved 




Foiirteen-inch i\aval (inn, Itaihvay Mount, in aclion. Huill liy t'lic Hnlihnn iMConialiir Warkx. 

12t 



by the 82d, tlie men beiiiR marched back through Apremont to Varennes and 
tliere loaded on motor trucks and taken southeastward. 

The Artillery in Belgium 

A few days later (ieneral Ileadrjuarters was asked by the British for a sood 
artillery brigade to act in conjunction with one of the American divisions in Belgium. 
Two artillery brigades, the identities of which are not given, had failed the 91st 
American Division on the Ypres front and, according to r<>ports, had delivered 
barrages which fell short and endangered the advancing infantry. General Head- 
quarters responded by detaching the 53d Artillery Brigade from the 28th Division 
and entraining it on October 18th at St. Menehould for a two-day ride half-way 
across France to Calais and Dunkirk. As the operations of the artillery brigade 
from then until the end of the war were entirely apart from the movements of the 
balance of the Division, it will be best to take each up separately. 

With the brigade of artillery went the horse battalion of the 103d Ammunition 
Train and all of the units, after detraining, moved into Ypres for the night of 
October 20lh. They started forwartl the next morning and on October 29th went 
into action in the vicinity of Boschmolens. Between October 29th and November 
11th the brigade was almost constantly in action. Its record shows a string of 
Belgian War Crosses awarded to the men of the various units for individual 
bravery, and a brigade citation, which went to Sergeant Major Howard Taylor, 
of the horse battalion of the Ammunition Train for the way in which he 
reorganized two sections of E Company, which had been demoralized and 
damaged by Hun air raiders duriug the night of October 3()th between Boschmolens 
and Oygen. On Armistice Day the artillery brigade had reached Audenarde, 
but did no actual firing after November 10th. From Audenarde it inarched 
through a number of Bi^lgian towns and, after a month spent in the north, en- 
trained for Le Mans, in the embarkation area, where the rest of the Division joined 
it in April. 



125 



THE WORK OF THE DRAFT ROARDS* 

p^^s^^O group of nien rpiulorod a more arduous, patriotic sorvico 
in Philadelphia than tlie members of the fifty-one l^ocal 
and two District Draft Boards and those who cooperated 
with the Boards in the capacity of Legal and Medical 
Advisers. It is unfortunate that no resume has been made 
> if their activities, and the following summary is too frag- 
mentary to do them justice. However, they have the 
personal conviction that, called upon to aid in (>nrolling 
the young manhood of the City for the Ariux and Navy, 
they served disinterestedly and with signal succt^ss. 
The Selective Service Law was enacted by (".ongress on May 18, 1917, and 

June .■>. I') 17, was fixed by the President as the day on which all males, between 

the ages of twenty-one and thirty years, inclusive, were refpiired to register. 

Within that short i)eriod of time, a great administrative machine was set up. 

Following the initial registration many otluT problems were met and overcome, and 





n.iirt'NV of Frank W T^iililrr, St.inlpv Co nf Amrrir*. 

h'lilliers (iiiil Suns cherkiiiy nji tlir driift iiiiniliirx. 



*Surainarized l)y the Secretary of the Philadelplii^i \\ iir History Conimitlee from llie records 
of Miijor Willlani <i. Miirdock and the rejwrts of the Provost Marshal-General. 

126 




Courtesy of Frank W. Bnliler, 



Stanley Co. of America. 

Drnfted Mm I'srorleil hy IkiiiiI. 



' 'on July :^0, 1917, the Army assimilated the first man selected under the operations 
of the Act. and hy Se|)t('ml)er 1. 1Q17. the date hy which tlie Act had orijiinaliy 
been called upon to produce liie first 30 per cent of the initial Draft, the Selective Ser- 
vice System stood ready to deliver to thenationalCantonments 180, OOOselected men."' 

All work in connection with the various Drafts was done under the direction of 
Major ( ieneral Enoch H. Crowder, the Provost Marshal-General. 

Major WiUiam G. Murdock, U. S. A., was appointed the Draft Executive and 
Disbursing; (IfTicer for Pennsylvania. Upon the recommendation of Mayor Smith, 
the members of the Registration (later Draft) Boards, and of the Legal and Medical 
Advisory Boards, were appointed by Governor Brumbaugh. Major Frank C. 
Hammond, M. C, was appointed as Medical Aide in the late summer of 1Q18. 

The area assigned to the Boards followed, generally, the Ward lines and, as 
far as possible, the Election officials assisted in the registrations. Each Local 
Board had a Legal Advisory Board and, in Philadelpliia. there were fifteen Medical 
Advisory Boards. Local Boards had original jurisdiction in all claims, except 
Industrial and Agricultural, in which the District Boards had original jurisdiction. 
Members of the Local Draft Boards were paid ■? 1 .00 per day. under the First Draft 
regulations. When the "Questionnaire System "' was adopted, and until September 
1, 1918, they were paid in proportion to the number of "Questionnaires" filled out. 
Finally, they were allowed a dollar an hour with a maximum fee of ten dollars perday . 

The first registration day was June 5, 1917, for all males within the ages of 
twenty-one and thirty years, inclusive. 

The second registration day was exactly one year later. June 5, 1918. At this 
time all males who since June 5, 1917, had become twenty-one years of age were 
required to register. 

127 



The third registration day was t)n August 21, 1018. and was similar in purpose 
to the second registration day. 

The fourth and final registration day was on September 12, 1918. All males 
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, inclusive, who had not previously 
registered, were enrolled by the Draft Boards. 

The following table gives the total number of actual registrants and the total 
number of inductions in Philadelphia: 







NuiiibtT 












of Actual 


Number 








\iiniber 


Hcgistrants, 


of .\ctual 








of Actual 


June 5th 


Registrants, 


Total Number 


Total Number 


Local 


Hc^rist rants. 


and Aupust 


Septenil)i'r 


of Actual 


of 


Boards 


Juno 5, 1917 


24, 1918 


12, 1918 


Registrants 


Inductions 


1 


5,077 


M6 


5,995 


11,518 


1.668 


o 


l.l.iB 


358 


5,324 


10,120 


1 .868 


!i 


2.873 


233 


3,475 


6,581 


684 


4 


5,006 


436 


! Combined 
\ with No. 6 


5,442 


1,153 


,=5 


3.267 


223 


4.609 


8,099 


774 


6 


.'■..161 


462 


11.8.52 


20,475 


2.017 


t 


3,219 


250 


5.230 


8,699 


1.120 


8 


4,961 


372 


7.328 


12,661 


1.298 


9 


4.680 


384 


6.277 


11,341 


l.,552 


1(1 


3.111 


285 


4.211 


7,643 


723 


11 


2.!U..-) 


264 


3.103 


6,532 


638 


12 


l.lll 


413 


6.082 


10,909 


1.377 


i:i 


5.228 


526 


6.936 


12,690 


1.611 


II 


3. 18« 


270 


1.129 


8,187 


996 


i.^) 


1..587 


107 


2.553 


1,2 17 


581 


U) 


2,919 


257 


3.863 


7,069 


858 


17 


2.022 


173 


3,039 


5,234 


688 


18 


3,769 


318 


4,960 


9,047 


1,176 


19 


2,743 


242 


3,830 


6,815 


902 


20 


2,699 


273 


3,815 


6,787 


763 


21 


4.710 


4,59 


5,969 


11,168 


1,585 


22 


6,495 


626 


8,276 


15,397 


1 ,95 1 


23 


2,167 


197 


3,027 


5,391 


548 


21 


1,908 


lai 


2,6111 


4,773 


671 


2.5 


2,7 19 


256 


3,899 


6,901 


907 


26 


2,981 


284 


3,979 


7,211 


938 


27 


3,817 


326 


5,243 


9.386 


1,,558 


28 


2,632 


265 


3,413 


6.310 


9.!9 


29 


3,836 


386 


5,515 


9.767 


l,l()l 


30 


2,922 


275 


4.106 


7,303 


732 


31 


iJjM 


285 


4.016 


7,465 


837 


32 


2,748 


236 


4,603 


7,587 


910 


33 


3,389 


282 


4,963 


8,634 


970 


34 


2,668 


212 


3.915 


6,825 


740 


35 


5,458 


528 


7,332 


13,318 


2,106 


36 


2,019 


199 


2,853 


5,071 


684 


37 


5,399 


382 


6.7.56 


12.537 


1,386 


38 


2,139 


161 


2.653 


1.953 


555 


39 


3,222 


264 


3.823 


7.309 


906 


10 


4,785 


393 


5.59 1 


10.772 


1,615 


41 


3,323 


282 


1.981 


8.586 


845 


42 


3,115 


360 


1.982 


8,457 


791 


43 


4,433 


365 


7.183 


11,981 


142 


U 


2,931 


237 


4,071 


7.239 


787 


45 


2,364 


215 


3,155 


5.734 


777 


46 


1,307 


424 


5,979 


10,710 


1,281 


47 


t,l29 


312 


4,820 


9,261 


1,080 


48 


3,162 


202 


5,018 


8,382 


863 


49 


3,125 


236 


5. 157 


8.818 


683 


50 


2,792 


271 


4,087 


7,1,50 


973 


51 


2,606 


230 


3,191 
215.811 


6,027 


756 


Totals 


179,085 


15,626 


1 10,555 


53,127 








128 







DRAFT BOARDS 

(August 1, 1918.) 
Eastern Judicial District 

District Board for Division No. 1 

(Local Boards 1. 2, 3, I, .5, 6, 7, 8, 22, 23. 27, 35, 39, 40, H, 12, 18, 19, 51.) 

John Cadwalader, Chairman Julius Lamer 

Dr. Charles H. Willits. Socretary Samuel S. Pels 

Samuel T. Bodine Edward C. Carson, Chief Clerk 

Di.sTRicT Board for Division No. 2* 

(Loral Bnanls '), 10. 11. 12, 13, 1 1, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 25, 2(., 28, 29. 30. 31, 32, 
33, 31, 3(., 37, 38, 13, 11, 15, 46, 47, 50.) 

Walter VVillard, Chairman Alexander Lawrence, Jr. 

James C. McDonald Charles H. Lallerty 

Bronte Greenwood, Jr., Chief Clerk 

LOCAL BOARDS AND LEGAL ADVISORY BOARDS 

Division No. 1 — James A. Roherts, Chairman; Dr. Morris Cornfield, J. Harry Evans, J. W. 
Scott, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Morris J. Speiser, Chairman; David Phillips, Herbert 
Salus. 

Division No. 2 — Whilmore C. Chambers, Chairman; Henry C. Rohlflng, Dr. Michael L. 
Levitt, Jos. M. F'ruchter. Chief Clerk. Legal .Vdvisory Board: Edwin Jaquelt Sellers. Chairman; 
Wilham J. Smyth. John J. Sullivan. 

Division No. 3 — Augustus W. Murphy, Chairman; Dr. John H. Reniig. Eugene McC.arron. 
Matthew Rogers, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Harry Mesirev, Chairman; Arthur Hagen 
Miller, Thomas F. McNichol. 

Division No. 4 — Norton O. Harris, Chairman; Albert Niedelman, Dr. Samuel F. Levin, 
Abraham Cohen, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Bcjard: Dwight M. Lowry. Chairman; Theo J. 
Grayson, Meyer Sack. (Later abolished. Local Board No. 6 given jurisdiction over former 
registrants and territory.) 

Division No. 5 — John P. Connors. Chairman; Daniel J. Connelly, Dr. VVm. Maclnlosh. 
Miss Helen Harrigan, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: John Weaver, Chairman; Thos. \. 
Meagher, John P. Connelly. 

Division No. 6 — George W. Long, Chairman; John C. Hinckley, R. Francis Taylor, Graham 
C. Woodward, Clinton Rogers Woodrull', H. W. Reilly, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: 
Robert Levin, Chairman; Thomas Reath, I. Smith Raspin. 

Division No. 7 — WiUiam Campbell Po.sey, Chairman; Edwin C. Atkinson. John II. l']gan. 
Alexander C. Finley, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Thomas W. Barlow, Chairman; Albert 
B. Weimer, Stanley Folz. 

Division No. 8 — Edward F. Swift, Chairman; John L. Hazelton. Dr. William S. HolVman, 
Harry H. Hornstine. M. D.. Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: William F. Rorke. ("liairman; 
William T. Connor, Emanuel Furlh. 

Division No. 9 — Clarence L. Harper. Chairman; Daniel Gimbel. Dr. John Waiiamaker. 3(1, 
Albert C. Rommel, Chief Clerk. Legal .\dvisory Board: Robert W. Skinner, Jr., Chairman; 
William M. Boenning, Alfred M. Mohr. 

Division No. 10 — Rev. A. D. Geist, Chairman; Joseph Rosenbuth. Legal Advisory Board: 
J. Frederick Martin, Chairman; Clinton O. Mayer, Samuel Wolf. 

Division No. 11 — John Baker Tuttle, Chairman; Harry E. Walter, Dr. Robert McCreight, 
Barbara Berryman, Chief Clerk. Legal \<lvisory Board: Frederick J. Knauss, Chairman; Chas. 
H. Edmunds. 



*NoTE. — One District Board was later established in Philadelphia, knuwii as the 
District Board for the City of Philiulcliihia. Membership consisted of members of former 
District Board No. 1. 

129 



Division No. 12 — Thos. B. Harbison, Chairman; Harrison DufBeld, M. D., Dr. Robert 
Judge. \. \\. Doufiherty, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board; Da\-id La\is, Chairman; Isaac 
Yoc-uin, Isaac Hassler. 

Division No. l.i — Frank Buck, Chairman; Philip E. Wright, Dr. Samuel J. Ottinger, Howard 
P. E. Runner, Chief Clerk. Legal Adxisorj' Board: Max Aron, Chairman; Clinton A. Sowers, 
Thomas Fahy. 

Division No. 1 1 — Dr. John S. Woodruff, Chairman; Dr. David D. Custer, Arthur R. 
Lilllewoo<l. Raymond \ . Jolm, Cliief Clerk. Legal .\d\-isory Board; Alfred R. Haig, Chairman; 
Frederick .\. Soberheinu-r, Raymond V. John. 

Division No. 1.j — Jos. M. Jennings, Chairman; Ceorge B. Linnard. Dr. Biddle R. Mar.sden, 
Robert E. Hirlenian, Chief Clerk. Legal .Vdvisory Board: F.lles \mes Uallad. Chairman; John 
-\. Brown. Jolm B. ("olahan. 3d. 

Division No. 16 — John J. Courtney. Chairman; Dr. John H. Minehart. Robert T. .Mitchell, 
.loseph A. Bowes. Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Edward Hopkin.son. Jr., Chairman; 
Shippen Lewis. Charles llunsicker. 

Division No. 17 — William Blackwood, Chairman; James B. King, Dr. Chas. A. Currie, 
Thomas M. Callegher, Chief Clerk. Legal .Advisory Board: R. W. .Vrchbald. Jr., Francis Chap- 
man, Francis B. Bracken. 

Division No. 18 — Henry K. Fries. Chairman; James T. Nully, Dr. (ieorge C. Ilanna, John 
T. .Nulty, Chief Clerk, l^'gal Advisory Board: Henry S. Bornenian. Chairman; William H. 
Peace, R. O. Moon. 

Division No. 19 — Stacy 11 \\ liih'. Chnimian; Mien M. I-^biTheart, Dr. .\. Wiese lliiiiinier. 
Legal Vdvisory Board: \\ illi^ini li. Linn. Chairman; J. Washington Logue, l-lrnest L. liislin. 

Division No. 20 — Theodore J. Lewis, Chairman; Dr. T. J. d'Apery, Ross E. W illianis, W . 11. 
Norris, Cliief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Joseph H. Wilson. Chairman; T. Henry Walnut, 
David J. Siiivthe. 



>- 



Ab il appeared. July 20.1917^ 
onlheavasiouot'llie 

riRST 

ISATIONAL 
DRAFT 




C<iurt«i.v III Krsiik \V. liulilor. Slanky Cu. of .Miicrlca. 

This fioii'l Is now in I miepeiuleiir 

130 



Hall. 



Division No. 21 — Eugene Ziegler, Chairman: William H. Zeigler, Joseph M. Smith, Daniel 
McCormick, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Everett A. Schofield. Chairman; Horaee 
Stern. James H. Wolfe. 

Division No. 22 — Joseph W. Gardiner, Chairman; Willard E. Barcus, John H. Bailey, H. 
Walford Gardiner, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: C. Berkeley Taylor, Chairman; John 
Cadwalader, Jr.. Charles S. Wesley. 

Division No. 2,3 — Franeis H. Shields, Chairman: Dr. John D. Ward, Frank W. Sheaf er. 
Max Gordon, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: John Slokes Adams, Chairman; Francis 
H. Bohlen, B. Gordon Bromley. 

Division No. 24 — Andrew C. Keeley, Chairman; Dr. Deacon Steinmetz, Alhert D. Kohler, 
Arthur l\. Ring, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Chester N. Farr, Chairman; Layton M. 
Schoch, James C. Jones. 

Division No. 25 — Dr. ,\rthur D. Kurtz, Chairman; Dr. Augustus H. Clagett, Harry A. 
Ade, Chief Clerk. Legal .\dvisory Board: W. S. B. Ferguson. Chairman; A. \V. Sansom, Albert 
W. Shields. 

Division No. 26 — William ,\l)rahiuns. Chairman; G. Ayres Swayze, Dr. Chas. E. Bricker, 
George H. Bettner, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Max Hertzberg, Chairman; John 
Dickey, Leo. MacFarland. 

Division No. 27 — Lawrence Farrell, Chairman; William P. Tinney, Dr. Mfred C. Marshall, 
Francis A. Cotney, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: John C. Hinkley, Chairman; Murdoch 
Kendrick. Charles Sinkler. 

Divi-sioN No. 28 — H. Watson Barras, Chairman; Dr. George Sinnamon, Frank H. Longshore, 
Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: A. H. Wintersteem, Frank M. Biter, Samuel B. Scott. 

Division No. 29 — Lorenzo Smith, Chairman: Dr. James A. Brady, Dr. William T. Ellis, 
Paul W. Smith, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Frederick J. Geiger, Julius C. Levi, Joseph 
P. McCullen. 

Division No. 30— Dr. H. B. Keech, Chairman; Dr. J. P. Emich, Edw. H. Weber, L. W. 
Keech, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Russell Duane, Chairman; John M. Scott, Francis 
S. Mcllhenny. 

Divi.sioN No. 31 — John W. Mortimer, Chairman; Edwin L. Hoffman, Dr. Edw. C. Kottcamp, 
Edw. C. Kottcamp, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: C. W. Van Artsdalen, Chairman; 
Samuel W. Cooper, Frederick C. Newbourg, Jr. 

Division No. 32 — W. R. Nicholson, Chairman; John P. Dwyer, Dr. Frank B. Hancock, 
Marie Gibbs, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Bobert A. Beggs, Jr., Chairman; Harold B. 
Beitler, C. Oscar Beasley. 

Division No. 33— Chas. E. GiU, Chairman: Dr. B. H. McCarty, Jr., David A. Kerr, Chief 
Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Albert P. Gerhard. Chairman; Sydney Young, Chas. S. Wood. 

Division No. 34 — Caspar M. Titus, Chairman; Bichard S. Wilson. Dr. fieorge F. Enoch. 
Horace Stoy, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Thomas Kilby Smith, Chairman; Frederick 
Beyer, Geo. W. Harkins, Jr. 

Division No. 3.5 — David C. Patch ell. Chairman; Dr. A. F. Allman, Thomas McCaffrey, 
Chief Clerk, Legal Advisory Board: Horace Ramsey, Chairman; Edw. WeUs. 

Division No. 36 — Dr. John A. Bogar. Chairman; Richard V. Farley, Dr. Phil Kurtz, John 
A. Nagle, Jr., Chief Clerk. I^egal Advisory Board: Joseph G. Magee, Chairman; David Mandell, 
Jr.. Orrnond Rambo. 

Division No. 37 — Allan Sullicrland, Chairman; Charles D. Knauer, Dr. Robert D. Snively, 
Howard Ecdes, Chief Clerk. Legal .\fl\ isory Boartl: Reynolds D. Brown, Joseph .\. Culbert, 
Andrew R. McCown. 

Division No. 38 — Charles S. Osmond. Chairman; E. C. Delahunty, Dr. D. J. Boon. J. Fred 
Lieberman, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Franz Ehrlich. Jr.. Chairman; J. Rodman 
Paul, William N. Trinkle. 

Division No. 39 — John L. Murphy, Chairman: Alfred Heymann. Dr. Samuel Gordon, 
Marie F. Murphy, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Carroll R. Williams, Chairman; Cornelius 
Haggarty, Jr., Frank R, Savidge. 

Division No. 40 — Samuel J. Buck, Chairman: H. D. Prettyman, Dr. Joseph A. RainviUe, 
M. Richardson, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: J. B. Colohan, Chairman; Frank R, Savidge. 

131 



Division No. U — T. P. Shcnciimn, Chainnan; Si'ptiimis Hallicld. Dr. H. L. Luiz, Siirnli W. 
Xorth. Cliief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Francis (i. Callaghcr, Frank \. Harri};an, Joseph 
\V. Kentworthy. 

Division No. 12 — Sannn'l C.rolhers. ("hainnan; S. Lord GillxTson, Dr. W. Warren Weaver. 
A. Bulnier. Chief Clerk. Lei;,il Advisory Board: Grover C Ladner. .Ir.. Chairman: Joseph 
Conwell, Francis IL Thole. 

Division No. 13 — William II. Margerison, Chairman; Frank Toomey. Dr. William Ilarnier 
flood. Edward L. D. Hoach. Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Boanl: I'Mward \1. \l)liolt. Cliairman; 
John A. Boyle. Thomas Kitchen. 

Division No. II — D. Frank Black. Chairman: Alexander D. itohinson. Dr. Max F. Ilerrniaii. 
I. Ilinkle. Chief Clerk. Legal \d\isory hoard: Michael J. McI^niTV. Chairman: Herlram D 
Hearick. ICdimuid Bayley Seymour. Jr. 

Divi.sioN No. la — Harry .\. Frieke. Chairman; Chas. M. Johnson. Dr. Ilk. Boessler. John 
J. Klang, Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Board: Hobert P. Schick, Chairman: \\ m. \\ . Smithers, 
.\ngustus B. Stoughton. 

Division No. 16 — David J. Fovvler. Chairman; Dr. \. F. Targelle. John J. Bradley. Bose- 
niary D. Bradley. Chief Clerk. Legal Advisory Boanl: II. B. (!il!. Chairman: IIi)\vard Lewis, 
David Borlin. 

Division .No. IT — Jolui J. Keenan. Chairman; Ginirge J. Steinmeyer. Dr. \\ illxrl .1. Wolf, 
John J. Keenan. Chief (-lerk. Legal .\dvisory Board: Harry Felix. Chairman; Win. Potter Davis. 
H. MacCJregor Micheson. 

Division No. 18— Bev. W m. M. Sullivan, Chairman: Bev. P. Iv Osgood, Dr. A. F. Snively. 
Michael I. Silver, Chief Clerk. Legal .\dvisory Board: Forrest N. Magee. Chairmau; (^.harles 
C. Ivirickson, Boy M. Boyd. 

Division No. 19 — Bev. M. J. Oane. Chairman: Bev. (;e:)rge M. Br(i;lh(:id, Dr. (ieorge .\. 
Knowles, James F. McCahe. Sr.. Chief Clerk. Legal \d\is:iry K;ijrd: Vrlliur S. \in)l<l. Cliair- 
man; Stevi'iis Hi'iksclier. Frank II. Benham. 

Division No. .■)()— lOdward C. Shmidheiser, Chairm:iii: Isaac II. Silverman, Dr. Leon F. 
Liiburg. Hubert J. Dever, Chief Clerk. Legal .\dvisory Board: Da\ id N. Fell, Jr.. Chairman; 
James A. Flaherty. 

Division No. .")1 — William F. Ciishing. Chairman; .lolin I. Somers, Dr. W'inlielil II. Boeh- 
ringer, John F. Dulfy. Jr.. Chief (Uerk. Legal Advisory Board: Francis M. McA<lams. Chairman; 
Francis J. .Maneely. Joseph W . Shannon. 

mi:di(:.\l \|)\ih)|{^ moards (U riiiL\i)i;i.i'iii \ 

Kpi.scop.m, Hospit.\l — Do<'tors H. C. Deaver, .\. .\. Stevens. C. \. Wliiti'. Tluimas R. 
Neilson, Kllis(on J. Morris, I'rancis W. Sickler. (!. Oram King. (!. Morris (ioldberg, A. 1$. Gill, 
Chas. C. Biedert, William T. Van I'ell, Fn'derick Krauss. Clarenci- W. Schaell'er. Thomas (J. 
Aller, Thomas R. Cnrris. 

Germ.^ntovvn Hospital — Doctors .\. 1). Whiliiig. Howard \. (ieisler, Thomas A. (^.ope, 
lilbert O. Day, Henry N. Thissc-II, Malilon B. Baby. 

H.MINKMAN.N HospiTAL — Doclors William B. Van Lennep. Herbert L. Northrop, John A. 
Brooke, William C. Ilunsicker, Clarence Barllett, G. Harlan Wells, W'. Lawrence Hicks, Balph 
Bernstein. Saiiuiel W . Sappinglon. IVank O. Nagle, Freil W. Smilli. Joseph V. I'". Clay. Clarence 
V'. Clemmer. 

Jki-kkiison IlospiTAl. — Doctors Frederick J. Kalteyer. F. T. .Stewart. K. I). Funk, II. F. 
Ilonsell. F. \. Derciim. S. MacCuen Smith, Boss V. Patterson. Chevalier Jackson, II. W . Slel- 
wagon, H. .\. Wilson, Jo.seph Ileail. II. K. Mohler, I'Jdward J. Klopp. D. L. Despard. I'ielding 
O. Lewis, ,\. Spencer Kaufman. Marion Ilearn, Sherman F. (iilpin. B. Douglas .Scott, \\ . IL 
Kinney, I"". B. W ithlowson. .Mfred Heineberg, George I"". Phelps. Arthur C Sender, Maurice 
Brown, A. J. Davidson. II. W . Banks. Charles B. Heed, J. Scott Frildi. W illiarii P. Heani. S. Solis 
Cohen, Strieker Coles, .Martin I'^niil Behfuss. W . F. Manges. 

Jkwisii Hospipai. Doclors Bernard Kohii. William H. Ti'ller. Leon Jonas, S. Solis Cohen, 
Joseph B. Potsdamer, Kdwin \. Heller, (ieorge P. Kalzenslein. M. J. Karpeles, .Milton K. Meyers, 
J. v.. Knipe, .\aroii Brav, Sidney Feldstein. Herman B. Cohen. II. W . Hanks. 

132 



Lankenau Hospital — Doctors Henry F. I'agi". John B. Deaver, Stanley Ueiiiiaiiii, Mlicrl 
G. Miller, Joseph I. Smith, Charles Jiulson, Rex Hobensack, Henry Marcher, Henry ISartle, 
Bernard Mencke, H. C. Masland. William C. Sharkey, Edward A. Shumway, EUwood Matlack. 

]Methodist Episcopal Hospital — Doctors D. L. Despard, Richard C. Norris, Win. R. 
Nicholson. Alfred Hand. Jr., E. I'anl Reiff, Jos. M. Enders, H. J. Hartz. Delno E. Kirsliner. Ed. 
V. Clark. C. P. Clark. H. V. North, Israel Carp. L. J. Hannuond. Jos. M. Spellissy, J. Hendrie 
Lloyd, Jesse H. Allen, Walter Roberts. J. R. 'riirner. Morris Markowilz. Jhos. W. Tail. ('.has. 
S. Hearn, Thos. J. Byrne, A. R. Rennintjer. \\ mi. \. W atson. (). A. Zimmermiui. Jos. M. McCarron, 
Henry Morris. 

Ohthopoedic Hospital — Doctors Morris J. Lewis, G. G. Davis. Charles \\ . Burr. Louis H. 
Mntschlcr. E. P. Corson White. Hiinli'r W. .Scarlett, Walter E. Rahte, Frederick Fraley. 

Presbyterian Hospital — Doctors H. R. Wharton, Francis Allen, William E. Hughes, 

D. McVey Brown, McChiney Radclille, James ThoriiiKton. J. Aiman. \\. A. Allwood, S. H. Home. 

Red Cross General Hospital No. 1 (.Medico-Chirurgical Hospital Stall') — Doctors James 
M. Anders, Albert E. Roussel, Arthur C. Morgan. H. Leon Jameson, Erne.st La Place, James P. 
Mann, E. B. Gleason, L. Webster Fox, George E. Pfahler, Charles S. Potts, T. H. Weisenberg, 
Robert F. Ridpath. J. Hamilton Small, (ieorge IF Meeker, Herbert J. Smith, Warren C. Ratroll', 
H. M. Christian. William J. McKinley, O. F. Mershon. Wm. 1\L Mcnah, F. A. Mantz, H. S. 
Snydemen. 

Samaritan Hospital — Doctors William Egbert Robertson, Harry A. Duncan, A. K. Olicnsis. 
Herbert P. Fisher. E. H. Mcllvain. L. C. PetiT. G. A. Lawrence, Wm. A. Hitschler. Harry Oil', 
S. D. Ingham, Harry Hudson. 

St. Agnes Hospital — Doctors Jose|)h Walsh. Charles J. Hoban, John .\. O'Connell, Paul 
B. Cassidy. George P. Muller, John M. Fislier, John A. Brophy, Warren B. Davis, Frederick C. 
Narr. Alfred S. Doyle. W . 11. MacKinney, W. II. Haines. Benjamin L. Gordon, William J. Ryan, 
Leon Rrinkman. Henry S. W ieder, Charles S. W achs. John G. Penza, Charles F. Bailey, W. C. 
Posey, Milton K. Meyers. 

St. Mary's Hospital — Doctors EUwood R. Kirby, W illiam A. Hamilton, W illiam T. Dcmp- 
sey, Louis Love, W illiam P. Grady, Louis J. Burns, William T. Rees, Eugene Lindauer. 

St. Timothy's Hospital — Doctors M. Howard Fussell. George D. Fnssell. Linton Turner, 
Otto Rath, Edward Eichman, William Dcvitt, James A. Kelly, A. Hewson, Margaret Dull', David 
J. Boon, R. L. Entwistle, Lawrence L. Simcox, J. A. Maloney, Carl Williams, FredcTick Fraley. 

University of Pennsylvania Hospital — Doctors H. Maxwell Langdon, Edward Martin, 
Alfred Stengel, William G. Spiller, Allen J. Smith, A. C. Wood, Perry Pepper, Charles Turner, 
B. .\. Thomas, Charles P. Grayson, Grier Miller, Fred D. Weidman, H. K. Pancoast. 

GOVERNMENT APPEAL AGENTS IN PHILADELPHIA 

Harry B. Gondolfo, Samuel P. Cohen, Francis Lytleton Maguire, Fre<lerick Freed, Robert 

E. Hagan. Charles E. Bartlett, James C. Corry. William T. Connor, J. Joseph Stratton, Lewis 
.\. Feldman, Francis V. Godfrey, Agnew MacBride, Roy M. Livingstone, Willis B. Heidinger, 
Paul Reilly, James F. Friel. Bayard Henry, Robert T. Corson, H. S. J. Sickle, Lawrence C. Hick- 
man. Joseph Smith. Frank R. Stockley, James M. Dohan, Harry S. Platowsky, W. 15. S. Ferguson. 
Frederick G. Dussoidas. Robert B. Fletcher, Samson McDowell, P. H. Lynch, Vivian l-'rank 
Gable. E. P. ( iallagher, Joseph P. McCuUeii, Edward Harshaw, Herbert V. Porter. Jf)hn Baxter. 
Samuel J. F^phraim. Horace II. Daw.son, John Lamon. Samuel Kratzok. D. J. Callaghan. Jacob 
Mathay, Francis II. Thole. Edwin M. Abbott. John W . De Frehn. Thos. Bluett. J. Fred Jenkinson, 
Harry C. Most. Arthur S. Ariiolcl. \\ alter N. Keating, Charles Edwin Fox, Harry ,M. Berkowitz. 



133 



PHILADELPHIA AND THE 79th DIVISION 

PrcpHred mult'r the Dirmlion of Colonel J. Frank Barbkr, 
Chairman, Historiial ConiinittiM', 79th Division Association 



T 



y^ 




PHE larjjest irioup of I'liiladflpliia men iiidmtcd into llie 
National Viiiiy throtifrh Selective Service formed the major 
part of the 7**lh I)i\isioii and served with tliat organi/alion 
during the World War. (Jriginally the personnel of the 
79th was to have been drawn in entirety from the thirty- 
seven eastern counties of IV-nnsylvania and the State of 
Maryland and the District of Cohimhia. While this plan 
had to be abandoned, large drafts of the original Pennsyl- 
1 .. o . c T c o ^ o o o o » .. 'i vanians being forwardi'd to other divisions after some 
months training with the Tyiii. there yet remained a sub- 
stantial Pennsyi\ania and Maryland majority in each divisional unit. The bal- 
ance consisted of Selective Service men from New ^ ork, jihode Island. Comiecticut, 
W^est \ irginia, District of Cohnnbia and Ohio. In the beginning tiiere 
had been an effort to organize battalions and regiments along geographical lines, 
with the result that Philadclphians were assembled in certain groups. Tlie ratio 
of depletion in these groups was the same as in all others, so that "all Philadel- 
phia" units ceased to exist but a Philadelphia majority remained. 

The ofTicer persoimel. on the other hand, imderwcnt slight changes and. haN ing 
been chielly drawn from Pennsylvania (Reserve Ollicers from the First Ullicers" 
Training Camp at Fort Niagara), remained thus throughout. Philadelphia was 
\ery largely rei)resent<'d among tlic odicer-^, whether it was a unit of Pennsyl- 
vanians or of Marylanders. 

Thus, with Philadclphians in all units, an accoimt of this city's men in the 
Division can be presented properly only through a siunniarized history of the Divi- 
sion in its entirety. Such then is the purpose of this chapter and if emphasis is 
laid upon IMiiladelphians. it must be remembered tliat this volume is primarily 
for Philadelphia readers. 

Camp Meadr to Embarkation 

The 79th Division was one of the sixteen National Army divisions author- 
izetl under the Act of May 18, 1917, but the establishment of a cantomnent con- 
sumed so much time that it was not until late August, of the same year, that actual 
creation began. 

It was a long cry indeed from .lune ."ith -National Registration Day — to late 
August, when the local Draft Boards were ready with the first "calls" for the new- 
National Army, but if the personnel was to be slow of assembling, the preliminary 
measures were not neglected. The First Ofiicers' 1'raining Camp at Fort Niagara 
was preparing more than 1.100 candidates for commissions; barracks, mess 
halls, etc., were springing up like mushrooms at ,\dmiral, Md., the site selected 
anil designated as Camp Meade — named ft)r that gallant Pennsylvanian who 
turned back the Southern host at Gettysburg. 

134 




Courtesy of Frank W. liuliler, Stanley Co. of America 

On the way lo (Uiitip, 



Major General (then Brigadier General) Joseph E. Kuhn arrived at t'anip 
Meade as Division Commander on August 25th. Four days later came 1,100 gradu- 
ates of Fort Niagara, commissioned as lieutenants, captains and majors after 
three months of intensive training. On August 29th also 600 men from the Regu- 
lar Army were assigned as drill-masters and "non-coms" and the regular officers to 
command the various regiments arrived. By mid-September the skeleton frame- 
work of the Division was ready for the enlisted personnel. Construction on the 
cantonment was being pushed rapidly, in the effort to complete its housing 
capacity for 10.000 men as fast as they should arrive from the different Draft 
Boards. 

The first Draft Contingent arrived on September 19th, and the concentration 
of Selective Service men upon the camp continued for eleven days, during which 
time the local Draft Boards of Philadelphia alone sent 45 per cent of the first 
draft call of 14,245 men. The first Draft Contingent to reach the camp on 
September 19th, and which was greeted personally by General Kuhn, consisted 
of 369 men from three West Philadelphia local boai'ds. 

Philadelphia completed sending the fust call of 14,245 men on February 27, 
1918, the departure having been divided as follows: 45 per cent by September 23d. 
5 per cent by October 6th, 35 per cent by November 4th, and 15 per cent by 
February 27th. 

Following the plan to organize along geograpliical lines, the bulk of the Phila- 

135 




Soulh Philttiletphia Speeds ils Dm fled Men. 




rourtefiv of Frank W ItuJili-r. Stanley Co, of America. 

After Ihe cheers had ceased. 
136 




r^)urtcsy of Frank \\'- Buliler. Stanley Co of America. 

Insprclioii of Drdflcd Men. 

deljjhians were assifjned to the 312th Artillery and the 315th Infantry. This 
latter unit from then on became known as "Philadelphia's Own." Many from 
this city also went to the 314th Infantry, the 304th F.ngineers, the 30lth Trench 
Mortar Battery, and the 312th Field Artillery. Others were scattered through 
practically all organizations. The accompanying table shows the predominating 
personnel along geographical lines: 

Unit FR<)^t 

79th Headquartprs Tri)0]i Area at large 

.ilOlli Macliinc (inn Battalion Kastcrn Pennsylvania 

.'513th Infantry Baltimore and viiinily 

31ltli Infantry Pennsylvania anthraeile region 

3lltli Alaeiiine Gun Battalion Eastern Pennsylvania 

315th Infantry Philadelphia 

316th Infantry Rural Eastern Pennsylvania 

312th Maclxine Gun Battalion District of Columbia 

30tth Engineers Philadelphia and Central Pennsyh ania 

310th Artillery Eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland 

311th Artillery Pennsylvania anthracite region 

312th Artillery Philadelphia 

301th I'rain Headquarters Eastern Pennsylvania 

301th Supply Train Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania 

301th Sanitary Train Eastern Pennsylvania 

304th Annnunition Train Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania 

30lth Field Signal Battalion Area at large 

30lth Trench Mortar Battery Philadelphia and vicinity 

79th Military Police Eastern Pennsylvania 

The total personnel of the Division in October, 1017, had reached about 20,000 
men, but instead of the remaining 7,000 being assigned, the War Department began 

137 



the first of a long series of drafts which took from the Division some of its best men. 
Between October, 1917. and June. 1918, these drafts pared down the divisional 
strength to 12,000 men, despite the fact that thousands were coming in monthly. 
In fact, in that period some 80,000 men were trained at Camp Meade and 75 per 
cent of them transferred elsewhere. From Philadelphia a second Draft Contingent 
for Meade began to arrive on April 2, 1918, and on April 27th began a five-day 
movement of several thousand men. On May 26th, 1,200 men were sent to the 
camp from this city, and these formed part of the final assignment which brought 
so many from other states to the Division. 

The long training period at Camp Meade was featured by one big event when, 
on April 6, 1918, the first anniverseu-y of America's entry into the war, the Division 
hiked to Baltimore and held a grand review in that city before President Wilson. 
The showing of the Division was remarkable, especially in view of the fact that 
many of the men had quit civilian life not more than a month before. 

Within three months after the review at Baltimore the Division was considered 
ready for overseas. The great July movement of troops was under way, a move- 
ment which eclipsed all world records in transportation overseas, and the 79th was 
dispatched as one t)f the first to start for France in that period. On June 30th, 
General Kuhn and his staff sailed from New York on the U. S. S. Calamares. 
On July 6th the various organizations began to leave Camp Meade by troop train. 
On Jidy 8th the Leriatliun (formerly the Hamburg-American liner Vaterland) 
sailed from Hoboken with the Division Headquarters, Headquarters Troop, .llOth 
Machine Gun Battalion, 157th Infantry Brigade complete (313th and 31fth 
Infimtry and 311th Machine Gun Battalion"), and the 301th Field Signal Battalion 
— more than 12,000 men. The balance of the Division — artillery brigade excepted 
— sailed in a convoy of five transports on Jidy 9th. These vessels, the Agamemnon, 
America, La France, Ml. Vernon and Orizaba, carried the 158th Infantry l^rigade 
complete (315th and 316th Infantry, and 312th Machiiu- Gun Battalion), the 301th 
Engineers, and the Supply, Sanitary and Divisional trains. The 154th Artillery 
Brigade and the Amniuniti')n Train sailed from Philadelphia on July 1 Ith, the 
transports carrying them being the Ilaverford, Aor//i Land, Saxonia, Mesaba, 
Nevasa and Morvada. 

Training in France 

On July 15th, the day that Ludendorff launched the fifth and final German 
oflensive on the Bheims-Cliateau-Tliierry front, the Lerialhan steamed into Brest 
with the first 12,000 men of the Division. On July 18th, the first day of Foch's 
Franco-American counter-offensive between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry, the 
second convoy of transports with the balance of the infantry and divisional troops 
reached the same port. On tiie last day of the month, the artillery brigade landed 
in England, and on August 6th the 310th and 311th regiments crossed the Channel 
to Cherbourg and the 312th to Le Havre. The entire Division was in France. 

The 151th Artillery Brigade did not join the balance of the Division. Imme- 
diately after its arrival in France it was sent to the artillery training area in the 
vicinity of Montmorrillon. The brigade trained hard through August, Septem- 
ber, and part of October, being ready to go into the line on October 16th. But it was 
not to be. Just as lack of equipment had compelled it to train with wooden 
dummy guns at Camp Meade, so lack of equipment kept it impotent in its training 

138 



area until after the armistiee. It was a terrible disappointment to the gallant 
artillerymen. Through no fault of their own they were barred from firing a single 
gun at the enemy, and nothing which can be said in compliment can assuage the 
bitterness which swept over officers and men when thus deprived of w hat liad been 
their goal and ambition through months of training. 

The balance of the Division, upon arrival at Brest, had been assigned to the 
Twelfth Training Area around Chatillon-sur-Seine. Only the 157th Infantry 
Brigade had reached the spot, however, when the order was countermanded and 
the Division ordered to the Tenth Training Area in the vicinity of Prauthoy and 
Champlitte. The last unit of the Division (the artillery brigade is excluded here- 
after in referring to the Division) reached Prauthoy on July 29th. 

August and the first week of September was a hectic period of intensive train- 
ing. A French Mission was assigned to the Division, and officers and men learned 
more about war and its methods than they had in a much longer time at Camp 
Meade. Combat lessons were the chief items on a crowded curriculum, and officers 
and men absorbed everything with avidity. While in this area the influenza 
epidemic made its appearance and many men, suffering from the disease, had to 
be evacuated. 

On September 7th the Division was ordered to entrain the following day for 
the Robert tlspagne Area, east of Bar-le-Duc, and to report to the 2d t rench Army 
for tactical control and administration. For three days, mostly through rain and 
mud, the Division, alternating with rail and truck train, moved ui)on its new area, 
and on September 12th was ordered to take over the Avocourt-Malancourt Sector 
(known as Sector 304), which lay due south of Monlfaucon. The relief was 
completed during the night of September 15-16th, the 157th Brigade taking over 
the left brigade sector and the 158th Brigade the right brigade sector. The front 
at that time was about six and one-half kilometers in width and extended from 
one kilometer west of Avocourt to a point 500 meters southeast of Ilaucourt. 

The first encounters with the enemy occurred during the period between 
September 16th and 22d. Both were trench raids undertaken by the Germans and 
repulsed by elements of the 31.'5th Infantry. The first was a minor afl'air, which 
cost the Germans the fife of a young guard ofllcer whose body was found in front 
of the trenches the following morning. The second raid was undertaken by picked 
"sturm" troops, and followed a severe artillery bombardment and a box barrage. 
It was the fii'st real trial for the Americans and the men held splendidly, inflicting 
severe losses upon the enemy, although losing three men killed, nine wounded 
and one taken prisoner. 

From September 22d to the night of September 25th the stage was set for the 
first great American offensive, afterwards to go down into history as the first phase 
of the Meuse-Argonne battle. The original six and one-half kilometer front of 
the 79th was contracted to two and one-half kilometers. The whole American 
front for the first great offensive is familiar to all. It covered forty kilometers 
(twenty-five miles), extending from the western boundary of the Argonne Forest 
on the left to the Meuse Biver on the right, with the line in between held by nine 
divisions. The 1st (^.orps, with the 77th, 28th and 35th divisions in fine from left 
to right, was stationed on the western flank; the 3d Corps, with the tth, 80th and 
33d divisions from left to right on the eastern Hank, and the 5th Corps in the 
center. The 79th Division was the easternmost of the three divisions of the 5th 

139 




Cutirlrsy uf tlie Evening llulk-tln. 



7!)lli Dirision Mm Doekiuij at l'liiliitlrli>liia. 



Corps. It held liaisnii witli llio Itli Division of the 15(1 (^.orps on tiic rifzlit and 
with the .'JTlli DiNision of tiic otii Corps on the left, licyond llic ;$7tii, on the 
west lay the 9lsl Division, the left of which n^athed tho lino of tlio 1st Corps. 

On tlio nifrhl of Sc|)tonibor 2;'Slli. tho 7')th hogan pro|)aralions for tho oflonsivo. 
The 157th l»rij,'a(lo. (dinniandcd by I5ri>.'adior ( ionoral William .1. Nicholson, and 
consistin}; of tho IJl.'Uh Infantry (Colonel Claude B. Swoezy) and the 31 llh Infan- 
try (Colonel William M. Oury). had taken over tho front lino, with the 158th 
Brigade in support. The 15Bth Brigaflo consisted of tho 3 15th Infantry (Colonel 
Alden C. Knowles), and the .^Kith Infanlry (Colonel Oscar J. Charles). The 
Division was formed for an attack on a brigade front, tho 313th on tho loft and the 
3Mth on (he right. Behind the 313th lay tho 316th. and behind the 311th tho 
315th. Each regiment was prepared to attack with two battalions, holding one 
battalion in brigade reserve. The lessons at Meade and I'lanlhoy were about to 
be demonstrated in cold reality. 



Thi: iMEi.sE-\Kc;o.\Nt; \iv Moatialcon 

Tho opening blast of the Franco-American artillery on tho morning of Sop- 
Irrnbor 26th heralded a bombardment never before ecpiallod in warfare. Some 
3, ()()() guns of every caliber spoke incessantly on that forty-kilometer front, thun- 
dering away minute after minute, hour after hour, upon tho lirst, second and third 
positions of the enemy until, at 5 o'clock, a thick smoke screen was rolled 
forward from tho American front, followed by a box barrage of 75"s, under whose 

140 



arcing fire at 5:30 o'clock (H hour) the First American Armji "went over the 
top," a bhirred glimpse of drab in the haze of early dawn. 

The day's objective for the 79th Division was Montfaucon, a towering peak 
nearly six kilometers within the German line, but the American high command 
had set a schedule beyond human possibilities, as subsequent events showed. 
The American plan for the whole offensive was for the line to go forward to the 
first objectives and then keep on, breaking the Kriemhilde Stellung line and 
routing the enemy before it could recover from the shock. Montfaucon, how- 
ever, proved the stumbling block in this plan. It had been held by the Germans 
since 191 1, and had been rendered almost impregnable by long series of concrete 
emplacements, barbed wire entanglements, and every other defensive measure 
which the ingenuity of the Boche could conceive. Added to this, it was com- 
manded by an enfilading fire from the heights east of the Meuse, and the whole 
country approaching it was infested by machine gun nests and snipers. 

The 79th made a desperate effort that day to reach the giant hill. That 
the attempt was a failure was due to the fact that the Army Staff had planned 
something beyond the possibility of human accomplishment in the short space of 
time allotted. 

Getting away at o:?<0 o'clock, the •Sl.'Jth and 31 1th Infantry met their first 
setbacks when they reached the barbed wire entanglement in front of the deserted 
German front line trenches and found that the wire-cutters had partially failed 
to clear the path. For twenty-five minutes the advance was held up until the wire 
was snipped away. Striking forward again, the 313th, on the left, immediately 
ran into the Bois de Malancourt, where it met its first serious resistance. Yard 
after yard was gained but with severe losses. Every tree seemed to harbor a sniper, 
every clump of bushes a machine gun nest. Occasionally there were open spaces, 
but these were swept by enfilading fire and proved veritable death traps. 

Casualties among officers and men ran high. By the time the regiment had 
gained the western end of the Bois de Cuisy, where it was necessary to halt and re- 
form, the losses had reached serious proportions. Major Benjamin Franklin 
Pepper, of the 2d Bat talion, was killed by a sniper's bullet. Major Langley, of the 
3d Battalion, was seriously wounded. Officers and men of the shock companies in 
the advance were dropping everywhere. It was in this first stage that Cap tain Harry 
IngersoU of H Company; Lieutenant F. Stuart Patterson. Battalion Adjutant; and 
Lieutenant Thomas D. Vandiver, of B Company, were killed outright or mortally 
wounded. 

In the meanwhile, on the right, the 31 1th had swept forward after the barlied 
wire was cut and met little resistance in the first rush, engulfing the ruined hamlet 
of Harcourt and finally emerging upon another ruined town, Malancourt, lying well 
within the original enemy territory. Terrific enfilading fire swept this open aiea. 
Despite the resistance, the 314th kept advancing, its progress slowing up consider- 
ably, however. Supreme acts of heroism developed on all sides as the squads 
rushed or surrounded machine gun nests. The deaths of Sergeant Michael C. 
Ventura and Sergeant Peter Strucel, and the achievements of Sergeant ( irant U. 
Cole, Sergeant Joseph Cabla, Corporal James A. Larson, and Private Clifford M. 
Seiders, are incidents of the manner in which the stalking was done. Late after- 
noon at last found the 31 1th abreast of the position of the 313th Infantry, with 
Montfaucon in jjlaiii view beyond. 

in 




rourloay of thp Evi-ninc Ilulletin 



Three Cheers for the U. S. A. 



Till' l.iSth Brigade, coming up in support, was undergoing heavy punishnienl 
from shell fire, and its advance units were constantly engaged in mojjping up the 
snipers and machine gunners whom the first waves had overlooked. In fact, the 
concealed Boche was even at times enabled to escape detection by the supporting 
troops, as in the instance of Captain Albert C. Hubel, of the .'501th I'^ngineers. who 
ran into a Boche machine gun on the road to .Montfaucon, a kilometer or so behind 
the advance, and won the D. S. f".. by the way in which he silenced it. Shell fire 
and snipers cost the .'{l.'ilh three ollicer'^and the !?16tli one, in the course of the day — 
tiios(; killed being Lieutenant William I*. Craig, of the Medical Detachment; 
Lieutenant Baymnnd A. Turn, (iompany I; and Lieutenant Floyd S. Strosnider, 
Company L. all of the :51.5lh, and Lieutenant .lohn Harold Fox, Company D, .'516th. 

I p forward the resistance in front of the :5i:Uh in the Bois do Cuisy was growing 
heavier with every passing minute, and the result was that by dusk the L")7th Bri- 
gade was in front of Montfaucon. but some distance behind the Division on bf)th the 
right and left, which had not met with such desperate resistance. Urders came to 
the brigade to make one last effort to take Montfaucon that day. The infantry 
had already outdistanced the heavy guns and the crowded conditions of the single 
highway -the Avocourt-.Malancourt road — made it impossible to bring up artil- 
lery. That meant an attack would have to be made without a covering barrage. 
In the gathering darkness the .'JlSth attacked, aided by two small French whippet 

142 



tanks which had somehow gotten through. The shock companies in the lead had 
gotten about 200 yards from the edge of the wood, and up the slope leading to 
Monlfaucon, when they were deluged with machine gun and artillery fire and hand 
grenades. The men could not see the machine gun positions nor make any effec- 
tive return fire. Their leader, Major Israel Putnam, was instantly killed. In 
the words of the Divisional report of operations, "After suffering heavy casualties 
for some time in this attempt, withdrawal was ordered to the edge of the woods, 
at which point the regiment bivouacked for the night. " 

The IVllth and 312th Machine Gun Battalions had managed to work in some 
effective firing upon located machine gun nests but only in isolated instances, while 
the 310th Machine Gun Battalion had been held up by traffic congestion. The 
road conditions, in fact, became serious from the very opening hour, and the six 
companies of the 301th Engineers for the ensuing five days were building and 
repairing roads under continuous shell fire. 

On the morning of September 27th, General Kuhn, dissatisfied with the dis- 
position of the units of the 158th Brigade, relieved the Brigade Commander 
and created a provisional brigade of the 311tli and 315th Infantry, under Colonel 
Oury, of the 311th. General Nicholson, of the 157th Brigade, thus found his 
command consisting of the 313th and 316th Infantry. With the 313th and 31 1th 
reformed during the night, the advance was resumed on the 27th, the latter unit 
getting ofi" at 4 a.m. and the former at 7 a.m. Between 7 and 11 o'clock that 
morning the 313th fought a dogged, determined fight u|) the hill toward Mont- 
faucon. Swept by machine gun fire and heavies, the regiment kept on. Aided by 
effective fire from one company of the 311th Machine Gun Battalion, the 2d Bat- 
tafion of the 3l3th reached the outskirts of the town on the hill at 11 o'clock, and at 
11:55 completed its occupation. The historic message, sent back to Divisional 
Headquarters by Colonel Sweezy, gave the news as follows: 

Tooli tovra of MONTFAUCON llti .5.5, after considerable fighting in town. Many snipers 
left betiind. Town stielled to slight extent after our occupation. Am moving on to Corps ob- 
jective and tiope to reach it by 16 h(4 p.m.) 

From 4 a.m. onward the 314th had been in deadly fighting on the right, keep- 
ing abreast of the 313th's advance and topping the rises of the Fayal Farm at about 
the same time its companion unit was sweeping into ]\Ionf faucon. Both regiments 
suffered heavily. In the 314th, Captain Clarence P. Freeman, of M Company, 
and Lieutenant Chfford McK. .\lexander, of L Company, were killed, while the lost 
among the ranks had been so heavy as to interfere with further successful advance. 
Nevertheless, both regiments tried to extend their operations. The 313th was 
heavily shelled from the Bois de Beuge to the northwest and finally, toward even- 
ing was compelled to dig in a few hundred meters north of Montfaucon; while the 
314th, after repeated attempts during the afternoon to take Nantallois, a hamlet 
about three kilometers north of the town on the hill, finally dug in about a half 
kilometer south of its objective. 

The 315th and 316th regiments in support had kept close on the heels of the 
leaders, with the result that elements of the 316th were in Montfaucon within a 
half hour after it fell. But conditions farther in the rear had grown worse and worse. 
With but a single highway for the evacuation of the wounded, the bringing up of 
ammunition and suppUes and the advance of the artillery, it was inevitable that 

143 




31^ f 



l'uurtr:«y of llm Kxriilui; liulli-tili. 

A Wounded Man uf lite 79lh Division being carried from lite Tranxporl "Kroontand." 

Ilic l)i\ isioiKtl liaiiis slioiiltl become jainincd. l\vo-\vitnesses, liowever. declare 
that llic congestion was absolutely indcscrihalile. Of i( Brigadier ( ieiiera! \\ illiaiii 
.Mitchell, Commander of the \ir Service for the Isl Army, states: 

Althixi^'li lliiTi' was S()mi"(()nt;''-^li<>i' i" olhiT places, it was worse in Ifiis urea (llie \\i>eiiiirl- 
Malancourt-Montfaiiron roafl) than I liavc ever scon on a l)altleliel(l. 

The result was that the wounded were retarded for hours in their i)rogress 
toward the rear and the supplies for the finul line troops simply could not get 
through. The rations issued on the night of Septeinher 2.')th wore by this time 
exhausted, and to the fatigue of two days of gruelling fighting were added the dis- 
comfort of empty stomachs, and the depression caused by an almost incessant 
rainfall, which soaked every one to the skin and rendered the ground a muddy 
morass. 

On the nigliL of September 27th. tiie .'U.'Slh and :!! ith regiments, which had 
borne the brunt of the first two days' lighting, were relieved and ])assed back into 
support, the IJUitli moving ahead to the left and the 315th to the right. The morn- 
ing of the 28th found new men facing the Boche, but men also fatigued and himgry. 
Nevertheless, the two regiments started otT at dawn, the M'Ah on the east pressing 
along the highway lowaixl the town of iSantallois, and the 316tli attacking across 
open ground toward the Bois de Beuge, a cluster of woods which lay to the west 
of Nantallois. 

The way led across a valley which ran diagonally from northeast to south- 
west, and which was exposed over a two kilometer width to an enfilading fire from 
the heights of the Meuse far over to the right. This withering lire, aided by the 
myriad machine guns in front and Boche machine gumiers in fast planes overhead, 
brought the advancing lines to a stop within a few hours. There was a pause and 
then another advance. The blood of the two regiments was up. The 315th 

144 



stormed into Nantalluis ;md took it at the point of the bayonet, passing through 
the town about noon and gaining a hill beyond, where it dug in awaiting word 
that the .'Ufith was up abreast. 

But the 3 Kith, on the left, did not come up abreast. A terrible tragedy had 
occurred, one of those unforeseen disasters v/hieh moulds heroes and martyrs in 
the short spai'e of minutes. The .3161^ had fought its way effectively through the 
Bois de Beuge and faced a slight woods beyond. The 3d Battalion, leading the 
advance, reached the edge of the woods and ran into a strong machine gun position. 
jVlajor J. Bayard Atwood, commanding the Battalion, called a halt until such time 
as artillery or machine guns could be brought up to reduce the position. He 
received a curt command to go forvvard. It was Just such a command which had 
sent the; Light Brigade to destruction and eternal glory at Balaclava. It did the 
same for L and M Companies of the 316th on that September day in the depths of 
the woods. Some one had blundered. Ufiicers and men of the 3d Battalion 
paid with their lives for the fata! error. I and K Companies were in reserve; L 
and M Companies made the attack. Two full companies, well-nigh ,500 men, went 
forward without the slightest bit of aitillery or machine gun barrage to cover them. 
With them went Major Atwood to his death: with them went Lieutenant Albert 
Clinton Wunderlich, of L ( '.ompany. Id tlie same fate — officers and men, .500 of them, 
assaulting in echelon witli not a ghost of a chance, but refusing to quit until both 
companies were well-nigh annihilated. Three times they drove forward to wither 
away under the avalanche of fire until iinally the attempt was abandoned. Says 
the Beport of Operations, "The regiment was badly disorganized at this point 
after this advance." It was humanly impossible for it to have been otherwise. 
It bivouacked on the spot and took account of casualties, while over to the right, 
the 3L5th found two oflicers, Lieutenant Seth Caldwell Hetherington and Lieu- 
tenant Alfred L. ()uintard, and many men killed. Nightfall found the positions 
unchanged. 

All through the da\ on the heights of Montfaucon a little detail of men, headed 
by Sergeant Thomas M. Bivel, of the Headquarters Detachment, had been earning 
the ccjnmiendation of (ieneral lv\ihn by their heroism in manning a periscopic 
telescope which had been captured the day before. The Hun, in his haste, had 
failed to destroy the telescope, which was incased in a solid concrete structure, 
and the enemy made every effort during the subsef]uent three days to atone for 
this mistake. The telescope was said to have been used by the Crown Prince when 
Montfaucon was the official observatory for the attacks upon Verdun two years 
before, and now th(> same implement, which had aided the (German observers, was 
used upon them by Sergeant Rivel and Privates A. J. .McCain and A. S. Roberts. 
This trio clung to the concrete building while it was being blasted to fragments 
around them, and their services were rewarded subsequently by the D. S. C. 

The morning of September 29th found the 315th drawn up in the shelter of a 
low hill a few hundred yards north of Nantallois — "Suicide Hill" — as it was called 
by the men. an apt name indeed, as it meant self-destruction to venture over its 
crest into the raging inferno of machine gun fire from the woods beyond. To their 
left the 316th still held tlie position north of the Boise de Beuge. The attack was 
resumed at 7 a.m. The left battalion of the 316th was only able to get about 
300 meters north of the small woods which hafi jjroven so disastrous the day 
before, but the right battalion pushed clear to the western edge of the Bois des 



Ogons. The advanre was at so high a cost that by noon the regiment was down 
to 1.000 effectives. At this point the 313th was called from support to the attack, 
passing through the 316th, which in turn was reorganized as a battalion and held 
800 meters behind the advancing line. The 313th made a slight advance and then 
physical exiiaustion won. The men had expended every ounce of driving power 
and the oflicers realized it. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon the Brigade Commander 
ordered the 313th to fall back and maintain a holding line along the northern 
edge of the Boise do Beuge, and this was effected successfully. However, the bat- 
talion of the 316th, passing too far to the right, got ahead of the 313th and was 
through the Bois des Ogons and in full view of the town of Bomagne by late after- 
noon. The Battalion Commander urged an attack and asked for reinforcements, 
but there were none to send and his own men were "done up. " {Regretfully he was 
forced to withdraw to the holding line. 

During the day the 31.ith, on the right, had been engaged in continuous and 
deadly lighting. Before it lay the Bois des Ogons, held by the enemy in force. 
The Divisional .\rtillery had succeeded in getting close enough to shell the woods, 
driving out the machine gunners and, with this effected, the 31jlh advanced and 
obtained a temporary hold in the fastness. But not for long. From the Madeleine 
Farm, a strong point in the woods, and from the Borhe artillery fail lier north, 
poured such a fire as to make the spot untenable. Finally, after a number of 
desperate efforts, the 31jth was withdrawn and dug in on the reverse slope of 
"Suicide Hill." 

The toll in oflicers and men among all four regiments had been more severe 
than on any other day. In the 313th. i>ieutenant Charles G. Beilly, of D Company, 
was killed; Lieutenant William V. M((ioohan, of A Company, mortally wounded: 
Captain David Bupp. of C Company, killed; Lieutenant David M. Hupp, of (! 
Company, killed; and Lieutenant William ,1. Walters, of A Company, killed. In 
the 314th, Lieutenant Ballard (". Linch, of the .Sanitary Detachment, had been 
killed. In the 31.>th. the killed or mortally wounded were Lieutenant Ceorge N. 
Althouse. .of H Company; Lieutenant Benjamin Bullock, 3d Battalion Adjutant; 
Lieutenant James F. Delaney; Captain .loseph (iray Duncan, Jr., of the Machine 
Gun Company; Lieutenant Herman I). Partson, of Company G;and Lieutenant 
William A. Sheehan, of Company I". The killed or mortally wounded in th(> .3l6tli 
were Lieutenant Joseph C. Fit/harris. Company K; C.a|)tain Benjamin II. Hewitt, 
Company F; Lieutenant Daniel S. Keller. Begimental Staff; Captain Allen W. 
Lukens, Company (i; and Lieutenant Ivan L. Lautcnbacher, Supply Company. 

That day back abreast of Montfaucon, where on the Fayal Farm Field Hos- 
pitals Nos. 31.5 and 316 had established themselves, the Huns deliberately shelled 
the area. There were between .)00 and 600 wounded men under treatment there 
when the enemy shelling began. Three tents were struck and twenty-one men 
killed, including a tierman captain and (!erman private, captives who were beinir 
treated for wounds. The men of the two hospitals carried those most severely 
injured back to safety while the "walking easels" limped and staggered along, 
leaning on the shoulders of burdened orderlies, until the area was cleared without 
further casualties. 

Jiefore dawn on the morning of September 30th an order from the ."Jth Corps 
announced that the 79th would be relieved by the 3d Division during the day. 
.\s a result it was decided to make no further advance but hold present positions 

U6 



until relief arrived. During the entire day the enfilading fire from the Meuse to 
the eastward and northwestward from the region f)f Cierges and Romagne beat 
in upon the Division, causing many casualties, and also inflicting severe losses among 
the units of the 3d Division which began to reach the front shortly before 11 o'clock. 
Lender this fire the 314th Infantry lost two oflicers killed. Major Alfred Reginald 
Allen and Lieutenant E. Thorp VanDusen, of the M achine Gun Company, and had 
one mortally wounded, Lieutenant Matthew F. Oistein. of the Sanitary Detach- 
ment. The relief went on steadily under the greatest difiicullies, and by 6 p.m. the 
last unit of the Division, save two companies of the 311th Machine Gun Battalion, 
which were not relieved until the following day, had fallen back to Montfaucon for a 
much needed rest. The 301th Engineers, however, after reaching the vicinity of 
Malancourt, were recalled and attached to the 3d Division, continuing the road 
work until October 8th, when they were permitted to march from the area. 

The 79th in its first offensive had advanced to a depth of ten kilometers and 
taken 905 prisoners, together with considerable quantities of machine guns and other 
cannon. Its casualties as computed immediately after its withdrawal from the 
front, totalled 108 officers and 3,315 men, divided as follows: 

Officers: Killed, 22; wounded, 77; gassed, 9. 

Men: Killed, 278; wounded 2,150; gassed, 138; missing, 749. 

The conclusions of the General commanding, as found in the Report of Opera- 
tions, are: 

The 79th Division came under lire for the first time since its organization. More than half 
of its strength was made up of draftees of not more than four months' service, and considerable 
loss of actual training, due to time lost in transport from the LInited States and in moving about 
while in France. So far as courage and self-sacrifice are concerned, the conduct of both officers 
and men was above all reproach; but, as in the case with all green troops, there was lacking the 
experience, which comes only from actual contact with the enemy. In view of the difficulties 
of the terrain and the ine.xperience of the troo[)s, 1 am of the opinion that both officers and men 
fought well. 

From Trovon to L.v Grande Montagne 

For three days after leaving the Montfaucon front the 79th Division was bivou- 
acked in the area south of the Esnes-Avocourt Road, and on October 4th and 5th 
marched to the Troyon Sector, lying south of Verdun, and eight kilometers north 
of St. Mihiel. It received several days' rest and then relieved the 26th Division 
on October 8th, passing from the administration of the 1st American Army to that 
of the 2d Colonial French Cor[)s. The new front extended from Fresnes-en-Woevre 
on the north to one kilometer south of Doncourt-aux-Tenipliers, a distance of 
eleven kilometers. It was supposed to be a quiet sector. Perhaps it had been 
before the 79th arrived; but immediately after it hail taken over the line, the Huns 
began to alternate trench raids, with gas attacks, until the units in the trenches 
were constantly on the alert. Gas casualties totalled nearly 500 before the orders 
came to move out. Originally the A. E. F. reports gave the occupancy of the Tro- 
yon sector as a rest period, but a revision made in the fall of 1920 placed this sector 
as a part of the Meuse-Argonne, with the result that the 79th Division is now en- 
titled to credit for participating three times in the great offensive. 

On October 26th the 33d Division came into Troyon and relieved the 79th, 
which forthwith^started northward, jjioceeding by marches along the Meuse River 

147 



to the sprtor on the oast hank of the Meuse. known as La Grande Montagno. four- 
Iceii kilometers north of ^ erdun. 

In La (irande Montagne the 79th reheved the 29th and part of the 26th, 
wliich had just completed the conquest of Belleu Woods (not those of (^.hateau- 
Thierry fame). Tiie T9th was now a part of the 17th French Corps, and its activ- 
ities henceforth were interwoven with those of the French. The new divisional 
front coxered a width of 7.1? kilometers in the form of a cpiadrant. with the left 
flank facing north and the light flank facing east. Hack at 'i'royon the l.T7tli 
and 158th Brigades had been reformed. Colonel Oury returning to the command 
of the 31 Ith Infantry and Brigadier (Jeneral l'>van M. .lohnson assuming control 
of the l.')8tli Brigade. The IJlhth Infantry was at that time under conunand of 
Colonel (Jeorge Williams, the .3l3th under Colonel William .1. Rogers, and the 
30 Ith Fnginecrs under Colonel .1. Frank Barber, the other units remaining under 
thi> same leadership as at Monlfaucon. I'lvery organization was bark at war 
strength, ample replacements having been received and drilled during the stay 
in the Troyon sector. 

On October 31st. when the 7'Uli took over the new sector, the l.T7th Brigade 
moved in on the right, facing east and the l.'iitth Brigade look over the left flank, 
facing due north. I^ach brigade had both regiments in (he line, the disposition at 
first being two battalions on the line an<l one in suppoit, although this later 
was changed to one battalion in llic liuf. dmi- in support and one in brigade 
reserve. 

Directly in front of the 158th Brigade's sector, and about a kilometer away, 
was the famous Hill 378 (Borne du Cornouiller, as the French called it, and '"Corned 
Willie Hill." as the doughboys termed itV It was a hii:h. jagged eminence, gashed 
by shell-fire and wooded in s()ots. It had been considered by French niilitar\ 
experts as impregnable. Three previous attempts had l)een made to take it, 
but all had failed, and the task was now up to the 79th. On the night of November 
2d patrols wen- .sent out, and on NoNcinber 3d the 31()th inl'antr> began a recon- 
naissance in force in three columns which opened up severe fighting and resulted 
in partial success. ,\t 6 .\.M. on \ovember 1th the 316th made its first assault 
uiMiu the position, the 1st Battalion leading oil'. There was immediate success; 
but the di\ ision on the left falling back enabled the ( Jermans to counter-attack, and 
the 316th was forced to relin(piish its hold on the lower slopes of the hill for the time 
being. Captain Claude Cuiuiinghan). of Company II, was mortally wounded and 
three officers and twenty-three men of B Company captured, one of whom. Cap- 
tain Louis C. Knack, died of his wounds. Lieutenant "Maxwell McKeen. of D 
(^.orapany, also was killed. 

On November 5th the second attack was launched. Again the 316th fought 
its way doggedly up the slope. For a time it seemed as though it would have to 
fall back, but the men ke])t on and finally attained the coveted goal. By this 
time the fire from the left flank had become terrific. It would have been suicidal 
to try and hold the hill undcM- such circumstanc(-s. so. although they had 
taken it, the men of the 316th were forced to return down the southern slope, this 
time stopping and digging in at the point they had reached in the farthest ad- 
vance of the preceding day. The attack had cost the life of Major William Sinkler 
Manning, son of the Governor of South Carolina, who was killed on the bullet- 
swept slope, and of Lieutenant Lawrence .1. Ayers, of H Company. On the same 

Hi! 



day Lieulfiiant joliii \\ Owens, of Ihc .'515th Iiifantiy, was killed during a support 
attack upon the right of the :]16tirs objective. 

On November 6th a battalion of the ,313th was ordered to assist the almost 
exhausted 316th in taking the position, but the newcomers did not reach the as- 
signed position, until too late in the afternoon for an efl'ective attack. On the 7th, 
however, after a heavy barrage delivered by the 312th Machine Gun Battalion, 
the 316th and the battalion of the 313th started up the hill together and nothing 
could stop them this time. Within two hours they were o\er the crest, and the top 
of Hill 378 had been consolidated. A French division on the left, which had been 
ordered to advance and had been held up for three days because the defenses of Hill 
378 had not been overthrown, then got under way and put out of business the ma- 
chine guns that had delivered the enfilading lire on tiie 316lh during the previous 
days. 

Hill 378 stands out as the brightest achievement in the history of the 316th. 
It won a divisional citation for the deed, while both Major General Kuhn and Bri- 
gadier General Johnson were cited l)y the French for planning and executing it. 

The advance of the P'rench division had straightened out the line, so that after 
November 7th the 79th was no longer on a quadrant front. The reduction of Hill 
378 enabled the 158th Brigade to pivot until it faced eastward in a line with the 
1 57th Brigade, and the divisional front now ran from west of Ecurey to west of Cre- 
pion, a front of almost ten kilometers. The straightening out of the line resulted 
in the mopping up of numerous machine gun nests entrenched in the rolling country. 

On the morning of November 8th the Germans unleashed a terrific rain of 
(ire along the entire front. They seemed to be pouring everything in the shell 
line upon the 79th. Hour after hour it continued, until in the afternoon it slackened 
and finally died out completely. The front grew oppressively silent. The sus- 
pense was terrific, officers and men not knowing whether an assault was coming 
or whether the Germans were in retreat. Finally aerial observers brought in word 
that the Huns were indeed falling back toward Damvillers. The French Corps 
Conunander, to reduce the width of the 79th"s front, issued instructions to (ieneral 
Ivuhn on that day with the result that the 314th took over the entire divisional 
front for a short space of time while the 315th Infantry, the left element of the 158th 
Brigade, was compelled to sidtvstep to the south. The efl'ect of the maneuver 
was to change the 79th's front slightly, the line now being from east of Etraye to 
east of Moirey, Etraye being some distance south of Ecurey and Moirey a short 
distance below Crepion. The 315th marched four and one-half kilometers at 
night through underbrush and woods, and reached its assigned position in time to 
attack on November 9th. 

On the morning of November 9th, the Division was in position with the 31 1th 
on the line and the 313th in support on the right of the sector, and the 315th behind 
the line on the left of the sector, with the 316th coming up in support. As it was 
impossible to deploy the 315th into line on the then narrow front, the attack at 
dawn developed entir(^ly upon tlie 31 1th Infantry. This unit, advancing at 6 a.m. 
took Crepion at 8.20, and Wavrille, (iibercy, Etraye and Moirey shortly after- 
wards. On the left the 31 Ith ran up against such heavy fire from Hill 356 and 
the Cote de Morimont that it was brought to a halt, but on the right it progressed 
to the crest of Hill 328 by nightfall. In the meanwhile a batlaUon of the 315th 
relieved the left battalion of the 314th in front of the Cote de Morimont, and both 

149 



brigades were again facing Iho onomy. Major Wan! \\'. Picison, nt' the 315th, was 
iiillcd that day while cU'ecting the relief. 

The plans of attack were changed for November I Dl li. liccause of the natural 
strength of tiie ('.ol(> d'Orne and Cote de Moiimuiit. facing the .Uofii Infantry, 
it was decided to Hank them from the suiilh and southeast, lliis necessitating a di- 
rect attack by the laTth Brigade and a feint against the strong hills by the 158th. 
At 6 A.M. the '^\\\\\ altackcvl on tiie right, (diniiieting the reduction of Hill 328, 
passing through C.hauniont-devant-Dann illers and, after dusk, capturing Hill 319. 
In the meanwhile the 315lh had fought its way peirtly up the slope of Cote d'Orne 
and dug in for the night. The last officer of the Division killed in action died that 
day, Captain Frank F. Battles, of the Machine (iun Company, 31 1th Infantry. 

Beginning at 9:30 .\.m. on November lltli the attack was pushed along the 
entire front. The 31 Ith moved forward against the Cote de Homagne, with a 
battalion of the 313lli also pressing forward for the same objective and town of 
Azannes. At the same time another battalion of the 3l3th occupied the town of 
Ville-devant-Chaumont. and the 31.")th executed a (lanking attack on the Cote 
d'Orne, one company (l)t pushing up the slope and capturing a ')-inch (ierman can- 
non. Armistice hour found the Division well on its way to its objectives. Nor 
had the other divisional units aside fiom the infantry been idle. The 30 Uh Kn- 
gini'crs had been bridge and road building between \ aucheranville, the Divisional 
Headquarters, and the front line; the su|)pl> train had been under constant shell 
(ire for the wholi' ele\en days since taking o\i-r the sector, and even the 30lth 
.Vmnnmition Tiain had managed to get into the oll'ensive. The horse battalion 
had been with the Division at Montfaucon. but the motor battalion did not get 
away from the artiller\ brigade until jus! before the final odensixe. It had reached 
the sector on \o\(Mnber 3d. aii<i while ( '., D and I'" Companies had, through kick 
of ecpiipment, been forced to turn engineers and work with the road and bridge 
builders, Companies A. 15. 1^ and ('< had seived anwnunilinn constantly from 
November 3d to Armistice Da\ and lioiu'. 

TIk- lulal de|ith of the T'tlli l)i\ivi(iii ad\ance in the La Grande Montagne 
sector had been ''C, kilometers, it had taken l')2 prisoneis and material in great 
abundance, its casualties for the oU'ensiNc totalled sixlvfour ollicers and 2,636 
men. divided as follows; 

Ollicers: Killed. 10; woiiiiilrd. S9: k'"*-'"'*' . I'i; mis.'iiiiK' in uclioii, 2. 

Men: Killi-tl. l.">.t; woinuli-il l.HT; gassiMl. l!75; missing, inrlialin)? I'lipliircil. l()l. 

To compare the (onchisions with tho.se given after Montfaucon, the following 
is taken from the Report of Operations; 

Tlie Division foufjlit with nuiili mure skill, us u resull uf the lirsl experience ut Moiitiaucon. 
The energies of conilml units were husbanded uml not dissipated so rapidly as on the first olTeu- 
sivc. Troops were kept well in hand, and strajr^linK was kept at a Kr"t'f>''nK low limit. .Vfter 
eight days of .st-vere eomliat. the l.")ltlh Brigade, although somewhat depleted, was still capable 
of further effort. whil<> the l.'iTth lirigadi'. after ihrei' days' oll'ensive, was still relatively fresh, 
and tlieDiv isionas a whole eould ha\e maintained considerable driving power for a number of days. 

The .\kmistice Pkhiod .\m) Akti:rw,\rds 

From November 11th to December 26th, the 79th remained on the battle 
front, taking over a sector from Dannillers on the north to Fresnes-en-W oevre 
(the northern point of the old Troyon sector) on the south. They kept up patrol 

150 



and police duly iliiiiiif,' llial mniilli and a half. On I )c(rtiili('r KMli, hcadquartors 
of llic :U nil Iid'aiiliy, I lcad(|iiai'l('rs ( '.unipaiiv and niic liallallun piucccdcd lo llic 
area aiouiid \l(inlnicdy , Slciiay and \ irlon ( l'>('lf;iinii) lur llii' pinposc nf ^qiaidin^' 
pn)|)<'rty, listing nialcrial and muiritaining ordiM'. On F('l)niaiy Isl, lliis dclarli- 
incnl rcjoinod the Division in the Sonilly area. 

It was on DcccndM-r' 27lli tlial the Division had inov('(l to the Sonilly area, 
where it was i<iiiied in January hy the I.")!!!) \i'lil!eiN liriiiadi', the first time the 
eiilii'e Division had heen asscinliled as such since leavinfi Camp Meade. While 
in this area (leneial Knim look tem|)oiary command of the 'Mh ( !orps during the 
month of February, lirigadier (leneral .Fohnsoii taking over the control of the 
Di\ision during his aliscnce. 

I'Voin Ihe Sduilly area the I )ivision mo\ ed during tli<^ last days of March to the 
area rrortlieast of Chaumont around Andelot and Riinaucoirrt (Fourth Training 
Area). It was Irer-e that the Division was reviewed by (leireral Pershirrg, the last 
official review, hy the way, in its hisloiy. ( ieneral IVrshiirg, who decoratetl the 
colors, and awarded munerous Distinguislred Service Crosses, afterwards addressed 
a letter to General Krrhn in which he said: 

"It ad'orded iiic (,'ri'nl sMiisfHilioii [i> iiispi'd rhi' 7'Mli Division on ;\|iiil ll'tli, mid on rliiil 
occasion to decorate the standards of your refiiiiicnis and, for f,'allanlry in action, to confer medals 
u|)Oii certain olTicers and men. Your transportation an<l artillery weri^ in splenilid shape, anil Ihe 
general appearance of the Division was well up to Ihe standard of the American I'^xpedilioiiary 
Forces. ThrouKhout the inspection and review the excellent morale of Ihe men and Iheir pride 
in the record of their organizations was evident. 

"In the Meuse-Argonne Oll'ensivi? the Division had its full share of hard figliliiiK. lOnleriiiK 
the lini' for the first time on September 2f) as Ihe right of the center corps, it took part in the 
liegiiuiing of Ihe great Meiise-.\rgonne Olfensive. By Sc'pteniher 27 il had caplurcd the strong 
position of Montfaucon; and in spite of heavy artillery reaction, the Hois de lieiige anil 
Nantillois were occupied. On Septemher ^tO it was relieved, having advanced ten kilometers. 
It again entereil the battle on October 29, relieving, as part of the ITlh French Corps, the 291 h 
Division in the Grande Montagne Sector to the east of the Mouse Kiver. From that time 
until the armistice went into elfect it was almost constantly in action. On NoviMiilx^r 9, 
C.repion, VVavrillir and (iibercy were taken, and in conjuni^tion with elements on the right and 
left t^traye and Moirey were inv(«led. On November 10, Chaiiniont-devanl-Damvilliers was 
occupied, and on November II, Ville-<levant-( Ihaumont was taken —a total of 9 kilometers. 

"This is a fine record for any division, and 1 want the ollicers and mi^n to know this and lo 
realize how much they have contribiiteil lo the success of our arms. They may return home 
justly proud of themselves and of the part ihey have played in the American Expeditionary 
Forc(!s." 

The corrected figures of the Divisional activities in France are as follows: 

Total advance: Montfaucon sector. III kilometers; La (irande Montagne .sector, 9)^ kilo- 
meters; total 19,1 2 kilometers. 

Prisoners taken: Montfaucon si^lor, 90.'); Troyon sector, 23; I>a Grande Montagne sector. 
192; total 1,120. 

Casualties: f)eaths, ollicers, 66; men, 2.0.")9. Wounded, ollicers, 179; iiieii, .'>,l.')2. Prisoners, 
ofTicers, 2; men, 71i. Total, ollicers, 217; men, 7,2J!9. 

The revi.sed table of battle participations of the TOth Division is taken from a 
compilation completed May i."), l*Jl!(), by the War' Department, and is as follows: 

157th Infantry Brigadi; (complete), l.'SHth Infantry Brigade (complete), .'JOlth Field Signal 
Battalion and aiOth Machine Gun Battalion: 

1. Meuse-Argomie Olfensive, France, September 26 to 30. 

2. Meuse-Argonne Olfensive, France, October ii to 25. 

3. Meuse-Argonno Olfensive, France, October 29 to November II. 

151 



304th Engineers, same as Hbove with exception that No. 1 reads: Meuse-Ajgonne Offensive, 
France, September 26 to October 8. 

The movement of the T9th Division to the embarkation area began on April 
19th, the artillery soinir to St. .\azaire an<l the infantry to the vicinity of Nantes 
and Cholet. On May 13th the 314th Infantry, the 304th Field Signal Battalion 
cmd the 154th Artillery Brigade Headquarters, the first units to start for home, 
sailed from France on the Princess Maloika, and from then on until the end of the 
month the various units cleared either Nantes or St. Nazaire. Tiie Princess Matoi- 
ka arrived at Hoboken on May 26th at the same time the transport Tiger brought 
the 310th Field Artillery into New York and the transport Virginian landed the 
312th Field Artillery and 311th Machine (iun Battalion at Newport News, Va. 
On .May 28th, transport Edward Lnckenbach arrived at Brooklyn with the 311th 
Field Artillery and 312th Machine Gun Battalion. On May 29th the transport 
^roo/i/anrf docked at New ^Ork with Division IlcadquartfTs, 301th Engineers, 
Headquarters Troop, Train Headquarters, and a part of the 3d Battalion 
316th Infantry. The same day the transport Texan sailed up the Delaware 
to Philadelphia with the balance of the 316th Infantry. The next day, May 30th, 
the transport >SVi/i/a /?osfj brought all but two companies of "Philadelphia's Own," 
315th Infantry, into their home port, and t)n May 31sl the transport Dakokin also 
arrived at Philadelphia with the 30lth Supply Train, 79th Military Police, a de- 
tachment of the 3lOth Field Artillery and r.i)mpaiii(>s L and M, 315lh Infantry. 
In the meanwhile the transport Pastores had taken the 313lli Infantry to Newport 
News, so that on .lune 1st the final units of the Division reached America, they being 
the Horse Battalion of the 30illi \inruunition Train and the 301th Sanitary Train 
complete. 

The men who arrived at Hoboken and Philadelphia were sent to Camp Dix, 
New Jersey, for demobilization, and those who arrived at Newport News were 
demobilized at Camp Meade and, before the middle of June, 1019, the T9th Div- 
ision had cr>ased to exist save in history. 




rniirtrsy of tlio TuMlc I.cikir ('( 



Home Again. 
152 




■ 2 

"5. 



153 



OTHER PHILADELPHIA UNITS 



units, 
oflicer 



HILADELPIII \ iiicii served in practirally every American 
Divi.sii)n and in all hranches of the st>r\ ice. at h()!ne and 
overseas. It is. al this time, impossible to review the 
wt)rk of each unit in which Philadelpliians s(>r\e(l. hut in 
the follow iiii; brief i-e\iews some idea is given of the way 
in \\liich the men of the city answered every call of 
duty. 

Nor should the work of the woukmi of Philadelphia 
go unchronicled. They too, responded as they were able. 
Therefore, as opportunity offtM'ed, the records of those 
distinctly Pliiladelphia in personnel, or commanded by I'hiladelphia 
s, were summarized. 




a.mi:hican field servk.k 

.Iames a. Develin. Jr. 

The Vnierican Field .Service owes it.s origin to a small group of \mericans in 
France, who. at the \ery outset of liie war. iinding a sirici iiciitralit> impossible 
for themselves, oll'ered their services to France for the tiaiisportatiou of woiuuled 
at the lighting front. \ gill of ten Ford cars was the nucleus from which the 
service grew to comprise thirty-five sections of ambulances and, in PUT. fourteen 
"camion" sections, used in Iransportalioii of amnniiiilioii and supplies foi- the armies 
at the front. 

This little group of American \olunteers at no lime amounted to more than 
2.000 men. but. al llie time of France's greatest need. tlii'N were a tangible ex|)res- 
sion of \merican s\mpathy. |-fom the b]nglish Chatmel lo Ihe \ osges Mountains, 
Fn>nch "poilus" saw \merican xoluuteers wcirking In mud and rain, and under 
shell lire, to alleviate Ihe sullerings of French wounded, and llie\ knew Ihal these 
men represented a friendl> spirit in the American people. The American Field 
Service was composed largely of college men who. coming from every part of the 
country, were the means of iidluencing a great mmd)ei- of Americans in the 
Allied cause. 

Theodore Roosevelt said of those men in 1916: 

"There is not an American worth calling such who is not under a heavy debt of <>l)lif;alion 
to ttiese hoys for wliat they have done. We are iinder an ("Vcii gri'aler debt to Ihi'iii than the 
Freneli and Bcl^iiaiis arc .... Thr most iniporlanl ihinf; Ihal a nation can possibly save 
is its soul, and thcsi' vounn men have been helpinf; this iialiuii lo savi? its soul." 

|]arl\ in I'M.'). Ihe French oflicials recognized tlu' \alue of tiie work accom- 
plished by the few American cars attached to their own Sanitary sections and 
larger sections of .\mericans were formed and made independent, each one .serving 
an army division. The light Fords were found to possess splendid qualities for 
this work. They could dodge through the Iraflic-jammed roads, pull themselves 
out of mire and shell holes, or could be pulled out by a few w illing 'poilus." Where 

154 



roads were blocked, they took gayly to the fields in mockery of the heavy French 
trucks. The work was largely done from "postes de secours" and communication 
troiiclies to "triage" (sorting) hospitals and Held hospitals. A large part of the 
driving was done at night and without lights, over shell-torn roads full of trucks, 
field guns and ammunition caissons, for it was only under cover of darkness that 
some of the advanced posts could be served. Soon it became the custom to 
send the most serious cases with the American drivers. Thus the Field Service 
acquired an enviable reputation for the manner in which it hurried the wounded to 
the hospitals. 

Among the first of the seventy or more Philadclphians who joined the service 
were John H. McFadden. Jr., and Benjamin H. Woodworth. Woodworth. who 
became a Section leader and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, went to the front 
with Section 1 in June, 1915, and served with it in Belgium and Flanders. He 
died in the service on June 15, 1917. Paul B. Kurtz, later leader of Section 18, 
also joined the service at this time. Kurtz was also awarded the Croix de 
Guerre. He was killed while in the V. S. Aviation Service. 

The number of Philadclphians was increased during the fall of 1915 and the 
spring of 1916 by the enlistment of L. Brooke Edwards, Julian L. Lathrop, Samuel 
H. Paul, W. Yorke Stevenson and S. M. Stephen Tyson. Stevenson and Edwards 
were both cited for the Croix de Guerre. Tyson was killed on July 19, 1918, while 
in the French Aviation Service. The Section served in the Amiens sector, in the 
Champagne sector near Soissons, and at Verdun in that year. This was the time 
of the great German drive on Verdun, and the men of the Section were put to a 
severe test of courage and endurance, serving the postes at Marre and Esnes on 
roads almost continually under shell fire. 

In 1915, Section 2 had but one Philadelphian, John R. (Iraliam, who was 
later killed while serving with the United States Infantry. During 1915-17, 
Section 2 was stationed in Lorraine, in the vicinity of Pont-a-Mousson. 

Section 3, also formed in 1915, did difficult duty in the Vosges Mountains, 
serving the postes which had hitherto been reached only by mules over the narrow, 
rough mountain roads. The work of Section 3 was S(j dependable that in Septendx-r 
of 1916 this Section was dispatched to the Balkans at the request of the French 
Army, and served under difficult conditions at Salonica and later in Serbia, 
near Monastir, where its training in Vosges mountain-climbing stood it in good 
stead. Benjamin F. Dawson, Powel Fenton, Henry K. Moore and Albert Nalle 
joined this Section in 1915. Dawson was cited once and Fenton twice for the 
Croix de Guerre. 

Section 4 was joined by George A. McCall in 1915, and by Edward Joseph 
Kelley in 1916. Kelley, who was awarded the Croix de Guerre, was killed on 
September 23, 1^)16, a few days after he had reached the front. He was going to 
a poste near Marre, in the Verdun sector, when a shell exploded directly in front 
of the ambulance and killed him instantly. 

The advent of the year 1917 found the American Field Service rapidly increas- 
ing in numbers and gaining in the amount of contributions to its funds. Individuals, 
clubs and business organizations donated many cars, and college students and 
older business men fiocked to do their bit for France. The German threat that all 
vessels in certain prescribed zones would be "spiirlos versenkt" did not deter a 
large number of volunteers from going over to form new Ambulance Sections. 

155 



Scclioii 9 was lorna'd in tlic laltcr purl ul 1910 lu replace Seilioii '.\ in the 
Vosges. With it were Walter Chrystie, Jr., Arthur Emlen Hutchinson and F. N. 
Solis-Cohen. Sections 10. 12 and 1.'? were rapidi\ formed in the earl\ nmnths of 
1917. No. 10 contained no Phiiadelphians. No. 12 had Wharton Allen. 11. W. 
Crowhurst and Henry II. Houston, 2d. Houston, who was killed by a shell splinter 
on August 27. 1918. while serving in the L. S. Army on (ieneral Price's stafl". 
received the Croix de (iuerre foi' hravcrx under lire iti the Argonne, at \ erdun 
and in the Champaigne m 1917. 

Section 1.'? had among its mend)ers Thomas li. Dougherty, for a while its 
sous-chef and later chef of a T. M. I . Section), i^arnesl S. ( '.lark, James A. I)e\eliii. 
Jr.. and II. II. Houston Woodward. Woodward later joined the Lafayette Flying 
Corps and was attached to i'.scadrille <)|. He «as killed in an aerial comhat on 




Itiiitly lu .\nsii ' i I ■ ' ' 

.\pril I. I'Ji;;, Section l.'i did its lirsl wmk in llie ( 'lianipaigtie dislrici in llie 
vicinity of Mont Corneillet, where it was cited in the orders of the Army, and 
received the Croix de (iuerre with palm, the lirsl case of such a distinction being 
conferred upon an \nd)ulance Section. 

.\fter the entry of .\merica into the war Americans came over so fast that 
there were no places for them in sections at the front in spite of the fact that new- 
sections were being formed e\('r\ day. Of these men. John \ . Newliii, S. S. ( . 19, 
has the distinction of being the only Philadelphian to receive the Medaille Mililaire, 
the highest reward of bravery. He was among five Field Service men to get this 
citation, and he received the Croix do (iuerre at the same time. On August .'{, 

I ') I 7. lie was severely wounded in the back by the explosion of a shell at Montzeville 
in the \erdun sector. He was taken to Paris and operated upon, but died on 

Vugust .ith. 

At the request of the French Army, the Field Service undertook to supply 
volunteers for '"Camion Sections" to serve as transports for the French Army. 

150 



These T. M. U. groups did very effective work in augmenting and iniproving the 
important motor transport service. 

In October, 1917, the Field Service completed its official career with the 
enrolment of all of its members — a trained and efficient force — in the American 
Army. 

In a sense, the members of the American Field Service really comprised the 
first "American Expeditionary Force." 

HITH TELEGRAPH BATTALION SIGNAL CORPS 
"The Galloping Four Fourteen" 

A signal battalion, composed of men of tiic Philadelphia & Rcadinfj; and Erie 
Railroads, was organized in November. 1917. 

(^aptain ?I. C. Evans of this city commanded Company D, which had in it a 
number of men from Philadelphia, including; 

Sergeants. First Class. — Stephen C. Gilliarfl, Hiij<li ,1. Cavanaugh, .loscpli T. Lurkin, Louis 
Neigut. Sergeants. — Samuel Garrison. Corporals. — Edward O. Becker. Elmer Reddy, George 
C. Reed. Isaac Van Horn. Prirates. First Ctass. — Harry .1. Bowden. Ediiumd D. Partenheinier. 

The organization sailed on the White Star liner Adriullr .laiuiary .'51. 191<i, 
and landed in Liverpot)l on Fcbiuary Kith. 

(^f the voyage over, Sergeant I'isher says: 

"We stealthily crept on the enemy via the 23d Street pier on the East River, 
where we were loaded on a steam scow and taken around the island to the 
White Star line docks at West 2'.k\ Street, and there gleaned the iniuiiuation that 
we were t(» sail on the Adrialic for Liverpool, and after being lined up on the pier 
and given another talk on habits, drinking, etc., the Major aruiDunced that 
we would l)e searched and any man found with licjuor would suffer coiut martial, 
and that if we possessed anything strong to turn it in. Results were not very 
good, and the talk only netted one 'petite' vial, which the C. 0. handed to Colonel 
Erricson of the 107th Ammunition Train, who sailed with us. anri the Colonel 
said: 'Thank you; it is just what 1 have been looking for.'" 

Sergeant Fisher further states: "The food was horrible, and since finding out 
recently that America paid England .$81.75 per man for transporting us, I have 
decided to ask for an $80.00 rebate. " 

The battalion celebrated Washington's birthday by landing at Le Havre. 

Company D proceeded In Chinon ( Indre et Loire), and estai)lished liead- 
quarters. 

Some idea of the work done by the battalion is given by Sergeant Fisher's 
pamphlt>t, in which he states that about 300 miles of wire were strung; 20,000 
post-holes dug and posts set. Members of the battalion served as dispatchers, 
chefs de gare, operators, linemen and maintainers at about eighty stations covering 
300 miles of railroad. 

After nineteen months of service, the battalion sailed from St. Nazaire 
on June 17, 1919, on the Julia Liickenhach and arrived in Brooklyn, June 
23, 1919. 

157 



19TH ENGINEERS (R.\ILWAY) 

B\ LiEL TENANT W. Frederic Todd. Regimental Historian 

The histopv of the 19th Engineers properly dates from June, 1916. when 
the possibility of operations in Mexico made necessary a delinite plan for opcMation 
of the railroads, both as to material and personnel. At this time Samuel M. 
Felton, President of the Chicago and (Ireat Western Railway, was appointed 
consulting engineer and adviser to the chief of engineers, U. S. Army, on railway 
matters, and it was he who conceived the idea of recruiting men for railway regi- 
ments direct from railway service. 

When the I nited States entered the European War ami the (pieslion of rail- 
way operation and maintenance in France became of paramount importance, 
Mr. Felton was oHicially placed in charge of all preparations for the organization 
and movement abroad of railway engineers. The pressing need for railroad men 
at that time is shown in a letter written by Mr. Felton: "The French railways are 
badly run down and in more or less need of complete rehabilitation: they iiave 
no men who can be spared to do this work: they want all their men on the firing 
line; before we can train men to go into the trenches w'e can supjily them as to 
railroads, and this immediately, (ieneral Jolfre says any men we send over must 
be soldiers, so the railroad forces . . . must be enlisted men. . . . They are 
short of men in their shops to repair locomotives and it is proposed to organize 
a shop regiment ..." The shop regim(>nt referred to in Mr. Felton"s letter, 
when organized, became the 19th iMigineers (Railway). 




Interior uf Commercial Miisniiii. ij.mi/i/.s Hiirnivks Iiv llif IHIh ' Unihi'iiyi Eiiijuwits. 

158 



Recruiting was begun in the offices of the District Engineer, Witherspnon 
Building, Philadelphia, with Captains Charles P. O'Conner and Joseph Caccavajo 
as Recruiting Officers. The first enlistment was made on April 20, 1917, but it 
was not until the beginning of May that an active campaign for recruits was begun. 

On May 9, 1917, Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Deakyne, Corps of Engineers, 
arrived in Philadelphia to take command of the regiment, accompanied by First 
Lieutenant William F. Tompkins, Corps of Engineers, his Adjutant. 

Colonel Deakyne had served as District Engineer in Philadelphia from 1908 
to 1912, conducting important river and harbor work, and his knowledge ot the 
city was of immense assistance to him in the work of organization. Colonel 
Deakyne was transferred to the command of the 11th Engineers six months 
after his arrival in France. In May, 1918, he was appointed Director of Light 
Railways and Roads and in September, 1918, became Chief Engineer of the Second 
Army, with the rank of Brigadier Cieneral. 

Since the regiment was to depend to a great extent upon the railroads for 
personnel, the need for the utmost cooperation was manifest. W. W. Alter- 
bury, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, not only gave official assistance 
to Colonel Deakyne but also took an intense personal interest in the regiment. 
By his instructions, James Milliken. Special Agent of the railroad, devoted his 
entire time to work among the railroad men in encouraging enlistments, though 
little encouragement was needed. The "business" quickly grew to such pro- 
portions that the offices in the Witherspoon Building became inadec[uate and th(^ 
first two floors of the Hale Building, Juniper and Sansom streets, were taken 
over. 

Invaluable aid in recruiting was rendered by the Home Defense Committee 
of the Master Builders Exchange, under the Chairmanship of W. Nelson 
Mayhew. This committee, two members of which were on duty at all times, 
was directly responsible for a very large percentage of the enlistments, for approxi- 
mately 600 men were enlisted from railroads, the balance coming fiom various 
other lines of business. Of the men recruited from railroads, .357 were from 
the Pennsylvania, 11 from the Philadelphia & R(>ading and 10 from the BaltiuKtre 
& Ohio Railroads. The remaimler came in smaller numbers from twenty-six 
other railroad companies. 

The first men were called into active service on June 2. 1917, the barracks 
being the Exhibition Hall of the Philadelphia Museums, 3lth and Spruce streets. 

The men were called out in groups of from one to two hundred and assigned 
to companies according to trades, each company containing, so far as practical)le, 
all men of the same trade. Alilitary training was begun at once under experienced 
instructors furnished by the Pennsylvania National Guard and continued to the 
date of sailing. August 9th. 

It was understood that the regiment was to move into fully equipped shops 
and was not to take any tools abroad. A small number of hand tools, ordered 
as a matter of precaution, were not received until some time after the arrival of 
the regiment in France. Less than three weeks prior to the date of sailing, the 
Commanding Officer was advised that instead of going into equipped shops, it 
would go intf) the new Nevers shops of the Paris, Lyf)n et Mediterrauee Railway, 
which were thi'u under process of construction. As there was absdiutely nothing 
in the shops, it was therefore necessary to equip them completely with all necessary 

159 



niachino tuols. Iravi'lling cranes, air aiul liami tools, steam, water and air piping 
power and lighting lines and fixtures, install a power plant and furnish steam and 
install lines for electric current (which was to be furnished by the Continental 
Kdisun Company from their new plant at (iarchizy. about seven kilometers 
from the shops), and provide a complete supply of all materials necessary for the 
operation of the shops for a period of six months. The W ilmington and Trenton 
shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad were selected as being of about the same 
capacity as the Nevers shops, and brief studies of the equipment and supplies, 
were made, resulting in the formation of a complete list of tools, machinery, 
storehouse, drafting room and ofiic(> eiiuipment : in short, everything necessary for 
placing the shops in operation and running them for a period of six months. The 
order for all tools and material was placed by th- Director (leneral of f^ailways. 
Mr. P'elton. within two weeks of the time that information was received as to 
supposed conditions in the Nevers shops. It was not until after the arrival of 
the organization in France that the actual situation was ascertained. 

In accordance with orders from the port of embarkation, nuuh important 
equipment was shipped from Philadelphia to New York five days in advance of 
the regiment, in order to insure its transportation on the same ship. Practically 
none of this equipment, consisting of clothing, cooking facilities, automobiles. 
motorcycles, tools, etc., was loaded on the boat, with the result that the regiment 
arrived in France with no automobiles, motorcycles or field ranges, and very little 
in the way of suj)plies of tools and clothing. Three days" reserve rations, supposed 
to be issued at New York, were not to be found, until, upon disembarking at 
Liverpool, they were discovered buried under hundreds of Inns of other freight. 

Arriving at Liverpool on .Vugusl 2'.]d, the regiment disembarked the following 
day and immediately entrained for Borden, about seven miles from .Mdershot, 
where it remained in ()xney Camp until \ugust 28th. when it moved to South- 
ampton for embarkation for France. Owing to bad weal her Ihe crossing was 
delayed until the following day and the regiment landed in l.c Havre on the morn- 
ing of August 30. 1017. 

In;; KKGIMK^T Keaches Fr.vni-.e 

.\t Le Havre it was learned that the shops at Nevers were not ready for oi'cu- 
pancy and each company was sent to a separate station for work in French loco- 
motive repair shops. The distribution of the companies was as follows: Company 
A, Regimental Headquarters and First Battalion Ileachpiarlers to St. \azaire: 
Company B to Bordeaux: Compauv C to B(>imes; Company 1) to Sotteville-les- 
Rouen; Company E and Second Battalion Headquarters to St. Pierre-des-Corps 
(near Tours', and Company F to Oullins. near Lyon. With the exception of Com- 
pany .\. whose work was locomotive erection, all the companies were engaged 
on locomotive repairs in the French shops. 

With Ihe exception of the detachments at St. Nazaire and Nevers. it is a 
diificull matter to give a detailed account of the work done by the companies in 
the French railway shops. None of the companies had tools, working clothing, 
motor transportation or cooking equipment. In one or two instances it was possible 
to purchase a few .\merican-made tools, bul for Ihe most pari the men had to make 
out as best they could with antiquated French equipment or to laboriously make 
for themselves such tools as were absolutely necessary. 

160 



Every company, upon arrival at its destination, met with an enthusiastic 
reception at the hands of tlie French authorities — and were looked upon with 
disapproval by the French workmen with whom they were to be associated. In 
some instances this disapproval was the result of the French workmen receiving the 
not unnatural impression that "Ics Americairis" were getting easy berths back of 
the lines while the French workmen would be released for service at the front. In 
other cases the French workmen complained that the Americans set a higher stand- 
ard of production than they could meet and they, therefore, would either have to 
work longer houis or take less pay. As a matter of fact, the Americans in the shops 
did more work in an eight-hour day than the French workmen did in a ten or twelve- 
hour day, though the hours of the Americans were made to coincide with the French 
as far as possible in order to prevent any complaints on that score. As an instance 
of fast production by the American railroad men, a case at St. Nazaire was inter- 
esting. The locomotives erected by the French were usually completed in about 
three weeks. The first locomotive received by the Americans was erected in three 
days, with only the tools found on the locomotives themselves. The French shop 
men declared that it would not run, and great was their astonishment when they 
saw that it would. 

Antagonism on the part of the French wurkmen was brief. They met the 
Americans outside of the shops, in the cafes and in their own homes, and when the 
companies were withdrawn, there was not an instance in wliich the French, the 
workmen as well as the authorities, did not protest against taking them away. 

At St. Nazaire. the only preparation that had been made for the men was the 
erection of wooden barracks and the placing of wooden bimks. There were no 
kitchens, wash houses or other necessary facilities. Work was immediately begun 
on erecting such additional buildings as were needed. 

The instructions with regard to the erecting shops were for the Americans to 
get out six locomotives a day. There were no tools whatever, and, what proved to 
be the greatest difficulty of all, there was no provision of any kind for handling 
material. It was manifestly impossible to take the locomotive parts as they were 
unloaded from the boats and put them into the shops. It was discovered almost 
immediately that when a ship arrived with a consignment of locomotives it might 
be necessary to have it completely unloaded before there would be enough parts 
available to start work on a single locomotive. This meant that it was necessary to 
build storage yards. The French gave the Americans the use of a plot of ground for 
this purpose, but it was swampy in character and until the roadbed had been put in 
shape by throwing in ballast until it found a bottom, the locomotive cranes were off 
the tracks on an average of three or four times a day. 

There were few tracks running from the docks to the locomotive shops and 
these were constantly being used by the French to transport their own locomotives 
and material. As a result, locomotive chassis and boilers had to be left on the docks 
until it was possible to get other space to store them, lay tracks to the storage yard, 
get cars to haul them in, and finally, secure cranes to load the parts on the cars. 

The history of the 19th Engineers at St. Nazaire, like Nevers, is a story of 
difficulty after difficulty overcome, of work done in spite of apparently insurmount- 
able obstacles. The situation at the docks was of the greatest seriousness. The 
only cranes there were being used night and day by the French for unloading of 
ships, all material being left on the docks, rather than use the cranes for loading 

161 



cars. On the occasions when the French cranes were available for use by the 
Americans, there was difficuhy in getting operators to handle them. Finally two 
thirty-five-ton cranes were assignofi pormanontly to the work; later four more were 
secured, two of which were used for loading and two for unloading in the yards. 
Additional storage yard space was secured from the French, more tracks laid down, 
and on January 1. 1919, there was a total storage space for about one hundred 
locomotives at one time. 

In the shops themselves there was space for about six or eight locomotives, the 
tracks being placed so close together that it was almost impossible for a man to 
work on an engine when there was another one on the adjoining track, in addititm to 
which there was so little room for handling material that it was impossible to 
maintain any great degree of order. There were two large overhead cranes in this 
shop, the Americans having practically the exclusive use of one of them and the use 
of the other for lifts that required two cranes. The greater part of the crane work 
had to be done at night, when the French wen> not working in the shops. 

The difhculty in getting material to replace parts that were missing from the 
packing boxes upon arrival made it necessary to send men to Nantes, Angers and 
surrounding coimtry in an endeavor to secure the material to make such parts. 
Buying from the French was necessitated by the fact that placing recjuisitions 
through regular channels did not bring satisfactory results. 

Eventually the American forces were given the use of another shop, which had 
been used by the French for the manufactun> of railway guns (which same guns 
were on one occasion pointed out to a party of visitors as being part of the work of 
the regiment), and there was a corresponding increase in production. 

During the period from September 30, 1917, to Detember .'{(), 1918, the men of 
the 19th Engineers at St. Nazaire erected a total of 1,124 locomotives, in addition 
to building storage yards, laying tracks, and building from locomotive packing 
boxes practically an entire new camp, capable of acconuiiodaling over a thousand 
iiirn. truly a notable achievement. 

Another phase of the work done by the St. Nazaire Contingent was the repair 
of steamship boilers by a detachment under Captain T. L. Mailain, the woik being 
done in such a manner as to merit the highest commendation <>( the na\al author- 
ities, and which resulted in a citation for Captain Mallam. 

Time Rkcords Est.\bli.shi:o 

It has been said that the time consumed by the French in the erection of 
locomotives was three weeks, and that the fust locomotive erected by the Amer- 
icans was completed in three days. On December 30, 1918, the average time in 
which a locomotive was erected in the .\merican shops was twenty-six hours, and 
the fastest time in which any one locomotive was built was eleven hours imd ten 
minutes. 

The situation at Nevers. where the fust men of (he 19th arrived on December 
23, 1917. compared favorably with that at St. Nazaire. in so far as lack of material 
and all working and living facilities were concerned. Vastly larger in scope than the 
operation at St. Nazaire, with each individual department i)resenting a multiplicity 
of problems, the results were more than cuMld lia\e been expected of any organi- 
zation. 

The shops, far from being completed and lacking only tools and e(iui|)inent, 

162 



had progressed no further than the laying of the foundations of the main building. 
No machinery of any kind had been installed and the power plant at Garchizy, 
instead of being in operation, had progressed only to the point of partial erection of 
the building, no machinery having been installed. In addition, no arrangements 
whatever had been made for taking care of the troops, though it had been under- 
stood that this matter was to have been taken care of by the French. 

Cars of railway material began to arrive in November, and an organization 
was estabhshed to handle the unloading and storing of it. During November and 
December, 270 carloads of material came in, much of this being heavy machinery 
for installation in the shops. There were no cranes available and all tlie unloading 
of this machinery and material had to be done by hand. Company E was ordered 
to Nevers, and upon arrival there was drawn upon for personnel for the stores 
department, and a gang of mechanics was organized and assigned to the erection 
of locomotive cranes. By the first of February two cranes had been erected and 
greatly facilitated the unloading of material, 845 cars of which arrived during 
January and February. The development of the storehouse work and organi- 
zation, like that of every other operation at Nevers, was a matter of gradual 
growth and increased efficiency as new men were trained to the work. 

It is impossible, in a brief space, to give even a fair idea of what was accom- 
pHshed. For example, the power plant at Garchizy, which was supposed to be 
ready to supply power, was finally taken over, the building construction completed, 
machinery installed and the plant operated by Americans. In the meantime, a 
complete electrical plant had been installed in the shops by the electrical depart- 
ment, furnishing light and power to both the shops and the camp. 

The growth of the various departments is well illustrated by the development 
of the blacksmith shop. This shop when started in the early part of 1918, con- 
sisted of two blacksmiths and two helpers, working in a small shed. In August, 
1918, the blacksmith shop occupied over half an acre of ground and employed 
nearly a hundred men. 

In addition to the work done in the Nevers shops proper, car shops w(ne erected 
for the repair of freight cars, and a track system laid down with a capacity of 7,50 
cars. From September to December, 1918, inclusive, the car shops turned out, 
repaired, a total of 1,863 cars. 

lender the supervision of the electrical department was the maintenance of 
American ambulance trains. The first order consisted of fifteen trains, with two 
more procured from the French, but finding that the number would be inadequate, 
an order was placed with the English to furnish thirty-three additional trains. 
Only four of the additional thirty-three trains had been delivered when the armis- 
tice was signed, and the order for the balance of twenty-nine was canceled. One of 
the greatest difficulties in handling the trains was the variation in ecjuipment and 
parts. There were, in the first fifteen trains received, seven diiferent types, none 
of the parts of which were interchangeable, necessitating considerable additional 
work on the part of the supply department, to say nothing of the delay in getting 
additional parts when needed. 

Naturally, with the growth of the shops themselves, there was need for in- 
creased personnel, which, in turn, required additional camp space. Such of the 
companies still on duty in outlying French shops as could be released from this 
work were brought to Nevers, where a camp was built capable of housing 4,000 

163 



men. and additional men, most of them with no railroad experience, secured from 
replacement camps. Camp Stephenson, as it was named, was midt)ubtedly one 
of the best in F^rance, with its complete sanitary system, company shower baths. 
a Y. M. C. A. building capable of seating 1, 100 men, and its well-stocked library. 
Classes in mechanical subjects were being conducted at Camp Stephenson some 
time before the organization of the regular .\. K. F. schools. 

An idea of the magnitude of the Nevers operation may be gained from the 
fact that the camp itself occupied about twenty-five acres of land, the car shops 
about twenty acres and the locomotive shops forty-five acres. 

In February, 1919, the first detachment left Camp Stephenson en route for 
the United States. The remaining personnel was returned in detachments of about 
.■jOO men. the last to leave being a small detachnient from the supply depot 
who remained behind on special duty for the purpose of assisting in tiu-ning over 
the shops, supplies and equipment to the French. 

The work accompUshed by the 19th Hegimi'iil of Fngineers is something thai 
caimot be appreciated except by those I'uIIn acciuainled with the diiliculties that 
were continually encountered and overcome, both at home and abroad. With 
few exceptions, officers and men had had no pre\ ious nnlitary experience, their 
training consisting, on the part of most of them, of dial uhlained during the few 
weeks spent in barracks in Philadelphia, hut they developed a military organi- 
zation and left behind a record of achievement, individually and as an organi- 
zation, of which any regiment may well be proud. 

AIRMEN OF PIIILADIXPHIA 

In the brief period that has elapsed since the ending of the World War, it 
has not been possible to secure complete anfl accurate records of eitli(>r the airmen 
of Philadelphia or their wonderful feats, i)eil'ormed on bolli llie training camps 
and figliliuL' fields. 

Many a brave pilot gave up his life in llie Iraining of llie material that was 
later to be (lying fighters over the battle lines of France. Heroes all: no mailer 
the part they took, or whether at the present writing a record of I heir brave deeds 
1)1' not obtainable. 

Philadelphia, standing for years, as one of the great cities foremost in aviati(m, 
from llie birth of that art, it was but natural that hundreds of its bravest young 
citizens should enter the air service. In this brief sketch are included as Phila- 
delphians many familiar names of airmen who actually reside in towns adjoin- 
ing, but who are known as Philadelphians on account of their close association 
with the city in business and social life. 

A greater part of this history has been from necessity drawn IVoni cable and 
telegraphic mes.sages and some inaccuracies are bound to occur, as oilicial records 
are not as yet accessible. 

Much cri>dit is due the press of Philadelphia for the vast amount of material 
furnished regarding Philadelphians in the air service, their deeds and exploits. 
The files of all Philadelphia papers have been carefully searched for a part of the 
records following. 

The Air Serrice Journal of September, 1917, states that "the complete roster 
of the Americans who volunteered and were accepted for active duty with the 

I<)1 



French Aviation Service has never been publislied." In the list of names that is 
given by the Journal, we find the following Philadelphians, some of whom were 
still in training at the French aviation schools at Avord and Etampes. 

Charles J. Biddle, Avord School; Juhan C. Biddle, killed in action; Leo J. 
Brennan, accepted, but not assigned; Lewis Leshe Byers, accepted, not assigned; 
James A. Connelly, Jr., Avord School; John Armstrong Drexel, Lafayette p]sca- 
drille; Joseph Flynn, Avord School; Charles Kerwood, Avord School; Upton S. 
Sullivan, awaiting acceptance; Stephen Tyson, Avord School. 

On May 5, 1917. Bobert Gleiidinning, prominent banker and aviator, received 
from Secretary of War Baker, his commission as a Major in the Aviation Section 
of the Officers' Beserve Corps of the United States Army. Major (ilendinning 
had long been one of the leading promoters of better aviation service fov 
the Army. 

In the autumn of 1916 the Major made a tour of the Army aviation schools 
of France and shortly after his retui-n, gave a practical demonstration how Phila- 
delphia might be bombarded from the air, by flying over the City Hall and dropping 
imitation bombs in the heart of the city. It was through the efforts of Major 
( llendinning that the Philadelphia School of Aviation at Essington was taken over 
by the government as a training school for Army aviators. 

Major (ilendinning is a native of Philadelphia and was graduated from the 
University of Pennsylvania, class of 1888. lie is head of the firm of Bobert Glen- 
dinning & Co., bankers and brokers. He is a member of the Aero Club of Penn- 
sylvania and a Spanish-American War veteran. For his illustrious services in 
France and Italy he was later promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He 
was decorated by the King of Italy and served in the balloon section during the 
latter part of the war. 

The body of Julian C. Biddle of the Lafayette Escadrille who had been re- 
ported missing and probably killed in action on August 18, 1917, was washed 
ashore by the tide at Egmond-Aan-Zee, on the north coast of Holland on Septem- 
ber 2d. The manner in which Biddle met his death has never been cleared up. 
All that is known is that the aviator ascended at St. Pol, France, to carry dispatches 
to Dunkirk, and disappeared, nothing definite being known as to his fate until his 
body was washed in by the sea. How he got over the sea is not understood, as 
his route was entirely over land. The most probable solution seems to be that 
the Philadelphia airman became involved with hostile flying forces and that the 
struggle carried him seaward. The burial of his body in the little coast village was 
made with due honor. 

Prominent among the American aces of the Great War stands the name of 
Major Charles J. Biddle, Pennsylvania's first "ace." Major Biddle's record as an 
airman is an enviable one. He was first a member of the Escadrille 73 of the 
French Aviation Service; then of the famous Lafayette Squadron, and later was 
Commanding Officer of the 13th American Pursuit Squadron. Still later he was 
made Commanding Officer of the 4th American Pursuit group, composed of four 
squadrons. It was on the second day of the advance on the Western Front, late 
in the summer of 1918, that Major Biddle carried out one of his bravest deeds. At 
an altitude of 18,000 feet Major Biddle lay in wait for a (iernian two-seater, which 
at once accepted his challenge. After a considerable expenditure of ammunition 
on both sides, the observer of the German machine was shot through the head. 

16,i 



The (Jernian pilot, hnwever. continued to fight until the synclironizing gear of his 
mat'hinc gun was disabled. He then attempted to e.scape but was wounded. 

Major Biddie preferred to capture the German and gradually drove him 
towards the American lines and tliey both made a j)erf(H-t landing just north of 
JNancy, in the \ osges. 

Major Hiddle was cited several times for his bravery. He was severely wounded 
in May, 1918. during one of his many air battles. Major Biddie has eight official 
victories to his credit and many dt-coratitjns. 

High honors were given Captain J. D. Este who served willi the a\ iation 
section of the Signal Corps in France. He was cited for extraordinary bravery 
wliile leading his patrol in an oilVnsive over the enemy's lines. 

The official citation states that on September 13, 1918, while leading his patrol 
in an olTcnsive at Chambley. his five machines were attacked from above and 
behind b\ an enemy formation of seven single sealers. It adds: "Although out- 
numbered and in a very disadvantageous position, he did not hesitate to lead his 
patrol to the attack." The citation further states that "through the combat that 
followed Lieutenant l-lste fought with the greatest bravery, in spite of the fact 
that 111' himself was attacked by two enemy planes, which tired al him from point 
blank r;inge fiom the rear and above. By his skill and couiage he was able to 
keep his formation together, and they succeedeil in shooting down three of the 
enemy planes of which Lieutenant Este himself destroyed one and drove another 
out of control." 

Captain l-]ste had the honoi- of Hying the fust American-made aenjplane with 
a Liberty motor. I Ic enlisted after war was declared and trained at Essington and 
K(>lly l'"ield. Te.xas. afterward being sent to France. While thi-re he was assigned 
to training and organization work. Press reports credit Captain Este with live 
official victories over Hun planes and fully twice that number imollicially. 

Lieutenant J. Sydney Owen was another Pliiladelphian who serveil in 
France. Lieutenant Owen received citations in recognition of his work. 

One of llie saddest incidents at the close of the war was the tragic death of 
Captain llobail Hare Baker. fimiliarK known throughout the country as "IU)bey 
Baker." ( ".aplain I'.aker was killed uii his last aeioplane lliglit. shortly after making 
his plans to return to his home. This was in a practice flight from the aerodrome 
at 'foul. France, December, 1918. Captain Baker was one of the best known 
college athletes of recent years. He became interested in aviation and started 
flying long before the I nited States entered the war. Later he enlisted and was 
sent to {•"ssington as an Instructor in Aviation. After a few months he went over- 
seas and became a meniber of the Lafayette I'^scadrille, and later- with the forma- 
tion of the American flying units in France, he was transferred to one of these, 
(■lowing tribute was paid ('aptain Baker by Major Charl(>s ,1. liiddle, who was in 
command of the group in which Baker served. 

Major Biddie said that Captain Baker during his services at the front brought 
down three (ierman machines in the last ten days of the war. The last machine 
attacked by Baker was 20,000 feet in the air and was carrying propaganda leallets 
to be dropped among American infantry. '"There was no finer man or a better 
pilot" said Major Biddie. "He was very skilful and particularly fearless. He 
would have had an even greater record than he did if it had been possible for him 
to have been at the front more than he was." 

166 



One of the bright spots of war's gloom are the letters which came to the mother 
of Lieutenant Charles Wallace Drew who was connected with the Thirteenth Aero 
Squadron while fighting in France. In September, 1918, he cabled his mother the 
message: "Well and happy. Have downed my first Boche and am on a three 
days' permission." Later in his letters he writes: "I am absolutely jolly, well 
satisfied with my plane, my guns, my squadron, our quarters, life, and best ol all 
our captain, who is no other than Captain Charles Biddle of the old Lafayette — 
a splendid fighter and a thorough gentleman." 

The official confirmation of Drew downing his Hun says he was attacked by 
four Fokkers. He attacked the first, a plane which was firing on Lieutenant Free- 
man. He then later attacked a Fokker which was climbing to get on the tail of 
his machine. He observed a number of his shots made direct hits on the motor 
and wings of his enemy's plane and he followed same down to an altitude of 600 
meters and when last seen the enemy was going down in smoke. 

Soon after this exploit Captain Drew was shot down by German planes and 
he was captured. An explosive shell had torn his right arm and he was taken to a 
German hospital where the arm was amputated in order to save his fife. For his 
bravery Lieutenant Drew was ofliciaUy cited and awarded the Distinguished Cross. 

"I am not a hero and I am not an ace," Captain Drew protests when his 
fellow citizens make a "fuss" over him. "I just did the task assigned to me." 

Late in February, 1918, General Pershing sent word to Washington of the 
death in France of Arthur H. Wilson, a cadet in the American Aviation Service. 

As no details were given it is befieved his death was accidental, as letters re- 
ceived from him a short period before indicate that he had just finished his test 
and had not begun combats with the enemy. 

Wilson, although a Philadelphian, was studying and teaching in New 
York when war broke out between the United States and Germany — that very 
day he enfisted and was transferred to the aviation service. 

He finished his examination and was sent to Cornell where he did his ground 
work. From there he was sent to France as one of the "honor men," the best in 
his class. He was a graduate of the Arts Department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania in the class of 1912. 

In this short chapter it is not possible to give a record of the brave deeds or 
even names of all the Philadelphians in the fiying service. At a later date no doubt 
a more voluminous history will be compiled wherein a complete record of all who 
took part in the Great War will be given credit for the work they did. 

The deeds recited above are exploits of some of Philadelphia's most prominent 
and well-known aviators, but deeds just as brilliant and daring were undoubtedly 
performed by the other fiying fighters as the following press account will show. 

Twenty Philadelphia aviators fell to their deaths abroad during the vast 
operations which marked the domination of the air by the Allies. Nine more were 
brought down by the Huns and placed in German prison camps until after the 
armistice. These figures show that in the fighting in the air this city contributed 
in the same unsparing manner that marked the sacrifice of Philadelphia lads in the 
battles on the soil of Franc^e. To offset these sad fatalities Philadelphia can lay 
claim to many signal honors bestowed as the results of the bravery of her sons in 
aerial conflict. The Distinguished Service Cross of the American Army has 
been won by thi'ee local aviators, one of whom paid the supreme price in the deed 

167 



which won lor him the coveted honor. Fiance has pinned the Ciui\ di' (Jueiie on 
the breasts of three other Philadelphia aviators and one of that trio also has made 
his last great flight. Four other Philadelphia flyers engaged with the Italian armies 
during the disastrous campaign along the Piave and later in the splendid victory 
which thrust Austria from the war have won the Itahan Service Ribbon for 
conspicuous bravery. 

Those who died abroad in combat or accident are as follows: Captain llobart 
Amory Hare Baker, Lieutenant Horace Baker, Lieutenant Julian C. Biddle, 
Lieutenant David Bispham. Jr.. Lieutenant Mortimer P. Crantv Taeutenant 
Richard Foulke Day. Lieutenant \\ illiam L. Deetji'ii, Lieutenant Norton Downs, 
Lieutenant Charles T. Evans, Jr., Lieutenant William F. Gallagher, Lieutenant 
Norman Hughes, Lieutenant Warren T. Kent. Lieutenant Paul B. Kurtz. Lieu- 
tenant Harold B. Merz, Lieutenant Wistar Morris, Lieutenant Hilary B. Rex, 
Lieutenant Philip N. Rhinelander. Lieutenant Walter M. Smyth, Lieutenant 
H. Pennington Way. Corporal 11. II. Houston Woodward. Of the above. Lieutenant 
H. Pennington Way wasawarded t lie Distinguished Cross (poslhiimously), while (^.or- 
poral H. 11. Houston Woodward was awarded the Croix de Guerre after his death. 

The nine who were brought down behind the German lines and placed in prison 
camps were: Lieutenant F^arl .\danis. Corporal Lewis L. Byers, Lieuteiuiiit <'.liarles 
W. Drew, Lieutenant Brooke Edwards, Sergeant Charles Wayne Kerwood, Lieu- 
tenant Henry Carvill Lewis, Lieutenant Stewart \. McDowell, Lieutenant John 
Joseph Meredith, l^ieutenant Frederick Westing. 

The following shows the Distinguished Service Cross, Croix de Guerre and 
Italian Ribbon awards for Philadelphia. This is the official list as announced by 
the government: 

Awarded Distinguished ServiceCross: Major Charles J. Biddle, Lieutenant Chas. 
W. Drew, Captain J. Dickinson KsU'. Lieutenant H. Pennington Way (deceased). 

Awarded Croix de (iuerre: Major Charles J. Biddle (with palm). Sergeant 
Charles Wayne Kerwood, Corporal 11. II. Houston Woodward (deceased). 

Awarded Italian Service Ribbons: Lieutenant lloiace Drevi'r, Lieutenant 
George N. Hyland, Lieutenant Earl 1). Banck. Lieuteiianl Richard (ioodman. 

Major Biddle also received the Cross of the Legion of Honor (French) and 
the Order of Leopold (Belgian). 

THE L.\ST FLIGHT 

O God of France, we pilots pray 
For France's safety, and obey 

Thy pointed finger in the gale. 

Hail to Thee, Master of Storms, .Ml Hail! 
Keep me this day from sudden sorrow. 
Spare me today for Fin home tomorrow. 
Guard me this day gainst the weakened wire. 
The tiny bullet of flying fire. 

The treacherous wings that would buckle or liriMk, 

To drag me down in its whistling wake. 
The morrow brings respite from fighting and flying — 
And a breath of the Seine ere day is dying. 

(Dabney Horton, Sergeant, French Aviation Service.) 
168 



THE AMERICAN FOREIGN LEGION* 

Very few civilians realize how varied were the efforts to make the American 
Army the most efficient fightinj,' force ever produced in the history of the world. 

One of the problems confronting those in charge of the development of the 
Army was caused by the number of men, particularly among the draftees, who 
spoke little or no English, and whose conception of the reasons for America's entry 
into the war were vague or even worse. For example a National Army soldier con- 
fidentially told a Philadelphian in the Army ■'^ "' that "The Kaiser, he treat his 
people so bad we go over to help them." 

Therefore, an experiment was made at Camp Meade which resulted in the 
formation of what was popularly known as the "American Foreign Legion." In 
September, 1918, the Fifth Development Battalion of the 15Uh Depot Brigade 
was formed and was composed entirely of foreign-born and foreign-speaking men. 
This unit was organized largely through the efforts of Brigadier (Jeneral E. E. 
Hatch, who felt that there was merit in so uniting tongues and races that a real 
esprit de corps would be engendered. 

About 50 per cent of the men in this battalion were Philadelphians and three 
of the original officers were from this city: Captain Signmnd J. Laschenski, Captain 
Eugene Prostrednik and First Lieutenant Hem-y F. Vache. 

Each company had interpretei's, and companies and platoons were composed 
exclusively of Italians, Poles and men of other nationalities. The companies 
were officered by those who not only spoke English but also the native language 
of their men and the various commands when given in English were repeated in a 
foreign tongue. In tliis way the men learned how the various commands sounded 
when given in English and they were taught how to execute the commands by di- 
rections in their own language. 

Real Americanization work was undertaken. The men were taught to read 
and write English, and American sports were explained and played. Great rivalry 
sprang up between all nationalities which led to great efficiency in many ways. 

The attention of the (Jeneral Staff at Washington was drawn to the way in 
which this scheme worked out and although at first it was believed that as a result 
of this classification a better organized labor battalion only would result, in October, 
1918, the battalion was fully equipped for overseas duty and was reviewed as an 
infantry unit at Camp Meade by ofiicers from the General Staff at Wasliington. 

The result of this review was that a number of the officers were detached from 
the battalion and sent to camps elsewhere to aid in the organization of similar units. 

In November the battalion made final preparations for overseas duty, but the 
signing of the armistice prevented and soon after November 11th the battalion 
was demobilized and was the first to leave Camp Meade. 

THE 1()TH INFANTRY— 1ST DIVISION 
By Thomas S. Cline, Former Chaplain 

The story of the 16th Infantry in France is an epitome of America's achieve- 
ment in the World War. It tells how a regiment, originally composed of regulars, 
was reorganized for overseas service, whisked from the Mexican border 3,000 

*By the Secretary of ttie Philadelpliia War History Committee. Information supplied 
by Ijieutenant Vactie. 

Ki9 



miles across the country, spirited for another 3.000 miles over the sea. trained in 
the art of trench warfare by the C.hasseurs. fiance's best, sent into the trenches 
for its l)aptisni of fire, and tiien after a nK)nth"s rest phmjied into the supreme 
test of war's crucible. It tells also how the 16th gained all the objectives assigned 
to it. in each of the great battles that followed — Cantigny. Soissons. St. Mihiel. 
the .\rgonne and Sedan. The regiment was refilled three times over. The origi- 
nals were half regulars, half volunteers; the replacements were National Army 
men. Hul from first to last the morale of the 16th remained constant and unbroken. 

A nutiib(>r of Philadelphiaiis .served as officers and enlisted men in the 16tli. 

The regiment sailed from lloboken for France on June 11, 1917, and reached 
St. Nazaire cm June 26th. The four regiments which landed that day were the 
first American regiments to land in a luiropean country. 

On the 1th of July, 1917, a battalion of the 16th was reviewed by Marshal 
Joffre and President Poincare in Paris. When the parade visited the tomb of 
Lafayette, (ieneral Pershing uttered the famous words "Lafayette, ive are here." 

For intensiv(> training the regiment located in the (iondrecourt area, not far 
lirliind the sector which was eventually to become the Ameriian front. During 
the first month the battalions were instructed separately. Then followed a month 
of actual occupation of the trenches with veteran troops in a (luiet .sector. The 
third month was devoted to training as a complete division, under the direction 
of their own officers. For teachers th(>y had the \lpine Chasseurs. The splendid 
effect of the training of these brave and snap|)y Alpinists was evident in the dash 
and finish of the work not only of the 16th Infantry but of the wlmii- of the 1st 
Division to wiiich they belong. 

ihe 16lli Infantrymen were among tiic first Americans to enter the trenches. 
They were the first to shed blood. This occurred in the Balhlemont raid which 
took place November 3, 1917. The I6lh had relieved the French in what had 
been a quiet sector near the city of .\anc>. The (iermans. who had been informed 
of the arrival of the Americans by traitorous signals from Bathlemont put over 
a box barrage. They captured several prisoneis and killed three men of Ihe 16th, 
Gresham, luuighl and Hay. A noble monumi-nt, erected b> the French Ciovern- 
ment, now marks the place where they fell. 

The Kith did valiant service in d(>fending the Toid sector and more parlicidarly 
the .Montdidier sector; but the lirst great oil'ensive battle in which they partici- 
pated was that of Soissons. 

The force of the German Chaleau-ThierrN offensiNe had established a deep 
Marne salient which tempted (ieneral Pershing to make a counter-ofl'ensi\e. In 
the great surprise attack which he launched on July 18th, the 1st Division was 
in the forefront. For five days the |6lli Infantry fought a terrible but glorious 
battle. Whole companies were wiped out in a siiorl time. When oflicers were 
shot down non-commissioned officers took command of battalions. The cas- 
ualty list tells the story of hard fighting. Killed. 201; wounded, 910; missing, 590; 
total, 1,731. 

Never before nor after did the 16th suffer such heavy losses in the same length 
of time. They had their objecti\es to take and they did not count the cost. It 
was somelliing to rect)ver seven or eight miles of the sacred soil of France, but that 
was incidental. They were helping to win Ihe crucial battle \\lii<h was destined 
to turn (lie whole tide of the war. 

170 



When the Maine sahent had been flattened out and General Pershing was 
free to carry out an all-Amcrican offensive on a large scale at St. Mihiel, again 
the 1st Division played a prominent part. Here the 16th showed signal aggres- 
siveness and efficiency in advancing against an entrenched enemy, through for- 
midable wire entanglements, over a broken terrain made more diflicult by rain, 
and capturing promptly all objectives assigned to it. 

The 16th went over the top in the Meuse-Argonne battle on October 4th, and 
the ten days that followed were terrible days in the story of the regiment. On 
the day of the attack they pressed forward over five miles against the stilfest op- 
position of Germany's best warriors and took their objective, the town of Fleville. 
The 3d Battalion which led that day started out in the morning with twenty officers 
and 800 men. When they dug in at dusk they had but two oflicers and 240 men. 
Their heroic work had enabled the regiment to cairy out its orders. The fuel 
should he recorded thai Ihe llilh Iiifanlry iras the only unit not only of the Division 
hut aho of the Army that was aljle to take all of its ol)iectives that Jirst terrible day 
in the Argonne. 

When the 1st Division was finally relieved by the Rainbow Division, and op- 
portunity came for the calling of the roll it was found that of the sixty-two officers 
and approximately 2.600 men, which the 16th sent into action, seven officers and 
129 men were killed, twenty-three officers and 812 men were wounded, four 
officers and 298 men were gassed, one officer and .'5(il men were missing. 

This casualty fist of thirty-five officers and 1,600 men is more eloquent than 
anything we can say regarding the heroic battle fought by the boys of the 16th on 
the edge of the Argonne forest. 

In the citation which General Pershing gave the 1st Division after the battle 
of the Argonne, he said, "The Commander-in-Chief has noted in this Division a 
special pride of service and a high slate of morale, never broken by hardship or 
battle." Those words applied to no unit more truly than to the 16th. 

The 16th Infantry was the only unit of the 1st Division seriously engaged in 
the Sedan drive. By a maneuver, daring in its conception and brilliant in its 
execution, the regiment reached Hill 202 overlooking Sedan before the battle was 
called off. In speaking of this point General Pershing said, "The strategical goal 
which was our highest point was gained. We had cut the enemy's main line of 
communication, and nothing but surrender or armistice could save his armies 
from complete disaster." 

On December 1, 1918, for the first time in history, American troops marched 
on German soil. The 16th Infantry led the way along the west bank of the River 
Moselle. The regiment finally took station in the region of Dernbach, near the cir- 
cumference of the Cobleiiz Bridgehead, which had been assigned to the 3d Army. 
Here they remained on outpost duty for many months until the glad news came 
that they were to have the honor of returning to the United States with General 
Pershing. They had been the first to go to France and they had stayed to the 
finish. 

The men of the 16th take just pride in their regiment. They rejoice in the fact 
that it was ready for immediate service when America entered the war; because 
it served in the 1st Division; because it had the privilege of training with the 
Chasseurs; because it was the first to shed its blood in contact with the Germans; 
because it never failed to take all objectives assigned to it; because it never yielded 

171 



a fool of ground lo tlie enemy; because it was among the first American troops to 
march on German soil; because it is entitled to wear the French fourragere; and 
because the Commander-in-Chief honored the regiment and the I^ivision by 
parading with them in New York and Washington upon their return from 
France. 

The following tribute was paid to the 16th Infantry by Brigadier General 
Frank Parker, 1. S. A.: 

To tli<' loth Infantry of Ihi- 1st Brigade of the 1st Division American Expetiitionury Forces: 

To those ollicers and men who have held, faithfully, in this war, tlic posts of highest honor, 
those nearest the enemy; 

Wlio with their sweat and blood have taken the ground that ineiiiit \ictory; 

Who have impresstnl upon Europe, in the supreme test of hiiltlc. llie (piaHty of American 
manhood : 

Surely all lionor is due. 

Just so surely is this honor the greatest where duty was most ilillinill. and where it was biwt 
done, whether hy colonel or private, matters not. 

Each one in his appointetl plac<', each one to his own work, and each man's duly of ecpial 
im|Mirtance in the face of death. 

There is to my thinking, nothing finer in this world than the self-ellacing role of the true 
pri\ate soldier of infantry, and nowhere in this war has this private soldier of infantry been truer 
lo his country's expectations of him than in the Kith Infantry. 

All honor then to these men, and to those gallant ollicers and non-connuissioned oflicers, 
who taught, inspired and led these private Cireat-IIearts in the van of tlii' American Expeditionary 
I'orces. 

I'lllLVDKLPllIA WOMEN IN THE SERVICE* 

III the Will Id War lln' records established by American women proved that 
they were wortlu to sliare witli tlie men in tiie defense of llie nation, for they 
occu()ied posts of danger and positions of grave responsibility. 

It is interesting to note that the first woman to enlist in tiie I nited States 
Navy was a IMiiladelpliian Miss Loretta Walsh — who was sworn in by Lieu- 
tenant Commander F. W. Payne, L'. S. N., at the United States Naval Home on 
Grays Feny Road, March 2.3, 1917. From that date it is estimated by Miss 
Margaret Tliumas. Commander of \iiieiieaii Lr>gion Post .^0, yeomen (f). that over 
2.000 Phikulelpliia women enhsled in the .\rmy. Navy and Marine Corps. The 
majority of these were listed as yeomen (f), and they served at the Navy Yard, at 
the Coinmandaiit's lieadcpiarters. 12th and Chestnut streets, at tlie Na\al Home, 
in the disbursing ollices, at tlie piers, and at the storehouses, recruiting stations 
and shipyards. In fact, at any plant or station under government control. 

\ large number of Philadelpliia women served in Washington and in other 
parts of the country, as they were all subject lo transfer from point lo point. 
The greatest number served in various clerical capacities, as stenographers, tele- 
phone operators, et<'., and in the Camouflage Department. 

Among tiiose who acted as stenograpliers were some specially trained women 
who, during the submarine excitement in 1917, served in the Communication 
( )f1i(e at [..eagiie Island and t-lsewhere. Time and again these women were on duty 
for twenlN-four liotiis at a stretch, and a great deal of their normal work was done 
at night. The only yeomen (f) enlisted in the Fourth Naval District to go over- 
seas went with Naval Base No. 5. 



*Sununarized by the Secretary of the Philadelphia War History ("ommittee. 

172 



There were twelve "mariiiettes" 
stationed in Piiiladelpiiia, of which 
nine were residents of thiseity. Tlieir 
work was at the Marine Recruiting,' 
Station, at the Quartermaster C.orps" 
Depot and at the Advanced Base 
Headquarters, U. S. M. C. 

Miss Margaret Thomas, whose 
length of service extended horn April 
14. 1917, until January 1, 1920, was a 
Chief Yeoman, and rendered such dis- 
tinguished service under Lieutenant 
Commander Payne as to receive a 
special letter of commendation from 
him. 

Atleastone thousand Philadelphia 
women served as nurses in the Arm> . 
The Nurses' American Legion Post 
No. 412 is being rapidly developed. 
Miss Caroline Waltemate, who was 
with Base Hospital No. 10, is Secre- 
tary of the post. This jjost is known as 
the Fairchild Post, in honor of Miss 

Helen Fairchild, who also was with Base Hospital No. 10 and who died in service 
overseas. 

Among the Philadelphia nurses who were decorated foi' bravery were two who 
were with an American Base Hospital attached to the British Army. These women 
were decorated by the Prince of Wales during his visit to America, one in Washing- 
ton, D. C, the other in New York City. 




Courtesy of ri.LiiU VV. Bulilii. Ilic .Slaijliy Co. of An 



Miss Lorella Walsh of Pliiladelphiii. FirsI 
Yeoman if). Siinint in March '?.>, I'.tl7. 



PHILADELPHIANS IN THE TANK CORPS 

The original plans for tlic I nited States Tank Corps called for ten heavy and 
fifty light tank corps battalions. However, only a few were organized and a still 
smaller number went overseas and got into action. In the light tank corps 
battalions a number of Philadelphia men served, particularly in the 339th, 344th 
and 345th. 

The recruiting which was done in Philadelphia during the summer of 1918 
was largely for the light tanks. Those men who did serve in these battalions used 
French tanks with double Mercedes engines. 

The men recruited in Philadelphia and elsewhere during the special efforts 
made to increase the personnel of the "Treat 'em Rough" Corps were sent 
both to Tobyhanna and Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, and also to Camp Polk, at 
Raleigh, N. C, and to Camp (ireene, at Charlotte, N. C. 

Of the heavy tanks corps battalions, the 301st was the only one to get into 
major actions. It operated with the British Army in support of the 27th and 30th 
United States Divisions in the second Somme offensive, and also with the 3d and 
5th Australian Divisions. These heavy tank corps battalions operated foily-eight 

17.3 



tanks of British make, driven by a specially designed Recardo engine, which re- 
placed the Daimler tractor engine in the original British tank. The 301st Battalion, 
United States Tank Corps, was largely recruited at Cam]) Meade, and Company 
A was mostly Philadelphian in personnel. From Camp Meade the battalion went 
to Camp Merritt and sailed in March, 1918, for France. 

It saw service in four major actions: first, at the Hindenburg Line, in the 
Bellicourt-N'aury sector, September 29. 1918: next, in the second battle of Cambrai. 
in the Brancourt sector, Octob(>r 8, 1918, and in two major actions in the LaSelle 
River. October 17 and 23. 1918. After tiiis date it was held in reserve at the 
second battle of Mons, and remained with tlie British forces imlil the signing of 
the armistice. 

FIRST (later 406lh) TELEGKAPII BATTALION. S. W. C. 

By p. L. Schauble 

When by Congressional action, just before our country declared war. a Signal 
Reserve was created. Philadelphia took the lead, and as a result the plans for 
organizing the First Telegraph Battalion S. W. C. were made in this city. Although 
the name was changed later to the UKitli Telegraph Battalion. S. C, IJ. S. A., its 
original name was far more appropriate. There are many reasons. It was the 
first reserve telegraph battalion to be organized: it was the fust reserve unit 
to be ordered overseas; it was the first complete signal unit to arrive in France; 
it was the first technical unit to be attached to General Headquarters, A. E. F.; 
when the First Army Corps was formed, it was the first technical unit designated 
as a part of the corps. 

Congress created the Signal Reserve. The War Department organized it. It 
was but natural for the Bell System, as the largest communication busiiK^ss in the 
world, to be called on to assist in the work. Plans were made llirough the co- 
operation of the \merican Telephone and Tilegraph Company, the f)arent organi- 




liiillaliun III hi,l,i„n>l,ii,i Hull. .Inn, Is. I'.ll,' 
171 



zation of the Bell System, for the recruiting of several battalions from the asso- 
ciated Bell Companies. It was due to the enthusiasm of its Mce-President and 
(leneral Manager, Leonard H. Kinnard, who later became its President, that the 
Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, with its two associated companies, which 
operate Delaware and southern New Jersey, were the lirst actively to start the work. 
Out of 6,000 male employees, 1,400 volunteered. As a result, a battalion was 
organized, one company from Philadelphia and the eastern territory and the othei- 
from western Pennsylvania. Practically the entire roster of this organization, 
comprising 215 men and ten officers, was drawn from the employe body. 

The battaUon was sworn in during the latter part of April, 1917. By the 
middle of June they were in camp at Monmouth Park, New Jersey, later known 
as Camp Alfred Vail, and on August 7th were on shipboard, arriving at St. Nazaire 
on the 21st. In less than four months these raw recruits with no previous military 
experience had been wliipped into shape as splendid soldiers and landed in France 
ready for any emergency. 

Just a word as to the quality of the personnel of the organization. Is it not 
significant that three men from this organization were picked to accompany 
General Pershing when he left the United States to take up his duties as Com- 
mander of the as yet embryonic A. E. F.? Is it not worthy of note that from the 
handful of men in the battalion, there developed prior to the end of the war, two 
lieutenant colonels, five majors, three captains, eight first lieutenants, nine second 
lieutenants and more than a score of non-commissioned officers? 

After a few days at Base Camp No. 1, in St. Nazaire, the battafion was assigned 
to Chaumont to equip with telephone service the buildings which in a very few 
days were to be used for General Pershing's headquarters. While part of the organi- 
zation was rushing this work, the remainder began the construction of a line from 
Chaumont to Neufchateau. This was a long and tedious task. American tools 
and materials were not yet available, as the battalion had come to France with 
one of the earliest convoys, and before any amount of equipment had begun to 
arrive. However, the line was completed on September 27th. 

While Company E of the battalion extended the line south toward Langres 
from Chaumont, Company D wired various training areas preparatory to the 
arrival of American divisions who were to be trained in this section. The entire 
winter was spent in this preliminary construction work. The area in the vicinity 
of Vaucouleurs was completely equipped and a line run from Vaucouleurs back to 
Chaumont. 

It was similar to work back home, and yet it was dilTerent. The boom of 
guns could be heard in the distance. Not far away men were falling, wounded or 
dead in the very cause which had brought these men with their "spurs" and 
pliers to France. There was no need to urge the men on. They were called the 
"battalion of hand picked men" and they knew why they were there. Telephone 
lines went up as by magic, switchboards and telegraph equipment were installed 
in jig-time. They were there for business. 

There was some diversion during that first winter on foreign soil. There were 
parties at Hallowe'en, at Thanksgiving and at Christmas. These parties were 
very much helped by the use of a mess fund which had Ijeen contributed by the 
employes of the telephone organization and which had l)een turned over to the 
battalion before it went to Monmouth Park. 

17.S 



It was during this winter that the battalion lost the name in which it took so 
much pride. But pride could not be considered in the waging of war and the 
First Telegraph Battalion became the 406th mider which name it operated until it 
was demobilized. 

In January the 406th which had become scattered over the Chaumont area 
on various cnnsliuction jobs, was mobilized at Neufchateau preparatory to 
forward work. In February, it was assigned to the First Army Corps as the Head- 
quarters Telegraph Battalion. The next couple of months were spent in divisional 
work, Company D building lines to the front and Company E doing construction 
work in the rear areas. 

From March until June, details from the battalion were assigned to listening 
post work for the radio intelligence service in the \ icinity of Xivray and Seicheprev. 
This involved the stringing of lines over PSo Man's Land and maintaining them, 
constantly under (ire. Several times during this period the enemy raiding patrols 
advanced past the dugouts in which the signal men were intercepting hostile radio 
and wire messages, but were diiven back by the counter-attacks of liie allied forces. 

In June, the First Army Corps was transferred to the Marne salient, there to 
prepare to meet the next German drive on Paris. This marks the beginning of 
the concentration of American troops for active service under American command. 
Many American divisions had seen service with various French and English 
units but now an Ami'rican Army Corps, under- Xinerican ((unniaiid. was to take 
the field. 

The battalion spent the next month in preparing the lines of conununication 
for the coining battl<'. Headquarters was at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. The battalion 
took over the oiteratioii of all the telephone exchanges in this area and kept the 
lines in repair. In addition to the telephone operation, repaii work, and construc- 
tion work, the ballalioti motor sections were called on to assist in tli(> transporta- 
tion of troops and aintnunition to the front. 

The battle is a matter of history. The (Jermans made an attack on July 
l.^th. The Americans with their Allies could not be budged, and on the 18lh, 
the great coimter offensive began which drove the Hun back and removed the 
menace to Paris. 

As the battle progress(>d and the (lermans retreated Corps Headquarters 
was advanced from jjlace to place, first to Montreuil. then to I5uin> and later to 
Chateau Moucheton. The battalion installation men rushed th(^ switchboards 
and wires aliead sometimes arriving at the pla<e designated for the "P. C" (Post 
of Conuiiand) before liie ( Icrmans were driven out of the vicinity. 

The advance continued to the Vesle, headcpiarters being established at 
Fere-en-Tardenois. There is little opportunity in a brief account of this nature 
to tell of the strenuous days and nights, always under lire, which tiie signal men 
spent. They carried no arms except pistols. They had no opjiortunity to get 
the thrill which comes from actual fighting. They wi>re forced to content them- 
selves with the thought that witiiout the lines of conununication which they were 
carrying forward, the battle could not proceed successfully. 

The Marne salient was wiped out. When the \'esle was reached and the 
battle line became stationary, the First Army Corps hurried to new fields. It 
was next to take part in the great attack which was to drive the (iermans out of 
the St. Mihiel sector. Corps Headquarters was established at Saizerais about the 

176 



middle of August, and until early in September preparations were made for the 
attack. All of the forward exchanges were taken over by the battalion men and 
on September 12th, the battle began. The orders provided that after three days 
the First Corps was to be withdrawn and transferred to the Argonne sector to 
assist in driving the Germans back in that region. Tiie St. Miliiel offensive pro- 
gressed so rapidly that the Hun was completely on the run by the time the First 
Corps left the battle line. 

After a very brief period spent in equipping the new headquarters at Rare- 
court in the Argonne sector, and in taking over all of the advance telephone and 
telegraph offices, the attack began which was to continue almost without interrup- 
tion until the enemies threw up their hands on November 11th. As the forces became 
engaged with the Germans in the Argoime, the construction of a telephone line was 
started, following on the vet y heels of the advancing troops, to maintain commu- 
nication to the rear. This line was built from salvaged poles from Boche camouflage 
screens and in places from lines abandoned by the enemy. The advance was so 
rapid tliat at times it was impossible for the signal men to keep up with it. At 
such times they jumped ahead and resumed work again just in the rear of the 
fighting forces. This line followed the entire advance through the Argonne. 

An advance '"P. C," the code name of which was "Bonehead," was estab- 
lished in a huge dugout at Cotes-de-Forimont. This was an important office and 
a large part of the battalion force was stationed here to operate the telephone 
and telegraph equipment and maintain the lines. As the Argonne was cleared 
of tiie enemy, lines were built in wiiat were now the rear areas for the handling 
of trains on the rebuilt railroads. 

A lull in the advance was followed by a renewal of the offensive on November 
2d. Grandpre. after a terrific struggle fell to the Americans, and the telephone 
hne was rushed on toward St. Juvin. Corps Headquarters was established at 
Harricourt to wliich place the battalion moved. The (memy was now on the run 
and the American forces rushed after them toward Sedan, .lust two days before 
the armistice was signed, the First Corps, including the 406th Telegraph Battalion, 
was relieved. 

The battalion had seen practically continuous service since the first American 
offensive began in July. During that period of nearly four months on active 
fronts, the men had engaged in nearly every kind of work. They had constructed 
conununication lines to prepare for the various attacks. And when the actual 
battles started they were occupying the front line telephone exchanges. This 
sounds like rather prosaic work. Let one of the men dispel any such illusion. The 
Marne ofl'en,si\e was just starting. The 406th had installed a switchboard in a 
dugout at Montreuil. It was being operated and the Unes in the vicinity kept in 
repair by the same organization as the attack began. It was the night of July 17th. 

"About 11.30 all our lines to the Yankee Division went out of service. Two 
of the men left the dugout to find the break. Shells were dropping by the ton. 
Down the hill in the pitchy darkness the men stumbled. They fell into a huge 
cavity. It was a shell hole. The shell had fallen on the telephone line. Nearly a 
hundred feet of the wires had been shot away. A quick repair was made. No 
sooner had they r-eturned than all lines to the rear went out. This cut us off 
from headcjuarters. A detail started out and found the line almost completely 
broken down by shell fire. Repair after repair was made. Many times, the same. 

177 




j(il) had to l)e repeated as shells 
lore down the newly repaired 
wires. It was not until the 
iii'xt evening that these men 
ifliirned to the dugout. 

"While they were fjone. 
the operators at the switi'h- 
lioard were having a "hot' 
lime. ( Xhcers at the rear were 
(lemandiiii; conneetions to the 
(rout. Ofiieers at the front 
w ere asking for eonneetions to 
I lie rear. Next was an order 
( liaiiging the direction of 
allaek. And every rail was 
an emergency call." 

Such was life at the ad- 
vance exchanges. In the rear 
the motor sections with .some 
sixty to eighty \ chicles of 
xarious vintages in their care 
had no light task. Hauling 
signal corps material by day, 
snatching an hour now and 
again for repairs, and spending 
the night hauling troops and 
ammunition to the front, these chauffeurs and repairmen had a strenuous time. 

The Telt^giaph Battalion had been in l'"rance a year and a half. It had made 
such a reputation for itself that when Colonel Yoris, Signal Officer of the First 
Army r.f)rps was ])rej)aring to enti'r the ()ccui)ation Zone in Germany, he pleaded 
to be allowed to lake this "liattalion of llxperts"" as he called it. He agreed to 
dispense with the additional signal unit which was allowed to an .\rmy Corps, if 
he could have these Pennsylvania Hell men. The Chief Signal OfTieer ruled that 
these men had already done their sliaic in the war and were not to join the Army 
of Occupation. So winter quartei-s were taken up at Tonnerre. 

The question np]iermost in the minds of every man in France now was, "When 
do we go home?" During this winter the men of the battalion had their first 
"vacations" since they had arrived in France. During this ])eriod, too, a Horse 
and Motor Show was held in the I'irst Army Corps and four motor vehicles were 
entered by the battalion. Ivach of the four was awarded the Blue Bibbon in its 
respective class. One of the four received the Cirand Prize for all classes. 

On April 8th, the battalion boarded the Sealllr at Brest. Faster Sunday 
found the ship in New York harbor, and at midnight the battalion arrived at 
Camp Upton. Three days later it was transferred to Camp Dix for demobiliza- 
tion. On .\pril 26th the signal men were finally mustered out of service. 

The 406th, which many of its friends and members still called the First Tele- 
graph Battalion, ceased to exist as an active military unit, having completed ju.st 
two years of service — twenty months of which had been sp(>nt overseas. These 

ITli 



rliiito I.T r>. Snrront Rell. 

Final lievieiv of llie 'lOGIIi TfUiiniph HallalUtn. 



men had laid down their telephone tools to serve their country. After two years 
of absence they again took up their work, richer by their experience in having 
shared in the fight to preserve democracy. 



THE STATE FENCIBLES IN THE WORLD WAR* 

The State Fencibles, having responded to every call for duty since its organiza- 
tion in 1813, and seeing the part the United States were destined to play in the World 
War, passed a resohition on March 28, 1917, requesting authority from the Mayor 
of the City of Philadelphia to increase the command from a battalion of four com- 
panies to a full regiment. This permission was granted on April 2, 1917, and 
recruiting was at once begun. 

By April 14, 1917, the regiment had been fully organized, recruited and partly 
equipped, and on that day, 1,200 men were paraded and reviewed by the Mayor 
of the City of Philadelphia and by members of Councils and citizens generally, from 
the West Plaza of City Hall. The services of this regiment were immediately 
tendered to the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania to form part of its quota, 
and to the President of the United States; also to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, 
who was at tliis time attempting to form a division, to be known as the Roosevelt 
Expeditionary Forces, for immediate service in France. 

At the opening of the war the authorities at Washington found themselves 
divided into two groups, one favoring the volunteer system, and the other, the 
selective draft. The final decision of Congress, in favor of the selective draft, made 
it impossible for the State Fencibles' Regiment to enter the service as a unit. 
The regiment up to this time had been recruited to 1,960 officers and men. "I 
regret," said Colonel Theodore Roosevelt in a letter addressed to the State 
Fencibles, "from the standpoint of the country that your services were not utiUzed. 
But the country has every reason to be proud of the zeal, patriotism and business- 
like efficiency with which you came forward." 

The Fencibles later deemed it advisable to permit the various members to 
select other branches of the service so that the organization would be properly 
represented in this conflict. 

The members of the Fencibles later entering the service were mustered at Fort 
Allen, Camp Brown, Columbus Barracks, Camp Dix, Frankford Arsenal, Camp 
Green, Camp Hill, Camp Hancock, Camp Humphreys, Camp Jackson, Camp 
Johnston, Fort Jay, Camp Lee, Camp Meade, Camp Merritt, Philadelphia Navy 
Yard, Camp Slocum, Camp LIpton, Camp Vail and Wissahickon Barracks. 

Its members were represented in the United States Regular Army, National 
Guard, National Army, United States Navy, Marine Corps and Naval Reserve, 
serving in England, Italy, France, Germany and United States. 

Of the number origiTially recruited, it has been found impossible to trace all, 
but from the records now available, 960 entered the service during the war. Of 
this number thirty-seven were killed or died of disease and 186 were wounded. 

To the members of the Fencibles there were awarded the Distinguished 
Service Cross, British War Cross, Italian War Cross and Croix de Guerre. 

'Summarized from "Spcctemur Agendo" l)y Colonel Thumbs S. Lanard. 

179 



After the close of the war twenty-eight men remained in the service and 
were transferred to the regular Army and Navy. 

PIONEER INFANTRY REGIMENTS 
Ry Major Louis L. Tafel 

Among the {".ombatant Troops bearing an important part in the great American 
drives which helped to end tlic war were numerous regiments of Pioneer Infantry 
— a combination of infantry and engineers — among whom were many ollicers and 
men from Philadelphia and its vicinity. 

Major (I. W. Davis, in his "Story <>f the 1st Pioneer Infantry, T'. S. A.," has 
given the following concise and excellent description of this new branch of the ser- 
vice : 

"Pioneer troops, as the term was used in our Army, may be described as regi- 
ments trained and equipped as infantry to be used as troops of emergency, either 
for combat or simple engineering construction. The American General Staff, 
lat(^ in 1917, decided to form a number of iiil'anti y regiments to be attached to the 
headquarters of the Armies and Army Corps then in process of format ion, and to call 
these Corps and Army Troops 'Pioneer Infantry.' Infantry regiments had always 
been attached to Corps and Army headquarters and. as has be(>n shown, it was a 
logical step to call them Pioneers. The regiments could be used for such special 
work as the Army or Corps Commander might direct, trained and armed for con- 
struction or combat, and instantly available in any emergency without destroying 
the tactical solidarity of the divisions." He adds: "The general idea of the 
European armies was to use as pioneers those troops who would be more skilled 
in the requirements of simple field construction than infantry and not so technical 
as the engineers; the heavy losses in purely technical troops having seriously 
inconvenienced their operations." 

On the 1th of .Tanuary, 19U), under an order of General (iuy Garleton, com- 
manding the I'rovisional Depot for Corps and Army troops, at Spaitanburg, .S. (',.. 
there was organized the 1st Pioneer Infantry from what remained of the old 1st New 
York, under command of Coloni-l .las. S. Rover. The 2d. .■?(!. llli an<l 'Ah Pioneer 
Infantry were formed from National (Juard regiments which had been skeletonized 
in the creation of the new war strength regiments in the \ariiius divisions. All 
these Pioneer regiments were then completed by the transfer of oflicers and men 
from the Heserve Corps and National Army, and these regiments were designated 
as "Corps Troops," to be attached to the several Army Corps. There were or- 
ganized, in a similar manner, from these former National (luard regiments, other 
regiments, to be attailied to the .se\('ral Kield Armies, called "Army Troops," 
Tuind)ered respectively from 51 to 6,5. Among the Pliiladelphians in the l.st Pioneer 
Infantry were Majors George Blair and Louis L. Tafel; Captain Leian M. Ilaller 
and Lieutenants Charles P. Delp. Thomas A. Logue, William May, .lames S. Smith, 
Jr., and Francis J. Harrity. In the other Pioneer regiments, Philadelphia was 
likewi.se well represented. Nearly all of these regiments saw service 
overseas. Later, there were certain other regiments of Pioneers for con- 
struction work, bearing numbers over 800, which also rendered good 
service. 

180 



Overseas the Pioneers sometimes operated with the infantry, or as part of the 
reserve, but usually they worked with the eufjineers in building and repairing 
bridges, roads, camouflage screens and trenches, cutting wire entanglements and 
keeping open the communications over the spongy, shell-torn roads for the troops, 
artillery, ambulances, anniiunition and supplies, often under the fire of artillery, 
machine guns and airplanes, and bearing their inevitable share of the casualties. 

The 1st Pioneer Infantry served with the 1st and 3d Army Corps during the 
Oise-Aisne, Aisne-Marne and Meuse-Argonne olfenslves; and during the St. Mihiel 
and Meuse-Argonne drives, a number f)f these Pioneer regiments rendered valiant 
service, advancing with the infantry and later making and maintaining roads 
and bridges over No Man's Land for the miles and miles of troops, artillery, 
ambulances, wagons and ammunition trucks pressing to and from the advancing 
lines. The importance of this work is evidenced by the words of General Drum 
in his talk on "The Great American Offensive," when he states, in connection 
with the work near Montfaucon, on September 26, 1918, "Pioneers were collect- 
ing stone with their bare hands and throwing it on the road, and every handful of 
stone they put in was worth a hundred bullets." Working furiously, day and 
night, with little rest or food, during those first momentous days of that great 
attack, the Engineers and Pioneers opened and maintained the great Victory Roatl 
over No Man's Land, so that our Army could continue its advance, day after day, 
until the armistice found it well across the Meuse. 

It was, therefore, eminently fitting that several regiments of Pioneer Infantry 
should be chosen as part of that veteran Army of Occupation which made the 
memorable march to the Rhine and occupied the American sector in Germany, 
holding the bridgehead at Coblenz. It fell to the lot of the 1st Pioneers to cross 
the Rhine with the 3d Corps and to be the first American troops to occupy the 
great German fortress of Ehrenbreitstein, often called "The Gibraltar of the 
Rhine." 

As these Pioneer " Corps and Army Troops" were not an integral or permanent 
pait of any particular division, the record of their achievements has often been over- 
looked. Nevertheless, no troops had a better record for duty earnestly and bravely 
performed in the face of hardships and danger than these same sturdy Pioneers, as 
they manfully struggled, day after day to carry out the part assigned to them in 
the "Great Adventure," which has added such a glorious chapter to our 
American history. 

54TH PIONEER INFANTRY 
Ry Major David R. Simpson 

January 5, 1918, marked the demise of the old 71st Infantry, New York Na- 
tional Guard, and the inception of the 54th Pioneer Infantry to Camp Wadsworth, 
South Carolina, the 1st Rattalion of which was almost exclusively Philadelphian 
in personnel. The 3d Rattalion was commanded by a Philadelphia officer, 
Major David R. Simpson. 

Its Commander, Colonel William G. Rates, a veteran of long service in the 
Army and National Guard, held fast to his regimental band and the very best of 
his non-commissioned officer personnel, which gave him a skeletonized regiment 
around which could be built an exceptionally fine organization. 

181 



On Jariuai> (), 1918, wlicn il was a,s.si{;iicd to Corps and .\ini;s troops, majors 
and captains from National Guard camps all over the country arrived and were 
assigned. They were followed by a (juota of first and second lieutenants from 
the Reserve Officers' Training Camps and others who had been commissioned from 
the ranks in the Regular Army. 

I nlil .lune. the officers and specially selected non-commissioned officers at- 
tended engineering schools to fit them for the work they were to do later in a practi- 
cal way overseas. 

In .luly it received .'?,.'}00 selective service men, chiefly from Minnesota and 
Pennsyhania, and the training immediately began. 

The regiment left Camp Wadsworth on August 20ih. ani\ing at Newport 
News thi> following day. It embarked foi' France on tlic lrans|>orls Diicd d'AosUi 
and the dusrrld tlie troops being commanded by Colonel Hates and Major Simp- 
son, respectively — on August 29th, and ai-rived at Brest, Seplemlx i 12th, where 
it remained in tlie rest camp area until September 17, «licn it cnli allied for the 
the Is-sur-Tille area. 

After a three-day train ride, further mo\ement was stopped when the regi- 
ment arrived at Port d'Atelier, and at this point a shelter tent camp was pitched 
to await further orders. This happened on September ilOth, and the following 
day "tin hats" and gas masks were issued. This meant no training. On Septem- 
ber 22(1 the regiment, after spending one day in gas-mask drill, again entrained 
for the front. 

September 2,'5d found it at Fleury-sur-Aire, where it detrained at 3 p.m., and 
immediately took cover in an adjacent woods because the Hoche planes were 
reconnuitering overliead. Spending that night and all of tht- following day in the 
same woods, without fires for cooking or any other lights, it finally received orders 
at 7 I'.M, to pack up and move for the advanced zone of o|)erations. 

.\t precisely 9:30 p.m. a march of 13 kilometers began, with the Clermont 
wdods in the .\rgonne forest as the objective. The "hike" was made in six and a 
half hours, along with other units in the one general direction in which all trafiic 
was m()\ ing. 

On September 2.5th, while bivouacked in the Clermont woods, the regiment 
not onK recei\cd its official assigmneiit as Isl Army Troops for engineering work, 
but also its baptism (jf fire. Its initial battle orders called f(jr it to follow the 2!ith 
Division when it made its "jump off" on IIh; morning of September 26th. Subse- 
(|uent orders assigned individual com|)anies to special lines of engineering work. 

Companies D and M were sent to Aubrey ville to assist the 1 Uh and 21st 
I'^ngineers in the construction of narrow-gauge railways, and push forward as the 
advance zone moved northward. The rest of the regiment was assigned for duty 
with the 23d (road) I'ingineers. 

I'lom the opening to the close of the Meuse-Argonne ofTenaive, September 26th 
to \()vemb(>r 11. the regiment remained in the Argonne. constantlv subjected to 
shell fire and nightly air raids. It operated as companies alwa>s within range 
of the Roche artillery, especially in and around Varennes, Apremont, Montblain- 
ville, Baulny, Charpentry. \er\, Malancourt. ("unel and other strategic points 
in that .sector. 

Its designation as Army Troops subjected it to being ordered for road work 
with most of the divisions in the west sector of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. 

18J 



It operated with the 28th, 35th. 79th, 77th. 78th, 12(1, and 2d and with the 1st 
Division in its six weeks in the Argonne. 

On November 1st. when th(> big chive was started in the Argonne, the regiment 
followed up the fast moving infantry, and repaired roads that had been 
badly damaged by the American "million dollar" barrage which drove the 
Boche back towards the Rhine and brought about the signing of the armistice on 
November 11th. 

As fast as the infantry moved ui>, the various companies took stations in 
Landres-et-St. Georges; Verpel; Champignelles; Immicourt. Buzancy and Beau- 
mont in the western sector, and the 2d Battalion was sent to Vauchreville on the 
Verdun front. At these points the several units operated until November, 15th 
when ordin's were received to concentrate at Dun-sur-Meuse. 

Assigned to Army of Occupation 

All through the night of November 15th and the early part of November 16th 
the various companies began to arrive at Dun-sur-Meuse, and the same day it was 
assigned to the Army of Occupation. The various divisions of the Army of Occu- 
pation were marching towards the Rhine, and the following day the regiment took 
its position in the column as the last element. 

As a part o( the colunm it did not last very long, because orders were received 
by the Commanding Officer to detach his battalions for various duties while en 
route, either to do some road work or concentrate and guard war munitions and 
villages but recently vacated l)y the Germany Army. 

The regiment was first assigned to the 7th Corps, and its several battalion 
Commanders received orders as follows: 1st Battalion to Virton, Belgium; 2d to 
Briey; and the .3d to Longwy, and await further orders. 

The 1st Battalion concentrated, guarded and took inventory of all German 
property in its area: the second battalion ditl likewise, and also guarded the iron 
mines in its vicinity; the third battahon had the task of the regiment. It entered 
Longwy and took over from the 11th Infantry, the 1st Engineers and the 13th 
Machine Gun Battalion all of the work these organizations had l)een performing, 
which included the following: (iuarding forty miles of railroad ; establishing a civilian 
prison for the French who had been friendly to the Boche during their fifty-two 
months' stay in Longwy; guarding and taking inventory of the largest German 
ration dump and warehouse in France; an aviation field with all equipment; a 
manufacturing plant for gas shells; a mine-throwers' school, and the big "clearing 
house" for repatriated prisoners of war. These prisoners were mostly Russians, 
who had been confined in Boche prison camps since 1911, and they had to be bathed, 
deloused and fed. Every five days a train load of 2,500 was sent with an 
American Army guard and with American rations to the Allied Commission at 
Verdun. 

Bemaining at these three points, until December 16th, the Relief orders called 
for another regimental concentration at Longwy, when it was relieved by the 34th 
Infantry at Longwy and 110th infantry at Briey. 

Still under orders from 7th Corps Headquarters, it proceeded to the vicinity 
of Wittlich. Germany. It arrived at Salmrohr, Germany, on December 22d, where 
it was billeted in fifteen small villages awaiting instructions. On December 29th, 
in pursuant to orders by courier, the regiment was detached from the 7th Corps, 

183 



and assif;n«'d to the 3(1 Army Hfadquarters, with instructions \i> fiiiivli tlio rest 
of thf trip to the Rhine by rail. 

It entrained in three sections between 3 p.m. iiiid *> i'.m. neceinber 29th, and 
arrived at ('oblenz on December 30th at 3 p.m., making a fifty-seven mile trip 
by rail in twenty-four hours. 

Arii\ing at Coblenz the regiment was again shattered. Regimental Head- 
quarters, Supply Company. Medical Detachment and Companies \, R, and ('. 
with 1st Rattalion Headquarters were stationed at ("obleiiz-.Neundorf. Company 
D went to Wallersheim, 2d Rattalion Headquarters; and Company E to Kessel- 
heim. Company F to St. Sebastian. Company Ci to Irmitz; Companies H 
and K to Mulheim: Companies I, L and \I and 3d RatUdion lleadipiarters 
to Rubenach. 

Spending all of the winter of 1918-19 in the Rhineiaiid at drill, or furnishing 
details for the several quartermaster depots, and scpiads for demolition of hundreds 
of thousands of Cerman hand grenades, the officers and men of the regiment soon 
recuperated from the hardships endurefl in the gruelling days of ttw \rgr)nne drive, 
with its long marches, constant subjection to shell lire, bombing and machine gun 
fire from the air, and soon became a smart, snappy well drilled, equipped and dis- 
ciplined body of men. 

After 'sitting on the World," as the men termed it, for seven months, orders 
were received to detrain for the LeMans Kmbarkation Center on May 23, 1919, 
and the regiment concentrated and entrained at Coblenz-Lutzel on .May 24th 
en route for home. 

1 1 arrived at LeMans May 28th, had its Memorial Day exercises at Regimental 
llea<j(|uarters at .\ voi.se on May 30th, and pulled out for St. Nazaire on ,lune 1st. 
Arriving at St. Nazaire two days later, it jtartook of all the essential inspections, 
and worked night and day preparing for its homeward trip. For some reason 
this movement was delayed until June 16th, when the entire regiment saw the 
best sight in Ivirope, i.e.: — the L'. S. S. Arlemis — which was the ship that brought 
the men home. 

The regiment arrived at Camp Stuart. IVewport News, \a.. on the morning 
of .lune 29th, and alter another fla> of inspections and farewells among the otlicers, 
who came from forty-two states of the In ion and the men who hailed from forty 
states of this country and eight Kuropean countries, it was broken up. Irre- 
spective of previous com[)any designation, it was divided into three groups: the 
New York men and New Englanders going to Camp I pton. New York; the 
Pennsylvanians and New Jersey men going to Camp Dix, New Jersey: and all 
others, including Regimental Headquarters, going to Camp (iranl, Illinois, for 
final muster out. 

The Philadelphia contingent, numbering .'J82 officers and men, were brought 
t« Camp l)i\ 1)\ Major IJavid R. .Simjjson, of Philadelphia, who coinmanded the 
3d Rattalion, but whose command was entirely from Miimesola. The Pliiladel- 
I)hians served in the 1st Rattalion. 

\11 were demobilized on July 1st, but awaited the last man's discharge so that 
they could come home in a body. This they did. They were met at Market 
Street Ferry by the Philadelphia Police Rand and escorted to the 1st Regiment 
Armory, where they were dismissed. 

During the service of the regiment it lost many men by death, either killed 

181 



or from disease, to say nothing of the men wounded. In the list of Philadelphians 
killed or died of disease are the following: 

Company R: Corporal James M. Smith, 121 W. VVyominj? A.veniie. 

Private I'asqualle Balassone, 2340 Mereilitli Street. 

Private William B. Pfrommer, 1221 S. .57th Street. 

Private William J. Perkins, .i2 19 Knox Street. 
Company C: Corporal Joseph J. Maguire, 1801 E. Adams Street. 

Bugler Harry .McCain, 1832 K. Wisharl Street. 

Private John B. Wilkinson, .')30 Brinton Street. 
Company D; Private WiUiam Buckius, 2.'528 Martin Street. 

Private Harvey Fitzgerald, .5161 Marvin Avenue. 

Private Edward I. Garrity, 4089 Lancaster Avenue. 
Company H: Private Lantus Johnson. 11525 McKean Street, died aboard IJ. S. S. Caserla, 
en route to France. 

FIRST TROOP PHILADELPHIA CITY CAVALRY 1917-1919 

The First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry has had a continuous iiiilitary 
existence since November 17, 1774, when it was organized in anticipation of the 
American Revolution, and has taken part as an organization in every war involving 
the United States in which volunteer troops were employed. 

During the Revi)hition it t(j(jk part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
and served during the advance to winter quarters at Morristown, N. J., acting 




The Kim/ of tlw Belgians wilh Mayor Smilh, escorted by the "City Troop. 

18.5 



as personal escurl to General Wasliingtuii; later it took part in the Battle uf lirantls- 
wine and rendered many other services during the war. In the War of 1812, the 
Troop, four days after news of the declaration of war reached Philadelphia, otlered 
its services to the Federal (iovernnient and was accepted, its principal ser\ice 
was in 181 1, when it was on duty in the neij^hborhood of Elkton, Md,, and 
Chesajjeake Hay, f^iiarding against the advance of the British troops which at that 
time held \\ ashington. 

In the Civil War, the Troop volunteered on \pril 15, 1861, and was accepted 
in May for three months' service, it heing the only volunteer cavalr> fully etjuipped 
with horses anti arms ready for immediate service. I pon the completii)n of this 
service practically the entire personnel received commissions and served as officers 
of various ranks. In the Spanish War in 1808 it \olunteered and s(MV(>d as a unit 
lluoughout the entire war: it took i)art in the Porto Bican campaign, being attached 
to ( ieiicial Brooke's column. 

.lust prior to the declaration of war ui)on (ii'rmany by the I iiited Stales 
in l'M7. the Troop, under the command of Captain ,1. Kranklin McKadden. its 
nini'tcenth Captain, had returned from Camp Stewart. Ill Paso, Texas, after 
six months' active service on the Mexican border as a unit of the National Cuard 
of the I nited States, and was mustered out of Federal ser\ ice into .State service 
on ,laiiiiar> 21. I'MT. In Mar< h, I') 17, in anticipation of tlie war against 
(leiinany. praclicalK all the enlisted uKMubers of the Troop applied for- 
examination and appointment as reserve odicers. \\ iicii these examinations 
were suspended shortly after the declaration of war. about half of tin- Troop had 
already taken the examinations and had been n'commeiuled for commissions. 
They and th<jse who had not yet been examined allrndeil the FirsI ( )llicers" 
Training Camp at Fort Niagara, which opened May I.'). I'lJT, lii>t has ing obtained 
discharges fiom the National (luaid for that ])urpose. and at end of the three 
moiilhs" training were commissioned or rei-onmiissioned in various branches of 
the service. A large proportion of these officers were assigned lo the TOth Division, 
and served with it throughout lh(> war, though many served with other organiza- 
tions. \ considerable number of other Troopers seived with the ;50')lli Cavalry 
at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, from the lime of its organization, and when it was 
disbanded were transferred to the ."iOth and .■)7lh Begimenis of I'ield \rlillery. 

The .\cti\e Boll of the Troop, as it was on the return from the Mexican border, 
including those who volunteered for border service, supjjlied ninely-six olfic'ers 
in the service of the I'nited Stales. Included in this nund)er are two lieutenant 
colonels, fourteen majors, forly-six caplains. twenty-eight first lieutenants, four 
second li(>utenant.s and two officers in lln' Navy. In addition. Ihe non-active 
and honorary membership of iheTrooji liuiiished thirty-five olliceis from the grade 
of colonel lo that of lirst lieutenant. Three others served as ollicers in the Navy. 

Dkcoratio.ns and Citatio.x.s 

For gallantry in action and for meritorious service a numbi'i' of decorations and 
honors were awarded to members of the Troop. Harry Ingersoll and l^llingham 
B. Morris, Jr., received the Distinguished Service Cross; Harold M. Willcox. the 
Navy Cross; (ieorge McFatlden. Ihe Distinguished Service Medal; .1. Franklin 
McF'adden, John Houston Merrill. lOflingham B. Morris, Jr., and Barclay H. War- 
burton, the Cross of the Legion of Honor (French); John C. Croome, the Order 

1K6 



of the Bath (British), the Distiiifjiiisiicd Order ol'St. Mirhaei and St. George (Brit- 
ish), the Order of St. Vladimir (Russian), the Order of tiie Black Star (French). 
the Croix de la Liberte (Esthonian); Robert Glendinning, the Order of the Crown 
of Italy; Schofield Andrews and Effingham R. Morris, Jr., the Croix de Guerre 
(French): and Norton Downs, Jr., the Italian War Cross of Merit. For faithful 
performance of duty, Schofield Andrews was cited in General Orders by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. American Expeditionary Forces; for especially meritorious and 
conspicuous service, John Houston Merrill was awarded a certificate by the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. William W. Bodine, Joseph N. DuBarry, Edward Law and 
Edward W. Madeira were mentioned in orders by their Division Commanders. 

Seventy-nine members of the Troop served overseas and fifty look pait in 
engagements. Three Troopers fell in action and three others died in active 
service; seven were wounded. Those who lost their lives in the war were; 

Phinehas P. Clirystie, Captain, :U2th Field Artillery 

Norton Downs, Jr., First Lieutenant, \it Service 

Thomas Graham Hirst, First Lieutenant, l.'>lst Fielil Xrlillery 

Edward Ingersoll, Captain, Air Service 

Harry Ingersoll. Captain, 313th Infantry 

Frank F. Battles, Captain. 31Hh Infantry 

The \'olunteer National Guard Troop 

In order to replace in the National < luard Tioop, the members of the Old Troop 
who had been discharged to accept commissions, the Troop Oflicers, in April, May 
and June, 1917, enHsted 102 volunteers. This Volunteer Troop, under the name of 
"First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry'" commanded by Ca])tain George C. 
Thayer, the twentieth Captain of the Old Troop, was drafted into Federal service in 
August of 1917, as one of the component units of the First Regiment of Cavalry of 
the Pennsylvania National Guard Division, with which it went to Camp Hancock. 
Georgia, where the Division was reorganized as the 28th Division. In November, 
1917, the cavalry regiment was disbanded and the Troop assigned as Head- 
(piarters Troop, 28th Division. It served in this capacity for only a few weeks 
before it was replaced, and the personnel of the Troop transferred to the lOlkl 
Engineers. Shortly afterwards the former officers and men of the Troop, 
with additional personnel from other troops of the former cavalry regiment, 
were assigned to the lO.kl Trench Mortar Battery of the 53d Field Artillery 
Brigade (28th Division). In the course of the winter all of the Troop Officers 
were transferred to other organizations, and a considerable number of the men at- 
tended officers' training schools and received commissions. Practically all those 
who were commissioned were assigned to the 28th Division, which rendered gallant 
service in France. 

The Battery, after a long period of training went to France with the 
28th Division in May, 1918, and served in the line near Fismes on the Vesle in Au- 
gust; and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, just east of the Argonne Forest, from 
September 26th to October 9th. It was then sent to Belgium and served there, 
until the armistice, with the 53d Field Artillery Brigade, which supported the 91st 
Division in the Ypres-Lys offensive. 

Of those who volunteered in 1917, forty -nine in the course of war were com- 
missioned officers. Six fell in action ; three others died in service. 

187 



Those who lost their lives were: 

.laiiii's A. Bonsaok, Second I.iciilfn.int. lOOth Infantry 
William S. Honsal. First l.iiMitcnant, llOlh Infantry 
Itichard Stockton Bullitt, Second Lieutenant. UOth Infantry 
()r\ille S. Kidwell. Serp'ant First Class, Ouartermaster Corps 
Dallas \V. Koons. Private. (^i)ni[)aiiy \. ,'l(l2d Tank Battalion 
Nelson \V. Perine. Second Lieutenant, llutb Infantry 
Frederic B. Prichett. Second Lieutenant. 109th Field Artillery 
Carl Daniel Sclimolze, Buffler. 10;$d Trench Mortar Battery 
Taylor Kverly Walthour. Corporal, 103d Trench Mortar Batti^ry 

riif tuiitl (Diiliibution of First Troop I'hiladelphia City Cavalry to the military 
and naval service of the I nited Stales in lln- World War was 242 men, of whom 
18.'5 were commissioned oihcers. 

The present olTuers of the Troop (1921) are: Captain, Clement B. Wood (the 
twenty-second Captain): First Lieiit'iiant. W. West Frazier. Ikl: Second Lieutenant, 
i^fllngham H. Morris. Jr.. and Cornet, .lulin B. Thayer. 

Tin: I MTKD STATES \ini^ \MBL LANCE SERVICE 
P>v Fn\N(is F. BoDiNE 

In the summer of 1918. during the heijiht of America's activities in the World 
War. an officer on the deneral Staif at (liaimiont was heard to query. "What 
in the devil is the I nited States Army Ainhulance Service?" The amials of the 
part played by America in the World War would tend to show that this ig- 
noran<-e of the identity of this nrfianization prevailed in many quarters, notwith- 
standiiifj the fact that tiie I nited Slates Army Ambulance .Service was not the 
least in importance of the various units of the A. E. F. 

The Inited States Army \mbidance Service was an orpanization formed 
originally for the purpose of stippl\ing ambulance unit*; to the French Army. 
After the sailing of the third overseas contingent for France, it was decided to send 
a contingent of thirty ambulance sections to Italy. The French branch numbered 
about eighty-one sections; the Italian branch thirty sections; and eacii maintained 
its own headquarters under the command of a chief of service with the rank of 
colonel. 

W'hen the first French High Connnission arrived in Washington in May, 1917. 
deneral Jolfre was asked by the then Surgeon General what the L'nited States 
Army Medical Department could do for France: his reply was a request that the 
United States should undertake the responsibility of handling thc^ wounded of the 
French armies at the front. As a result of this request, the organization of the 
L nited States Army \mbulan<"e Corps (later known as service instead of corps) 
was effected. 

During May. 1917. a recruiting headipiarters for the Ambulance Corps was 
opened in Cooper Battalion Hall. Philadelphia, under the command of Lieutenant 
Colonel K. K. Persons, whfi chose for his Aides Dr. Clarence P. Franklin and Dr. 
Arthur W. Vale. Philadelphia was for a time the center of the recruiting for the 
Corps: but appeals were sent out to men of the universities and colleges all over 
the country, who responded in large numbers, in many instances forming entire 
units. 

1RR 



The site chosen for the training camp of the Ambulance Corps was the Fair 
Grounds at Allentown, Pa., which were situated on the edge of that city and 
made an ideal place for a camp. The large exhibition buildings, stables, etc.. 
were easily transformed into exceUent barracks; the large brick grandstand 
had a great area beneath the seats which was utilized as a mess hall; while the race 
track proved a natural drill grounds. 

It would be difficult at this time to give separately the part played by indi- 
vidual Philadelphians and Philadelphia units in the Ambulance Corps. Suffice 
to state that there were a number of entire units from Philadelphia. At the open- 
ing of the camp in June, 1917. Philadelphia units were the first to go into training. 
Upon the removal of Clolonel Peisons' headquarters from Philadelphia to Allen- 
town, the Corps was organized on the basis of sections of thirty-six men each com- 
manded by a first lieutenant. Several sections formed a battahon. commanded 
by a captain, one of which was commanded by Captain Ward Rrinton of Phila- 
delphia. Later these sections were increased from thirty-sL\ to forty-five men. 
In France, the strength of each section was reduced to thirty-seven men. Twenty 
P'ord ambulances comprised an ambulance train. In France, these sections went 
under the French designation of S. S. L .j 

Shortly after the organization of the Corps, a personnel was sent to France 
to establish a headquarters for the Corps there. Brigadier General Kean. who 
was later succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Percy L. Jones, was assigned as Chief 
of Service. An early task confronting him after his arrival there was the absorp- 
tion of the American Field Service by the Ambulance Corps. In the assimilation 
of the American Field Service the Ambulance Corps had now within itself several 
ambulance sections comprised of volunteers who. serving without pay. had carried 
more than .500.000 French wounded between the years IQll and 1917; men whose 
unselfish devotion to a then foreign cause, and whose valor and heroism had won 
citations from the French Government for their units mon^ than fifty times; and 
upon more than 2.50 of the dri^ers wa^ conferred the Croix de Guerre, while five 
others received the Medaille Militaire. the highest honor for military valor given 
in France. 

In the meanwhile at Allentown the Corps was thoroughly organized on a firm 
uiilitary basis, equipped, and uniformed. The time was given to foot, stretcher, ami 
ambulance drills, sanitary lectures, and hikes. A militai-y band was formed under 
the supervision of Lieutenant W. F. Raken. a Philadelphian. to instill in the breasts 
of the rank and file that proper military enthusiasm which martial nuisic never 
fails to inspire. 

The first contingent of ambulance sections sailed for France in August. 1917. 
The second was scheduled to leave a short time later: but after preparations were 
complete the sailing orders were canceled, the second contingent hioken up. a 
portion of which sailed in October, while the remainder, with other settions. formed 
a third contingent, which sailed in January. 1918. from New York on the Carman id. 
reaching France by way of England. 

Of the activities of the French and Italian liranches of the Corps (now called 
Service), lack of space prevents UKtre than a cursory touch being given. The French 
branch first maintained a base camp near Paris, but in Februar>. 1918. the 
base camp was changed to a famous old monastery in the village of Ferreriers. sixty 
kilometers from Paris. Headquarters was maintained in Paris, as was also the garage. 

189 



With the signing of the armistice on JNoveniher 11, 1918. the Ambulance Ser- 
vice in France had established an enviable record for service on the front. Am- 
bulance sections had served in practically every important engagement, and on 
every portion of the battle front from the Dutch border to the southern end of 
the line. For the most part, these sections served with French divisions, but at 
times several operated with American divisions. In an attack ambulance drivers 
would be on the road day and night incessantly, operating from a point well up at 
the front to a base hospital distant from the lines anywhere from twelve to 
fifty miles. The roads these ambulances traveled over were usually rough, broken, 
muddy affairs (in Flanders, in the vicinity of ^ pres. the ambulances iinariably 
wallowed through seas of mud). 

The French branch of the Service paid a heav> toil in dead and wounded. 
The casualty list was a long one; many sections, too, sufler(>d heavy losses in am- 
bulances destroyed by shell fire. The record for gallantry in action was also a long 
one. Many citations were niade for entire sections, while 80 per cent of the |)er- 
sonnel of the entire Service were cited in the orders of the French (iovernment; 
in a number of instances awards of the Distinguished Service Cros.s by the American 
(iovermnent were received. The first of any American unit abroad to receive 
the famous French fourragere was an ambulance section, S. S. I . 616, which won 
that decoration for work in the attack at the Chemin des Dames in October, 1917. 
Sections .")0I. .")()2. .")(li5. and .'JOI. all Philadelphia sections, received sectional, and 
many indivitluals. citations for the Croix de Ciuerre. 

A ver>' conspicuous part was performed, during the heicht of a( lixitiis, by a 
Philadelphia section. S. S. T. .^02. I nder the conunand of l.ieiitrtiaiit D. !,. Ilalli- 
way . thi^ section was working with an American division in the ^ icinity of ( lialeau- 
Thierry. During an attack. Lieutenant Ilathway and fifteen men were overcome 
by mustard gas. and Private Arthur L. ("armon was killed: but the rennianl of the 
section "carried on" to such a ilegree that the Division Surgeon wrote a letter to 
the Commanding Oflicer of the Division calling attention to '"the superb work of 
Lieutenant llathway and S. S. I . r>02 duiing the battle of ,luly 18-2."?," going on 
lo state that "the.se ambulances liaNe been veritable nn'ciiMnical litter-bearers, 
traversing zones hitherto considered passable cmly by lilter-bean-rs on foot." 

It is regrettable thai lack of time prevent-^ Ihe liislnrian from securing more 
information concerning the activities of other Pliila(ii'l|iliia sections, and the con- 
spicuous action of Philadelphians, on the French front. Names of Philadelphian 
ambulance drivers appear on the list of those cited for valor: many, loo. appear on 
th(> list of those whose names are set apart in immoilal distinction Ihi! wounded 
and the dead. 

I ndci- dale of .lane 2'). PM8. Ihe iievvspa|)ers of Ihe rnilcd Slates carried a 
Washington dispatch to the elfecl that "an American 1 Api'ditionary Force has 
arrived in Italy." This body of troops referred to was the Italian branch of the 
Fniled Stales Ainiy Ambulance Service, consisting of thirty an)btdance sections 
under the command of Colonel I'ersons, who had oiganized the Service in 
Allentown. 

I poll the debarkation of the Ambulance Service in (ienoa, Italy, a headipiar- 
ters was (>stablislie<l in one of Ihe most famous old [)alaces of Italy- the ducal 
palace of the (ionzagas in the city of Mantua. In Genoa, ambulances were as- 
sembled by Ihe Mechanics Detachment with reniarkalile celeiily and assigned to 

I'Ml 



sections who, within a short space of time, were reporting to Italian divisions on 
the different portions of the ItaHan battle-fronts. 

There were no distinct Philadelphia units in the Italian branch of the Service, 
but there were many Philadelphians in the various units. Lieutenant Colonel 
Franklin was second in command to Colonel Persons, while Captain (later IVIajor) 
W. E. Raken, also from Philadelphia, was in command of the Hospital Detachment 
which was established in the Villa Haggio in Cornigliano. 

Like the Ambulance Service in France, the Italian branch soon established a 
wonderful reputation for itself. Owing to the nature of the country in which the 
fighting was carried on, it is not improbable that the sections in Italy hatl more 
difficulty in performing the evacuations of the wounded than the sections in 
France, for the latter had, in most instances, smooth or rolling country; in Italy 
there were the steep slopes of mountains to work on. But in spite of this 
natural handicap, the sections worked steadily and faithfully in the various 
campaigns on the Italian fronts. Entire .sections were not only commended 
repeatedly by the Italian division, corps, and army commanders, but received 
numerous awards of the Italian War Cross. 

Perhaps the best impression of the work performed by the Service in Italy 
can be given by a brief account of the records of a few of the sections. On Mount 
(<rappa, sometimes styled the ""(iibraltar of the front," one ambulance section 
worked for days and nights without pausing an instant, evacuating the wounded 
over roads always under shell lire and quite often lined for long stretches with 
mutilated bodies of nudes and soldiers. The record established l)y one ambulance 
section was 17, 188 patients carried, and .'S [,.355 mUes traveled in four months. The 
record of another was 10.338 patients; a third, 33,034 patients with 156,128 
kilometers covered, 104,082 kilometers of which were traveled at night time. 
Still another record was 33,377 patients and a total mileage covered of 122,235 
between August, 1918, and January, 1919. 

The emblem of the Italian branch of the Ambulance Service was the Lion of 
St. Mark; that of the French branch, the famous Cock of \ erdun. With the sign- 
ing of the armistice, sections of both branches continued to do evacuation work 
with their respective combat units until recalled to the base to prejjare for the re- 
turn to the States. This was effected in the late spring of 1919, and on reaching 
the States the men, irrespective of units, were sent to the netu-est demobilization 
camp and from thence to their homes. 

The Allentown camp, known as Camp Crane in 1918, was under the command 
of Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Richard Slee, after the departure of the 
Italian contingent for Italy. The camp was turned into a strictly medical camp, 
and men were in training for all branches of the service. These men were taken 
principally from the medical camps at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, and Fort Riley. 
Kansas. Most of them were diaft troops, although considerable numbers were still 
enlisting for this work. They were trained for laboratory units, field hospital 
units, evacuation hospital units, and organizations to conduct base hospitals far 
behind the lines. 

When the members of the I'icnch and Italian branches of the Ambulance 
Service were looking forward to the retiun to America, it was the cherished hope 
of all that they would be sent back t<.> Camp Crane for demobilization; but 
their hojjes were not realized, as the War Department at Washington decided to 

I'M 



close the camp, which «as (Uine by Colonel Piclianl Slee on \pril 10, !')19, at 12 
o'clock noon. 

I'lllLADELl'UlA BRANCH. MlLlTAin INTKLLICjEACE DIVISION, 

GENERAL STAFF 

In August. 1917. John W. Geary was app()int(><i an \^'ent of the Military 
Intellifrence Service for Philadeli)hia. In December of the same year. Colonel 
|{. II. \ an Deman. Chief of the Miiitar\ Intellifxence Service, decided it would 
be advantageous to open an office in Philadelphia. 

Mr. Geary was commissioned a Captain. I . S. M., and was instructed to or- 
ganize and take CcU'e of the Pliiladelphia branch ollice. On December 2()th (ieorge 
VV. I'-lkins. Jr., joined Captain Geary, and head(]uarters w'ere established in Room 
2()'.V2. Commercial Trust Building, on Jaiuiarv 1. P)18. The Stall" on that date con- 
sisted of (Captain Geary and Mr. Klkins, a telephone operator and a stenographer. 
The work increased with .such rapidity that the force and office space had lo be 
conlinually increased until, at the time of the signing of the armistice, the force 
numbered approximately one hundred and the entire twentieth floor of the 
Commercial Trust Building was required for office space. 

During the month of Jamiary. George 1,. Harrison. ,lr.. Edgar \\ . Raiid, 
Dr. (-harles D. Mart, Morton 11. Fetterolf and .loseph Haines, Jr.. oll'ered liieir 
services, and were accepted, as volunteers in the Philadelphia branch of the Mili- 
tarv Intelligence Service. 




Officers uj' PlnUulelphiu lirancli. Mililary InlelUijeiice. 
192 



The Philadelphia office, at its inception, had under its jurisdiction the territory 
as far west as Pittsburjih in the State of Pennsylvania, all of the State of Delaware 
and all of the State of New Jersey. Later, the northern part of New Jersey was 
taken over by the Military Intelligence Office in Hoboken, where the closer proximity 
enabled the handling of work with greater dispatch. The work of the outlying 
districts was iiandled by volunteer agents, cooperating witli the Pennsylvania 
State Constabulary under Supt. George B. Lumb. Satisfactory cooperation was 
also established with the branches of Naval Intelligence, Aide for Information, 
Department of Justice, all local Federal offices and organizations engaged in war 
work. 

Acting under advices from the Director of Military Intelligence in Wasliington, 
upon information obtained locally oi' from other parts of the country, the work 
of this office was varied and manifold. It embrat'ed cases of those under suspicion 
of being German or enemy agents, violators of the "Trading with the Enemy Act, " 
revolutionary propaganda, radical labor cases, conscientious objectors and paci- 
fists, tampering with soldiers, draft evasions and deserters, the impersonation of 
officers, both American and foreign, questions of graft and fraud in the Army, 
and many others. In addition to these functions, a Counter l^lspionage Organiza- 
tion was developed in the various military units in Philadel])hia — this territory 
being, probably, the greatest industrial center in the country and filled with manu- 
facturing plants doing Government work for all departments of the Army, partic- 
ularly, the Ordnance Department and the (Quartermasters' Depot. The employes 
in these plants represented all the elements of the foreign races, including large num- 
bers of (iermans, Austrians and Russians, also representatives of all the Latin 
and Slavic peoples. Consecjuently, during the war the field for sabotage, propa- 
ganda and enemy activity was a dangerous and an important one. This work, 
combined with the different service of the Plant Protection Division, under Wm. 
J. McCarron, agent in charge, proved most advantageous, and it can he stated that 
no serious damage or sabotage was committed within the limits of the jurisdiction 
of the Philadelphia office. 

A rigid port control was established September 1.5, 1918, and it was the function 
of the Military Intelligence to act as advisory to the Port Control oflicers, who were 
the Collector of Customs for outgoing traffic and the Commissioner of Immigra- 
tion for incoming traffic. It was hoped thus to prevent the entry and departure 
of persons disclosed in the files and investigations of the Intelligence as "unde- 
sirable" travelers. 

The foregoing and many other matters were handled by the Military Intelli- 
gence, though many of its activities did not strictly come under its jurisdiction; 
but as there was no other Government office equipped to handle such cases, they 
were willingly taken on, greatly to the advantage of the local community and 
country at large. 

The work was largely of a confidential and secret nature, and even today it 
is not possible to give to the public the details with their incidents of humor 
and pathos. 

The usefulness of the organization waned after the signing of the armistice, 
and the office of the Military Intelligence in Philadelphia, on its war basis, was 
ended on February 28, 1919. 

Its work had been well done, as the following extract from a personal letter 

193 



written by Brigadier General Marlborougli C.hurcliill. Diroclor of Military Intelli- 
gence, to Major Geary, dated May 1 1. 191^). « ill show ; 

"Only those of us who have been on the 'inside' of tlie Intelligence work can 
have any idea of tlie magnitude and importance of the Intelligenc<" offices in our 
larger cities, and for tliis reason it is all the more lilting that I should gladly go on 
record as stating that you and your associates rendered the country and the Army 
distinguished ser\ice in a post of great responsibilit> and successfully contributi-d 
to the war we wagtnl on the 'Ilun at Home'." 

"If the whole story of the war could ever be written, the country would know 
something of which you and your officers, non-commissioned officers, clerks and 
agents accomplished. Such a story is impossible, and this letter seems a poor 
substitute for the reward to which you all are entitUil." 

OFFICE FOUCK, NOVEMBEU 11, 1918. 

Major John W. Geary, U. S. A., 

Commanding Officer. 

Captain Geo. W . Elkins, Jr., U. .S. .\. First Lieutenant Joseph llaincs, Jr., l\ S. .\. 

Captain Edgar W. Baird, U. S. A. Second Lieutenant ^^'. S. Stokes, U. S. .\. 

Captain Ralph Dudley, V. S. \. Second Lieutenant W. T. Tiers, U. S. .\. 

First Lieutenant E. Marshall Scull, U. S. .\. Second Lieutenant J. Morgan Lister, U. S. ,\. 
First Lieutenant .M. II. Fetterolf. V. S. A. 

Volunteer Aides (Full Time. $1.00 a Year): Geo. L. Harrison. Jr., M. 15. Burton. \\ . li. 
Landis, J. L. I_/!mgsdorf, M. A. Apple, C. M. Rain.sford, E. B. Colket, J. S. Levering, C. P. B. 
Jeffreys, M. A. Schoettle. 

Out of Town Agents: Grant Weidman, B. Dawson Coleman, Lebanon, Pa.; Bruce Bedford, 
N. Petty, S. Dickinson. Trenlon, N. J.: J. S. Parsons, II. 11. Gilkyson, Jr.. J. B. I'.mack. Phoi-nix- 
ville. Pa.; Stanley Bright, G. Howard Bright. Beading. Pa.; lx>uis C Madeira, ;i(l. Wilkes-Barre. 
Pa.; T. I. Snyder. Beading, Pa.; Cornelius Mundy, W. (i. Jones. Jr.. \\ ilmington. Del.; \\ . S. 
Emiey, Atlantic City. .\. J.; W. V. Barnes, York, Pa.; Parke Davis, Easlon, Pa.; Mbert G. Ban. 
Bethlehem, Pa.; H. B. (iummcy, Jr., Downington. Pa.; George Bright, Pott.sville, Pa.; W. P. 
Fisher, Hamburg, Pa. 

Volunteer Aides (.Special Servdce): Dr. C. D. Hart, H. A. Lewis, C. J. Schmidt, John C. 
White, J. .M. Beynolds. .Martin Bergen, Everett Brown, Dr. Eric Bernhard. 

I nresl itialors : J. II. Spark.s, \V. G. Petry, J. Ijiskey, Thomas .\. (Jrady, Bobert A. Fleming. 

Clerieal Force: The Misses D. Bigg, E. Moore, A. Ryan, M. Davidson, L. Neice, P. ShcalTer, 
A. Kennedy, Mrs. .\. M. VAy, Private Mohr. 

Sergeants Inlelliyence Police: Sergeants Gillespie. Hill, Hughes, C. Davis, McLaughlin. 
Wills, Burnside, Booth, Warren, .\dler. Allen, Polk, Salvalori, Haines, Mathews, MacHain. 
D. Davis, Downey, Unfreed. 

THE COLORKI> MK.X OV IMIILADiiLPIIIA ANSWER THE CALL* 

The colored men of this city were found in inaiiv bianclies of the service and 
won for themselves high commendation. 

The 02(1 and 9!?d Divisions were coinpiiscd of colored men. Tlie 9lid Division 
was originally made ii]) of colored Nalionai Guardsmen and the ')2d Division of 
National Army men. 

368 rii Inf.\ntry. 

The /568th infantry was a iinil in the 02d Division and in it were many 
colored men from Philadelphia. 

'Summarized by the Si'crelar\ of I lie Philadelphia War History (Minimi t tee from data supplied 
by Dr. De Haven Hinkson, Captain. M. R. C. (inactive) and Lieutenant F^gbert T. Scott, M. C. 

l')l 



This regiment was organized and trained at Camp Meade. Maryland, its 
first complement being furnished by the first draft. After general routine infantry 
training, the regiment left Hoboken, N. J., on June 18, 1918. on the George Wash- 
ington, and arrived at Brest on June 27, 1918. It remained at Camp Pontanazen 
until July 1, 1918. and moved to its training area with Regimental Headquarters at 
Chatillon-sur-Saone and Divisional Headquarters at Bourboune-les-Bains (Haute 
Marne). 

On July 21. 1918, Colonel W. P. Jaekson. then Regimental Commander, was 
promoted to Brigadier General and assigned tf) the 7 Ith Brigade, of the .37th Divi- 
sion, being succeeded by Colonel Fred R. Brown on August 20, 1918. 

On August 12. 1918, the regiment moved with the entire division to the St. 
Die sector in the Vosges Mountains. On August 21, 1918, a portion of the regiment 
took up its first position in the lines near Docelles (Vosges), and on September 4, 
1918. the first two Cerman prisoners were captured by the regiment. 

On September 20. 1918, the entire Division left the St. Die sector for the 
Argonne. They were relieved by the 81st Division. On September 26, 1918. 
the Argonne Drive began with the 92d Division in reserve. The 368th Infantry 
was ordered into line and began its work by capturing eight prisoners. 

On October 1. 1918, the regiment moved back from the line and started for 
the Marbache sector just south of Metz. At that time this was a defensive sector, 
and offensive operations as planned were halted by the signing of the armistice. 

The regiment was among the first to enter Metz after the armistice, much 
to the admiration of the citizens, many of whom had never seen men of dusky hue. 
Some actually thought that the color was due to paint placed on the skin, and there 
were instances where the curiosity was so great that attempts were made by the 
people of the city to rub the supposed coloring from tlie faces of these colored Amer- 
icans. 

In December, 1918, the regiment started back to Brest, but. owing to the con- 
gestion it was sent to the Department of Mayenne, arriving there about 
Christmas Day. About the middle of January, 1919, the men were sent to LeMans 
for delousing and then started for the port of embarkation. After about ten days 
at Camp Pontanazen. Brest, the regiment sailed on February r>. 1919. 1 pon its 
return to the 1 nited States, it was sent to Camp Meade and there demobilized. 

Although additional citations have been made since disbanding, nine Distin- 
guished Service Crosses and one Croix de ( Juerre are known to have been 
received by members of the regiment. The regiment itself nM'iMved the following 
citation from (ieneral Burand (French) for the captur(> (tf Binarville (in the 
Argonne) : 

"The prize of the honor of the capture of Binarville rightly goes to the 
.368th Infantry, V. S. A." 

813th Pionker Infantry 

The 813th Pioneer Infantry had many Philadelphia colored men of the second 
Draft. The regiment had but little over a month's training at Camp Sherman, 
when it was ordered to France. It left for Camp Mills on September 8, 1918. 
On September 1 1th. it proceeded to Hoboken and embarked on the transports 
Pocahontas, Finland and Martha Washington. These ships sailed on the following 

19.1 



day. with four other sliips in their convoy. Arrivinj; at Brest. France, on Septem- 
ber 28. 1918. they remained at Camp Pontanazen for six days, and then went by 
rail to the training area assigned to them in the vicinity of Braux. 

On October 25, 1918. they proc(>(>ded to the St. Mihiel sector and helped with 
road construction, often under fire. After the armistice the regiment went up near 
Metz to fill in shell holes and to salvage e(]uipment. etc. On February 28, 1919, 
it was sent to the \rgonne to help clear up the battleground and rebury many of 
the men whose bodies ha<l been hurriedly interred at the time of their death. In 
May, 1919. it was transferred to Belleau Woods for the same purpose. Here 
were met women wtirkers for the Y. M. C. A. This was a happy meeting, for the 
men had not seen women of their own race since leaving the United States. 

On June 26, 1919, they started by rail for the port of embarkation at Brest 
and on July 2, 1919, part of the regimeiif left on tlie transport Freedom, arriving at 
Newport News, Va., where the regiment was disbanded. 

325th Field Signal Battalion 

This liiit of the 92d Division had in it a number of Philadelphia colored men. 
Its work was largely of a technical nature, and was so well performed as to win 
the commeiidation of superior officers. 

Officer.s" Thmmni; Camps 

Of the 6,'59 colored officers who were commissioned at the Olliccrs' Training 
Camp at Des Moines. Iowa. Philadelphia had a good representation. Later, train- 
ing camps afforded an opportunity to a number of other Philadelphians to win 
commissions. 

It is interesting to note that about twelve colored Philadelphians still hold 
commissions in thi^ Oflicers' Beserve Corps. 

350th Field Artillery 

The Philadelphia colored troops who served in the 35()th (Light ) Field .\i tillery, 
were commanded by Colonel Walter Prosser. The men were mobilized at Camp 
Dix and were sent to France with very little preliminary training in America. 
However, as soon as they landed on French soil they began intensive training. 

The first guns received were the French 75's and a few heavy howitzers, and 
by .\ugust 10, 1918. when the brigade left for the target range, the men had made 
substantial progress. Headquarters had set October 1st as the date when the 
brigade was to be called upon for active service; but on September 20th it was 
ready, and four days later demonstrated its ability by firing a rolling barrage, a 
defensive barrage at night, and by other ways. 

Nevertheless, a serious problem confronted these troops — there were no means 
of transportation, either horses or motors. The brigade necnled twenty-four 
tractors, of which at that time there were but fifty in France. By stremious efforts 
the required number was secured. Only thirty-six of the 200 necessary trucks and 
231 of the necessary 2.300 horses were available. 

Lnder such conditions, two of the regiments of light artillery were sent to a 
reserve billeting area of the 2d Army near Toul, about fifteen miles from the front. 
They were promptly ordered to move elsewhere to make room for other troops. 

1% 



Therefore, they rejoined the 92(1 Division, borrowed additional trucks and moved 
up to the front. 

Frequently it was impossible to get the guns in position by means of motors 
and many of them were placed by hand, often after the men had hauled them over 
miles of soft slippery ground. 

The 92d Division at this time was holding a sector of about 9^ ■> miles wide, 
on the east bank of the Moselle. It had been supported by the French Artillery 
and by an American Artillery Brigade. These were withdrawn and replaced on 
October 20th by the 167th Brigade. Up to this time the sector had been known 
as a quiet one, into which not more than 500 shells a day were thrown and from 
which about the same number of shells were sent. 

With the arrival of the colored troops, conditions changed. On November 1st 
all the guns were properly placed and from 2,000 to 3,000 shells were fired 
daily. 

In order to deceive the enemy as to the number and place of guns, each battery 
was divided into silent and active platoons, the latter of which did all the firing 
and was constantly changing its location. 

Enemy raids soon began and the artillery iiad its first real opportunity to send 
over a curtain of fire for protection. 

On November .'Sth sdnie of the Infantry of the Division made a raid in force. 
The notice of this attack was so short that it was necessary to move a regiment 
and a half of the Light Artillery and a half a regiment of Heavy Artillery into new- 
positions, from which a rolling barrage was sent over by map calculations, a feat 
which called for the highest ability in the use of artillery. 

On November 8th, although the (ierman Envoys were within the American 
lines, arranging for the terms of the armistice, plans were made for a general offen- 
sive, which was made at dawn on the 10th. 

After a heavy preparatory fire, the Infantry of the Division advanced the 
American front lines three kilometers and captured Frehaut and Vouvrette Woods, 
strongly fortified positions, which had resisted two previous attacks by other 
divisions. 

On November 11th an attack on the heights, which were the main defense of 
Metz on the south, was about to be started when hostilities ceased. 

Speaking of the 167th Field Artillery Brigade, Brigadier General John H. 
Sherburne, who commanded it. said: "The brigade never failed to do creditably 
any task it was called upon to do. and many appreciative and flattering things were 
said about it by the militaiy authorities who observed its work. Perhaps the best 
testimony is the fact that when the intelhgence officer of the German Division 
opposite came into our lines at the close of hostihties, he refused to believe that 
the artillery supporting the colored infantry was not French Artiflery. 

"But perhaps beyond and above the performance of the merely technical 
duties was the splendid morale of the brigade. The courage of the men under 
fire was without criticism. In many instances, gun crews and telephone line men 
showed a notable courage and determination under fire. At all times and under 
all conditions, the men showed a fine cheerfulness and willingness. Their conduct 
was almost flawless, and tliey left each billet with the good will and affection of the 
French civilians." 

197 



.'iWTH Light Field Artilleky 

Philadelphians in this regiment were trained at Camp Dix an(i were com- 
manded by Colonel O'Neil. 

.■?51.ST Heavy Field Artillery 

The men in this regiment were trained at Camp MeaiU' and cuiiimanded by 
Colonel Carpenter. 

TIIK BALDWIN LUCUMOTU K WOKkS" CO.NTLNCIENT TO .SIBKKIA 

That Philadelphians served in practically every United States military and 
naval unit, at home or abroad, is common knowledge. However, it may not be 
known that at the tiin(> when the first divisions of American troops were sailing 
eastward, and before the great convoys were rushing men and supplies to liie 
eastern front, a picked group of technically trained I'hiladfipliians was proceeding 
westward for service in Siberia. 

The Baldwin Locomotive Works Contingent of the Russian Bailway Service 
Corps, a brancii of the I nited States l'>ngineer Corps, comprised of seventy-five 
mechanical and constructing engineers, all skilled in their respective work and care- 
fully selected from The Baldwin Locomoti\e Works, was formed October 17, 1917, 
and each man commissioned an officer in the luigineer Corps, L nited States Army, 
November I. 1917, commissions ranking from second lieutenant to lieutenant 
colonel. 

This contingent was to supervise the re-erection of locomotives and to assist 
in any manner possible to relieve the chaotic conditions in Siberia, and was formed 
on the reconmiendalion of Sanuiel M. \ audain. ("hairman of the Committee of 
National Defense, now Presidi-nt of The Baldwin Locomotive Works, and S. M. 
Felton, Director Cieneral of Military Railroads. 

This force left Philadelphia, Pa., November 9, 1917, accompanied by thirty- 
three Russian interpreters, arrived in San Francisco, Cal., N(>\end)er IL 1917, 
and was joined at that point by a contingent of 215 officers, railway experts from 
various railroads in the Lnited States, commanded by Colonel (■. ]\1. Emerson, 
(leneral Manager. Credit Northern Bailway. The unit sailed from San Francisc(j. 
( al.. November 19, 1917, on the Liiiled .Slates Army transport Thomas, destina- 
tion \ ladivostok, Siberia, stopping at Honolulu. T. H., November 26, 1917, leaving 
November 30. 1917. and taking a direct route to \ ladivostok, via Pacific Ocean, 
Tsugaru Straits, Japan Sea and Bay of Peter the (ireat, arriving December 14, 
1917. The American Consul, with several Russian officials, came aboard and 
advised that the Rolslunik parly was in complete control of that city ami condi- 
tions were critical, as there was ccmstant danger of serious outbreaks. \ ladivostok 
at this time was in a very congested conditiim; freight, such as locomotives, 
machinery, tractors, munitions and etjuipment, wire, etc., was piled in the town 
and on thi' hillsides. 

The Bolshevik controlled the railroads; and being very unfavorable to any 
attempt to enter Siberia, it was decided to proceed to some j)ort in .la{)aii to acquire 
additional supplies and await developments. Leaving Vladivostok, December 17, 
1917, the contingent arrived at Nagasaki, Japan, December 19, 1917. 




Till' Bitlllirlll ( iililinijrnl. 



As time progicssed, cuiKlilidiis In Siberia ii'iiiaiiu'il uiuiiangrd. antl instruc- 
tions were received to quarter in Japan until further orders and to allow the trans- 
port to return to the T/nited States. The Baldwin contingent was quartered in 
Obama, Japan, thirty-five miles from Nagasaki, until April 15, 1918, when arrange- 
ments were made to return to the United States, as it was unlikely that they could 
fulfill their mission for several years, owing to the disastrous conditions existing 
in Siberia. During the stay in Japan, the commanding ofticers of the Baldwin 
contingent proceeded to Harbin, Manchuria, to go over the Siberian situation 
with Colonel Emerson and John Stevens, of the Bailroad Commission, but 
were unable to make any arrangements for the contingent to commence their 
duties. 

The Baldwin contingent sailed from Nagasaki, Japan, April 16, 1918, stopping 
at Yokohama and Honolulu, arriving at San Francisco, Cal., May 6, 1918, and 
Philadelphia, Pa., May 10, 1918. Some members of this contingent were trans- 
ferred to various branches of the Army and the naval gun batteries, others were 
held in reserve. 

The following men of The Baldwin Locomotive Works were commissioned: 

I.ieuleiutiil ('oloiicls: F. Jaspersen. Chas. W. Werst. 

Majors: 15. F. I'aist, J. A. Trainor. 

Caplains: J. ('.. Unjokc. .1. A. Clarke. B. Douglas, W. C. Kipe, Win. I.. Lloytl, W. Byrd 
Page, J. D. Rogers, H. .Soiuiiierville, G. A. Supplee, M. F. Welsh. 

First Lieulenanis: W. L. Fagan, C. Grow, J. W. Hutchinson, P. T. Jones, A. W. Machunas, 
G. Pflueger, G. F. Prendergast. A. Russell, H. B. Snyder. 

!iecond Lieulenanis: J. Ashenfelder, F. .\tlee. F. BaihlT, J. A. Barrett, J. J. Brown, R. 

PW 



Butler, H. Carter, C. Chapman, Rajinond Colesworthy, W. H. Cox, C. Grouse, H. Grouse, 
D. Dougherty. Geo. J. Dougherty, G. Eberhardt, G. L. Eby. 11. Fuiik, R. Gray, F. Haney. 
G. Haney, W. W. Harrison. Richard James. Robert .lames. Roberl Johnson, A. W. Kelly. Earl 
McComsey, F. MoGeehan, I,. T. Martin. \. B. Mahan. R. I'atton. E. J. Powers. J. Bureell. H. L. 
Raffetto. R. D. Ree.se. L. .\. Rehfuss. W . C. Relifuss. M. Replogle. I'. B. Slielm.r.liue. W . .Shraek, 
v.. Scheetz. \\ . .\. Snyder. J. W. Stapletoii. R. Sloyer. J. F. Stowe. E. J. Tieriiey. IF. \ eifz. 
Albert Wagii.T. E. B. \\ agner, E. A. Welsh. B. I'. Winn. Waller Wils.m. J. A. ^onni;blood. 

In October, 1918. Samuel M. \ aii<lain \vas coinmissioned by Seeretary of War 
Baker to organize a contingent to be conimi.ssioned into service in liie Ordnance 
Department. United States Army, to build and place into service 1500 30-ton 
MARK \lll ai'iiKiri'd tanks. This contingent was organized and llw luUowing 
men of The Baldwin Locomotive Works were commissioned: 

Lieutenant Colonel C. H. Crawford 
Lieutenant Colonel Chas. W . W'erst 
Major John L. Tate 
First Ueutenant John \. \pplin 

Mr. Vaiiclain, then Chairman of the Federal Board of Industries, conuiianded 
this contingent, and it was his desiri* to iminnand as a civilian, although a commis- 
sion had been olfered him by Presidi-nt \\ ilson. 

The contingent was to be composed of several thousand workmen and to be 
located at ("hateaiiroux. France. All preliminary work was completed, but 
further work was discontinued on account of the armistice. 



200 



PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL UNITS 

01 H iniportant Base Hospitals were organized in Phila- 
delphia, the personnel of which was exclusively or in large 
measure drawn from the Pennsylvania Hospital, the 
Tniversity of iVnnsylvania Hospital, the Episcopal Hos- 
pital and JelVerson Hospital. A Naval Base Hospital, 
No. 5, was organized at the Methodist Hospital, and 
Hospital L nit A, lV)rmed at the Presbyterian Hospital, 
was the fust of its type in the Medical Corps of the 
^ Army. 

BASE HOSPITAL No. 10, U. S. A. 
By E. M. Jefferys, Chaplain 

The inception of Base Hospital No. 10 was in 1916, and was largely the result 
of the practical patriotism of the Pennsylvania Hospital of Philad<'lphia, the 
Peimsylvania Connnittee for National Preparedness, and of Dr. Bichard H. 
Harte, the Unit's Director. The Pennsylvania Ht)spital supplied a large pro- 
portion of the original personnel. The Committee for National Preparedness 





Courtesy uf Frank W. Buliler. Stanley Co. of America. 



Col. Richard II. Harte and Col. Malthew A . Delaney. 
201 



largely furnished the materiel. Dr. Harte was the foreseeing leader and organizer. 
Early in May, 1917, Major Matthew A. Delaney, of the Regular Army, was placed 
in command. Miss Margaret A. Dunlop was appointed Chief Nurse. Some of 
the most distinguished members of the medical profession in Philadelpliia were 
commissioned, and assigned to duty with this hospital unit. Dr. Jefferys, the 
rector of St. Peter's Church, Philadelpliia, was appointed its Chaplain by the 
President on May 3d. A few days, therefore, after war was declared Base Hos- 
pital No. 10 was ready to move at a moment's notice. 

On Wednesday. May 16th, orders were received for the T'nit to leave Phila- 
delphia on the I8th. This day of departure proved to be bright and clear. The 
Unit left Philadelphia from the West Philadelphia station of the Pennsylvania 
Hailroad at 10 a.m. Many friends were there to see the first organization from 
Philadelphia leave for the front. There were no stragglers, every otlicer, every 
nurse and every enlisted man being on hand. The Unit detrained in Jersey City, 
and after lunch crossed to New York by ferry-boat to the dock where the .S7. Paul 
was lying, the ship wliich was to take, them across the Atlantic. Discipline in tiie 
Unit was good from the begimiing, and although shore-leave was granted to many, 
no one failed to respond to roll-call at 6 .\.m. on the 19th. 

On the SI. Paul, besides Base Hospital .\o. 10, there was the Hospital Unit 
No. 21, from St. Louis, and an Orthopedic Unit. Some civilians were al.so on 
board. The St. Paul mounted several si.x-pounders and four four-pounders for 
defense against submarines. These guns were in charge of a lieutenant and a 
detachment of blue-jackets from the Navy. 

The I nit sailed from New York on Saturday, May 19, 1917, at noon. The 
trip was uneventful. The time was occupii'd with some .setting-up i-xercises, ell'orts 
at drilling and the inoculation of the members with various sera. The Chaplains 
of Base Hospitals 10 and 21 held religious services every ev(>ning in llie dining- 
saloon, which were largely attended. i-Jarly Sunday morning many attended a 
celebration of the Holy Conununion in the ship's library, and a crowded general 
service was held afterwards in the dining-room. 

On Saturday, .Ma\ 2()tli. at about 9 o'clock in tiie morning, Destroyer No. 59, 
of the .\merican Navy, was sighted, and was greeted with cheers. Later in the day 
another American destroyer joined the fu-st. After a few hours the.se destroyers 
departed, and Hritish destroyers took their {)lace. The St. Paul, in aijpmaching 
the Irish coast, was .so well guarded that no trouble was experienced from the sub- 
marines which infesU'd those waters. 

On Sunday. .May 27th, the ship entered the Mersey, and at 6.15 p.m. docked 
at Liverpool, too late for Base Hospital i\'o. 10 to disembark. On the following 
morning. May 28th, the Unit left the ship at 7.,'iO. The enlisted personnel and a 
few officers were sent to Blackpool. The officers and nurses were provided with 
acconunodations at the Northwestern and .\delphi hotels, respectively. Colonels 
Begbie and Johnson of the British .\rmy were in charge of the reception and 
accommodations, and everything was done promptly and efficiently for the Unit's 
comfort. The l-lnglish people gave the I nit a cordial welcome wherever it ap- 
peared. They openly showed their pleasure at the sight of American uniforms, 
the Unit being one of the first American outfits to go overseas in the (ireat War. 
At Blackpool the enlisted men received instruction in the use of gas masks and 
were put through the Utter drill. Amusements and entertainments were pro- 

202 



vided for them. It was said that tliey made a most favorable impression on the 
British officers and men stationed there. The detachment remained in Blackpool 
twelve days. It was then sent on by train to Southampton. At Oxford twenty 
minutes were given for refreshments. The detachment was embarked on the 
Northwestern Miller (a ship which in peace times had plied between Philadelphia 
and London), her cargo consisting of 1,800 men, 750 horses and mules, and her 
hold fiUed with high explosives. The Northwestern Miller reached Le Havre on 
June 11th. 

The officers and nurses left at Liverpool had a few days there, and were then 
sent by train to London, where they became the guests of the British Government, 
and were royally welcomed and entertained. Advantage was taken of the time 
in London by medical officers, the chaplain and the nurses to visit some of the great 
military hospitals, in which much information was to be had. On June 10th the 
Unit left London, reaching Southampton the same day, and embarked on a 
hospital ship, formerly one of the Castle line. German submarines were evidently 
anxious to give the first American troops to go overseas a warm reception, for a 
British destroyer sunk one of these pestiferous craft, just outside of Southampton, 
and a French transport was torpedoed by one of them just astern as they were 
going uito Le Havre. The hospital ship on which the Unit was transported was 
fortunately well guarded by British destroyers. The Unit reached Le Havre on 
June 11th, being the third American I nit to reach France, two other hospital 
units having preceded them by a few days. 

In London, Base Hospital No. 10 had been turned over to the British Govern- 
ment, the British Army being then very short of doctors and nurses, the casualties 
in the medical corps having been greater in proportion to its size than in almost 
any other branch of the service. When, therefore, the Unit arrived in France it 
practically became a part of the British Army. "Nurses" became "sisters." 
The chaplain became a "padre", and a good deal of other nomenclature had to 
be changed. For a while a British colonel presided at mess. Colonel Thurston, 
of the British Army, their commanding officer for some weeks, endeared himself 
to every member of the Unit. 

From Le Havre to Le Treport 

Base Hospital No. 10 was sent from Le Havre through Amiens and Beauvais 
to Le Treport, a long tiresome journey. Le Treport is in the Seine Inferieure, 
not far from Dieppe, Abbeville and Eu. Above the town on the cliffs there was a 
Hospital Group, Canadian No. 2, British Bed Cross No. 10, British General Nos. 
3, 47 and 16, and the Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases, and a large 
Convalescent Camp. The American I nit was placed in charge of British (ieneral 
Hospital No. 16, a well-equipped hospital with over 2,000 beds, and of the Isolation 
Division for Contagious Diseases. The llnit had expected to take over about 
500 beds. Nothing but its fine personnel and splendid organization saved it from 
failure. These two and other qualifications, however, saw it through, and enabled 
it to leave a great reputation for efficiency in the British Army at the end of the 
war. Beinforcements were at once asked for on reaching Le Treport. Accord- 
ingly eight officers and forty-seven enUsted men from Philadelphia, under the com- 
mand of Dr. H. B. Wilmer, sailed on the Aiirania on August 18, 1917, and thirty 

203 



nurses, under the ctjinmand of Dr. J. Paul Austin, sailed soon after on the 
liallic, the one group arriving in Le Treport on September 7th and the other on 
September 21st. 

Base Hospital No. 10 remained at Le Treport throughout the war and for 
several months after the armistice. From time to time its oflieers, nurs<'s and 
enlisted men were detached temporarily for special service. Occasionally members 
were detached permanently from the I nit. Five of the enlisted m<"n received com- 
missions. A MuLile I nil was organized under Dr. Hodge to move along the front. 
Dr. Arthur H. Gerhard was attached to the British Tank Corps. Dr. Taylor 
served for a time with the military hospitals in London. 

\ luimber of the oilicers, nurses and enlisted men served at Casualty Clearing 
Stations along the front. Dr. Dillard and others served with British fighting 
units. Dr. Drayton was one of the nerve speciahsts in the Magiiidl Hospital 
in Kngland. and also .served at the front. Drs. Norris. (iibbon. Cadwalader, Pack- 
ard, Knowles, Earnshaw and Cruicc were all transferred to highly impt)rtant posi- 
tions in th(! .\merican Kxpeditionary Forces. Dr. Sweet was assigned to advanced 
research work. The Chaplain ser^(■d from time to time as Chaplain of British and 
Canadian hospitals, British labor battalions, .\ustralian Infantry. British Tanks, 
American hospitals and the Hea(i(|uarters Troops of the ,'5d Army. Nearly every 
officer in the I nit and some of the nurses and enlisted men were at times detached 
for special service at the front or elsewhere. Dr. Harte, the Directoi of the L'nit, 
and later its commanding officer, and Dr. Mitchel. for some months its commanding 
officer, took their turn at the front. Dr. \au\. Dr. Wilmer. Dr. ()ulerbridg(\ Dr. 
Nolan, Dr. Austin, Dr. Flick, and nearly all the other surgeons and doctors did 
the same. All who were given the opportunity lo serve at the front did so eagerly. 

General Hospital No. 16, of which Base Hospital No. 10 had charge, was in 
the form of half a wheel, w ith the operating room at the hub aiid the wards or huts 
radiating like spokes from this center. The most serious surgical cases were in 
the huts nearest the operating room. The medical huts were at the })eriphery. 
The Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases was remote from the rest of the 
hospital. Le Treport was situated on the Channel, and during the winter the 
climate was severe, with high winds and cold rains. The sick and wounded wen; 
brought as far as Le Treport by hospital trains, and from the town to the hospital 
by ambulances driven by English ladies attacluHl to the Women's Motor Convoy 
Service. The hospital was evacuated by train and ambulance through the Chan- 
nel ports to England. When the (iermans reached .\miens, tht; entire hospital 
area had to be evai-uated in a few hours, so far as the patients were concerned. 
This was done only with great suffering to the patients and at the cost of many 
lives. There was no help for it. however. 

From June 13. 1917, to December 31, 1918, there were admitted to General 
Hospital No. 16, 47,811 patients, of whom 22,431 were wounded, and 24,222 were 
sick. Of these 398 of the wounded and 1 10 of the sick died, making a total of 
.538 deaths. Such a great number of patients with so few deaths gave the Unit 
one of the lowest death averages of any hospital in France. 

The patients were chiefly from the British Expeditionary Forces, English. 
Scotch, Irish, Australian, South .Vfrican, Canadian, New Zealand, and West In- 
dian. Three thousand and twelve American soldiers were admitted, of wht)m 
forty-four died. 

204 



The Dental Department of the Hospital, under Dr. Jack and Dr. Edwin Shoe- 
maker, was very active. It elicited the admiration of the British Medical Corps. 
There were 15,926 patients who received treatment in this department. 

The X-ray Department was extremely important too. Under Dr. Knowles 
and Dr. WiUiam T. Shoemaker and Sergeant Cressy 5,852 patients were X-rayed. 

The Pathological Laboratory, under Dr. Krumbhaar and Dr. Cloud, assisted 
by Mrs. Krumbhaar and Privates Le Boutillier, Stevens and Smith, medical 
students, was responsible for 18,878 pathological and bacteriological examinations, 
including 318 autopsies. 

The nursing of the patients was under Miss Margaret A. Dunlop of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital. Philadelphia, and her able assistants. No praise could be too 
high for the work of these women. There was no more efficient or able hospital 
matron in France than Miss Dunlop, and she was supported by a magnificent 
corps of nurses. Their patience, sympathy and skill saved hundreds of lives, 
and the "American Sister" will long be an expression to conjure by among British 
soldiers. Miss Fairchild died as the result of her work at the front. Miss Stam- 
baugh was severely wounded, but happily recovered, and many of these women 
sacrificed their health and strength permanently in the performance of their nerve- 
wrecking and heart-breaking duties over there. 

Army regulations place the social and educational work among troops (under 
the commanding officer) in the hands of the Chaplain of the Organization. Dr. 
Wilmer, specially assigned to this duty, and the Chaplain of Base Hospital No. 10 
gave a great deal of their time to this side of their work. Baseball, hockey, tennis, 
football, cricket, boxing were made possible and encouraged. It was a surprise 
to British soldiers that this Unit could meet them on even terms in their national 
sport. Philadelphians, however, have always been good cricketers. A reading- 
room was provided. A dramatic club was formed. Lectures on history, hygiene 
and social questions were given at regular intervals. ICvery week an entertain- 
ment, known as "the Padre's Party," took place. At these parties such refresh- 
ments as were obtainable were furnished and some special program was presented. 
Dancing was allowed. Concerts were given frequently, the ladies of the Motor 
Convoy Service usually assisting. 

A great deal of attention was given to the amusement of the patients. Ward 
concerts were given almost daily, French artists, nurses, officers. Red Cross workers, 
British Y. M. C. A. and Salvation Army workers and the enlisted personnel and 
convalescent patients assisting. 

In the British Army the work of the Chaplain is taken seriously, and every 
possible provision is made for such work. The Church of England put at the 
disposal of the Chaplain of the Unit a well equipped church hut for public services 
for the personnel and the convalescent patients. Several services were held every 
day in this hut. On Sundays the hut was crowded, so crowded that often many 
had to be turned away for lack of room. Services were also held by the Chaplain 
in the Y. M. C. A. and Salvation Army huts. Ward services for the sick and 
wounded were part of the reguleu" routine. Services were also held for the sick and 
wounded German prisoners in their stockade. 

The burials took place in the British Military Cemetery of Mt. Huon, not 
far from the hospital area. Every soldier, officer or private, who died received a 
dignified burial with miUtary honors. The MiUtary Cemetery was beautifully kept. 

205 



The graves were carefully marked with a cross bearing the name, rank, organiza- 
tion and date. 

Even a brief sketch of Base Hospital No. 10 in France would be incomplete 
without reference to the band, which was trained and led by Dr. Beebe. The in- 
struments were procured and paid for by the Commanding Officer, Dr. Harte. 
There was much musical talent in the Unit, and before it had been long organized, 
it did the Unit much credit. 

On .January 12, 1919, the I Hit consisted of thirty-nine officers, 125 nurses, 
and .327 enlisted men, 491 in all. Those who had not been in service for a year 
were ordered to various camps in the A. E. F. On February 3d, all patients were 
transferred to General Hospital No. 47. Early in March the nurses were sent to 
f'louharnel in the heart of Brittany, near Vannes. On March 12th they were sent 
to Brest, and on April 3d sailed on the RoUerdam for New York, arriving April 12th. 
.\ few days afterwards the nurses received their back pay, a bonus of §60. and 
their oflirial discharge. 

On March 4th Dr. Sweet, with twenty-five officers and 154 enlisted men. left 
Le Treport for Plouharnel; Dr. Mitchel and Dr. Newhn. with twenty-five enlisted 
men, remaining at Le Treport to complete the closing of the hospital. The latter 
contingent left on March 12th. On the 23d all were sent to Camp Pontanaza at 
Forest. General Sniedley D. Butler, commanding officer of the camp, later wrote 
to G. II. (). that I5as(' Hospital No. 10 was the best outfit of its kind that had come 
under his charge. The I nit embarked on April 6th on the Kuiserin Awjiista- 
Vidoria, sailing on the 8th, and arriving at Hoboken .\pril 17th. On the 18th 
the Unit was sent to Camp Dix. New.lersey, and was demobilized on April 22, 1919. 

Some of the officers, nurses and enlisted men reinained in France longer, and 
were scattered. Some came home with other organizations, and some returned 
as "casuals." It was not long, however, before nearly all of the original outfit 
were home and honorably discharged. 

BASE HOSPITAL NO. 20, U. S. A. 
B^ LiKi'TEN.\NT Colonel Eldridge L. Eluson 

U. S. Army Base Hospital No. 20 was organized at the I iiiversity of Peim- 
sylvania. Colonel lulward Martin, the first Director, resigned in April 1917 and 
was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel John B. Carnett. who supervised the 
organization of the Unit, under the auspices of the Xmi^ricati Med Cross. 

Preliminary work proceeded simultaneously along three main lines; the 
selection of the personnel; the raising of funds; and the purchase of equipment. 

Lieutenant Colonel Carnett. t<jgethi'r with Lii'utenant Colonel Kliason, 
Chief of the Surgical Si'rvice, and Lieutenant Colonel (ieorge M. Pier.sol, Chief 
of the Medical Service, selected an able professional personnel, representing all 
specialties of surgery and medicine from the I niversity of Pennsylvania Hospital. 

Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Johnson, M. C, L'. S. A., was assigned to duty 
as Commanding Officer, and Major Sherman M. Craiger, Q. M. ('.., as Quarter- 
master. 

The selection of a sufficient number of properly (pialilied ruuses was a diffi- 
cult problem which, however, was admirably handled by Kdith B. Irwin, Chief 
Nurse, who was formerly Chief Nurse of the General Surgical Clinic :il the Univer- 

206 



sity Hospital. Miss Irwin, at her own request, in January, 1918, was placed on 
active duty for several weeks at the United States Army Walter Reid Hospital, 
Washington, D. C, to familiarize herself with the duties of Chief Nurse for an 
army hospital. Fifty-seven of the sixty-five nurses were graduates of the Nurses 
Training School of the University Hospital. 

The selection of 15.^ enlisted men was entrusted to Major John H. Musser, 
Jr., and Major PhiUp F. WiUiams. All of the enlisted men were chosen because 
of exceptional ability. They were all volunteers and sought service with Base Hos- 
pital No. 20 as the quickest route to F"rance. (Jver 80 per cent of them were college 
men and the remainder were proficient in special trades or occupations. The actual 
work of recruiting was performed by Major Floyd E. Keene, together with the 
volunteer assistance of Captain Thomas Edwards, Captain Richard D. Hopkinson, 
and Major P. F. WilUams, who were then on the inactive list. 

Funds were innnediately necessary for the purchase of equipment, as the Gov- 
ernment made no appropriation for the financing of a Base Hospital organized under 
the direction of the American Red Cross. The $25,000 worth of hospital equipment 
that each Base Hospital was originally recjuired to purchase and store in times of 
peace was amply provided for Base Hospital No. 20 by the Harrison Fund of 
$30,000, contributed in equal parts by (ieorge L. Harrison, Mrs. Emily Leland 
Harrison and Thomas Skelton Harrison. When, after war was declared, the Base 
Hospitals were required to increase their equipment, further appeals met with 
patriotic support. Contributions of $110,202.18, in cash and of forty thousand 
dollars worth of equipment were secured largely by the individual efforts of 
Lieutenant Colonel Carnelt, and were turned over to the Medical Department 
of the Army, without a cent of expense to the Government. 

A total of thirty-four freight carloads of equipment was shipped to New York, 
and the greater part of it accompanied the personnel on the l^. S. S. Leviathan 
on the voyage to Brest, and arrived fairly promptly at Chatel-Guyon, where the 
hospital was stationed during its activities in France. 

On November 21, 1917, orders came from the War Department mobiUzing the 
enlisted men at the First State Armory, the remaining professional personnel, 
nurses and civilian employes to be mobilized later. By November 30, 1917, prac- 
tically all of th<^ men had reported. Through the courtesy of the Athletic Asso- 
ciation of the University of Pennsylvania, the Students' Training House 
was turned over to the hospital for use for mess and quarters. The cooks, "K. 
P.'s" and a niajt)rity of the N. C. O.'s were also stationed in the training house. 

By the 20th of December all of the officers and men had reported and routine 
military instructions were well under way. Of the 153 enlisted personnel, 103 had 
at least five weeks hospital training as orderlies and anesthetists. Flvery member 
had full instruction in practical first-aid treatment, given by Lieutenant Colonel 
E. L. Eliason. and every man was required to apply splints, bandages and dressings. 

On Monday, April 1, 1918, Base Hospital No. 20 started for Camp Merritt, 
New Jersey, on the first leg of its overseas journey. The organization arrived in 
camp about 4 p.m., where they were stationed for three weeks, sailing on the U. S. S. 
Leviathan from Hoboken on April 22. The niu'se personnel, the dietitian and the 
three civilian stenographers, who had been at Elfis Island, No. 3 N. Y. H., since 
February 18, 1918, joined the L^nit at Hoboken and sailed with it. After 
an uneventful voyage, the Leviathan reached Brest on May 2, 1918. The officers 

207 



and men debarked the foUowinjr day and marched to Camp Pontanazen. After 
a stay of two days, they were joined by the nurses and left for (',hatel-( iwyon. where 
they arrived on the morning of May 7th. 

Chatel-ruiyon is a villajre of some 2.000 inhabitants and is situated in the 
Province of Puy-de-Dome, wliich I'orms a part of the pictures(iue \uvergne section 
of France. The village takes its name from the chateau built by (luy II. Duke 
of Auvergne. in IIQ.t. Its altitude is about 1.200 feet, and it is on liu' e<L'e of the 
large fertile plain of Liganne and in the foothills of the Puy Mountains. It, 
therefore, enjoys an excellent climate during both summer and winter. 

The first month of the stay of Base Hospital \o. 20 was devoted to the hard 
and tedious work of cleaning up and repairing the numerous hotels and otiier 
buildings that had been assigned for it,s use. 

The total yearly rental lin francs) for the buildings used by Mase llos[)ital 
No. 20 was 328.612. or in normal times equivalent to $65,722. K). 

Two weeks' hard work made the hospital ready to care for 200 patients. Four 
weeks saw the organization ready to receive 500 patients. This nund)er was later 
increased to over 2,000. 

FlNCTIONING OF THK IIoSPIT.\L 

riie hospital formally opened to patients on Decoration Day. I'MfJ. With 
but the few exceptions of patients from the post and neighboring camps, all patients 
were brought to ( .hatel-CJuyon on hospital trains. 

The first one of the.se arrived on .lune 8th with :550 patients and others con- 
tinued to arrive as often as twice a week. It may be staled here that IJase I lospital 
\o. 20 operated as a true Base Hospital in that it kept and cared for patients until 
they were either cured or classed for ultimate distribution. It at no time acted 
as an Hvacuation Hospital, as did many Base llos[)itals. merely keeping patients 
a few hours before evacuating them to oth<'r hospitals. 

The patient.s were classified according to their disease or injury, and were 
placed in .sejiarate wards for surgical, medical and ird'ectious diseas(>s and the spe- 
cialties. A dispensary or "ambulatory" surgical department treated all minor 
walking cases, thus relieving the work in the ward dressing rooms. 

From .lune 8th to December 20lh. I\\ent>-lhree additional li<ispil:il trains 
brought a Inlal of 7,872 patients to Base Hospital No. 2(1 fnmi the \Mrinus battle 
fronts. The largest number. 587. was recei\cd on .luK 25th. all nf which (ame rrutii 
the Chateau- riiii'rry front. 

These figures do not include the 106 admissions from the command to and from 
hospital and (piarters prior to the arrival of this I'nit at C.hati'l-( Juyon. The 
maximum lunuber of |)atients in the hospital in any one day was 2,15!$ on October 
10. Hdti. The la,st patient was discharged on .lanuary 20, 1919, and the I nil 
ceased In I'uiulion as a hospital on thai dale. 

During the nine months that Base Hospital N(j. 20 fimctioned. it cared for 
8.70.5 patients, of which number only sixty-five died — a remarkable showing. The 
largest mimber of patients in the hospital any <nie day was 2,153, on October 20, 
1918. 

Ill llie personnel of the organization itself there was only mie dealh (huing its 
entire existence, another tribute to its efficiency. 

208 



General Method of Receiving and Treating Wounded 

Oh the receipt of telegraphic notice of the impending arrival of a Hospital 
Train, each ward surgeon was required to submit to the Chiefs of the Surgical 
and Medical Service the number of vacant beds in each ward as well as the number 
of patients who could be transferied to other buildings if the necessity demanded it. 
From this data the Chief of Medical and Surgical Service made provision for the 
number and variety of cases which the incoming train contained, and a chart was 
prepared stating the exact number of beds available in each ward. The Com- 
manding Officer and tlie two Chiefs of Services, with a corps of men, boarded the 
Hospital Train at Riom, the first town beyond the Chatel-Guyon, and each patient 
was examined and tagged with the number of the section and ward to which he 
was to go. Upon the arrival of the train the patients were caiiied immediately 
to the section on the station platform as indicated by their tags. Here they were 
loaded into ambulances or trucks bound for the hospital section, and upon arrival 
there they were at once carried to the several wards. An entire train load of pa- 
tients could thus be transferred to their beds within two hours. Each surgeon 
was required to be in his ward, day or night, to receive his patients, so that he 
could dress all wounds as soon as possible. This fact was responsible for the im- 
mediate recognition of sixteen wounded cases infected with gas gangrene, and the 
immediate operation, with the consequent saving of life. 

Detached Duty 

Shortly after the arrival of Rase Hospital No. 20 in France, orders came from 
the Chief Surgeon to form two Operating Teams for work in the hospitals at the 
front. The two Teams were formed and were later designated as No. 61 and No. 
62. Each Team was made up of a surgeon in charge and an assistant, an anesthe- 
tist, a senior nurse, a second nurse, and two men as orderlies. 

Surgical Operating Team No. 61 

On June 8, 1918, this Team, under command of Lieutenant Colonel EHason, 
went to Evacuation Hospital No. 1. near Toul, for instruction in war surgery. 

The personnel of Team No. 61 was: Lieutenant Colonel E. L. Eliason, Surgeon 
in Charge; Major F. E. Keene, Assistant; Major William Rates, Anesthetist; 
Florence Williams, A. R. N. C; Sabina Landis. A. R. N. C; Sergeant .loseph 
Dougherty; Private George Farabaugh; Captain Thompson Edwards later replaced 
Major Keene and Mary Hume replaced Miss Williams. 

On July 21st the Team reported to Lieutenant Colonel Ringliam in Paris, and 
was sent to the A. R. C. Military Hospital No. 1 at Neuilly. and later to the A. R. 
C. MiUtary Hospital No. 3 (officers' hospital). The Team was ordered to La Ferte 
and was taken by ambulance to Chateau-Thierry, reporting to Evacuation Hospital 
No. 5. In August it proceeded to Chaligny, reporting to Field Hospital No. 162, 
which on September 2d was taken over by Evacuation Hospital No. 113. 

On October 3d. it was ordered to report to headquarters at Froidos. to Evacu- 
ation Hospital No. 10. The Team stayed with this hospital for the remaining 
period of the war and for three weeks afterwards. 

209 



Surgical Oper.\ting Team No. 62 

At the front they performed about 600 operations in addition to dressinf: many 
severe cases that needed no operation. 

Surgical Operating Team No. 62 was the first to leave Base Hospital No. 20 
for service at the front. It left Chatel-Guyon for Cliaumont on ,lun(> .^. 1918. 

The personnel of Team No. 62 was: Lieutenant Colonel John B. (^arn(!lt. 
Surgeon in Charge; Captain George M. Laws, Assistant; Captain N. R. Goldsmith, 
Anesthetist: Helen Pratt. A. B. N. C; INlarie Bergstresser, A. B. N. C: Sergeant 
First Class de Bemieville Bell; Private Rufus B. Jones. 

After a short stay at Base Hospital No. 15 and at Evacuation Hospital No. 1. 
on the Lorraine front, the Team reported to the 1 17th Sanitary 'i'rain of the 12d 
(Rainbow) Division and was assigned to duty with Alobile Hosjjitai No. 2 at 
Bussy-le-Chateau, on the Champagne front. From July 15th to July liUh, the 
Team operated with Evacuation Hospital No. I at Ecury and then rejoined Mobile 
Hospital No. 2 at Yatry, accompanying it to Lizy-sur-Ourcq on the Chateau- 
Tliierry front. On July 31st the Team was sent to F.vacuation Hospital No. 2 
at La Ferte .Milon. went with it to Crezancy, on the IMarnc, and rejoined Mobile 
Hospital No. 2 at Coincy. on August 6th. On August 25th. the Team proceeded 
to the St. Mihiel front and located at Recourt, on August 30th. On Sepl(>nd)er 
25th. it left for Chateau Salvange. near Froidos. on the Argonne front, and re- 
mained there until it returned to ('hatel (luyon on November 21th. 

Subsequently each member of Team No. 62 received a copy of a letter of com- 
mendation from General Pershing. 

On Septend)er 3d. Captain Laws was detached and placed in charge of 
Surgical Team No. 562. taking Mat (ireinille. A. M. N. C... from Team No. 62. 
Major F. E. Keenc aii<l l.rlilia Gallagher replaced then i cm Team No. ()2. 
Team No. 562 saw (lul\ with Mobile Hospital No. 2. I'lvacuatiun Hospital No. I. 
Base Hospital .No. 31, and returned to Base Ibispital No. 20 on NoNcmber 2){, 1918. 

Shock Te.\m No. 116 

The personnel of Team No. 116 was: Major John II. Musser, Jr. (in charge?); 
Grace MacMillan. A. R. N. C; Sergeant F. G. Connor, M.D.; Private Jos. R. 
Arnold, ALD. 

On July 22, 1918, the Team was ordered to report to La Ferte-sous-Jouarre 
and arrived tliere the following day, in charge of Major John II. Musser, Jr. 

They were sent to Verdolet, reporting to the Commanding Officer of Field 
Hospital No. 27. and were immediately assigned to the task of handling the severely 
wounded of the 3d l)i\isinn. 

\\ hile at Chateau-Thierry the members of the Team received a letter of com- 
mendation from General Dicknuui, conuiuuidiiig the 3(1 Division. 

On August 10th the Team was sent to Field llos|)ilal No. 112 at Cohan. 
After several other transfers the Team was ordered to report at Field Hospital No. 
127 of the 32d I^i vision. This hospital received only the severely wounded, and at 
the same time acted as a triage station. 

Four days, beginning Septend^er 1th, the Team spent in the forest of Pierre- 
Fonds, returning to Base Hospital No. 20 on September 1 1th. 

210 



Emergency Medical Team No. 116 

The personnel of the Team consisted of Captain George K. Strode, M.C., 
Commanding; Elizabeth J. Coombs, A. R. N. C, and Corporal Robert F. 
McMurtrie, M.D. Ry orders from General Headquarters, Captain Strode was 
detailed to the Central Medical Department Laboratory for special instruction 
in shock and hemorrhage in September, 1918. Ry authority from H. A. E. F., 
the Team left Chatel-Guyon September 24th and proceeded to Evacuation Hos- 
pital No. 6 at Souilly. Team No. 116 immediately took charge of the Shock 
Ward of Evacuation Hospital No. 6 at Souilly, and during the first week worked 
night and day without relief. A second Team was then assigned to duty, and 
thereafter Team No. 116 alternated on night and day duty. 

On November 26th, when orders arrived relieving them frf)m duty at Evacua- 
tion Hospital No. 6, Team No. 116 proceeded to Paris. Two days later the 
Team returned to Rase Hospital No. 20. 

Copies of the commendation that was extended to Evacuation Hospital No. 6 
by the Chief Surgeon of the 1st Army, A. E. F., on November .30, 1918, were for- 
warded to each member of Emergency Medical Team No. 116. 

Social Life at Rase Hospital No. 20 

The first celebration of any type held in France by Rase Hospital No. 20 
occurred at Chatel-Guyon on May 30. 1918, and marked not only Decoration 
Day but also the formal opening of the hospital and the first raising of the American 
Flag at Chatel-Guyon. Less formal were the exercises on Independence Day, 
when a reception was given for all sick and visiting French officers in the morning. 
In the afternoon this courtesy was reciprocated by the French officers. A public 
reception in the late afternoon was extended to the officers at the Casino, at which 
addresses were made by the Mayor of Chatel-Guyon and by Lieutenant Colonel 
Johnson. Somewhat similar was the reception on Rastile Day on July 11th. 

Entertainments for the patients on Thanksgiving and Christmas were given. 
On the afternoon of Christmas the juvenile population of Chatel-Guyon, under 
the age of ten years, were the guests of Rase Hospital No. 20 at a Christmas tree 
celebration. For this purpose a large spruce tree in the park was decorated with 
colored electric fights, and after some singing, and a short speech by the cure, each 
child was presented with package of candy furnished by the Red Cross. 

Many of the social activities were arranged by the Red Cross representative, 
Captain J. M. Ware, who reported for duty on June 2, 1918. Among the various 
forms of diversion were baseball, football and tennis. An old reservoir near head- 
quarters served as a swimming pool. 

Rase Hospital No. 20 was fortunate in possessing an abundance of theatrical 
talent. A committee was formed when the Unit was still in training in Phila- 
delphia, and after short rehearsals the "Retaming of the Shrew" was produced, 
the affair proving in every respect most successful. Later "Rase 20 Follies" 
was staged. At Camp Merritt, the Y. M. C. A. rendered much assistance. 

At Chatel-Guyon a large number of entertainments were furnished both for 
the benefit of the patients and for the civilian population. At these entertaimnents 
there were popular music, and classical dancing, in which several members of the 
Unit took female parts with the ease and grace of long trained performers. 

211 



An orchestra was formed of the enlisted men which was used for furnishing 
music for various entertainments. The piano was antiquated and out of tune, 
and the drum was made from a banjo head. Other instruments were brought 
from home by the men themselves. 

Leaves aivd Trips 

Six regions were designated as leave areas, including some of the most famous 
resorts in Europe, and it was possible on a leave to go anywhere in France from the 
Alps to the Channel, and from the Pyrenees to the border. It was possible for 
nurses and enlisted men to take advantage of trips throughout France with no 
expense, as hotels with comfortable quart(>rs and excellent meals were provided 
for their exclusive use. \ice was und()ubt(>diy the Mecca, and whatever the route 
traveled the traU inevitably lead to that n\sort. 

French War Orphan Funt> 

The French War Orphan F'und was initiated by the Stars and Stripes as a 
special Thanksgiving donation in l')Il>. ( liaplain Rogers Israel acted as treas- 
urer for Rase Hospital No. 20. and a sum of 7. .')()() francs represented the collectidii 
from the oflicers, nurses, and enlisted men: no patients in the liospilal were allowed 
to contribute. Base Hospital No. 20 adopted fifteen French war orphans. 

Medical Society 

Soon after the hospital opened a Medical Society was formed which met bi- 
monthly, and to which other hospital stall's were invited. Bas(> Hospital ]\o. 30 
accepted the invitation to join. At these meetings papers and reports of work 
done were presented by the oflicers. The meetings were fully attended and nuich 
profit obtained from them. 

Classes 

After the armistice. Lt. Col. l-^liason arranged for a course in anesthesia. 
Twenty nurses availed themselves of this opportunity and obtained practical iuul 
didactic instruction from Lieutenant N. R. (loldsmith. Further lectures were 
arranged for on niilitary surgery and medicine, and several talks were given by stall 
members on French history. Classes in various subjects were being organized 
for the enlisted men when orders arrived to leave Chatel-Guyon. 

Celebration of the Armistice 

On November 10th. many rumors reached Chatel-Guyon that the armistice 
had been signed. The French believed it to be true and an imjjromptu celebra- 
tion was started. In the evening the real celel)ration commenced. About twenty- 
five American con^alescent soldiers started to parade. This number soon in- 
creased to several hundred Americans, and an equal number of French men, women 
and children. As they passed each hosi)ilal there was a general turnout of all 
patients who could walk, so that by the time they reached the main street there 
were over 1,000 in line. As no drums were to be had four large hard-tack tins 
were secured as a result of a raid on the Mess De|)artnient. 

The next morning oificial news that the armistice was signed was received, 
and the Mayor ordered all church bells to be rung. The town was decorated, 
and that night another parade was organized led by a real band. 

212 



Auxiliary of Base Hospital No. 20 

The Auxiliary of the University of Pennsylvania Hospital Unit of the Red 
Cross, known as No. 122, was organized under the direction of Mrs. Wm. Woodwai'd 
Arnett on April 11, 1917. The seventy women who were present at the first meet- 
ing pledged $6,000 to purchase supphes and material for the equipment of a 500-bed 
base hospital. The actual work of making up supphes was begun on April lUth, con- 
tinuing for ten months five days a week. Within three months from the time 
the auxiliary was organized sixty-six boxes of patients' equipment containing 
22,244 articles and about .35,000 surgical dressings were completed and boxed. 

The original seventy members were increased to 256, and the $6,000 promised 
soon totaled $10,000, nor was it difficult to secure additional funds as rapidly 
as needed. 

Welfare Committee 

In|February, 1918, the Welfare Committee of Base Hospital No. 20 was 
organized and undertook to aid the hospital in many ways. It pledged itself to 
represent the hospital on this side, to distribute a semi-monthly community let- 
ter from France to friends and relations of the hospital, to transmit funds to the 
hospital, to supply it with reading material and to aid in many other ways. 

During its existence Base Hospital No. 20 was under the command of four 
different officers, Lieutenant Colonel T. H. Johnson, Lieutenant Colonel G. M. 
Piersol and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Carnett. When the organization was split 
up at embarkation area, and the officers sent home as casuals, the command of the 
Unit fell upon Major PhiUp Williams' shoulders. 

Officers, men and nurses returned in separate small detachments during April 
and May, 1918. 

After demobiUzation of Base Hospital No. 20 the University of Pennsylvania 
Hospital received letters from the American Red Cross at Washington, D. C, and 
from the Surgeon General commending Base Hospital No. 20 for its "readiness for 
service, patriotic devotion to duty and exceUence of professional personnel." 

A further letter of commendation for exceptionally meritorious and conspicuous 
services was sent to Dr. J. B. Carnett. 

Base Hospital No. 20 Association 

The Association was formed November 14, 1919, in Philadelphia, and provision 
was made to hold a reunion each year. The first reunion was held in November, 
1920. 

BASE HOSPITAL No. 34, U. S. A. 
By Lieutenant Colonel Ralph S. Bromer 

During the early months of 1917, the Medical Department of the Aim y and 
the Red Cross, Colonel Jefferson R. Kean, M. C, in charge, organized fifty base 
hospitals for service with the American Army. The idea was eaily conceived of 
forming one at the Episcopal Hospital. Dr. Charles H. Frazier was first appointed 
Director, with Dr. Astley P. C. Ashhurst as Chief of the Surgical Service. Funds 
were raised and friends of the hospital gave liberally in contributions to the Red 
Cross until a sum of $65,000 was obtained for the equipment of the hospital, 
George H. Frazier serving as treasurer and disbursing officer. 

213 



Tlic months ul March aiul carls April. 1917, were occupied with these pre- 
liminaries. Late in April Dr. Krazier. owint; to inability to leave his University 
duties, very reluctantly rcliii(|nishc(l his charjie of the hospital and Dr. Ashhursl 
was appointed Director. Proj^ress in the procurement of eciuipnient w as rapid. 

In late May, Malcolm Douglas became afliliated with the hospital as Registrar. 
T nder his charge the work of enrolling the enlisted personnel progressed most 
speedily. Applicants were many, and men were secured of excellent caliber and 
of varied vocations, foreshadowing success in the eventual operation of the hospital's 
different departments. By June .'!Olh, the (>ntire quota of 1.52 men had hein 
sworn in and I'lilisted in the Medical luilisted Reserve Corps. 

In the meantime the hospital w as formally accepted by the Medical Depart- 
ment and was given the number of "31." In July, Captain Raphael I. L(>vin, 
(^)uarterinaster Reserve Corps, was assigned and reported for duty as tjuarter- 
master. As fast as equipment was bought it was assembled and stored in the 
Larkin Uuildiiig, 20th and Arch streets, and at the I-]piscopal Hospital. 

The organization of the nurse corps personnel was entrustcel to Miss Kathcrine 
Brown, Superintendent of Nurses, Episcopal Hospital. During these same months 
she was busily (>ngaged in recruiting and enlisting sixty-five nurses. By August 
she reported a full (luota. 

Mention should be made of the men who attended the early meetings at Dr. 
Frazier's office and who devoted much time to the purchase of supplies for theu" 
rcs[)ecti\e departments. Besides Drs. Krazier and Ashhurst, there were Drs. 
Emory G. Alexander, Geo. P. MuUer, Jos(>ph Macfarland, John B. Carson, Ralph 
S. Bromer and Mr. Malcolm Douglas. Of lliese Drs. Muller and Macfarland 
unfortunately could not serve with the unil. The assistance and advit-e of Dr. 
Richard II. Harte, of the Boanl nf Managers of the hospital, and Captain E. N. 
T.eiper, the Superintendent, were also gieatly appreciated, \fter the r(>tirement 
of Dr. Frazier, Dr. Ashhurst strciuiously pushed the preparation of the organiza- 
tion for active duly, and by llic lime oiders were receiM'ii fur its mobilization 
it was in a state of excellent preparedness. 

On Septend)er 7, 1917, the organization was mobilized al lh(> Episcopal 
Hospital and Major Ralph (J. DeWie. Medical Corps, United States Army was 
detailed as commanding officer, assuming lonwiiand September I, 1917. Cajilaiii 
R. S. Bromer was delailed as atljutaiU. 

On September 7, I9f7. the organization iiinxed Id llic ( '.oncentralion (amp 
of the United Stales Army .Vmbulance Ser\ice at Allenlown, Pa., later called 
Camp Crane. Here two numths or more were spent in e(|uip|)ing and training 
the men. Instruction in first aid, Medical Department diill. bandaging, etc., 
was routinely given. On November 21st, the command moxed In Camp Mills. 
Long Island, and remained there until l)ecend>er I ilh, awaiting instructions for 
embarkation. These finally arrived, after thre(> w(>eks of most severe weather 
spent in the tents of Camp Mills. On the l.'jtii. the organization end)arked on 
the Leviathan, the nurses included, they, in the meantime, having been mobilized 
and equipped at b^lis Island. The voyage was uneventful and on Decembei 2ltfi, 
at noon, Liverpool was reached and debarkation immediately begun. The nurses 
were sent to Southampton on a separate train from that of the officers and men. 
Southampton was reached midnight of December 21th, the nurses being quartered 
at hotels and the oni<ers and men at a rest camp. On December 25th, the former 

214 



were sent to Le Havre on one of the British hospital ships, the Warilda and on 
December 26th, the officers and men crossed on a British Channel ship, the Mona's 
Queen, debarking early on the morning of the 27th. 

Work Overseas 

The command remained at Le Havre until December 29th, when the entire 
personnel was sent by train to Blois, where Medical Casual Camp No. 6, Inter- 
mediate Section L. 0. C. was then located. 

Here during Janutu-y, 1918, the unit was split up. The Commanding Officer, 
Major Ashhurst, the adjutant, quartermaster and registrar, and about sixty men 
were sent to Nantes where the hospital was to be located for preliminary survey and 
for the purpose of pushing the work of renovation of the seminary building to be used 
as a hospital. Five officers and thirty men were sent to Brest where Camp Hospital 
No. 31 was started and organized by them in the Pont-a-Nezon Barracks. Five 
men were sent to American Red Cross Mihtary Hospital No. 5 in Paris, and 
thiity-five men were ordered to Camp Hospital No. 15 at Coetquiden, an artillery 
training center. The luu-ses were distributed to Base Hospital No. 101 at St. 
Nazaire, Camp Hospital No. 15 at Coetquidan, and American Red Cross Military 
Hospital No. 2 in Paris. 

January, February and March, 1918, were spent in renovating the building, 
constructing new bar-racks, moving equipment from freight stations and docks, 
and in seeming additional equipment for a 1,700 bed hospital. 

The main building, four slories high, was furnished with 1,000 beds. This 
building had a usable attic, which was remodeled to house the Medical Supply 
Department and to provide space for storage of patient's clothing. The adapta- 
tion of this building required an enormous amount of labor by men of the unit. 
They built seventeen shacks, which accommodated the operating rooms. X-ray 
department, large bath houses, receiving ward, enlisted men's quarters, and wai-ds 
aggregating 700 additional beds. All this construction was accomplished with 
great dispatch and by April, 1918, the entire unit was reassembled and patients 
were admitted. The first train of patients received came from American Red 
Cross Mihtary Hospital No. 1 at Paris. After these arrivals the hospital was 
soon filled and it reached its full capacity during and immediately after tiie Chateau- 
Thierry drive. The patients were almost entirely Americans. Though a base 
hospital situated far in the rear, the majority were wounded men from the fighting 
line. 

The work was carried on actively tlu-oughout the remainder of the year. 
Peak capacity was again reached during the fighting in the Argoime. Mention 
also should be made of the care and assistance rendered the personnel of the Army 
during the influenza epidemic, which reached its height during October, 1918. 
These cases were drawn largely from the garrison of Nantes, which at times num- 
bered 11,000 or more men, also from the 38th Division which had been sent immedi- 
ately on debarkation to billets in the "south of Nantes" billeting ai-ea. 

In July, 1918, the hospital became a part of the hospital center of Nantes. 
The large hospital project known as the Grand Blottereau, located on the opposite 
side of the city was occupied at this time by Base Hospitals Nos. 11, 38 and 216, 
and the whole center was placed under command of Colonel Thomas J. Kirk- 
patrick of the Regular Aimy Medical Corps. 

21.5 



Early in October, 1918, ihe hospital was further expanded hy the arquisition 
of the Ecole Normale, a normal school biiiliiin"; owned and turned i)ver gratuitously 
hy the Department of the Loire Inferieure to the Medical Department of the 
Army. It was equipped and furnished as a hospital for officers and designed for 
reception of medical cases and convalescent surgical patients. It was operated 
as an annex to Base Hospital No. 31 and Major, later Lieutenant Culonel, A. J. 
Ostheimer was placed in immediate chai'ge. 

During the first half of the year under careful guidance of Colonel DeVoe. 
the ( "ommanding ( )flicer. the organization of the various administrati\ e departments 
of the hospital was perfected and all showed themselves fully equal to the strain 
thrown upon them during the heavy work of the Argonne drive and the inlluenza epi- 
demic. The adjutant soilice was organized and run by Captain Ual])h S. Hronier. M. 
C. ; the registrar's office by Captain John 1*. Jones; the Medical Supply Depaitment 
by First Lieutenant, later Captain. B. V. Buzby: the Mess Department, by First 
Lieutenant, later Ca[)tain, Malcnlm (I. Douglas: Sanitary Corps and the Quarter- 
masters Depailnient by Captain Baphael J. Le\ in, Q. M. C. l*lspecial mention 
should be made of the supply by the latter depaitment of the entire garrison {)f 
Nantes from the very beginiung of the hospital until thi' organization in June, 
1918. of Quartermaster Depot .No. 2. Base Section No. 1, on tin- Isle of .St. Anne 
in Nantes. This threw extra strain and labor upon the ofTicer in charge and the 
men of this department. 

The professional services were early organized by Colonel Asliluust in charge 
of the Surgical Service, Major Carson of the Medical Service, Captain Moore in 
the Clinical and Pathological Laboratory and Captain Mromer in the X-ray 
Laboratory. Chang(\s in these departments will be mentioned later. 

The American Red Cross sent as its first representative, Captain Chas. G. 
Petrie. who began during \pril the organization of a service which later grew to 
large proportions, in July Captain Louis 11. Lead arrived to replace Captain 
Petrie, who was transferred to the Grand Blottereau. Under his direction, a 
canteen was started, magazines, books, etc.. were distributed to the patients, 
regular moving-picture shows were held, a Home Connnunication Service was 
estabUshed, a large recreation hut was built, where different show troupes gave many 
and varied enlertaintnents. dances for the enlisted men were held and numerous 
comforts supplied the nurses. A Y. W. C. A. representative was also continuously 
assigned to the nurses" quarters to provide all recreation and entertainment possible. 

The main hospital building and the ground occupied by the adjoining barracks 
was originally a seminary for |)ricsts. Additional space was soon required and on 
the street immediately opposite the east entrance, a large riding school was acquired 
as a quartermaster store and warehouse. On this same street a house was obtained 
as quarlris for the female civilian employes. Two large chateaux were rented 
to house the nursing personnel. The officer personnel was billeted in private 
homes in the inmiediate vicinity of the hospital. 

Activities After the Armistice 

With the signing of the armistice the nature of the work of the hospital <hanged. 
Its situation in proximity to the base port of St. Nazaire and within easy 
rail connection with Brest, put it in direct line for the evacuation of the sick and 
wounded to the United States. The work of evacuation was early started and 

216 



convoys were received and forwarded as rapidly as patients could be prepared and 
reequippfnl for the trip iionie. The organization w as not destined, however, long to 
remain in this work. In pursuance of the policy of the chief surgeon's office for 
the early return of tlie hospitals fu'st sent over, word was unofficially received 
Christmas Eve, 1918, of the hospital's return as soon as its relief arrived. On 
January 2d, p]vacuation Hospital No. 36 reached Nantes and preparations 
were rushed for the transfer of the hospital to that organization. This was accom- 
plished January 16, 1918, and the command was prepared for embarkation. After 
(inal inspections were made and the unit- officially reported ready, it yet had several 
weeks to wait until orders to move arrived. The officers finally left Nantes, 
March 2.'5d, the nurses soon after, and the enlisted men with three officers April 
2d. They all ultimately reached the L'nited States and the organization was 
finally demobilized April 29th, at Camp Dix, N. J. The transport bringing the 
officers home was the Pretoria, one of the ships turned cjver l>y the ( iermans, after 
the aimistice. The nurses crossed on the George \\ asliiiKjiou and the enlisted men 
on the Waller A. Lnckenbach. 

Major A. P. C. Ashhurst, the Director of the Unit, was promoted colonel and 
was assigned surgical consultant of the important hospital centers of Nantes, 
Savenay and St. Nazaire. During the course of the organization's existence in 
the A. E. F., Major R. G. DeVoe, the Commanding Officer, was promoted colonel 
and was placed in command of the Nantes Hospital Center, Major Emory G. Alex- 
ander became Surgical Director of the Unit, Captain Ralph S. Rromer was promoted 
Lieutenant Colonel and assumed command of Evacuation Hospital No. 36, the 
organization sent to replace Base Hospital No. 34. Major Rutherford L. John 
was made Chief Orthopedic Surgeon of the Nantes Center and Major John P. 
Jones became Chief of Surgical Service of Evacuation Hospital No. 36. Captain 
John W. Moore was promoted major and placed in charge of the laboratories of 
the Nantes Center, and Miss Katharine Brown, Chief Nurse, was made supervisor 
of nursing for the same. 

While in service in the A. E. F., Reserve Nurse Alice Ireland died at St. 
Nazaire, Base Hospital No. 101, of pneumonia. Private Joseph F. Covert died 
of septicemia at Camp Hospital No. 15. and Private James L. Murray of influenza 
at Base Hospital No. 34, A. E. F. 

The hospital furnished its quota of "teams" for front line work, as the organiza- 
tions of surgeons, nurses and orderhes sent from base hospitals in the rear to front 
line hospitals were called. The first of these sent out was Surgical Team No. 23, 
headed by Colonel Astley P. C. Ashhurst, M. C. He had with him as his assistant 
Captain Henry S. Kerchner and Nurses Margarita Andrews, Ethel P. Kandle and 
(irace E. Stephens, and Privates Winsor Josselyn and Joseph E. Miles. They 
left Nantes, early in April, 1918, going to Crevecoeur-le-Grand where they served 
with Auto Corps No. 6 of the French Army until July. On July 18th, they arrived 
at the American Red Cross Hospital No. 1, Neuilly sur Seine, Paris and remained 
there until August 14th. They were then transferred to Evacuation Hospital 
No. 6, American Army serving with it during the Argonne Campaign. On Novem- 
ber 18th, Colonel Ashhurst was transferred to Savenay as consultant in surgery 
and Major Emory G. Alexander, M. C. was sent to reheve hiin. 

Surgical Team No. 21 was composed of Major Chas. D. Lockwood, M. C, 
Captain Irvine M. Boykin, M. C, and Captain Louis W. Frank, M. C. The 

217 



nuises and eulLsted men composing il were rSiiises Anna IJeliinan and kallieiinc 
Holler and Sergeants Horace B. Austin and Harry G. Bostick. This team 
served with the American Army in the Champagne and the Argonne sector, being 
stationed with several American evacuation hospitals. 

During the course of the summer a gas and shock team in charge of First 
Lieutenant, later Captain Boyal E. Durliani. M. C. was dispatched to the front. 
The nursing and enlisted personnel of these teams routinely (■()nsisling of one cacii, 
Nurse Jane D. Nicholson and Private William ^ ogel were detailed for the duty. 
It was first sent to the central laboratory at Dijon for instruction purposes and 
from there was sent to the IVonl. serving with one of the American evacuation 
hospitals. No. 8, during the Argonne Drive. 

During the course of tlie lalti'r (hive, tlie second team was broken up. Major 
Lockwood, Captain Frank and Miss Holler foitned the nucleus of one, and Captain 
Boykin, was placed in charge of the other with Lieutenant Simon and Miss Behman. 

Itjunediately after the termination of hostilities the various teams of the 
A. )•;. !•'. wi're returned to their resp(>ctive organizations. During late November 
and early December all the personnel returned to Nantes, and was re-attached to 
the liospilal for return In the Cnited States. 

BASE HOSPITAL NO. 38 U. S. A. 
By Colonel W. M. L. Coplin 

War is the summation of all tragedies, — the pinnacle of all follies, the abysmal 
ileplli of all hdrrors: the conjoined, coordinate, contemporaneous su|)reinacy of 
llanie and famine, of holocaust and hale, of dis(>ase, disaster and deatii, of slaugliter 
and starvation. Il is the insanity, liie infanticidal, homicidal, suicidal mania of 
nations — the daikness of doomsday out of which shines but one lone star, red — 
and purple-rimmed liie light of the Samaritan who feeds and clothes, arrests bleed- 
ing, binds wounils. bears anesthetic, sedative, and opiate, nurses with tender hand, 
brings water to lips atliirst and dying, wipes olf the sweat of agony, takes the last 
faltering m(>ssage to loved ones at home and. when comes the end. clos(>s staring 
eyes, composes limbs, enshrouds and cofTms, covers with the (lag which the soldier 
loved and for which he died, and bears the fallen victim to his last rest, his dream- 
less sleep of peace eternal. Tlies(^ piuveyors of mercy and kindness. — all out of 
harmony with the fields in which they labor — amid scenes no pen can describe, 
ply their calling from shell-torn trench to bomb-wrecked hospital far in the rear, 
along lines of conununication, at ports of enil)ai'kation. on hospital ships in port 
and at sea, until, at last, the restored soldier rests on the bosom of loved ones at 
home, or bivouacs forever on Fame's eternal camping ground. 

-Much, if not most of this work was done by llios(' who enlisted to serve in base 
hospitals. Ofiicers, nurses and hospital corps men — often detailed from an original 
base hospital — at one time or another served in every position from firing line back 
through the apparently unending labyrinth of "comnumications. " I'o bear its 
share of the burden Base Hospital No. 38 of the .lelferson Medical College and Hos- 
pital was organized. 

Founded in I82.'j, and nearing the centenary of its existence, lh(; work was 
not new to the institution which, through almost one hundred years, had sent its 
graduates to every balllefield and into every disaster in the nation's history, had 

21» 



given Silas Weir Mitchell and William Williams Keen to the work of the great 
Civil conflict, and in the World War its graduates to the number of 1, 162, while more 
than 370 undergraduates worked in every professional capacity from Surgeon 
General Merritte W. Ireland (Class of 1801), to the humblest positions in the 
service of their country. 

Organization 

The Jefferson Medical College Base Hospital, organized untler the direction 
of the American Red Cross and known as Base Hospital No. 38, was rendered pos- 
sible by the generous contributions of Adeline Pepper Cibson and Henry S. ( Jibson. 
Organization was begun May 3, 1917. Before the summer had ended officers 
and enlisted men had been selected, necessary commissions obtained and most of 
the preliminary work completed. The personnel, included thirty-five officers, 
100 nurses, five civilians, and 200 enlisted men. 

Major W. M. L. Coplin was designated Director, and Chief of the Laboratory 
Division; Major J. Norman Henry, Chief of the Medical Division and Major 
Charles F. Nassau, Chief of the Surgical Division. Major .John S. Laml)ie, M. ('., 
U. S. A., was later detailed as executive officer. 

Mobilization and Training 

The organization was mobilized October 15, 1917, and went immediately into 
training at the 2d Regiment Armory, Philadelphia. The novitiate in Philadelphia 
extended from the date of mobilization to June 21, 1918, when the unit embarked 
for France. During this period of preparation it was decided, at the suggestion 
of the director, to inaugurate a new and hitherto untried plan of preparing enlisted 
men for hospital duty. It had previously been the custom to assemble the per- 
sonnel of base hospitals at some training camp, for example, Allentown, where 
militai->' and certain didactic instruction could advantageously be given. 
Obviously the functions wliich hospital corps men aie supposed to perform diQer 
materially from those of any other military unit. Necessary though a knowledge of 
policing and military drill may be, the men should know something of hospital 
organization and the care of patients; consequently it was decided to institute 
two courses of mstruction — didactic and practical. 

The former was inaugurated (October 29, 1917) by an introductory lecture by 
William W. Keen, M.D., Sc. D., LL.D., Hon. F.R.C.S. (England and Edin.) 
Emeritus Professor of Surgery, at the Jefferson Medical College, in which he out- 
lined the history of hospital organization and duties as he knew them in Philadel- 
pliia and in army hospitals during tiie Civil War. This was followed by lectures 
given by members of the staff and others, covering problems of hospital admin- 
istration, the care of jiatients, treatment of injured, transportation, sanitary science, 
antisepsis and on other subjects bearing directly upon the functions of base hospitals. 

Through the courtesy and cordial cooperation of the Jefferson Hospital, 
Pennsylvania, St. Agnes, St. Joseph's. Philadelphia General, Philadelphia Hospital 
for Contagious Diseases, Frankford, Episcopal, Lankenau, Presbyterian and 
Samaritan hospitals, valuable instruction was given to small groups of men de- 
tailed to the institutions named. They were assigned to laboratory, operating 
I'oom, dispensai'y, ward, and accident room, and saw useful practical service. The 
courses were continued throughout most of the winter, thus affording the men an 

219 



exlerulod knowledge of the work they would be called upon to perform. Con- 
currenlly, ollicers improved in every possible way their knowledge by special work 
in laboratories. X-ray departments, surgical and medical clinics, and the specialties. 
Some of tiie officers were detailed to the Rockefeller Institute, New York, for 
special training. 

Equipment 

To tlie foundaticm of •S.'jO.OOO given by Adeline Pepper Gibson and Henry S. 
( ;ibson, generous citizens of Philadelphia, contributions by others — including .$5,000 
given by .Mrs. Thomas P. Hunter for operating rooms, l)rought the total to .§79,- 
992.39, practically all of which was e.xpended for equipment. In addition to cash 
contributicms many gifts were made directly. These included an ambulance by the 
residents of Logan, another by employes of the Phila(lel|)hia llapitl Transit Com- 
pany, another by the Philadelphia Teachers" Association, another by the West 
Philadelphia Auxiliary iNo. 1 of the American Red Cross, another by the Fotterall 
Square Association and one given by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Lea — a total of six 
ambulances. Through the ellbrts of Mr. Norman L. Barr and Mr. William C. 
Haddock, Jr., and their friends, a delivery truck was supplied. The American 
Red Cross, Washington, D. C. gave a carload of dressings; the local Red Cross and 
many auxiliaries aided also. The I]inergeacy Aid assisted generously. The con- 
tributions including cash of .'?79,992..'59, a special fund given nurses S8,00L.5I*, and 
supplies valued at $:H,;H8..58. make a total value of $122.3 12.,') 1. 

Skrvii:!'; in thi-: American Kxpedition.vry Forces 

On June 21, 1918, six officers and 192 enlisted men under tlie commanil of 
Lieutenant Colonel John S. Lambie, M. C, U. S. .\., embarked on the S. S. 
\iil)(ilin. New York, and twenty-nine officers under the coinmatid of Major Coplin. 
boarded the S. S. Presidenl Grunt. The latter, on account of an accident to the 
refrigeration plant, was compelled to return, sailing finally on June 30, 1918. 
Passengers on the S. S. IVopalin landed at P.resI July .ith, left July 10th. and arrived 
at Nantes, France July lllh; on Julj 17th they were joined by the remaining 
officers. The nursing corps had sailed from New York on May 18th, and upon 
arrival in France the nurses w'ere assigned to duty in base hospitals at Nantes, or to 
stations nearer lh(> line of condjat. 

Location 

At Nantes, a quaird and beautiful city on the Loire, designated as one of the 
.\merican hospital centers, was also stationed Rase Hospital No. 34, which, at the 
time ■"38" arrived, was receiving patients. Rase Hospital No. 38 was located 
in the Crand Rlottereau which was later to receive three other hospital 
organizations. The (irand Rlottereau is a park surrounding what had been a small 
gem of a chateau with its ex(]uisite grounds, partly wooded, containing tall trees, 
veritable monarchs, small shrubs and hedges, and all intervening types of woodland 
growth. Along one side extended a beautiful walled road of rural France, no 
longer in good condition. On another side was a small tributary of the Loire, and 
just beyond the slowly moving majestic river. On another side were the botanical 

•Tliis embraced gifts specificiilly for nurses, and is not included in the Director's reports. 
All otlicr contributions have been accounted for to tlie .Vinerican Red Cross, Washington, D. C. 

220 



and agricultural gardens of Nantes, and off from a corner the town of Doulon, 
really a part of the historic old city. 

The Hospital in France 

Physically, the plant included twenty-one wards, also diet kitchens, per- 
sonnel barracks and mess hall, officers' barracks and mess hall, nurses' barracks 
and mess hall, ablution sheds and barracks, receiving wards, quartermaster supply 
buildings, mess supply building, operating pavilion, and laboratory, a total of 
about fifty buildings, all of temporary construction. They were supplied with 
electricity and running water, and an emergency sewage system was installed 
which became inadequate on account of the unexpected nmnber of patients and 
the unanticipated floods which inundated that region of France and impeded 
drainage. The original barracks were constructed of composition board, felt roof 
and concrete floors, with adequate window space. The overflow, amounting to 
more than 2,000 patients, administered to by the organization, was sheltered in 
tents erected on a contiguous section of the park. The extraordinary rains of 
1918 in France rendered the soil so soft that the temporary roads soon became a 
veritable mud-plant through which officers, nurses, convalescents and enlisted 
men waded for weeks; part of the plain was under water for many days, but the 
hospital, more fortunate than one of its neighbors, was not reached by the high 
water. 

The buildings which "38" was to occupy were only partly completed when 
the organization arrived; officers and enlisted men proceeded to assist in the 
construction. As early as July 22d, 132 sick and injured from the Soissons 
front were received and cared for, although the buildings were not finished 
until several weeks later. By September over 1,000 patients had been 
admitted. It was originally contemplated that for each base hospital pro- 
vision for 500 patients would be adequate. Before leaving the United States 
the personnel had been increased to that of a thousand-bed base, shortly after 
arrival in France it became obvious that it might at any time be required to shelter 
2.000 incapacitated soldiers, and early in November. 1918, the daily census included 
2,412 patients. It is believed, however, that every possible attention was given 
and that the enormous expansion did not weaken the efficiency of the organization, 
notwithstanding the fact that, at one time, only ten officers remained at the base, 
three of whom were largely occupied in administrative capacities. 

Because of pressure at other hospitals and the urgent demand for nurses, practi- 
cally all of those belonging to the unit had been transferred to needy centers at 
Nantes and elsewhere in France; therefore, shortly after "38" was placed in opera- 
tion, Miss Clara Melville, Chief Nurse, had only seven nurses to assist in operating 
rooms and to care for approximately 1.000 seriously wounded and sick soldiers; 
later the number reai'hed more than 2,000. Nevertheless it nuist be universally 
recognized that the depletion of nurses was one thing from which the organization 
suffered intensely; the loyal and unflagging devotion of officers and enlisted men 
did much to ameliorate conditions, but in a great hospital, containing many seriously 
ill and wounded, no one fills the place of a properly trained nurse. Our nurses 
were performing more important duties with operating teams at the front, in hos- 
pitals on the field and along the line of communication, and on hospital trains, so 
that whatever the original organization may have suffered, the benefits to the 

221 



service in the A. E. F. were no doubt greater; consequently our lt)ss was borne 
though less patiently than would have been decorous. 

Detached Duty 

Shortly after arriving in France, and in common with all other organizations 
wliicli included highly trained specialists, we suffered severe losses from dctach- 
incnt of important uflicers to more active, and it was believed more iniportanl. 
duties nearer the front and elsewhere in the stricken country. Indeed some highly 
eflicieiil men had been detached before ]5ase Hosi^ital No. 38 left the T'nited States. 

Originally Captain J. Torrence Rugh was chosen for the orthopedic division 
of Base Hospital No. 38. The Surgeon General's office requested his release as an 
orthopedist of established repute was needed to direct the proper care of enlisted 
men in this country. Heluctantly the release was granted, his work was well 
done, and his promotions continuous to and including the rank of Colonel. 

Captain E. J. G. Beardsley, who had Ix^cn a member of the "Medical Reserve 
Coi-ps since 1909, was also transferred U) a larger held. The .Sxirgeon ( ieneral's 
office recognized in him a man of unusual attainments, a capable teacher and an 
experienced clinician. He was detailed to thi' Army Medical School, later to train- 
ing camps, became Chief of Medical Service, Base Hospital No. 89, Camp Sheridan, 
and joined the A. E. F. in France. His promotions passed through the grades of 
Captain, IMajor and Lieutenant Colonel. 

Captain (ieorge 1^. Price preceded the unit and was on duty as consulting 
neurologist in Paris; later succeeded by Major M. A. Burns, who was also detached 
for pennanent duty in the capital city. 

Major Thomas C. Stellwagen had also sailed in advance of "38," and was 
on observation duty at Queen's Hospital, Sidcup, England; later transferred to 
I'^vacuation Hospital No. 1, to Field Hospital No. 27, acting as surgeon for non- 
transportable cases, to Evacuation Hospital No. 5, with Field llos[)ital No. 112, 
and for three months served with Mobile Hospital No. 1. After the armistice 
he resumed duty at Base Hospital No. 38 as Chief of Ihr DcpartrTicnt of Oral and 
Plastic Surgery. 

Major W. M. L. Cojjlin, Director, and Chief of the Laboratory Division, later 
Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, was detailed to Headquarters, Laboratory Service, 
A. E. F., Dijon, later becoming Lal)oratory Oilicer, Hospital Center, Beaune; 
December, 1918 transferred to the 3d Army as Director of Laboratories, accom- 
paiuing the Army of Occupation and having charge of t«rnl\-seven laboratories, 
with headcjuarters at Coblenz, Germany. 

Major J. Norman Henry, Chief of the Medical l)i\ ision. was detailed to the 
Army Sanitai-y School at Langres. August 19.1'H8. to headiiuarlers at Toul. to 
the 89th Division where there were uimsual opportunities for studying the prob- 
lems of a division in action. After his return early in October, lie became Com- 
manding Officer of Base Hospital No. 38. 

Major Charles F. Nassau left the Base Ho.spital early in July, 1918, for ob- 
scrs'ation duty in Evacuation Hos[)ital No. 1, at Toul, to the Red Cross Hospital 
in Paris, where he was joined by other members of the operating teani consisting 
of Captain Mark 1). lloyt. Lieutenant Louis I). Engleitli, Miss Amanda Boyer, 
R. N., and Privates Edward G. Huth and Herbert W. Duke. From Paris Major 
Nassau went to Evreux, .\merican Red Cross Hospital \o. It)'*: in Septendier to 



Evacuation Hospital No. 7, Souilly; to Mobile Hospital No. 1, Esnes, returning 
to Souilly, and aftor the arniisticp resumed his position as Chief Surgeon 
with "38." 

Captains Frank H. Hustead and Charles E. Hays joined Major Stellwagen 
in the assignments detailed al)ove and served in the Argonne and St. Mihiel drives. 

Lieutenant Colonel John S. Lambie detailed by the Medical Department 
as Executive Officer of Base Hospital No. 38, left the organization on September 2, 
1918, becoming commanding officer of the hospital center at Puy de Dome and later 
inspector of hospitals in the A. E. F. Major Joiui B. Lowman was left in command, 
but shortly thereafter on account of illness, was relieved by Major J. Norman 
Hem'y, who became Commanding Officer, and continued in this service until Novem- 
ber 22, 1918, when Major Lowman returned and resumed connnand. 

Major John B. Forst passed through the St. Mihiel and Argonne offensives 
with Mobile Hospital No. 2, serving as Ophthalmologist with this organization on 
the Aleuse, returning to the base in October. He was in command of Base Hos- 
pital No. 38 when the patients were turned over to Evacuation Hospital No. 31, 
returned with the imit and was mustered out with the boys at Camp Dix, 
New Jersey, April, 1919. 

Captains Borzell, Burns, Hays, Mohler, Musser and Tyson at different times 
were off on observation duty or on other details. 

Our Heroic Dead 

Every great adventure lias its tragedy and the experience of Base Hospital 
No. 38 was no exception. While in line of duty the call to higher reward was 
answered by five members of the unit. Every death was due to the stress of ac- 
tivities upon which the worker was engaged. The nurses in travel to detailed 
stations or on duty, a physician going from ward to sick-bed under war conditions 
where the comforts of a modern hospital or of a home were not available; enlisted 
men dying from disease — all falling in line of duty. In each instance it is reason- 
able to beUeve that, had the unfortunate one avoided the rigors of wai- and the 
hardships of service, life might have been spared. They are heroes and heroines 
who fell outside the glamour of attack and screeching shell, but none the less 
gave their lives for the cause. 

Adeline Pepper Gibson, benefactress of Base Hospital No. 38, while on active 
duty contracted pneumonia and died at Nantes, January 10, 1919. Through 
the many trying days of effort, Mrs. Gibson gave unsparingly of all those things 
worth while. There was no opportunity to do good that was too laborious, no 
time of need when her interest was not aroused and her helping hand was not ex- 
tended, no weariness of body that arrested her enduring endeavor, no situation 
she did not see, and seeing act. To officers and men, to nurses and patients often 
she brought cheer and sunshine where before existed despair and gloom. Her life 
with us was one continuing period of smiling, patient, helpfulness, and her passing 
weighed upon us as an unforgettable sorrow of our adventure. A stranger to all 
the wearying sadness of hospital life under the shadow of grim war, the things 
she did and the way she did them won the hearts of all. There was a noble sin- 
cerity in her life best known to those near enough to see the warp and woof of the 
cloth of gold woven in the loom of duty before which she daily and hourly cast 
life's flying shuttle. A world peopled by such souls would be sunshine and cheer, 

223 



without pain or sorrow — a veritable paradise. A history of Base Hospital No. 38 
is being published as a fitting memorial to our lamented benefactress. 

Captain M. Mauney came to the organization a stranger, detailed by the 
Surgeon (ieneral's office when the personnel was increased. He endeared liiniself 
to all the men with whom he worked and was faithful, devoted, serious minded and 
capable. During the influenza epidemic he continued at work in the wards wlien 
lie should have been in bed, and it is the feeling of those about liini that his devotion 
to duty made certain the tragedy of his death which resulted from pneumonia on 
November 1. 1918. 

Meryl Grace Phillips died Ma.\ li!. I'>I8. i)f pneuninnia. llicday licr companions 
sailed for France. She was a graduate of the Willianisport Hospital, an accom- 
plished nurse, a woman of uiuisual attainments and possessed a delightful per- 
sonality. 

Nellie Jane Ward died on .luly .i. I'>18 of piKHunouia contracted while on duty 
at Chaumont. France. Because of her attaiiunents and superior (]uali(ications 
Miss Ward had been assigned to the work at (liauuidul. She was a graduate of 
the Massachusetts General Hospital, lung kiniwii lur the high grade of women 
prepared in its halls. 

kennetii B. Charlton of Washington. D. C... a member of th(> enlisted per- 
sonnel, while home on leave, was stricken with pneumonia and died in the Walter 
Reed Hospital. Washington. D. C. .January 1.?. 1918. 

Keinieth ,1. FIlis of Philadelphia, an original member of the unit, contracted 
pneumonia while training, and died in the Pennsylvania Hospital. Philadelphia, 
.March 7, 1918. Both Charlton and b]llis were men of the nobler type, esteemed by 
all who knew them and popular among their fellows. Their memory will ever 
be with us. 

Su.\rM.\RY OF Work Done 

Aside from the nearly 9,000 patients who passed through operating rooms, 
wards and convalescent camp, the officers, nurses and men of Base Hospital No. 
38 administered to the sick and injured al the bases at .\antes. St. Nazaire. Dijon. 
Beaune, Langres. Saumnr, Paris, Dancourt. Kvreux. Esnes, Souilly, LaTouche, 
Euverzin. Loney, Chaumont. Toul. in the Argtmne and St. Mihiel drives, and 
after the armistice, with the 3d Army at Prum. Trier. May(>n. Neuenahr, lOhren- 
breitstein, Coblenz and elsewhere — a continuous hne of faithful workers extend- 
ing from the parent institution in Philadelphia across paths of conmiunication, 
to ba.ses in Europe, to the baltli'-delds of stricken France and Belgium, and beyond 
to the remotest outposts of the Army of Occupation along the Rhine, and in the 
bridge-head area to the most advanced relief station in Germany. 

A SKETCH OF THE SERVICE OF HOSPITAL UNIT A 

John H. Jopson, M.D. 

Hospital Unit A, the first of the Red Cross units of this tyjjc to be authorized 
by the Red Cross, was organized and equipped by the Presbyterian Hospital of 
Philadelphia, as its contribution to the sanitary service of the United Stales Army 
during the World War. It was felt that a unit of this character was a wise addition 
to the considerable number of base hospitals already under process of organiza- 

224 




A Siirfiiral Drrssin;i rtoimi. 



tion at other hospitals in Philadelphia, some of which, especially the Hospital of 
the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Hospital, had drawn heavily 
on the personnel of the Presbyterian Hospital staff. 

Tht> organization of the nnit was authorized by the Red Cross, and guaranteed 
by the board of managers of the hospital early in the spring of 1917. The officers 
as originally selected were all connected with, or had served as members of the 
staff of the Presbyterian Hospital, some as visiting physicians and surgeons in the 
house, others in the same capacity in the dispensary, and tli(> juniors as recent 
internes. The nurses were all graduates of the training school of the same insti- 
tution, including the Chief Nurse, Miss Kate Liddle. The enlisted men were from 
Philadelphia and the vicinity, and were selected by Dr. Henry P. Brown. Jr.. one 
of the original officers of the unit, who was transferred to the 77th Division 
before the unit was mobilized. The equipment conformed to that prescribed 
by the Red Cross for this type of organization. While awaiting mobilization, 
a number of the officers were called to active service, and assigned to the 
training camps for medical officers at Fort Oglethorpe and Fort Benjamin Har- 
rison. The writer, who was director of the unit, was included in the second class 
of observers at the War Demonstration Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute in 
September, 1917, where Dr. Alexis Carrel had started his course of instruction in 
wound sterilization and treatment to which officers were assigned for a two weeks' 
course of instruction. This course was a most convincing demonstration of the 
value of the Carrel method. The clinical and laboratory instruction as given 
by Dr. Carrel and his associates, some of whom had extended practical experience 
in the sanitary organizations of the French Army, was carried on with a freshness 
and enthusiasm that was contagious. 

225 



The unit was mobilized at the Presbyterian Hospital on November 6, 1917, 
and three days later proceeded to Fort Porter. Bull'alo, X. \ .. for equipment and 
training, preparatory to service overseas. Three of the officers had been transferred 
from the training camps to other organizations, or to service with troops, and 
their places were taken by others assigned by the Surgeon General. The twelve 
medical officers ordered to Fort Porter included Major John II. Jopson as (^.om- 
manding Officer, Captain John Speese, Captain Charles A. Fife, Captain CUfTord 

B. Farr, and First Lieutenants Albert G. Mitchell, Ralph W. Walker, Douglas 
N. Forman, Douglas P. Murphy, George K. Tweddell, Percy D. Moullon, William 

C. Powell and Waller H. Holmes. Lieutenant .Mitchell was Adjutant. There were 
forty-seven enlisted men. 

The twenty-one nurses were assembled at Ellis Island in ciiarge of Miss 
Kate Liddle. Cliief Nurse. 

In addition to Hospital Unit A, there were assembled at Fort Porter, Hos- 
pital I nits F and K, from the Harlem Hospital. New York and Council Blufl's. Iowa, 
respectively, under the conunaud of Majors NelT and MacRae. The station was 
under the command of Major T. D. Woodson ol the Regular Army .Medical Corps. 

The unites remained in training at Fort Porter until January 10. 1918. when they 
were ordered to Camp Merritt. New Jersey, and on January 1.5, 1918, left there for 
the port of embarkation, Iloboken, N. J., and embarked and sailed the same day on 
the Cunard Line S. S. Carpathia. officially designated in orders as Transport 509. 
The Nashville, Tenn., Unit S was also on board, under conunaud of Major 
Barr. There were all told about 2,000 troops on board, nearly 100 officers and 
84 nurses. The commanding officer of troops was Colonel Symmonds. of the 
Cavalry Corps of the United Stales .\rniy. Two days later stop was made at 
Halifax, N. S., to join a convoy of seven vessels wliich was made up there, and 
which left January 19. 1918, under the escort of U. S. S. San Diego and the British 
converted cruiser Victorian. 

The commanding officer of Unit A was transport surgeon. After the fust 
three days out the sanitary arrangements were satisfactory, although the presence 
of so many newly enlisted men necessitated constant vigilance until they could 
be brought into familiarity with their surroundings. The ship was filled to 
capacity and there were double tiers of bunks on both lower decks. There were 
three rooms below decks available as hospitals with accommodations for fd"ty- 
eight patients, and the cases of illness developing on board were at once segregated 
when indicated, and admitted to one or the other of these hospitals according to 
the nature of the disease. They were fairly well filled during the voyage and the 
cases of contagion included influenza, measles and nunnps, and one case of German 
measles. Ten men were landed at Halifax, N. S.. according to instructions, 
cases of contagious illness of the above tyjies, and sent to the military hospital. 
The severe epidemic of influenza, which led to such high mortality and morbidity 
on the transports, liad not as yet appeared, and the cases of this foim observed 
were mostly ot a mild type and few in number. There were eighty-nine cases of 
all tj'pes of disease and injury treated in hospital and (juarters during the voyage 
and of these, thirteen were classified as influenza. There were i^leven cases of 
measles and twenty-one of mumps. Twenty-six cases remaining in hospital on 
arrival at Glasgow on January .'JOth, w ere transfernnl to the hospital at thai port. 
These were mostly cases of mild contagion of the above types. One case of in- 

226 



sanity developed during the voyage. The presenee of a large innnber of medical 
officers on the ship rendered it possible to conduct the inspections, to administer 
the hospitals, and to run the dispensary, which was at once established, in a thorough 
and satisfactory manner. Special dispensaries for treatment under specialists 
were conducted, and the services of oculists, aurists, and surgeons were freely 
drawn upon at all times. One death occurred during the voyage. 

The entire convoy made the trip across safely. No submarines were sighted, 
and although there was some excitement when a strange ship was sighted, and was 
pursued and called on to lay to by a shot from one of the cruisers, no enemy was 
seen. An extreme northern course was followed, and the escort of destroyers was 
met three days out from land. The convoy then divided, two, including the 
Carpathia, making for Glasgow, the remainder for Liverpool. 

The unit landed at Glasgow on January 30, 1918, and proceeded to Win- 
chester Rest Camp where it remained until February 3d, when it embarked at 
Southampton and landed at Le Havre, France, the following day, February 4, 
1918. The same evening the enlisted men, under the command of the Adjutant, 
Lieutenant Mitchell, were ordered to Base Hospital No. 18 at Bazoilles sur Meuse, 
which was the John Hopkins Unit, and the following day the remaining officers, 
eleven in number, were ordered to the casual officers' camp at Blois. It was, 
perhaps, unfortunate that the original idea of the Red Cross and the Surgeon 
General's office as to the function of units of this type could not have been better 
understood and carried out at this time. 

These units, while small, were so selected as to be capable of taking over a 
small hospital, or to reenforce a large one. It was also considered an advantage 
to secure groups of men accustomed to working in cooperation in civil life. Where 
an emergency requires the cjuick induction of a Red Cross unit into active service, 
there can be little doubt as to the wisdom of such a method of organization. It 
is quite otherwise when time permits of building up and training a personnel 
winnowed out after experience in existing military hospitals. 

In common with some of the other hospital units arriving in France at this 
time. Unit A did not function as a united organization after its arrival. The 
enlisted men were attached to Base Hospital No. 18. This hospital had at this 
time an abundant supply of its own officers and ninses. Unit A nurses, originally 
assigned there, were at once sent back to Paris and distrilnited among Red Crf)ss 
Hospitals Nos. 1, 2 and 3 in that city. After a few days in Blois, the officers 
who had been ordered there were sent to various stations, including Tours, Langres 
and Paris. The history of the unit was thereafter merged with that of the various 
organizations to which officeis and men were ordered. The enlisted men remained 
at Bazoilles throughout the war, and returned to the United States with Base 
Hospital No. 18 in February, 1919. 

Their first commanding officer was Major Cieorge Edwards, and later, when 
the hospital group was constructed at this place. Colonel Elmer Dean. One of 
the first hospitals to go overseas, and functioning most of the time as a base. No. 18 
was utilized as an evacuation hospital during the Argonne-Meuse offensive, and 
was at all times one of the most active organizations on the line of communications. 
The enlisted members of Unit A earned, by their di^portment and work, the highest 
praise from their conmianding officers at this hospital, and Major l^]d wards was 
always most enthusiastic over their work, and pronounced them as among the 

227 



finest ho had ever commanded. A number of them, including Atlee, Coleman, 
Mellor, Teal and Brice, were promoted to sergeants. Teter, who died, and Brewster 
were corporals. 

The WTiter was on temporary duty at this hospital during February and March 
of 1918. On April 3d, he proceeded to Evacuation Hospital No. 1 at Sebastopol 
near Toul. with the first group of observers, six in number, assigned there for 
instruction in front line surgery. Ordered to assemble a team and remain there, 
he secured the services of four of his associate officers of Unit A, Captain Speese 
and Lieutenants Walker, Murphy and Holmi's. and of two of the nurses. Miss 
Acldams and Miss Barnsley, and two orderlies of the same unit, Walters and 
Johnson. His team remained on duty at this place until after the armistice. 
Captain vSpeese soon headed a team of his own and went through most of the 
engagements of the American Army with one or the other of the evacuation hos- 
pitals or mobile units, being finally Cliiel' nl' {Iw Surgical Service in Mobile 
Hospital No. 8. 

l>vacuation Hospital No. 1, the first to be formed in the American Army, 
and the first to take its place in the line, originally behind the First Division in 
the St. Mihiel sector, was, in the spring and sunmier of 1018. the chief instruction 
center of operators in the Army in France. A large number of otiiccrs who after- 
ward themselves became the heads of, or members of operating teams, as well as 
many X-ray and laboratory specialists, were assigned here for observation, usually 
for a two weeks" period. 

The hospital, organized at Fort Biley, was commanded at \arii)us times 
by Major Davis and Colonels (losman, Haiuier and Marrow, the greater part 
of the time by Colonel Cosman, and was at all times a model of administrative 
efficiency. The surgery was under the direction of Colonel John H. Gibbon during 
most of the period of activity, and this hospital was the first to receive systematic 
evacuations of freshly wounded soldiers from the American Line. The original 
operating staff at this time (April, 1918) was composed of Pool, lleuer, and 
M(Wiliiams, and later Vaughan and Jopson and their assistants, while many 
teams were added for temporary duly before the St. Mihi(^l Drive, for which this 
hospital was designated as one of the main ones for the reception of severely 
wounded. Twenty-six teams were on duty with Fvacualion No. 1 atid Mobile 
Hospital No. .'5 during the drive in Septeniljer. Later Percy, Dorrance, lleyd 
and Hetzel operated for long periods at this station. The surgery was moulded 
by and modeled after the teachings and practice of the leading French. Belgian 
and British operators, under whom the first operators here had been trained. 

The location of the hospital nine miles behind the line on the Verdun road was 
a favorable one for the speedy reception of freshly woundcnl soldiers, and the type 
of buildings in which it was housed, a French cavalry barracks, was well adaiiled 
to the definitive treatment of the wound(>d. It was not a iiiobile type of con- 
struction, but tlr> necessity of moving did not develop. 

In regard to technique and methods of instructitm, which latter, it is generally 
agreed, are better carried out in the technical branches of a military surgeon's 
education in the field, it suffices to say that the methods of the clinics and hospitals 
of DePage, Willems, and LeMaistre, in regard to debridement, primary and 
secondary suture, were taught and practised, as far as the exigencies of the military 
situation permitted. The sterilization of unclosed and grossly infected wounds 

228 



by the Carrel method was at all times employed, and with the most satisfactory 
results, and to most of the observers was an enlijjhtenment and revelation. The 
results as tabulated in monthly reports for the Chief Consultant, showed that the 
results of primary and secondary sutui'e, joint closure, and other radical inno- 
vations of the Belgian and French schools, could be duplicated by American 
surgeons. The Carrel method, at iirst condemned as a teilious and impiacticable 
measiue in front line work, was not only shown to be a life-saving but a time- 
saving measure. Captain Theodore C. Beebe, in charge of the laboialory, and 
Captain Lockwood, Director of the X-ray department, were responsible for the 
training of many officers in these specialties. The fact that almost 50 per cent 
of the oflicers of Hospital Unit A served at this hospital renders proper this resume 
of its work. 

Of the remaining officers, Farr was attached to the Chemical Warfare Service, 
Fife was at the Attending Surgeon's office in Paris, later attached to Evacuation 
Hospital No. 4 and iinally Chief of the Medical Service at Base Hospital No. 34 
at Nantes. Moulton was at the aviation center at Isidun, Forman and Tweddell 
were at Tours, and Powell was with the lOth (By.) Engineers. Mitchell was 
Medical Chief at the Bed Cross Hospital at Neufchateau, and later with the 19th 
Machine Gun Battalion (Bainbow Division), during the St. Mihiel and Meuse- 
Argonne offensives, and with the Army of Occupation. Nearly all received promotion. 

The head nurse. Miss Liddle, was Cliief Nurse at Base Hospital No. 202 at 
Orleans in the latter part of 1918 and several of the unit nurses joined her there. Up 
to that time, in common with the f)ther nurses except those on duty at Evacuation 
Hospital No. 1. she had enjt)yed an active and useful service in the Bed Cross 
hospitals in Paris. One of our nurses. Miss Jeanette Watkins, was decorated with 
the Medaille d" Honneur by the French for notable services during the influenza 
epidemic. 

The unit lost one member by death, Corporal Horace E. Teter, who died at 
Base Hospital No. 18, in March, 1918, of pneumonia. He was a fine soldier, 
extremely efficient, and popular with the entire unit. 

In conclusion it may not be amiss to point out that a unit of this size could 
be organized in peace times along the lines which have been found so adaptable 
for mobile warfare, namely as a mobile hospital. The rapid rise in favor of this 
type of hospital, the smaller number of officers, the Hmited equipment as compared 
with a base hospital, and the ability to utilize it either in civil or military emergencies 
suggests it as a good type upon which to model a certain number of emergency 
organizations. The average hospital could build up from its staff a skeleton 
organization along the lines of a mobile hospital, staffed by young but experienced 
surgeons, capable of sustaining the severe strain thrown upon them duiing periods 
of active fighting, or the occasional emergencies or great disaster in times of peace, 
and due to natural causes. In fact, the second mobile hospital in the American 
Army, Mobile Hospital No. 1 (Mobile Hospital No. 39 was the first), was staffed 
in the main by Hospital Unit A. 

BED CBOSS GENEBAL HOSPITAL No. 1 

Previous to the entry of the United States into the war a portion of the 
Medico-Chirurgical Hospital of Philadelphia had been taken over by the City and 
condemned to be torn down to make room for the Parkway, the remaining portion 

229 



o( the buildings liaving been acquired by the I niversity of Pennsylvania. Upon 
the declaration of war it was deemed inadvisable to curtail any hospital accom- 
modation then in existence, and the City and University then agreed to allow the 
buildings to rcniain intact until the termination of the war, or as long as they might 
be required for military purposes. 

The National Red Cross therefore agreed to take over the entire hospital 
and maintain it for the \a\"y under the designation of Red Cross General Hospital 
No. 1. It was turned over to the Navy on June 21, 1917. Captain Frank Ander- 
son, M. C, U. S. N., was placed in command and shortly afterwards Lieutenant 
Thomas M. Kelly. .M. C, l". S. N. R., was ordered as his assistant. It was the 
intention of the Navy Department to use what accommodation might be required 
by the Navy and gradually eliminate the civil patients to make room for those of 
the Navy. 

No change was made in the organization or general administration of the 
hospital. The professional and nursing staffs continued in their duties as before 
the transfer, and likewise the same civil employees were retained. 

During its occupancy by the Navy the two commissioned naval medical 
officers above mentioned, together with a pharmacist, were attached to the hospital 
for purposes of naval administration, and in all about seventy naval hospital corps 
recruits were sent there from time to time for training and instruction. Fourteen 
graduate trained nurses, assisted by about thirty undcTgraduates of the IMedico- 
Chirurgical training school for nurses, performed all the nursing duties of the 
hospital for both civil and Navy patients. 

David Milne, who had for some years been treasurer of the Medico- 
Chirurgical Hospital, consented to continue in the same office when it became a 
Red Cross hospital and was appf)inted by the National Red Cross as its financial 
representative for the institution. 

During the ten months of its existence as a Red Cross hospital, about 150 naval 
patients were under treatment, the average at any one time being about fifty. 
The great majority of these patients were such cases as occur in the ordinary 
service of peace times; only a few had seen service on the other side in the war 
area. As the full capacity of the hospital was not required by the Navy, it was 
possible to continue the admission of civil patients. Emergency and accident 
cases especially were accepted and in this way valuable service was rendered to 
the civil population of the neighborhood as well as to the Nav>'. 

With the increasing accommodation afforded by the regular naval hospitals 
of the Philadelphia Station, the necessity for maintaining this Red Cross hospital 
no longer existed, and, therefore, on May 1, 1918, all naval patients were with- 
drawn and its use by the Navy was discontinued. 

The most willing and conscientious professional attention was at all times 
rendered to the patients by the medical and surgical staff of the hospital, and it 
was to their regret that a greater demand could not have been made upon their 
time and services. 

Apart from the strictly professional work much was done for the comfort and 
entertainment of the men by the social service committee of the hospital. Extra 
clothing was hberally provided, a recreation room was fitted up for use by convales- 
cents, a piano and phonograph contributed, and diversion furnished by theatre 
parties and automobile tours, 

2.30 



PHILADELPHIA ARSENALS 




HE two arsenals in tlie city, the Frankford Arsenal and the 
Schuyklill Arsenal, were old established government works 
when the ^^orld War broke out. 

With very little delay the personnel was increased, 
new buildings erected and — new problems solved. 

Some interesting developments occurred. For ex- 
ample, before the War the optical departments of the 
Frankford Arsenal ]>urihased its finest glass from Ger- 
many. \Mien the supply there was cut off, the necessary 
material was secured from France. Finally, when the 
marine warfare made it difficult to get the glass with any degree of satisfaction, 
it was found that it was quite possible to get an equally high grade glass at 
Pittsburgh. Penn. 

THE FR.\NKFORD ARSENAL 
By L. W. Boody 

The Frankford Arsenal Reservation, located in the northeastern section of 
Philadelphia, comprises an area of 91.5 acres, and is a portion of a tract of land 
which was transferred by patent from John, Thomas and Richard Penn, 
proprietaries, to Andrew Hamilton on May 19, 1742. 

The territory on which the arsenal reservation is now situated was sold and 
resold at various dates until the United States Government made an original pur- 
chase of some twenty acres thirty-four perches in 1816. A final purchase of twenty- 
three and a fraction acres was made in March, 1917. 

|t That portion of the present arsenal reservation which was fu'st acquired by 
the United States Government as above described is located on the Bridge Street 
side of the grounds and extends from the Frankford Creek along Bridge Street to 
Tacony Street. 

Arrowheads and other Indian rehcs have been found in the vicinity of the 
mouth of the Frankford Creek, showing that Indians had a camp there. They 
lived there as late as 1755 and inspired such names as Tacony, ^^ issinoming, 
Tacawana, Wingohocking, etc. 

The Frankford .\i-senal was established under the general authority providing 
depots to be established in various parts of the country as contained in Section 9 
of the Act of Congress February 8, 1815, viz.: "That to insure system and uni- 
formity in the different public armories, they ai'e hereby placed under the direction 
of the Ordnance Department: and the colonel of the Ordnance Department, under 
the direction of the secretary for the Department of War, is hereby authorized to 
establish depots of arms, ammunition, and ordnance stores in such parts of the 
United States and in such number as may be deemed necessary." 

The fii'st commanding officer of the arsenal was Captam Joseph H. Rees, 
Ordnance Department, who took command in 1816. Since that time it has been 
under command of officers of the Ordnance Department. 

231 



An interesting event associated with its early history was a visit by (ieneral 
Lafayette, described as follows: 

"On the 26th of September. 1824, the 1st City Troop left the town (Pliiladel- 
phia) and at Holmesburg it was joined by the 2d City Troop and the 1st and 3d 
County Troops; the whole squadron being under connnand of Captain J. R. C. 
Smith, of the 1st City Troop. 

"The next day at Morrisville, where the governor had delivered an eloquent 
address of welcome to Lafayette, they were joined by the 2d County Troop and 
the Bucks County Troop. They met and escorted (ieneral Lafayette and (Governor 
Schullze to Frankford, where they slept for the night at the L nited States .\rsenal. 
The people of Frankford were very much disappointed at the escort arriving when 
it was yet too light for illumination and still too dark to give a favorable view of 
the procession. 

"Lafayette visited the village the next morning and was received by Isaac 
Worrel, town clerk, who made a speech <il welcome in behalf of the borough 
authorities." 

When the arsenal was first established it was in the town of Whitehall, which 
was subsecpicnlly merged intt) the borough of Frankford and in 1850 the whole 
incoiporalcd in the city of Philadelphia. 

From 1816 to the war with Mexico, the work that was done at this arsenal 
consisted chiefly in the repair of artillery and infantry equipments, and the manu- 
facture of various component parts of anununition and ordnance articles. 

During this period the arsenal was also used as a place of receipt, storage and 
distribution. 

The work at the arsenal seems to have gone smoothly along during the first 
thirty years of its existence, except for a short time in May, 1811, when it was 
suspended on account of a riot in the tity of Philadelpliia. 

During the War of the Rebellion the operations assumed formidable pro- 
portions, the plant and working force being correspondingly increased. 

From 1866 to the Spanish- American War the work was confined to the manu- 
facture of the service ammunition. 

By 1894 the importance of the arsenal as a place of storage was greatly 
reduced, there being only a few articles stored here, such as rifles, carbines, light 
cavalry sabers, non-commissioned officers' swords, horse artillery swords, field 
guns and caissons, gatUng guns, nitre, etc. The capacity of the small arms ammuni- 
tion plant at that time was about 7.'), 000 rounds jjcr day. 

The output of all the Frankford Ar.scnul departments was greatly increased 
during the Spanish-American War, all working at least two shifts. 

The history of the arsenal from aliout 1801 to 1912 may be briefly divided 
into three classes of work, namely, the manufacture of small arms anununition, 
artillery ammunition, and instruments for fire control. 

Small Ar.ms A.m.munition Department 

Prior to the entrance of the United States into the war, the only government 
operated i)!aiit in the United States engaged in the manufacture of small arms 
anununition was located at Frankford .\rsenal. For several years the mamifactur- 
ers of sporting ammunition were given contracts each year by the government for 
a small amount of ..30 caliber ball cartridges, so that they might be trained in the 

232 




International. 



Shall in icliicli Shells trcrc made. 



manufacture of military ammunition. The placing and in.spection of these 
contracts was under the supervision of the commanding officer, Frankfoi'd 
Arsenal. 

After the Euro]iean War broke out, the capacity of jjrivate manufacturers 
for production of military amnumition was greatly increased, due to the fact that 
large orders were received from the .\llies. As these contracts were practically 
completed when the United States entered the war, it was made possible for these 
companies to contract with our own govermnent for large quantities of military 
ammunition. The first contracts were let by the Frankford Arsenal, and this 
arsenal was responsible for the organization of the inspection personnel, and e(|ui|)- 
ment at their jilants. 

Major John E. Munroe was appointed inspector of small arms ammunition. 
Major Munroe at that time was also the officer in charge of the Small Arms Ammu- 
nition Department at this arsenal. As it was inadvisable to cripple the private 
manufacturers by commissioning officers from their personnel, commissions were 
given to technically trained men, and over fifty reserve officers and a large number 
of civilians were instructed, in the Small Arms Ammunition Department at this 
arsenal, in the manufacture and inspection of military ammunition. The product 
of the Frankford .\rsenal was also used as standard, and blueprints, specifications, 
gauges, samples and information were furnished to private companies, without 
which it would have been practically impossible for them to obtain an early pro- 
duction of large quantities of the desired ammunition. The instructions included 
the study of operations on ..30 and .15 caliber cartridges, ballistic tests and proof 
house equipment, nomenclatiue, operations, repair and care of rifies, pistols, 
revolvers and machine guns, and army correspondence, personnel and property. 

233 



About the middle of October, 1917, the office of the inspector of small arms ammuni- 
tion was moved to \\ ashington, and Major Munroe was transferred to ^\ashinf;ton 
as chief inspector. The inspection of small arms ammunition at this arsenal w'as 
then placed under the supervision of Captain H. S. .Mcllvain, who had charge of 
inspection until the 1st of June, when Captain Albrecht, Army Inspector of 
Ordnance, representing the Inspection Division, was stationed at Frankford Arsenal, 
with Captain Wilkins as his assistant, ihey had charge of the production and 
inspection of small arms ammunition until November 1, 1918, when it was found 
advisable to return the production and inspection to the officer in charge of the 
Small Arms .\nununilion Department, Major Wni. B. Doe. There were fre(juent 
revisions of specifications for the manufacture of such ammunition dining the war, 
either to insure better quality or to increase production. 

liixhaustive tests were conducted at the Springfield Armory of annnunition 
manufactured by the Frankford .\rsenal, National Brass & Copper Tube Co., U. S. 
Cartridge Co., Winchester Bepealing Arms Co., Western Cartridge Co., Bemiiigtun 
Arms l/.M.C. Co., and Peters Cartridge Co. The result of these tests proved that 
Frankford Arsenal ammunition was superior to all other ammunition. It was there- 
fore decided by the Ordnance Department that Frankford Arsenal should manufac- 
ture the special aircraft amnumition (Ihc ,30 caliber aircraft service, tracer, 
incendiary and armor piercing) required for machine guns for army and navy 
airplanes. It was vital that this ammunition should be more perfect, if possible, 
than any annnunition heretofore manufactured, as failures of tlie cartridges might 
cause the loss of the a^ iators life or an aiiplane, and gi\ e inilitaiy a(l\ aiitage to the 
enemy. During the year 1918 the quality of the ammuiiilinii maiuiracturcd by the 
Small Arms \mmuiiition Department at this arsenal was unsurpassed by any other 




Finishing Shells. 
234 



luaimfacturer, and reports brought back from France bear this out. Andrew 
Hallowell, of the Small Arms Department, spent several months in France and 
England visiting various testing stations, airdromes and factories, and he frequently 
asked aviators and other users of ammunition what ammunition they preferred, 
and the reply was, "Frankford Arsenal." 

There follows a tabulation showing production of small arms ammunition 
throughout the United States during the war, these records being taken from the 
reports of the Inspection Division, Ordnance Department, Washington, D. C. 

Total Accepted 

Up to Up to 

Jan. 1, 1918 Nov. 11, 1918 

All types small arms 351,117,928 :?,349,930,200 

.30 caliber ball cartridges (all classes) 251,405,600 2,492,902,900 

.45 cahber pistol ball 36,010,784 308,426,200 

Aircraft .30 cahber service 29,725,800 

.30 caUber tracer 25,249,500 

.30 cahber incendiary 13,759,500 

.30 caliber armor piercing 4,370,400 

.30 cahber ball cartridges (all classes) 15,543,800 44,987,400 

.45 cahber pistol ball 3,600,000 26,400,000 

The following figures give the production of small arms ammunition at Frank- 
ford Arsenal during the war: 

Total Accepted from 4-1-17 
Up to Up to 

Jan. 1, 1918 Dec. 1, 1918 

.30 caliber ball cartridges (all classes) 90,174,820 173,637,908 

.45 cahber pistol ball 5,618,230 13,392,670 

Aircraft .30 cahber 

Tracer 9,500 22,971,860 

Incendiary 15,943,829 

Armor piercing 365,860 5,707,501 

Total 96,168,410 231,753,768 

Tiie total production of the Small Arms Ammunition Department from Jan- 
uary, 1917, to November, 1918, inclusive, was 231,753,768 cartridges of all types. 
In addition to this amount, the SmaU Arms Ammunition Department produced 
a large number of miscellaneous items and components, such as 20-grain and 
llO-grain primers, primer bodies, powder bags, .30 and .45 cahber primers, .30 
caliber cartridge clips, bandoleers, gas checks, pressure cylinders, tracer gilding 
metal cups, serrated and base slugs for incendiary cartridges, and so forth. 

The production during the Spanish War was 37,000,000 cartridges, and it 
will therefore be noted that during the World War the production of the Small Arms 
Department was approximately six times as great. The maximum production was 
obtained the last few months of the war, and the highest total production for two 
consecutive months was for August and September of 1918, with an average per 
month of 13,223,450 cartridges. It is thought that this rate of production would 

235 




liucniatioiiai. 

Girl munition workers al Frankford Arsenal. 



liave been increased in October and 
November, except for the severe in- 
llucnza epidoinic wliich was prevalent 
ill I'liiladelpliia during October and 
[iioduction was consequently reduced 
1.0(10. 000 rounds. The average montli- 
ly production I'or 1918 was 12,325,000 
I'cnmds, as compared with the average 
iiiontliK proihiction of 10.685,000 
rounds in 1917, i'or the nine months 
after this country declared war. In 
M:ii(li and April. 1918, production 
fill titr due to the change from the 
manufacture of special aircraft ammu- 
nition (tracer, incendiary and armor 
l)it'rcing), wliich change necessitated 
new and additional operations; the 
training of new employees; and the 
dl■^(•loplllent of these types of aimnu- 
iiilion on a manufacturing basis. 

Three new frame buildings and some 
additional eciuipment were available for 
the loading of the special bullets with the tracer mixture, phosphorus and other 
components recpiircd for aircraft aniiiiiiiiition. but no new equipment and buildings 
were available for the maiiiitactiiii' of the cartridge case, whii'li was the same as 
the cartridge case used in the regular service ammunition, with the exception that 
the primer had to be crimjjcd into the case. As no machinery was available ft)r this 
(limping (([jcration, it was necessary to take halt of the venting and sizing machines 
and tool tlicni. thereby handicapping the production of cases for several months 
until crimping machines were received. 

The manufacture of tracer bullets on a })roduction basis was started in Feb- 
ruciry, 1918, in two of the frame buildings and a third building was available for 
the manufacture of incendiary bullets in June, 1918. 

During the entire period of the war there were many dilliculties and obstacles 
encountered in increasing production, such as scarcity of labor, both skilled and un- 
skilled, delay in obtaining necessary machinery, tools. e(]ui])m('nt and buildings, 
licciucnl orders from Wasliinglon wliicli changed the types of ainmunitioii to be 
given preference in manufacturing, and the change to the special aircraft 
ammunition. 

The Ordnance Department placed several contracts with outside manufac- 
turers for the production of special aircraft annnunition, but as these manufacturers 
were unable to satisfactorily furnish the quality and quantity of ammunition re- 
([uircd, it was necessary to rely almost entirely u()on this arsenal to produce this 
very important ammunition. In spite of the above mentioned dilliculties, the 
Small Arms Department i)roduced not only the amount which it had originally 
promised, but also the additional amount recjuired due to the failure of outside 
sources. 

The Small Arms Department started a second or night shift on December 4, 

236 



1917, and on March 26, 1917, both 
shifts were changed from an eight 
hour to a ten hour basis. For several 
months th(> second or night shift 
worked four hours on Saturday after- 
noon, but on February 9, 1918, the 
Saturday afternoon work was discon- 
tinued. 

The total number of employees 
in the Small Arms Department at the 
start of the war in April, 1917, was 
1,101, and in November, 1918, when 
the armistice was signed, there were 
2,651 employees. When it is taken 
into consideration that the manufac- 
ture of military ammunition requires 
trained employees, the magnitude of 
the task of training the new employees 
is appreciated. That it was possible to 
train these new employees quickly 
and correctly was due to the loyalty 
and interest of the old employees in 
the Small Arms Department. During 
the war the morale of the employees was of the highest order; they always had 
for their motto: "More and better ammunition." 

As the war progressed, operations which had previously been performed by 
men were performed by female operators, thereby releasing all available men for 
the Army. It was the policy of the Small Arms Department to ask exemption 
only for those male employees who. because of the nature of their work, could not 
be spared. 

Edward L. Uhl was the civilian head of the Small Arms Department from 
March 26, 1917, to October \5, 1917, when he was succeeded by H. B. Vande- 
grift of the Small Arms Department. 

A. H. Hallowell was the civilian head of the night shift for several months. 
He was transferred to the day shift as assistant to Mr. ^'andegrift and was sent 
to France in August for three months as the arsenal representative of the manu- 
facturers' association. Mr. Hallowell visited various arsenals and ammunition 
factories in France and England, and also visited testing stations and airdromes. 

W. Rowley succeeded Mr. Hallowell as civilian head of the night shift. 

The following foremen were in charge of the small arms shops during the war: 




(iaiuiimj 'i-incft cases before packinih 



Day Shift Night Shift 

G. P. Kappler Box, gauging and packing C. H. Gibbs 

J. Matthews Loading — bullet assemble J. Costello 

M. F. Cleary Case shop J. Wilhelm 

Thomas Hess Draw press shop Harry Penn 

Wm. Ashworth Blanking and cupping shop Harry Penn 

W. C. Smith Tool and machine C. Robinson 



237 



Chas. McCann Sorting shop 

J. G. Schneering Proof house C. F. Hogue 

H. F. Schwind Tracer shop S. Carliss 

C. Partridge Incendiary shop R. S. Wolford 

Lieutenant Colonel Lionel D. Van Aken (then major) succeeded Colonel 
Munroe in October, 1917, and was in charge of the Small Arms Department until 
April, 1918, at which time Colonel Van Aken was transferred to the production 
division for duty. 

Major W. B. Doe (then captain) succeeded Colonel Van Aken in April, 1918. 

The following oflicers were assigned to duty in the Small Arms Department: 
Capt. R. Fenton Fisher, Capt. Thomas L. Page, Capt. Julius M. Lonn. Capt. 
Seymour P. Houghton. Capt. Dwight F. Alorss, Capt. Harold S. Wilkins, 1st 
Lieut. 1-:. P. Harris, 1st Lieut. Nicholas V. S. Mumford. 2d Lieut. Lee H. Williams. 

The following ollicers were assigned to duty in the Small Arms Department 
for a few months: Major Julian S. Cravely, .Major S. A. Sten Hammar. Capt. 
H. S. Mcllvain. ('.ajjt. John H. Buckley, Capt. Joseph F. Sees, Capt. H. B. Allen, 
1st Lieut. Alvin R. W hitlock. 

Artillery Ammlmtio.n Department 

The entrance of the United States into the European War in Ai)ril. 1917, 
found the organization in the .\rtillery Ammunition Department greatly depleted 
of experienced shop superintendents and foremen, as the flood of oidiiance work 
which came to this country at the outbreak of the war in 191 1 caused commercial 
manufacturers throughout the country, who undertook this work without any 
j)revious experience, to search for men actjuainted with this type of work. These 
commercial establishments paid, in many instances, more money than such em- 
ployees were receiving at this arsenal. The result was that the .\rtillery Anmiuni- 
tion Department lost practically all of its experienced men, es])ecially tlutse en- 
gaged here for any length of time in an executive capacity. Immediately after 
war was declared steps were taken to have a suitable tool and gauge design depart- 
ment established at this arsenal. 

In the late spring of 1918 tlie new addition to the fuze shop was completed, 
and many machines from the old fuze shop were moved and relocated in th(> new 
fuze shop, the did fuze shop lia\iiig been too crowdi'd «itli niacliines for satisfac- 
tory operation. Production of combination time fuzes for the months of April, 
May, June, July, August and September of 1917 amounted to 81,000 fuzes. On or 
about .Se])lember 8, 1917, there was a serious explosion of the dryhouses and 
powder blending houses, together with a large quantity of primers and various 
other components necessary for the manufacture of fuzes and complete rounds 
of artillery ammunition, and this seriously affected the jjroduction of fuzes during 
the months of October and Xovember and December of 1917 and Jaiuiary of 1918, 
when production was cut down to 26,000 combination time fuzes for the four 
months. However, during that period arrangements were made with the DuPont 
Company to load and dry primers and detonators, and with the Artillery Fuze 
Company to load time train rings. This permitted the resumption of the assembly 
of fuzes in February, 1918. Production from then on to the first of iVovcmber. 
1918, was 155,000. In October of 1918, the last month of the war, production 

238 




Intfniad.itKil 



W'orkinri on llif larijrr fiiiris. 



reached a total of 35,000 for the month. During this pciiod. in conjunttion with 
the manufacture of combination time fuzes, there was also carried on the manu- 
facture of base detonatin"; fuzes and miscellaneous primers. 

In connection with the Artillery Department short sketches might be given 
of the shrapnel shop, case shop, forge shop, primer shop, assembUng shop, and so 
forth, the same as has been given relative to the fuze shop, but owing to the desire 
to condense this article as much as possible this will be omitted. 

It is thought it may be interesting, however, to the reader to know that, loaded 
artillery ammunition was produced at this arsenal at the rate of 100,000 rounds 
per month at one time during the war. 

The Artillery Department was very ably handled by Major Joseph H. Pelot, 
the officer in charge. 

Instrument Department 

The Instrument Department was from the beginning of the war until May 
1.3, 1918, under the supervision of Lieutenant Colonel Harry K. Rutherford. On 
that date he was reheved from duty in the Instrument Department and assigned 
as officer in charge of production and the management of the Instrument Depart- 
ment was placed under the control of Captain W. C. Hamilton. 

The articles manufactured by the Instrument Dejiartment, Frankford Arsenal, 
are panoramic sights, quadrants, telescopic sights, drill cartridges, plotting boards, 
range finders, gun sights, fuze setters, telescopes, tools, fixtures, etc. Repairs to 
various instruments sent in from the service are also made. 

239 



Stock Department 

At the beginning of the war Major Bricker was in charge of the Stock Depart- 
ment, and his force was increased somewhat to take care of the increased amount 
of material (Ieii\ered. .limes Hill was in charge of the R(>ceiving and Stock- 
keeping departments, and Peter .Sullivan was the Chief Slock ("lerk. 

Major Bricker was relieved in June and Major G. B. McClcllan. fiiinierly 
Mayor of New ^'ork ("ity, took charge. Major McC.Jelian was soon rciicNcd l)\ 
(laptain \V. W . \ewcomb, who took up his duties in the Stock Department in 
July. In February Captain Newcomb was relieved and Captain J. A. Stone as- 
signed to take charge of this department. 

Admimsthatiyk Dkpartment 

The Administrative Department of the arsenal during the period of the war 
may be briefly described as follows: 

Colonel (Joorge Montgomery was Conunanding Officer of the arstMial until 
March of \9\H. when he was relieved, and Colonel Samuel Hot was detailed as 
Commanding Officer. Major Bricker (now colonel) was the oflicer in charge of 
Adiiiiiiistration Division at the begining of hostilities. lie was superseded by 
Major (i. B. McClellaii. who served in that ca})acity but a short time, when he 
was superseded by Lieutenant Colonel P. J. O'Shaughnessy. L. \\ . Boody 
served as Chief Clerk of the arsenal throughout the period of the war. 

At the beginning of hostilities a certain number of reserve oflicers, upon their 
appointment in the Ordnance Department, were sent to the Krankford Arsenal 
for instruction in War Dei)artment and Ordnance DepaitmenI regulations, admin- 
islrati\(' methods. proj)erty accountabilit> , etc. Lewis \\ . iiooch , Chief Clerk of 
the arsenal, was first assigned as instructor and performed such duty for some 
time, or until tlie a|>p(iintment nf Captain (now Lieulcuanl ('olnnel) W. V. 
I'xiwicj, . 

The disbursing office of the arsenal during the months from .\pril, 1917, to 
November. 1918. inclusive, expended — for material and labor S 10. 16:?, 16:?, 61. 

In regard to the personnel of the arsenal, from a general point of view, it is 
thought that the most interesting -development is the extent to which women were 
utilized to fill jxisitions formerly occupied by men. On March 1. l')!T. just liefdrc 
the expansion which occurred, and when it was clear that war was imminent, 
there were employed at Frankford Arsenal 3,2:J8 employees — 2,372 men and 866 
women; the men constituted 7:? per cent of the total and the women 27 jH'r cent. 
On November 1, 191}!, when the aitivilies of the arsenal were almost at the high(>st 
point, there were 6.171 employees, not including the 100 inspectors then under 
the jurisdiction of the Philadelphia District Oidnance Office, Of these 6,17 I there 
were 3,781 men and 2,:5'»(l women; the men at this time constituting only 61 per 
cent of the total and the women 39 per cent. 

The labor situation at this arsenal was not as bad as at other i)laces, due to 
the large number of old and steady employees who acted as an example to the 
newer ones, and there was a very small turn-over, so far as labor was concerned. 
For the last six months of the war the turn-over was not more than 8 per cent 
per month. 

240 



WORK AT SCHUYLKILL ARSENAL. 
By Clarence M. Rusk 

Exi'cnlive Assistant, Q. M. C. 

By Act of Congress April 2, 1794, it was directed that "three or four Arsenals 
with magazines shall be estabUshed in such places as would best accommodate the 
miUtary forces of the LTnited States." The present site of the Schuylkill Arsenal 
was purchased soon thereafter, and the foundation stone was laid in the 
year 1800. In 1802, it was reported to Congress that the cost of the buikUngs 
at "the laboratory," or barracks, as 
the buildings were called, was up to 
that time (they being imfinished) 
$152,608.02. The buildings were fln- 
ished in 1806. There were four large 
storehouses of brick set at some dis- 
tances apart, tluee stories high, and 
forming a hollow squai'e. There were 
also on the premises several other 
buildings, including a brick house 
for the residence of the Commanding 
Officer, a powder magazine, and other 
smaller constructions. The (Irays 
Ferry Road buildings were in use for 
storage as early as 1806. 

For more than one hundred years 
this estabhshment has been used as a 
place of manufacture for supplies for 
the Army, in which nearly everything 
coimected with the comfort of the 
soldier, his uniform, bedding, blankets, 
tentage, were prepared and stored. 
Coats, trousers, breeches, overcoats, stockings, shoes, gloves, caps and hats, etc., 
have been manufactured here in immense quantities or purchased from contrac- 
tors, and inspected and stored in the warehouses. 

A writer of the early 80's says of the Arsenal : 

"For many years the Schuylkill Arsenal was a great workshop, at which cloth 
and other material for clothing, etc., were cut and made up on tlie premises or 
dehvered to tailors and tailoresses outside, who made them up and delivered them. 
Frequently from 700 to 1,200 women were employed at this work, and from 100 to 
150 men. During the Rebellion the disbursements at this depot were from $20,- 
000,000 to $35,000,000 a year. The amount of property in storage is frequently 
very large and valuable. The area of the ground is eight acres." 

Thus, the Schuylkill Arsenal continued its work along general lines. It was 
used as a supply base during the Spanish-American War, and with the entrance 
of America into the World War was developed to its present size. 

In 1917 the Sciuiylkill Arsenal, locatefl at 2620 Grays Ferry Road, comprised 
twenty-two buildings, with a gross floor capacity of 1.265.175 sijuare feet. 

The twenty-one buildings of the Schuylkill Arsenal at the present writing 

241 




Ji^ 



.1 Finiik W. Buhler. Stanley <'r 

Main Enlnmce. 





hi^iP 




C'uurtcsy I>;iy A ZlmmtTmann. Inc.. Engineers. 

Airplane View, U. S. Army Supply Hasp. Ctreenwich Point. 

(1920) arc occupied hy the Salvage Division of tlic Army, tlio Factory Oporatiiii: 
Division and the Finance and Transportation Services. 

The expansion of the Schuylkill Arsenal activities under a Oeiiot Quarter- 
master diuiuf,' the WOrld War included the ( Jeiieral ( hiarlertuasler Interior Depot, 
21st Street and Oregon Avenue, leased from the Girard Estate, comprising 60.7 
acres. The work there started in February, 1018. and the first stores were moved 
in about May, 1918. 

When completed the buildings numbered thirty-two. Th(> five main ware- 
houses had a total of 912,000 square feet of storage space. 

1 nder the supervision of the zone supply odicer, the following warehouses, 
etc., were included in this zone: 

Pillsbunih Storage Warehouses. tOlli find Biillcr streol.s. I'iltsliiirKli. Pii. 

Ford Building, Broad Street and I^eluph Avenue, on lease the third, fourth, f if 111, sixth, seventh 
and eighth floors, eomprisinp 38, .300 square feel per floor. I'sed for reserve storage supplies, 
equipment, subsistence, etc. 

Reed SIreel Faelory, 26th and Heed streets, on lease, a five-story and basement fireproof 
building was entirely used for maniifarturin(i, in.speetion, baling, offices, etc, 

Commereial Museum, ,3'Hh and Ispnii'e streets, leased at $1 per year, one story liigh, but 
equivalent in storage space to a three-story liuilding. 

Port Storage. Pier No. 78, south wharves, was not used until after the armistice. Nearby 
were four warehouses with a total area of 271,000 square feet. 

Pier 38, comprising 194,698 scpiare feet, leased during the war. Pier No. 57 was also used 
in the beginning and there was some loading at Greenwich Point. 

In February, 1918, Pittsburgh was made an independent depot and in ,lune, 1918, again 
transferre<l to the jurisdiction of Philadelphia General .Sipply Depot. 

242 



New Constbuction 

At the Schuylkill Arsenal, the following; improvements to meet war-time 
work were made. A new garage was built at a cost of $13,182. A new 
elevator was installed in No. 3 Building at an approximate cost of S7,800. Two 
new fast freight elevators in special new brick towers were installed at a cost of 
$33,801, one in each end of Building No. 10. A new three-story temporary oflice 
building was erected at a total cost of approximately $40,571. 

Previous to the outbreak of the World War, the organization of tlii' Dejiot 
Quartermaster at the Schuylkill Arsenal was as follows: 

Adminislralive Division — Mail and Record Branch: Personnel nnd Misiilhinciius F.nimli. 
Finance and Accounting Dirision — Finance Brancli: AccounlinK Branch. 
Supplies Division — Supphes Brancli; Purchasing Branch; Transportation I'.rancli; Maim- 
facdirinf; Branch (only depot to have this). 

At the beginning of the war the Arsenal was in charge of Colonel M. Gray 
Zalinske, who was succeeded in turn by Benedict M. Holden. a civilian, in April, 
1918, Colonel Edmond R. Tompkins, Q. M. C, in November, 1918. and Colonel 
J. M. Houston, Q. M. C, in July. 191^). 

The organization as perfected Ity C. M. Busk, Executive Assistant, who was in 
charge of Administration August 1, 1918, was as follows and indicates the 
stupendous task and intricate detail of (juartermaster operations: 

QUARTERMASTER CORPS, U. S. A. 
Philadelphia Dkpot. 

Index 
Depot (Juiirtcrniastei — Executive Secretary — Executive Officer 

Division Branch Section 

Administrative Administrative T'ersonnel, Publication, Time and Payroll. 

()p<'ratin^' Cost, ( )IIice Service. 

Control 

Comnumicatioiis Post Office, Central Kiling. Messenf,'er 

Service. 

Publishing Printing. Contract Printing. 

Office Service Stcnogra]iliic 

Cemeterial 

Personnel .\dministrative Personnel, Publications. Time and Payroll, 

Operating Cost, ()ffic(^ Service. 

Commissioned 

Enlisted 

Civilian 

Departmental 

Methods Control Administrative Personnel. Publication. Time and Payroll, 

Operating Cost, Office Service. 

Investigations 

Statistical 

Audits 

Procurements Administrative Personnel, Publications. Time and Payroll, 

Operating Cost, Office Service. 

Purchase Contractors' Service, Industrial Informa- 
tion, Contract Preparation, Advertising. 

243 



Procureiuenls Haw MateriaJs IVoductiou Records, Coal, Coltoii, Min- 
erals and Metals, Leather and Rubber, 
Miscellaneous. 

Alanufailuriiiji Materials. Contract .\nal\sis, Production Records, 

Raw Material Requin'iii(>nls. Stock 
Maintenance Distribution. 

Manufactured Products 

Inspection Inspection, Laboratory. 

Stores Administrative Personnel, Publication, Time and l'a> roll. 

Operatinf; Cost. OlTice Ser\ ice. 
Order Entering and Regis- 
tering Stock Maintenance 

Order Service Inventory, Domestic, Foreign. 

Warehou.se Receiving. Placeinent, Packing, Shipping. 

Labor 

Property Property Accounts, Audits, Depot In- 
voicing. 
Sales and Issues Ollice Supply and ICquipiiicul . 

Conservation and Reclama- 
tion Vdniinistrati\c I'lTsonncl. l'Ml)lii alidii, TiMic am I Pa j roll. 



Operating Cost. Oflice Service. 



Receiving and .S)rling . . . . 

Salvage 

Clothing Repair 

Hat Repair 

Shoe Repair 

I.aumlrie-s and Dry Clean- 
ing 

Tents, Tentage, Cots, etc. . 
Warehouse 



Finance and Accounts ,\dniinistrative Personnel, Publication, Time and Payroll. 

Operating Cost. Ollice Service. 
Apportionments and Money 

Accounts Apportionments, and Muncy Accounts, 

Cost Accounting. 

Cash Cash and Sales, Payroll Audit. 

Voucher Vendors' Invoice, Vouchers Audit, E.\- 

pense Account, Mi.scellaneous Service. 

Plant Service Administrative Personnel, Publication, Time and Payroll, 

Operating Cost, Office Service. 

Building Design 

Construction and Repair 

Permanent Equipment 

Power, Heat and Light 

Plant Supplies 

Plant I)(piipment 

Plant Protection \dministrative Personnel, Piibli<ali()n, Time and Paxroll. 

( )perating Cost, OHice Service. 

l''ire Protection ... 

Depot Watch 

Quartermaster Detachment 

Safety Engineering 

Plant Inspection . 

Medical Dispensary. 

Policing Janitors. 

244 



Transportation \<lminislrative Personni'l, Pulilication, Time and Payroll, 

Operating (!ost, Ollice Service. 

Inbound Freight Inward B/L. 

( )iitl)ound F'reight Outward B/L. 

Transportation Order Depot Service, Contractors' Service. 

Motor Transport Motor Service, Procurement, Maintenance. 

Depot Manufacturing Administrative Personnel, Publication, Time and Payroll, 

Operating Cost, Ollice Services. 
Operating 

CORRESPONDEIVCE ScHOOL. QUARTERMASTER OfFICERs' ReSERVE CoRPS 

Tlie Correspondence Scliool for Reserve Officers of the Quartermaster Corps 
was established by authority of the Secretary of War and began operations 
at Philadelphia on April 1, 1917. This division of the Quartermaster Corps 
School was organized for the purpose of instructing persons holding com- 
missions in the Quartermaster section of the Officers' Reserve Corps, both on active 
and inactive list. 

Instruction was imparted by mail. The students were given certain assign- 
ments for study and professional reading. Examinations or problems on the sub- 
ject studied were then sent to the student officers, who answered the questions and 
returned all papers to the .School. The instructors at the School corrected the 
student's paper, making such pertinent remarks thereon as called for. The papers 
were then graded and returned to the student, together with an approved solution 
made up by the instructors. As soon as the student turned in a set of papers he 
was given the next series. A record was kept of the percentage attained by each 
student. All quartermaster reserve officers were encouraged to avail themselves 
of this course and about 75 per cent did so. 

Mail, Telegrams and Messenger Service 

During the war period 1,000 pieces of mail were received daily and upwards 
of 6,000 pieces were sent from the arsenal. As speed was a matter of the greatest 
importance the telegraph service was also heavily used. 

A messenger service which made possible direct commimication with all de- 
partments was early installed. From a central point four branch stations were 
established, each branch having a separate service to all sections; at one time there 
were twelve branches. 

Transportation Facilities Within the Depot 

Thirty-nine small electric tractors were used to haul the 317 four-wheel trailers 
and two Troy trailers. Three light Dodge trucks and two light Dodge busses, 
twelve touring cars, thirty cargo trucks, and one electric truck were also included 
in the equipment and were daily called upon for heavy service. 

Printing Plant 

Previous to 1916 the annual expenditures for depot printing, exclusive of 
multigraph, mimeograph and similar duplicating devices, did not exceed $4,000. 
Upon the mobilization of troops to patrol the Mexican border, local requirements 
for this class of work increased approximately 300 per cent. A job press was 
thereupon installed, the saving by which reimbursed the department for its cost 

245 



ill the first year of operation. Later, the facilities of a printing plant were in- 
cluded; large automatic feeder presses and accessories were installed, and resulted 
in a saving of 50 per cent on what the printing bills otherwise would have been. 

Zone Storage Operations 
gro^^th and expansion of the supplies division 

April f). 1')1T. at the beginning of the war with Germany, the Supplies Division 
was one of the three main divisions, comprising the Philadelphia Depot of the 
Quartermaster Corps, with approximately ninety-six monthly employees and 
296 per diem employees. This number included the Manufacturing Branch, of 
whom forty-five were employed in the ofTice. 

The following branches comprised the Supplies Division: Administrative, 
Requisition, Stock Maintenance, Property, Invoicing, Transportation, and Manu- 
facturing. The Supplies Division also attended to the duties of receiving, shipping 
and warehousing all supplies, making sales to ollicers and the militia and the super- 
vision of laborers, carpenters, painters and watchmen. By the 30th of April 
the depot had increased its personnel as follows: Factory, l,.'U{l: laliDi-. 212: 
clerks and inspectors, mechanics, etc., 606; a total of 2,199. 

Philadelphia the Main Clothing Supply Depot 

Previous to 1917. the Philadelphia Depot was known as the main clothing 
depot for the supply of the Army, including the furnishing of chevrons and 
ornaments, flags, colors, guidons and equipage to all posts and recruiting stations, 
and to the l-"aslern De|>artinent. It was also the source of supply for tal)leware and 
kitchen utensils for all posts in the Northeastern, l^astern, Southern and Central 
Departments, excepting posts in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, North 
and South Daktita and Missouri. 

In addition to the above equipment, the Philadelphia Depot also supplied all 
band instruments and band instrument supplies to the entire Army. 

All rt'(|uisitions for clothing and equipage supplies were forwarded direct to 
llie I'iiiladelphia Depot, and the distribution was elfected entirely from this city. 

The three Disciplinary Barracks, located at Fort Jay, New York, Fort 
Leavenworth. Kansas, and Alcatriz Island, Cal., also depended on Philadelphia 
Depot for supply of such prisoners' clothing as was not manufactured at the 
prisons, Fort Jay forwarding their requisitions through the Kastern Department; 
Fort Leavenworth, being independent, through the O. !\I. G. 0.; and Mcatriz 
Island, through llie San Francisco Depot. 

Being an independent station, directly under the supervision of the Quarter- 
master (ieneral. numerous requisitions for the replenishing of stocks of clothing 
and equipage at New ^'ork, St. Louis, Fort Sam Houston and San Francisco were 
forwarded to the Philadelphia Depot from time to time. 

Stocks of supplies at the Philadelphia Depot had been considerably drawn 
upon, due to the mobilization on the Mexican bordcir in June, 1916, and practically 
the entire stock of the Field Supply Depot No. I was depleted by the spring of 1917. 

In April. 1917. after the declaration of war the number of requisitions received 
averaged about 120 daily and increased until the requisitions numbered 150 daily, 
each containing increased quantities of supplies. 

246 



Storage CAPAciTi' — Schuylkill Arsenal 

In April, 1917, the storage capacity of the Philadelphia Depot consisted of 
3,017,966 cubic feet, scattered over eight buildings: 

Number of Shops, Storehouses, Quarters and Other Public Buildings on the Groupojs 

April ], 1917. and Their Use 
Shops 

S-A Building Manufacturers of clolhinf< and sponging plant 

2 Building Manufacturers of flags and tcntage 

1 1-A Shed Carpenter and box shop 

9 Tin and paint shops 

1 Basement, cooperage repairs 

21 Blacksmith shop 

Storehouses 

5-A Building — Basement and second floor Storage of materials 

2 Building — Basement Storage of equipage 

1 Building General storehouse 

3 Building — Basement General storehouse 

First floor Dispensary and general storehouse 

Second floor Storehouse 

Third floor General storehouse 

4 Building Storehouse and inspections 

5 Building General storehouse 

10 Building Genera! storehouse 

12 Building General storehouse 

6 Building — Basement General storehouse 

First floor Inspections, laboratory 

Second floor Museum 

8 Building — (old magazine) Stable and general storehouses 

Quarters 

No. 1?4-A Officers quarters 

No. 2 -A Officers quarters 

Other Buildings 
7 Boiler House 

14 Oil House 

15 Scale Shed 

16 Main Office 

17 Gate House 

With the acquisition of the Inland and Pier 78 warehouses, and otlier points, 

th(> carload storage capacity increased tenfold, until approximately 30, 000, 000 
cubic feet were available for storage purposes. 

Some idea of the magnitude of the work may be had from the figures showing 
the yardage received and issued or stored. 

1917 1918 

Melton O. D 16 and 20 ounces 7,246,501 12,893,669 

Melton O. D 30 and 32 ounces 4,477,013 5,232,913 

Shirting flannel 6,716,316 11.963,191 

Cloth cotton O. D 19,454,430 15,265,657 

Duck, khaki 12.4 ounces 9,411,437 20,432,926 

Duck, khaki 8 ounces 5.779,967 9,218,643 

Duck, shelter tent 6,957,857 9,890,474 

247 



Reserve Stock of Subsistence 

In Juno. 1918, arrangements were made by the Q. M. G. 0. for storage of 
reserve stocks of subsistence of 15,000,000 rations to be divided among Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Newport News. Shipments here arrived at the rate of twenty 
carloads per day and required 200.000 stjuare feet of warehf)use space. This was 
the first instance in tlie history of Philadelphia Dept)l tliat it handled subsistence 
in such quantities, as it had always been known as a clothing depot. 

Value of Phodcction 

Drpol Factory Reed S(. Factory 

Clothing. $i:!.:iH9.{)2«.0y St,;}1.5,,568.37 

Chevrons. I'.-jii, 142.00 

Flags Xi9,6:U.W 132,068.84 

Tents 7,8:!2,:U:i.2K 



$21,819,177.86 $4,447,637.21 
Total.. .$26,266.81.'">.07 

The L.uiGEST Shipment During the War 

The largest shipment made during the war on one recpiisition was in Janu- 
ar\', 1Q18, in favor of the Expeditionary Forces, and called for the bulk of the 
subsistence at that time at the Philadelphia Depot. This shipment consisted of 
105 carloads and 1.600 truckloads, and was completed in ten days. 

The second largest shipment also covered an overseas requisition and was made 
about July 25. P)18. consisting of 102 cars and comjileted in ten days. Itemized 
list of this re(]uisili(in is as follows: 

400.000 undershirLs, wool: 600,000 undcrdniwcrs, wool; 2.960.000 piiirs slockiiigs. w(k)I. light 
weight; 1,.>00,000 ptiirs stockings, wool, heavy weight ; 7.5.000 overcoats: 37."), 000 trousers, wool; 
3,000,000 pairs gloves, wool; 125,000 coats, wool; 100,000 jumpers, deniuL 

It is interesting to note that all band instruments from the .\merican Expedi- 
tionary Force were returned to th<^ Schuylkill .Vrsenal for storage or sale. In- 
deed, the salvage department of the arsenal has always been one of the most im- 
portant branches of the service, and during the period of the war handled 5.0Q6.538 
articles, of which 2.210,491 were reissued. 

ToNNAIJK HaNDLKU at THE ArSENAL 

F. Y. 1914 9,708 Urns F. Y. 1918 719,512 tons 

F. Y. 1915. 8,511 tons F. Y. 1919 187,929 tons 

F. Y. 1916 12,9.50 tons F. Y. 1920 105,970 tons 

F. Y. 1917 36.400 tons F. Y. 1921 (Estimated) 300,000 tons 

Expenditures at the arsenal during the period of the war anioimted to 
$318,753,837.12. 

Personnel 

In 1917, six olTicers were on duty at the Schuylkill .\rsenal and 1.815 civilians 
were employed. These numbers increased in 1918 to 1 10 oHicers and 9,827 civilians. 
With the signing of the armistice, the policy of retrenchment decreased this numbei- 
to sixty-five officers and 4,025 civilians. On January 1, 1920, a further reduction 
of personnel decreased the number to nineteen officers and 2,800 civilians. 

248 



ARMY CASUALTY LIST 



fHE following names of Philadelphians, who died while 
serving with the United States Army, were copied from 
the list issued by the ( iovernment for use in the prepara- 
tion of the Frencli tiovernment Memorial Certificates. 
It was the most authentic and inclusive list available at 
the date of its publication. 

The Government has appropriated several million 
dollars to check up all lists so that as quickly as possible 
all men — and women — who were killed in action, or 
died of wounds or from other causes, will be properly listed. 
At the same time the records of all who were wounded, or who were sent for 
treatment to hospitals, will be listed. 

When the records are complete, the lists will be turned over to the Adjutant 
General of the several States. They, in turn, will no doubt list the men and women 
of their respective commonwealths according to locality. 




Abrams, Albert L. 
Abrams, Joseph A. 
Achternmn, Kilwani 
Adair, A. 
Adams, Earl 
Adams, Hiram 
Adams, Thomas H. 
AfiUano, Pasquale 
Agostini, Joseph E. 
Aitkins, Charles 
Aitkins, John 
Akins, Frank L. 
Alberts, John Archer 
Albrecht, Carl J. 
Albridge, Frank 
Akope. Otto 
Alden, William 
Aleander, Gail II, 
Allen, Alfred R. 
Allen, Edward 
Allen, John B. 
Allen, John J. 
Amandola, Giovanne 
Amodei, Anthony 
Anderson, Harry U. 
Anderson, John 
Anderson, Robert L. 
Andrews, John H. 
Archer, Etlward T. 
Archer, Joseph D. 
Armoo, Carlo 
Armstrong, Elmer 11. 
Armstrong, George M. 
Arnold, Harry 



Ashmore, Donald 
Ashton, Alfred 'I'. 
Ashton, James K. 
Aspell, Bernard 
Astbury, Thomas W. 
Attica, Herman 
Atwood, Walter 
Aiichenbath, Henry W. 
Auritsky, Samuel 
Aiiritt, Nathan 
Ayre, Jr., John 

Backley, W. E. 
Bailey, Henry 
Bain, Josejih 
Bainbridge, Howard C. 
Baird, Joseph A. 
Baker, George B. 
Baker, Howard S. 
Balasone, Pasquale 
Baldrick, Joseph J. 
Baldwin, Jessie 1'. 
Balinsky, William 
Ballay, George 
Ballentine, .Samuel L. 
Bambrick, \ ineet 
Bamford, Edward (!. 
Banhof, William 
Barker, Edward J. 
Barnitz, Reed W. 
Barr, Edwin 
Barr, Robert 
Barrett, William F. 
Barron, John A. 



Barry, James J. 
Barry, John J. 
Barry, Stanley H. 
Basile, Edward L. 
Baskin, Andrew 
Battista, Ermindo 
Battles, Frank 
Bauer, Frederick E. 
Bauer, George H. 
Bauraan, Frederick 
Baumeister, Frederick 
Baumgartner, Fred. J. 
Beanchionelle, G. 
Bealty, Charles L. 
Beatty, George 
Beaumont, Fred. A. 
Beck worth, Eugene 
Bedingfiekl, John C. 
Bedingfield, John J. 
Behrend, Charles 
Belfatto, FeUx 
Bell, George E. 
BeUi, Frederick F. 
Belza, Michael 
Benedict, Hyman 
Bender, John X. 
Bender, Wilham 
Benischeck, Clem M. 
Benner, Rubin 
Bennicker, Charles N. 
Bensing, Fred W. 
Berkowitz, Louis R. 
Bessano, James 
Biddle, Julian Cornell 



Bieri, Otto J. 
Billing, John L. 
Billitt, Richard S. 
Birney, Knox B. 
Black, Robert E. 
Blaszkiewicz, Julian 
Blein, Wilham H. 
Blotts, Domenick 
Bock, Charles J. 
Boehn, Frank R. 
Boldezar, Lawrence J. 
Boles, Matthew H. 
Bolte, Raymond 
Boltersdorf, Edward A. 
Bolto, Louis 
Bond, Mark V. 
Bonlivare, William 
Bonsack, Jr., James A. 
Booth, John 
Borowski, Theodore 
Borucki, Anthony V. 
Bosbyshill, William L. 
Boss, John G. 
Bowden, Frank 
Bowns, William H. 
Boyer, John 
Boyer, Oscar D. 
Boyle, Charles J. 
Bradley, Charles D. 
Bradley, John 
Brady, Edward J. 
Brady, John 
Brady, Joseph Henry 
Braham, Albert 



249 



Braker, Jr., George E. 
Brantz, Harry M. 
Bratcher, George 
Brawley, Jr., James C. 
Braxton, Earl 
Bray, Harry 
Brazek, Leon 
Bree-n, Bernard F. 
Breidenficld, John 
Brenner, Frederick 
Brett, John J. 
Brewer, Arthnr S. 
Brigginan, Charles 
Briggs, Bi<har(l 
Brinnisholz. Joseph 
Brinton, Howard .\. 
BroceUi, Sylvia .\. S. 
Brock, Frank I'. 
Broderick, Tiionias J. 
Hrogan. Jann-s J. 
Brooks, George M. 
Brown, Francis 
Brown, John F. 
Brown, Hayniond 
Brown. William J. 
hrownstein, Benjamin 
Bruhl, Martin M. 
Brunei t, Theodore 
Bryant, Oscar S. 
Buchanan, Elwood K. 
Buchman, Harry G, 
Biichsliaiini, Balph T. 
IJnchwald, Freil. W . 
Hnck. Brinlon S. 
Bnckharl. Nicholas W . 
liuckius, \\ ilhaiii 
Huckner, Alhcrt W . 
Bunting, James S. 
Burger, George 
Burke, Peter J, 
Biirley, Raymond C 
hurnett, Thomas L. 
lUirns, Harry 
Burns, James D. 
Burroughs, William K. 
ISyrne, Cornelius J. 
|{>rne, FJngelbert H. 
B>rne, M, P, 
Hyrne, Vincent 
Hyrnes, Joseph .\, 
Hysin, Harry 

Cabaldo, Frank T. 
Cahill Lawrence A. 
Cain, John W, 
Calhoun, John IL 
Callaghan, James M, 



Canierote, .Vntonio 
(^ammarata, Arthur 
(-ampbell, Edward M. 
Cann, Samuel 
Cannon, Antonio 
('anserano, Basilio 
Cant/, Edward J. 
Canvate. W illiain 
Capony, Joseph 
Caramanna, Salvatore 
Carlile, \\ alter W. 
(]arlin, James A. 
Carraange, Michael 
Carmelo, V. 
Carney, W illiani J. 
CaroUne, Robert K. 
Carpenter, James D. 
Carr, Bi-rnard A. 
C.!u-r, Johnson I). 
Carr, Thomas \. 
Carrigan, Sniythe B, 
Carrigan, Thomas L, 
(Carroll, Ronnie 
("arson, Frank 
Carson, John 
Carter, W illiam 
("arlin, CJiarles 
Casey, BiTuard J. 
Casey, Charles Joseph 
Casey, Clifton M, 
Casey, Harry Martin 
Cassady, Samuel L. 
C'assel, Frank 15. 
C.assel, George H. 
Cassia. Domenico 
Cassidy. James J. 
Cas.sidy, Thomas Jos, 
Castor, John H. 
Caslrigiana, Sostino 
("aville, Francis I>eo 
Chamberlin, Carl B. 
Chancier, Joseph A. 
Chanen, Samuel 
Cherry, Joseph 11. 
Chillis. Edgar S. 
Cholerlon. Harry 
C.iccone, Daniel J. 
Cimino, Tony 
Cindis, John D, 
Clair, Frederick S. 
Clark, Early R. 
Clark. Patrick 
Clark. William 11. 
Clark, William J. 
Clark, AVilliani Joseph 
Clauser, Robert L. 
Cleary, William J. 



( 'obiir. Peter 
Coccia, Alphonse 
Cochran, JauK's Joseph 
Coen, John J. 
Coll'an, Howard 11. 
Cohen, Morris 
Coleman, Earnest 
Coleman, Jaiues J. 
Colio, Guiseppe 
Coll, James .\. 
Collins, Frank 
Collins, Frank T. 
C.olhns. Hugh \. 
Collins. Joseph B. 
Collilon. Ignatus J. 
Conunaker, Mberl 
Condran, John J. 
Conley, Francis \. 
Conley. William M. 
C.onlin. Antlrew A. 
Conlin. Matthew 
Connell, Carl J. 
Connelly, Edward T. 
Comior. Edgar 
Connor. W illiam 
Connor, \\ illiam iV. 
Conroy, Harry J. 
Contriciano, Frank 
Conway, Harry J. 
Conway, John H. 
Conway, Peter J. 
Cook, (Jeorge D. 
Cook. Harry Anthony 
Cooney. Jt)hn Michael 
Cooper, J()sei)h W . 
Corbett, Francis W . 
Corcoran, Daniel J. 
Cornish, George T. 
Corr, John 
Costello, Frank P. 
Costello, Jolui A. 
Costigan. James Thos. 
("otter, W illiam P. 
Cotton, William O. 
Covelle, F'rederick 
Coyle, Charles 
("oyle, Charles J. 
Coyle, Joseph .\. 
Coyle, Samuel J. 
Coyne, Charles 
Cozzie, Victor .\. 
( "raig, George A, 
Craig, William F, 
Crawford, Francis J. 
("raw ford, Joseph P. 
("rawford, Sanniel W. 
Crispi, Nicolo 



Crocco, Jerry 
Crossen, Joseph A. 
("rossley, Harry 
Crowe, Charles H, 
Crutc. William 
("abler. Raymond J. 
Cucinolta. Pantalione 
("ullen, Thomas J. 
C.ullen. Walter J. 
(Aunmings, Orville S. 
Cunningham, Claude C, 
Cunningham. Wm. M, 
Cupitt. Harold D. 
Curran. John 
Currie. Richard J. 
('urry. William L. 

1) Allessandi, Guiseppe 
Daily, Leonard J. 
Dakin, Bichard E, 
Dalbey, Joseph L. 
Dallas, John M. 
Dallon, Jose()h II. 
Daly, Edward J. 
Danig, (Jeorge 
Darrell, John E. 
Daul. Joseph Y, 
Davis, Earl R, 
Davis, Harry F. 
Davis, H, G. 
Davis, Stanley D, 
Dawson, (ieorge .\. 
Day, Joseph A. 
Day, Richard F. 
Decker, Calvin W . 
Dei'ker, Warren J, 
De Flavia, l"rank 
Delani'\ , Law rence 
De Lulla, Michael 
Dempsey, John A, 
D(!pue, James H. 
Desimore, Generino 
Devenny, James V. 
Devine, tieorge S. 
Devlin, Charles J, 
Dewees, Charles G. 
Dewees, Herbert K. 
Diamond, David 
Diamond, Harry 
Diamond, Harry F. 
Diamond, Thomas E. 
Dickenson, (ieorge F, 
Dieterle, (ieorge J. 
Dielz, Benjamin F. 
Dignan, John D. 
Di Marcia, Guisline 
Dinan, James F. 



250 



Di Nardo, John M. 
Dino, Thomas L. 
Di F'lHudo, Antonio 
Di Pictro. Constant,'" 
Di Sciscio, R. 
DistltT, Walter H. 
Di Vito, Anthony 
Dixon, \\ iUiani S. 
Dohhins. Reubin 
Dobrowt)lsl4i, Bolesaw 
Dolan, \\ ilhani F. 
Doland, Frank 
Doland, Morris J. 
Dolfo, Anthony 
Donibrouski, Jolin 
Doniinico, Geort;e 
Donaghy, James A. 
Donaghy, John L. 
Donaghy, Joseph 
Donahue, George M. 
Donalme, James J. 
Donald, George 
Donnelly, John 
Donnelly, John F. 
Donnelly, William 
Dooley, Kyrien J. 
Dooney, Thomas 
Dougherty, Charles J. 
Dougherty, George 
Dougherty, George P. 
Dougherty, Hugh F. 
Dougherty, James A. 
Dougherty, Joseph 
Dougherty, Thomas F. 
Dougherty, Win. L. 
Dowd, John J. 
Doyle, John J. 
Doyle, John J. 
Downs, Jr., Norton 
Draper, Arthur M. 
Druding, George J. 
Drum, Robert I. 
Dubs, Valentine 
Dudzik, Andrew 
Dullel. Reuben 
Duffy, Charles H. 
Duffy, Frank J. 
Duffy, James 
Duffy, John I. 
Duffy, INlichael 
Duffy, Patrick 
Dugan, Walter S. 
Duncan, Howard 
Duncan, Jr., Joseph G. 
Dunn, Howard K. 
Durando, Caniillo 
Dutill, Arthur 



Dzikouski, J. 

Earner, John J. 
Eberle, H. E. 
P^bner, Frank 
Eckels, Lauren S. 
Eckert, Henry 
Edgar. Harry D. 
Edward, Joseph S. 
Egan, Patrick J. 
Egerter, John 
Eidani, Frank 
Eisele, John A. 
Elhott, Charles F. 
Ellison, Asberry 
Emery, Thomas F. 
English, Wilham H. 
Entwistle, Zachary 
Eplcr, William I!. 
Erb, Frank E. 
Erb, Henry E. 
Erdwein, WiUiam (i. 
Ernest, Howard 
Ernst, WiUiam A. 
Erpert, Ike 
Escandel, Charles A. 
Esher, George W . 
Essing, Arthur T. 
Evans, Jr., Charles T. 
Evans, Horace I^. 
Evans, Richard 
Everhart, Jr., E. E. 

Faber, William C. 
I'^agan. Francis 
Fakey, James P. 
Fales, Thomas H. \\ . 
Falls, Frank 
I'^anean, Bernard E. 
Fantacona, Nicholas 
Faracca, Attilio 
Farrell, Lewis A. 
Farrell, Patrick J. 
Faunce, Wilmer 
Faust, Ste[)hen 
Fay, John P. 
Fearn, Jr., Josepli J. 
Fecca, Daniel 
Fee, James 
Ferguson, Clarence P. 
Ferguson, Joseph S. 
Ferguson. Robert J. 
Ferriter, Josejih 
Ferry, Alphonseous 
Ferry, Michael 
Fickerson, Elmer 
Fiechler, Jacques 



Fielding, Louis H. 
Fields, Percy 
Fife, John 
Fineburg, Joseph 
Fink, Wilbur K. 
Finn, Bernard 
I'^innegan, Michael G. 
Finnegan, Thomas F. 
Fischer, Benjamin II. 
l""ischer, Bernard A. 
Fischer, Herbert \. 
Fischer, John J. 
Fishburn, Anion E. 
Fitzgerald, Edward 
Fitzgerald, Harvey P. 
Fitzharris, Joseph C. 
Fitzpatrick. Louis II. 
Flanigan, Thomas 
I'leckal, Frederick J. 
Fleisch, I'jdward 
Fleming, James G. 
Fleming, Joseph F. 
Fleming, William 
Fleming, \\ illiain 
Fleming, William 
Fleming, Jr., VVilliaiii 
Fleshman, Albert N. 
Fletcher, Arthur 
Fletcher, Frank 
Florio, Humbert 
Flynn, Charles 
Mynn, John J. 
FoM. Harry R. 
Foley, Edward II. 
Foley, John J. 
Fontanini, Charles 
Forbes. ( Miver 1). 
Ford, Harry J. 
Ford, James J. 
Ford, William 
Forsyth, Albert E. 
Forsyth, Matthew 
Foss, Rudolph 
Foster, Francis 
Foster, Joseph P. 
i'oster, Lee M. 
Foster, Leon R. 
Foulke, Walter L. 
Fox, Elmer 
F-ox, Fred R. 
Fox, Harry L. 
Fox, James 
Fox, John H. 
Fox, Joseph 
Fraim, John 
Francis, Josei)h 
Francis, Raymond 



Frank, Charles 
Frank, Frederick J. 
Frank, Harry 
Frazier, Edwaril P. 
Frederick, John 
Freed, John B. 
Freedman, Nathan 
Freihofer, Wm. A. 
Friedc^l, Jr., Alexander 
Friedman. Isidore 
Friel, Harry 
Fritz, Stephen G. 
Fudala, Fred J. 
Fuller, Harry J. 
Fullcrton, Joseph P. 
Fulton, Stewart 
Furlong, Charles 
Furman, Thomas J. 

(iabrack, Miketar 
( iabriele, Andrea F. 
(iabriele, Joseph 
Gakle, Wallace H. 
( ialgiordi, Lugi 
( iallagher, James L. 
(iallagher, John L. 
( iantz, Frank C. 
Garan, Frank M. 
Garland, John P. 
Garner, Robert E. 
Garrity, Edward I. 
GaskiU, Joseph E. 
Gaskins, John F. 
(iaumer. .\lbert H. 
Gavaghan, James F. 
< iazzara, John 
Geever, Michai'l J. 
Geib, Adolph 
(ieiger, William D. 
Geller, Samuel 
Gemmell, John J. 
Gerhardt, Jr., George 
Gerngross, John A. 
(ieyer, George H. 
(jibson, .\lbert E. 
Giholte, Fraidi J. 
Gilbert, Noble H. 
Gilchrist, Alexander 
Gdland, John V. 
Gillen, Jacob 
(iillen, Jacob 
(Jillen, .Sanuiel W. 
Gillespie, Harry J. 
GiUespie, Jerry 
GiUian, WiUiam M. 
(iiordano. Dominic N. 
(iiordano. Vincent 



251 



Girnischeid, Joseph T. 
Givons, Horace 
(iivens. Jolin 
Givcns. Joliii ,1. 
(ilashofer. Philip 
(ilasspn. Andri'w J. 
(Jlt-ndon, Martin 
Glenn. Frank Peter 
(ilentworth. John H. 
Goderiici, John 
Godshall, Walter M. 
(ioering, Henry L. 
Gold, Isaac 
(iold. Louis 
Golden, John J. 
Golden. Thomas \I. 
fJolden, William 1 1, 
(ioldfiis, lyouis Samuel 
(ioldman. Max 
Goldman, William 
Goldstein, Morris 
Goldstein. Hoherl 
GoUmer, David 
Gooiian, Michai'l J. 
GofMJridp'. Philip H. 
(iordon, Louis 
(iordon. Nathan 
Gordon, Hoherl I'. 
Gorman, Kdward < '.. 
Gosner, Geortre H. 
(Joward, lCd«aril H. (i, 
Gowen, Kdwin A. 
(irady, Jr., Michael J. 
Grair. .John Charles 
Ciraham. John H. 
(irauhert. Isadon- 1 1. 
Graves. W arren \ . 
Gray, Cnloh 
Gray, John II. 
fireeley, Kdward 
Greeley, Haymond K. 
(ireen, CKman ('., 
(ireen, Herbert 
GreenlxTK. R. 
(ireenway. Frank W . 
(ireenwood, Harry L. 
(Jreenwocxl, John 
Gregory, John H. 
Grejber, John H. 
Grillin. Joseph F. 
Grilliii, William \. 
(irifiull. Otto F. 
(irimm, W ilhur K. 
Grinnan, Thomas P. 
GrochowskI, Boleslaw 
(irosholy, .\lfred (;. 
Gross, Alfred 



Gross, R. 
(iross, Russell C. 
Grosz. Jacob C. 
(irout. Leo M. 
firove. Leroy R. 
(iruber. Oscar H. 
( iiiida, Pas(|iiale 
(iuiliana, Antonio 
Guinana, Philip \. 
Guise. CJeorge J. 
(niUioyle. William F. 
Gunsallus. Frank J. 
( iustave. Stanley 

Haas. La\vren<i- F. 
llackett. Earl T. 
Ilackett. John 
llagi'U. Harold 
Hager. Harry S. 
Hagerty, John T. 
Haggerty, Russell W. 
Ilahn. Harry 
Ilaidner, INicholas A. 
Haines. Joseph 
llalbig. John 
1 lale, Leander 
1 lales. Joseph 
Haley. James J. 
Ham, Timothy 
1 lanna. F^ugene.ss 
Hanrahan. Ste|)lien J. 
HanschumaeJier, A. 
Harnier, Alfred D. 
Harms. John P. 
I larpiT. Frank V. 
I larr. Jr.. Timothy 
I larrington. Alex. S. 
Harrington, Geo. ,\. 
Harris, (ileorge L. 
Harrison, Krnest J. 
Harrison. William .1. 
Hart. Lee J. 
Hartnian. W illiaiii It. 
Ila.s.sen. Daniil 1.. 
Hasson. William J. 
Haslie, William \l. 
I [atlal. Clarence 
Ilause, Joseph W. 
Ilau-sser, Ernest T. 
Havenstine, Edw. C. 
I lawthorne, I'2nilen 
ll.alis, Charles \. 
Heathcote, Joseph \. 
Ileckroth, Vernon M. 
HefTron, Joseph 
Heicklen, .Morris 
I leinrich, Leonard 



Heller, Nicholas 
Heller, Samuel W . 
Hellings. Charles H. 
Helms. C. 

Henderson, Harry W . 
Hemlricks, .Ufred ^ . 
Hendricks, John 
Heokele, Paul 
Henklo, Albert W . 
Henne.ssey, William J. 
Henry, Albert 
Henry, Howard H. 
Henry, James J. 
Henz. Harry R. 
Heppard. .\rthur J. 
Hepworth. James T 
Ih'rbert. James K. 
Ilerbsleb, (ieorge R. 
Ilerkert, Robert A. 
Herman, John G. 
Hermann, Fred. W. 
Hermann. Paul M. 
Herrman, John G. 
Herron, Nelson .M. 
Herter, Harry 
Hess, Walter 
Hester, Julian S. 
Hetherington, Seth C.. 
Ilewson, Robert J. 
Hey, William S. 
Heyser, William E. 
Ilickey, Robert D. 
Hieke, Harry \. 
Iliggins. John J. 
Higgiiis, Jr.. M. J. 
Hill. Frank K. 
Hill. William O. 
Hilbiian, John 
llinchman, Charles S. 
1 linger, Charles E. 
lliiik. John ( ;. 
llinton. LiToy \i. 
Hirst, Thomas (i. 
Ilitlner, Ivlward 
Hoikenbury. ( ieo. W . 
Hoelt/el, Wilbur R. 
lloesle, H.W.J. D. 
Hogan, James H. 
Hogarth, F. Wilbur 
Holladay, Harry 
Hollaml, Harry W. 
Hollowell. ,h.hn J. 
Home's, Felix 
Hone, Frank K. 
Hoopes, George D. 
Iloopes. .loseph E. 
Hooten, John J. 



Ilixiver, Howard R. 
Iloran. Thomas J. 
Horn, Thomas 
Horsey. Earl 
Horst, (ieorge 
Houck. William H. 
Ilouseknecht, Chas. B. 
Houston. Charles J. 
Houston, Henry H. 
I lowley, James J. 
I lubacher, Paul 
Hudson, Harry N. 
Hughes, James F. 
Hughes. Joseph .\. 
Hughes, Norman D. 
Muling. Jr., Sanuiel H. 
Hunter, (ieorge (i. 
Husik. Benjamin 
Hutchinson, Robert E. 

laanelli. Vincent 
Imliof, (ieorge II. 
IngersoU, Harry 
Inverso. .\ngelo 
Ireland. Harry 
lr\ine, Robert P. 
Irwin. Leonard C. 
Irwine. W illiam J. 
Isett, Itoberl T. 

Jablouowski, Z. 
Jacebucca, Nicola 
Jaekalitz, J. 
Jackson, W. A. 
Jacobs, R. G. 
Jacoby, H.J. 
Jaeger, F. J. 
Jamerisan, F^dw. E. 
Jannacone, N. 
Jarnett, Fred S. 
Jeffrie, Thomas E. 
Jelfries, Charles 
Jenkins, R. 
Jenks, J. .\. 
Johnson, .\dmiral 
Johnson, F. 
Johnson, 1"". A. 
Johnson. Hiram D. 
Johnson, John H. 
Johnson, L. F. 
Joimson, R. 
Johnston. James \. 
Jokrus, Stiney 
Jones, A. H. 
Jones, D. J. 
Jones, E. J. 
Jones, Frank 



2.'.2 



Jones, Fredoritk 
Jones, G. 
Jones, Harry L. 
Jones, S. A. 
Jones, Samuel J. 
Joyce, Michael J. 
Junior, M. 
Juakiii. William (!. 
Junod. William 
Jusinski, A. 

Kacbuk, IMiko 
Kahl, Christian 
Kaiser, William J. 
Kalb, Lenmel 
Kamerer, George C. 
Kane, H. S. 
Kane. James P. 
Kane, Thomas J. 
Kaperrati, Anthony 
Karpativa, Louis 
Kaulkcr, George S. 
Kavis, W. 
Kazinetz, Jacob 
Kealey, James F. 
Kearney, Edward J. 
Keating, Charles 
Keckhut, Henry J. 
Keefe, Harry T. 
Keenan, John 
Keenan, Joseph ,1. 
Keer, Einar J. 
Kehoe, William J. 
Kelejian, Charles L. 
Kellar, Jolm 
Keller, H. V. 
Keller, Wilham A. 
Kelley, George L. 
Kelley, John G. 
Kellman, Samuel 
Kelly, Charles J. 
Kelly, Christopher 
Kelly, Edward J. 
Kelly, Frank J. 
Kelly, James A. 
Kelly, James P. 
Kelly, John P. 
Kelly, Martin J. 
Kelly, Michael J. 
Kelly, Thomas W . 
Kelly, William 
Kennedy, George E. 
Kennedy, John A. 
Kennedy, Joseph D. 
Kenny, Michael 
Kenworthy, Charles 
Kenworthy, E. M. 



Kerr, Peter 
Ketterer, W. (i. 
Kidwell, S. 
Kilda, James A. 
Kimble, MiUard F. 
Kincade, Harry H. 
Kine, Benjamin 
King, Aloysius 
King, Perry K. 
King, Robert 
Kinis, Edgar II. 
Kinzler, Ernest J. 
Kirschman, Charles S. 
Kister, Frank 
Klebe, John B. 
Klotz, Frank L. 
KJuth, Wilham C. 
Knapp, Charles A. 
Knapp, David A. 
Knight, Frederick H. 
Knoir, Edward J. 
Knowalski, Adam W . 
Knowles, Austin L. 
Knox, Harrison 
Koch, George 
Koch, George D. 
Koch, Harrison W . 
KoelJer, Louis H. 
Kohler, Charles 
Kolp, George B. 
Kolzen, William \\ . 
Koons, Dallas \\ . 
Kowalski, Joseph 
Kozaski, Bolstow 
Krantnian, Nathan 
Krause, A. 
Krause, Joseph 
Krauss, Edward 
Kremens, D. 
Kreps, Herbert L. 
Kriderman, Morris 
Krimbach, Herbert 
Krombach, Herbert H. 
K rouse, Louis 
Kubat, Joe 
Kuctnsky, John 
Kuhl, Raymond F. 

La Fontaine, E. J. 
Latl'erty, Daniel F. 
Laird, Clinton W. 
Laird, G. \\\ 
Laml), J. J. 
Lambs, W. E. 
Lamonica, Alphonso 
Lanard, S. A. 
Landenberger, T. T. 



Landman, Jr., L. E. 
Landolt, C.harles 
Langan, J. P. 
Langsdorf, L. 
Lapczyk, C. 
Larsen, B. E. 
Latney, Howard D. 
Latney, R. 
Laub, E. G. 
Law, James W . 
jjawler, William J. 
Laws, Joseph E. 
Laws, L. W. 
Lay, H. T. 
Layden, A. W. 
Leach, William J. 
Leahan, William 
Leek, L. 
Lee, G. W. 
Lee, James W. 
Lee. Richard 
Lee, Richard A. 
Lee, William J. 
Leedom, H. S. 
Leible, Jules 
Leidy, Harry 
Leifer, Jacob 
Leighton, John L. 
Leithold, I'^rederick 
Lenarty, Louis M. 
Lentine. VVilliaiii 
Leon, Harry 
Leonard, Josejih 
Leonard, M. 
Leskie, Charles \i. 
Lessig, W. T. 
Levan, H. 
Lever, H. 

Lever, Marshall B. 
Lewis, F. 
Lewis, Joseph 
Lewis, W. T. 
Lichetti, Jr., A. B. 
Lieberman, M. 
Limabacher, W ni. G 
Lipschutz, L. J. 
Lipscomb, D. W. 
Lister, Brooks 
Litschert, .John II. 
Lloyd. II. II. 
Lloyd, J. 
Lloyd, William J. 
Lobaccaro. L. 
I^xkhart, (i. H. 
Lockhart. J. S. 
Lohmiller, J. 
Lohmuller, L. 



Long, C. H. 
Loughram. P. 
Lowry. J. B. 
Lucas, Charles 
Lucera, B. 
Luchenburg. K. L. 
Lumer, William .1. 
Lunn, W . 
Lutz. Albert P. 
Lynam, Horace 
Lyons, G. L. 
Lyons, J. M . 
Lyshon, W. J. 
Lytton, H. S. 

McAleer, Albert ,\. 
McAnemy, Joseph P. 
McArthur, John S. 
McAuley, Bobert J. 
McBride, John 
McCabe, Joseph D. 
McCabe, Leo Thomas 
McCabe, Michael 
M('Cali'ery, Francis J . 
McCaffrey, W. E. 
McCain, Harry 
McCaU, Howard C. 
McCann, Henry J. 
McCann, John P. 
McCann, Thomas J. 
McCaughan, F. M. 
McCaughney, B. K. 
Mi'Cauley, Edw. A. 
McCau.sland, Harry E. 
McClain, Harry 
McClean, Alexander 
McClellan. John 
McClurg. Joseph I". 
McColgan, Maurice 
McColgan, Wm. M. 
McColhim, Bobert 
McConaghy, Thomas 
MeConnell, ( irahani 
McConnell, Thos. A. 
McCord, Vernon 
McCormick, Chas. A. 
McCormick, Jos. F. 
McCrory, Sanuiel 
McCullough, Albert J. 
McCullough, Bobert 
McCunney, Mark 
McCusker, George J. 
McCutcheon, James 
McDaid, Thomas E. 
McDevitt, Bernard W. 
McDevitt, Daniel 
McDonald, Hugh D. 



253 



McDonald. James B. 
McDonald, Ronald 
McDonald, Wni. J. 
McFetrick, Jaine.s B. 
McGearty. Waltor M. 
Mc(jep, .\rtliur .1. 
McGinn. .loscpli 
McCiinnis. I^ouis H. 
McCinty. Charles 
M<(!l<>ne. James 
Al(( ioni^'lc. James B. 
McCiolhaii. Wni. B. 
McGralii. Joseph \. 
McGreal. Joseph II. 
Mc(!uipin. Kiigene I. 
AIc(!iiire. ,Iosei)h J. 
McHufil). Joseph 
Mcllvaine, James 
Mclnlyre. Michael J. 
McKee, Joseph L. 
McKenna, Edward P. 
McKenna, Francis 
McKeon, Thos. Jos. 
McKernon, Chas. H. 
Mcl.aufihlin, John 
McLean, (ieorpe 
McMackin. Jolm J. 
McMahon, John 1'. 
McMenamin. P. J. 
McNamara, J. J. 
McNearney. John 
McNellis. John J. 
McPeak, Frank J. 
.McPolin. Jolm J. 
McSharry, Francis P. 
McTiiillan. Edward 
McVey. Joseph A. 
MacXriliiir. John S. 
.Machelle. Kirk \\ . 
Macken, Charle.s 
Madden, Frank A. 
Madenford, Walter 
Mafjarahan, James 
Mapee, John J. 
MaKiiire, Francis A. 
Maher. ICdward F. 
Mahler. Leslie James 
Maleahoka. Samuel 
Maleczerski, Ix)iiis 
Malloy, John L. 
Malloy, Thomas B. 
Malone, Charles F. 
Malone, Edward J. 
Malone. Boy W. 
MaUmey, Baymond 
Mancine, LawTence 
Mancnsi. Frank 



Manger, Henry B. 
Marano. Frank 
Marauer. Charles 
Alarchesano, Carl 
Martin, Edward T. 
Martin. John P. 
Martin. Bobert J. 
Martin. \ incent 
Martin. William 



Monahan. Edward 
Mondelli, James 
Mondress. Harry 
Monroe, Shadrick 
Moonan. James F. 
Mooney. Jolm P. 
Mooney. I'eter E. 
Mooney, \Mlham 
Moore. Clarence P. 



Manichella. l'"iTdinando Moore. Peter 



Massey. Thomas 
Mastropiese, Palo 
Matthews, Arthur W . 
Mayer, Andrew \\ . 
Maylie, Jacob L. 
.Mazkewi/. I^ouis 
Meaney. Harry 
Meell, Ceo. WinlicM 
Meisle. John 
Meli(k. Phillip (i. 
Mellon. James M. 
Mellory. Hazzare 
Alelvin. Frank J. 
.Mengel. Harry 
Menlz, Morris B. 
Mercer. Wilbert 
Mericke. Slcjihen 
Merkle, William J. 
Merrian. Frank 
Merz, Harold B. 
Mesteyky, Joscl 
Meyers. Harvey F, 
Meyers, \Mlliam 
Michalski, Stephen 
Mi<hell, Henry F. 
Mickaylik, Metrofan 
Midili, Anpelo 
Mikilkiewich, Joseph 
Milallo. Joseph A. 
Milgram. Nathan 
Miller. Charles 
Miller, Charles S. 
Miller. Charles W . 
Miller. David 
Miller, Frederick K. 
Miller. Frederick J. 
Miller. Herbert 
Mingle, Boy C. 
.Mirarchi, Frank 
Miszeikis, V. 
Mlodorzenec, Joseph 
.Mock, Frank 
Moebius, ,\lvin IL 
Moeckel, John E. 
MolVa, Ixjuis 
Mogernian, Abraham 



Moore, Bussell II. 
McHire, Salmage II. 
Moore, Samuel 
Moore. Thomas 
Moore. W illiam J. 
Morage. Joseph L. 
Morgan. Ernest ['. 
Morgan. Waller P. 
Mciriarty. ,Iohn Henry 
Morman. Milton J. 
Morris, Franz 
Morris, Howard L. 
Morris, John F. 
.Morris, John T. 
Morris, Baymond T. 
Morris, Bobert It. 
Mose, Oscar C. 
Mosier, Everett B. 
Moss, G. 

Mount, Bichard K. 
Moy, Hugh 
Mulch, Joseph Daniel 
Mullerscliiven, A, .M. 
Mullhizer, James .\. 
Mulrinc, \V. J. 
Mulrine, W ni. Joseph 
Munnscvitz. Harry 
Murphy, Charles 
-Murphv. James E. 
Murphy. John Henry 
Murphy, John B. 
Murphy, Joseph F. 
.Murphy, Joseph M. 
Murphy, Michael 
Murphy, Thomas 
Murphy, Thomas 
.Murray, James 
Murray, John A. 
Murray, John X\'. 
Murray, Thomas 
Murtagh, .Michael 
Muriha, George B. 
Muslo, \ngelo 
Myers, Harry 
Myers, John 
Myers, John 



Monaghan, Charles P. Myers, John E. 

254 



Myers, William D. 

Naegle. Bichard C. 
Nagel. Harry T. 
.\aimo, Phillip 
\atale, Michael 
\au. Piers J. 
\eal. Thaddeus P. 
Neinian, W illiam 
Nelis, Edward 
Nelson. Harvey C. 
Netherington, W in. 
Neumann, Jr,, W illiam 
Neurath, Ernest C 
Newell. Harry G. 
Newman. lOdward 
Newman, Nelson 
Newman. W illiam F. 
Newns. James D. 
Nice. Eugene 
Nichol, Clark B. 
NichoUs, (Jeorge .M. 
Nickerman, George E. 
Nickles, W. 
Nickman, Sylvan 
Noel, William L. 
Nolan, William I'. 
Noiinan, Thomas P. 
Noran, E. C. 
Norris, David J. 
Norton, W illiam H. 
Norton, William J. 
Novak, Ike 
Nowak, Edwin A, 
NulTer, Ernest G, 
Nusbickel, John 

O'Brien, William A. 
Ochinto, Joseph 
ODormcll, Daniel J. 
OTJonnell, James F. 
ODonnell, Peter 
Oerlemans, Ixjuis 
( )gden, Elmer 
Ogilvie, William .\. 
O'Hara, Oli\er 
O'Hearn, William 
()'I.,eary, Charles X. 
O'Leary, W illiiim .1. 
Olive, Antonio 
Ollivicr, Alfred 
O'Neill. IJIward 
O'Neill. Francis E. 
O'Neill. James 
O'Neill, Thomas 
O'Riordon, Jas. Francis 
Orlicka, Paid 



Orr, Jr., William C. 
Osmond, Raymond T. 
Ott, George H. 
Otto, Herbert J. 
Otto, John H. 

Pahl, Carl O. 
Pahler, Walter 
Pahls, Harold W. 
Painter, Harold W. 
Pancoast, Clarence S. 
Pangbiir. Irwin 
Pantley, Wni. Collins 
Pardini, Quinto 
Parker, Howard E. 
Paroonagian, I. T. 
Pasant, Joseph 
Patterson, Elmer E. 
Patterson, Francis 
Patterson, John E. 
Patterson, Phillip 
Paul, Archibald S. 
Paul, Ellwood G. 
Payne, Samuel J. 
Paynter, William 1\I. 
Pearl, Harold 
Peel, William C. 
Pegg, William J. 
Pegram, Frederick 
Peiffer, Percival H. 
Pepper, Benjamin F. 
Perine, Nelson W. 
Perkins, William J. 
Persichetti, Leonard 
PesUn, William 
Pessin, Kolinan 
Peters, Frederick 
Peterson, Ralph E. 
Pfeifer, Francis J. 
Pflieger, A. F. 
Pfronmier, \\ ni. B. 
Phillips, Robert J. 
Pickering, Clifford 
Pickett, Norman O. 
Picone, James 
Picot, Herman M. 
Pilling. Thomas J. 
Pleate, John A. 
Plews, William 
Plosky, Harry 
Plunkett, Benjamin 
Polenski, Mike 
Polinski, Harry 
Polito, Joseph 
Pollock. Robert H. 
Popplewell. John D. 
Porco, Dominico 



Portens, Francis I. 
Porter, Edward M. 
Potter, William A. 
Potts, John 
Prandie, Frank E. 
Prediger, Henry G. 
Price, Aaron O. 
Prince, Harry W. 
Pritchard. H. E. P. 
Proctor, George \\ . 
Promondoni, G. 
Proszez, John 
Przestselski, Wolph 
Ptaskiewicz, S. 
Padlock, Joseph 
Pugh, Jr., John 
Purcell, William A. 
Putz, Frederick 

Quinn. Jr., James J. 
(Jiiinn, John H. R. 
Quinn, W illiam F. 
Quintard, Alfred L. 

Rados, Castos 
Raebiger, Adolph 
Raffo, Joseph 
Ralihill, William J. 
Raistrick, Wilham A. 
Ranson, William V. 
Rasmussen, H. P. 
Ratajack, Ignacy 
Rath, George B. 
Raylould, Daniel ^^ . 
Read, John J. 
Reale, Angelo 
Reape, WiUiam J. 
Redding, James 
Redman. Charles H. 
Reclner, Howard B. 
Reese, Edward Henry 
Reif, Harry Phillip 
Reilly, Joseph John 
Reinhart, Frank W. 
Reis, Byron C. 
Reitz, Joseph 
Reivich, Herman M. 
Rende, Gennaro 
Revell, Edward J. 
Re\eney, John W . 
Reynolds, Stephen W. 
Reynolds, Stevens 
Rex, Albert C. 
Richard, George F. 
Richards, Thomas M. 
Richardson, Stephen 
Richter, Frank C. 



Riley, John 
Risso, Tbcophilio 
Ritchie, Robert 
Rizzo, Charles 
Roach, Walter 
Robbins, Gordon E. 
Roberts, John E. 
Roberts, Leon 
Robertson, Claude R. 
Hdbiiison. Hoberl. 
Hdhiiison, \\ alter 
Roche, Edward 
Roche, Jr., Wm. F. 
Rochelman, Alphons<' 
Rock, William C. 
Roetz, Stephen 
Rogers, Bernarrl F. 
Rogers, Harry Tuttle 
Roivelto, Secore 
Ronser, Charles O. 
Rooney, William A. 
Rorke, Richard J. 
Rosenfeld, James 
Ross, James S. 
Ross, John N. 
Rote, Charles 
Rothman, Charles H. 
Rothman, G. G. 
Ruchola, \\'alter 
Ruff, Frank A. 
Russell, Leo R. 
Ryan, Harold A. 
Ryan, Stephen F. 
Ryder, Thomas A. 

Saalfrank, F. W. 
Sabari, R. 
Sabulis, A. 
Sack, Kabe 
.Sadler, Albert H. 
.Sailer, John 
Salatsky, M. 
Salesky, M. 
Sallese, G. 
Saltman, Abraham 
Salvador, W. H. 
Salzee, \N illiam W, 
Sampson, George 
Samules, David 
Sandora, J. 
Sandrow, Harry 
Sandy, l\L W. 
Sargen, M. 
Sargosky, Harry M. 
.■^arnkowski. J. 
Sattler, Walter L. 
Saiiberblatt, D. 



Sauer, Spencer H. 
Sault, David 
Saunrlers, F. D. 
Savage, Arthur W. 
Saylor, Herman P. 
Say re, Frank D. 
Scanlon, John A. 
Schaaf, Otto F. 
Schanbaur, August C. 
Schase, Jesse E. 
Schaub, Charles E. 
Scher, Joseph A. 
Schiavi, Pasquale 
Schiavone, Charles ,\. 
Schick, Charles A. 
Schiking, Albert 
Schindler, William C. 
Schlossberg, David 
Schlossberg, Max 
Schmidt, Alfred J. 
Schmidt, Wilham H. 
Schmitt, Harry R. 
Schneid, Frank 
Schneider, P. A. 
SchneU, C. H, 
Schommer, Frank T. 
.Schontz, Fred S. 
Schoonover, Edward J. 
SchuUy, J. T. 
Schumaker, George R. 
Schun, Joseph A. 
Schwartz, Benjamin 
Schwartz, E. D. 
Schwartz, S. 
Schwartzman, Harry 
Schweiker, Wm. H. 
Sciloi, M. 
Scott, C. R. 
Scott, Joseph T. 
Seeger, C. 
Segal, Jacob 
Segal, Samuel 
Segall, Arthur R. 
SeiberUch, L. W. 
Seifert, Frank E. 
.Seltzer, Joseph 
Servinski, Stanislaw 
Shagren, Andrew C, 
Shamoft", Alexander 
Shanton, Donald T. 
Sharkey, Frank 
.Shawn, Samuel C. 
Sherman, Max 
Shepherdson, Geo. P. 
Shep|)man. John R. 
Sherlock, WiUiam D. 
Shetzlme, W. T. 



255 



Shiver, Charles H. 
Shulmaii, S. 
Shute, Nathan 
Sibel, W. 
Sibel, William 
Sievcrs, William A. 
Simcoe, Johii J. 
Sinicox, Howanl L. 
Simmons. C. II. 
Simon, D. 
Simon, H. <!. 
Simpson, Charles M. 
Simpson, Georpp L. 
Simpson. John (). 
Simpson, Paul II. 
Siner, F. C. 
Siner, G. Wesley 
Singer, Henry F. 
Sinlowitz. Morris 
Skinker, Alexander li. 
Skivniont, .\. 
Slander, FelL\ 
Slane, Francis Joseph 
Sla Idler. C. S. 
Slater, 11. 

Sloan, Benjamin II. 
.Sloan, David \. 
Slook, G. IT. 
Shipnian, Max 
Snialley, Alfred P. 
Smalley, Jr.. A. P. 
Smith, .Mberl 
Smith, B. V. 
Smith, Charles C. 
Smith, Charles W . 
Smith, K. 
Smith, E. A. 
Smith, E. F. 
Smith, Frank 
Smith, Frank 
Smith, H. P. 
Smith, James 
Smith, James M. 
Smith, P. J. 
Smith, W . 
Smith, W . i:. 
Smith, W. M. 
Snyder, \\ ni. .Miller 
Solly, Hobert W . 
Solomon, Samuel 
Sonima, B. 
Sender, E. B. 
Spare, E. D. 
Speck, (ierald 
Sperling, H. 
Spielberg, H. 
Spirite, Peter 



Spiro, J. 
Spitzer, H. II. 
StaU, J. W. 
Stange, Leonard J. 
Stanley, W. II. 
Starkey, W. Harold 
Stasuk. S. 
Stead, E. Z. 
Sleever. S. K. 
Stein, Jacob 
Stein. IxHiis 
Sleinmetz. II. M. 
Stellar. Vincent 
Stengel. Daniel S. 
Stern. Milton 
Stevens, Joseph 
Stevenscm, I^lnier II. 
Stewart, Clark 
Stewart, J. T. 
Slinson, J. T. 
Stoe, A. J. 
Stone, John 
Stork, James L. 
Strat.son. John 
Straugh. Fred B. 
Street. .Vbram 
.Sturma, Jr., \\ illiam 
Sukalsky. Samuel 
Suplee, Charles 
Suplee. I'^lward F. 
Suplee, Howard B. 
Sus,son, Samui'l 
Sutton, Marshall II. 
Swank, Tebli'V T. 
Swartley, Holland W . 
Swiaski, Alexander 
Swobod. W illiam J. 
SwollwHla, W . J. 
Sykes. (Jomer 

radIo(k. Ua\ II. 

lamlMirella, Michael 

Tarbett, John M. 

Taylor, .\mos It. 
Taylor, (jieorge M. 
Taylor, Lewis .\. 
T'aylor, Bichard S. 
Taylor, Samuel J. 
Taylor, \\ illiam E. 
Tenanova, Sanniel 
Teter, Horace E. 
Thai, Morris 
T'homas. Bernard 
Thomas. Harrv II. 
Thompson. Allx'rt I.. 
TTiompson, William 
Thompson, \Mlliam C. 



Tiedeken, Theodore F. 
Tiefentaylor. Jas. J. 
Tighe, James T. 
Tindley, John 
Tinline. James II. 
Tiriro. T. 
Tisol. Bene 
Toraniano, Donilnii' 
T'orco. John 
Townsend. Da\ id (I. 
Tracy. Leroy .S. 
TVallicano, Benjamin 
Trautman, Gustave J. 
Travers. William 11. 
Trebino, Frank M. 
Trenprove. Bayniond 
Triplett, \ornian 
Trojan. Peter 
TVotta, Samuel J. 
Trotter, Thomas J. 
Tru.ss. Jules J. 
Tuck, Ernest 
Tumas. .\nthony F. 
Turkan. .\lbert A. 
Turner, (ieorge A. 
Turner, \\ . J. 

IJleary. Edward II. 
llricli. John \. 
T pdike. John 
I pton. W illiam 
I rnanis. Francis 

^ ail. Xeal 
\ andergrift, Jes.se 
Vandiver, TTiomas Del 
Van Dusen, Iv. Thorpe 
Vamlyke, Edward J. 
Van Luxanee. Jos. .\. 
%«eIlo. Joseph 
Ventura. Michael C. 
\ enziele, John 
Vere, Frank J. 
Veton, Jacob 
Vetrona, Michaelo 
Viscusi, tlirolama 
Voipe, .Mexander 

\\ agner, Alfred 
W agner, John 
Walker, Harry 
Walker, Jacob C. 
Wallace, Samuel 
W alls, J. 
W alsh, J. 
Walsh, John F. 
Walthour, Ta>lor K. 



Wallman. Morinan 
\\ ankmiller, Frank 
Wanner, .\Jfred II. 
Waples, J. Douglass 
Ward, .\nfln'w J. 
Warren. ;\rthur J. 
\\ arriek, Linwood 
W arriek. Thomas 
Warriner. Herbert 
\\ arusliok, John 
Wasser, Charles B. 
Waterhouse. ('.has. M. 
Waters, George James 
Wat.son, ('harles E. 
Watson, James C. 
Watson, ,Tohn S. 
Watson, Joseph J. 
Watt, Graham B. 
W eber, Alfn>d 
W eber, George J. 
Weber, Joseph 11. 
Weber, Stillwell K. 
Webster, Thomas S. 
Weer, Milton B. 
Weight. Charles E. 
Weisbrod, Harry 
Weiss, Bichard (;. 
Weiss. Bichard J. 
Wells. An.lrew J. 
W ells, W all.r 
Welsh, Jr., John 11. 
Wel.sh, John Williams 
Wentz, Lenuiel K. 
Wernikove, lx>uis 
West, Dennis 
West, (iordon 15. 
Welherstine, Harry II. 
Weyersburg, Walter 
Whaley, Bobert \. 
W heatley, Bichard 
W liite, .Vlbert B. 
W hite, James 
W hite, John 
W hite. W illiam T'. 
W hilehursl. \\ illiarii 
Whiteside, ( ius 
W hitson. (ieorge I". 
Whorowski, Zigmonl 
Wiegand, Walter J. 
Wilkinson, Edward 
Wilkinson, John B. 
Wilkinson, Josejjh M. 
Willowilch. Frank 
Wilson, .\rllii]i 
Wilson, Arthur li. 
W ilson, David 
Wilson, John P. C, 



256 



Wilson, Louis M. 
Wilson, William C. 
Wine, William E. 
Winnals, Walter E. 
Winston, Erskin 
Witsil, Earle 
Wolf, George R. 
Wolf, Horace J. 



Wolfe, Frederick P. 
Wolperl, John .1. 
Wood, T. E. 
Wood, William 
Work, Jr., John W. 
Wortliington, Frank E. 
Wright, Reuben O. 
\\ right, William M. 



\^ rigle>, Charles E. 
\\ yborski, Charles C. 
Wyoitka, Antonio 

Yannuzzi, Guiseppe 
Yarak, John 
Yearsley, Edward F. 
Yekle, Joseph O. 



Young, Adolph L. 

Zack, Peter 
Zakaroska, Paul P. 
Zaun, Jacob 
Zeissing, Dan 
Ziegler, Conrad W. 
Zuendel, William II. 




Memorial Wreaths, '^Sth Division Parade. 



257 




REPORT 0\ WAR ACTIVITIES FOURTH NAVAL DISTRICT 
April 6, 1917 to February 1, 1919 

George F. Cooper. Captain, V. S. N. 

James A. Campbell, Jr., Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N. (Ret.) 

Frank J. Gorman, Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. 

^^^^ MBUED with the spirit of patriotism which inspired the 
founders of the nation assembled nearly a century and 
a half ago in this city, the history of the Fourth iVaval 
District reads true to the high ideals of Americanism 
eiiuiuiated when this nation was born and upholds to 
the fullest the best traditions of the naval service. 

From a civilian population, peace-loving by Quaker 
teachings, there was created a conmiissioned and enlisted 
personnel .second to none, representatives of which found 
their way by the ever-changing needs of the service 
into every branch of its activities, afloat and ashore, at home and abroad. There 
were given to the Navy without stint man power, money and possessions, that the 
war nu'ght be prosecuted to a successful conclusion. Even industrial activity 
which had its inception and its existence in peaceful pursuits was converted to 
war-time needs and the Navy was the recipient of this bounty and cooperation. 

On the Atlantic Coast, from liarnegat on the north to Assateague on the 
south and backward into the great industrial, mining and maiuifacturing cities, 
and from the largest to the smallest centers of population, the people stood staunchly 
behind the Navy; no call was unanswered. 

Men in every walk of life dropped their normal pursuits and the (lower of 
young manhood forsook institutions of education to don the Navy blue. And 
wherever assigned and to whatever duty, they acquit l(>d themselves honorably, 
ably and wilhout liinching. 

Tlie inl('iisi\c activities of the Fourth Naval District may be properly said 
to have had their origin in the promulgation to the naval service of the President's 
Neutrality I'roclamations of August 1 and .^, 1911. These were contained in the 
Na\'y Department's (ieneral Order No. 113 of August 7th, of the same year. 

The necessity for subdivision of control of naval activities naturally prompted 
tile system of district organization. In making the territorial liiiiilalions of naval 
flistricts, the established navy yards were consitlered in coujuuctiou with the 
natural water-ways, the ports that were to be defended, and that were to be utilized 
for offensive military jiurposes. 

The careful study and investigation made of th(! subji'cl were embodied in 
concrete form in the regulations for the government of the naval districts of the 
United States, which were made elfective by the pronuilgalion to the naval ser- 
vice of the Department's General Order .No. 36 on August 20, 1909. As far as it 
was possible, each district contained one port of recognized importance, and one 
established navy yard. 



2.i« 



The Fourth District embraced the coast-liiie from Barnegat Light, N. J., 
south to Chincoteague Inlet in Virginia, and the Delaware Bay and Biver. At the 
junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and at the soutliernmost extremity 
of the city of Philadelphia was located the important Philadelphia Navy Yard, 
protected from attack, as was the city itself, by land forts on l)oth banks of the 
Delaware, manned by the Coast Artillery Corps of the United .States Army. 

The Fourth Naval District's northern boundary extended in a general north- 
westerly direction from Barnegat to Tr(Miton. where it intersected the boimdary 
line of Pennsylvania, which line bivame the boundary of the district, so tiiat the 
entire State was included with the exception of a small section bordering on Lake 
Erie. 

The district was made to include also the entire State of Delaware and a 
rectangular portion of Maryland bounded on the north l)y tlie southern boundary 
of Delaware, on the east by the coast-line, and on the southwest by a line drawn 
from the southwestern corner of the State of Delaware southeastward to Assa- 
teague. These boundaries remained fixed, with slight changes, until the (>nd of 
the war. 

Before there was even an intimation of the great European conllict. and many 
years before there was any thought that the ITnited States would be engaged in it, 
preliminary infoTination and tentative jilans wcic foimulated by the Navy Depart- 
ment for the utilization of prop(Mties ashore and equipment afloat as auxiliaries to 
the regular naval establishment. 

The several commandants of the Fourth Naval District, prior to the war, 
had in their possessitin descriptions of coast-guard stations and of lighthouses. 




riioto by Rerilogle. 



Delaware River Front. 
259 




/Vary )'ard. l(X)kirui ca.il. Oc'.obcr. 1917. 



with coinnK'nts as to tlicir availal)ilit\ in liiiu' of war as iia\al paliol hascs and 
as visual signal and reportinfj stations. 

Data woi(> collected and corrected from time to time as to the vessels habitually 
I'ound in the district with a view to their conversion and employment in harl)or 
cntiance and olT shore patrol duties, in mine-sweepinj; and in other necessary 
naval purposes. Plans for arming these auxiliaries, for strengthening their decks 
for gun mounts, for fitting magazines and necessary other incidental changes in 
their construction and ecpiipment were perfected and standardized. 

Later on, when logical preparedness dictated more advanced steps in this 
dii-ection. owners of power-boats constructed craft along the standard lines as 
indicated by the Navy Department. In fact, the ultimate utilization of pleasure 
boats in the event of war had a marked effect upon the designs of large sized power- 
boats constructed within recent years. 

Inland water routes were investigated and charted and their availability in 
war times reported upon. The resources of local ship repair yards, and particularly 
those equip])ed with docking lacilities, ship chandleries, wrecking companies and 
the locations of wharves and docks, with depths of approaches thereto, were care- 
fully catalogued for ready reference in war time. 

I ndefended harbors and possible landing places were surveyed with a %iew 

260 



to tlieir defense by mines and nuthilc lurces. Anchorages suitable for tlie use of 
district patrol vessels of deeper draft were gon(! over, while minor inlets and refuges 
for small craft that might serve an enemy purpose were not neglected. Most 
careful consideration was given to the telephone and telegraph facilities within the 
naval district, and what changes would be necessary to adapt these systems to 
strategic naval use with particular reference to the extensions necessary to cover 
outlying points adequately. 

The collection of information as to privately owned and amateur operated 
radio stations proved to be a considerable task, as it was not realized until this in- 
vestigation was concluded liow widespread the amateur interest had become in radio 
telegraphy. It was found that hundreds of these stations with small antenna; were 
scattered through the district, not any of them of a considerable range, but all of 
them a detriment to the smooth and perfect operation of war-controUed radio, and 
capable of being of service to the enemy if operated by alien enemies. 

Statistics as to pilots, tug captains and local mariners, information as to 
hospitals, both mimicipal and private, and their availability for treatment of 
navy personnel, all found a place in the comprehensive pre-war data. 

Last, but most important, as the plans of the district took shape, there were ap- 
proved tentative complements of personnel and plans for its distribution through- 
out the Fourth Naval District in connection with possible war-time requirements. 

So that there might be a minimum of duplicated defensive elTort, the Com- 
manding (Jfhcer of the Artillery District of the Delaware, comprising the fortifica- 
tions at Fort DuPont, Delaware; Fort Mott, New Jersey; and Fort Delaware, 
Delaware, furnished the Commandant of the Fourth Naval District with charts, 
plans, and data indicating the arcs of gun fire, the areas covered by seai'chlights, 
and other necessary information concerning the defensive and offensive characteris- 
tics of the posts under his command. 

The presence in the port of Philadelphia of the interned German ships Prinz 
Oskar and Rhaelia, and of the Austrian steamship Franconia, and the operations 
of the commercial radio stations at Cape May and on the Wanamaker Building, 
and of the transatlantic station at Tuckerton, N. J., imposed upon the Navy 
the necessity of carrying out the instructions contained in the orders of the Secre- 
tary dated January 1, 1915, and as subsequently modified April 21, 1915 and 
March 3, 1916. 

These instructions prohibited the transmission of any information by radio 
that might be considered as unneutral in chai'acter. It prohibited the receipt or 
transmission of cipher or code messages from ship stations of belligerent nations 
by any radio shore station. Communication of any character with warships 
or belligerent nations was prohibited except calls of distress, messages relating to 
weather, or hydrographic information. Operating companies were charged with 
the responsibility for the enforcement of these regulations where such companies 
were neutral, but in the case of the transatlantic station at Tuckerton which 
operated with certain other commercial stations in Germany, navy censors were 
stationed to prevent the transmission of unneutral matter between that country 
and the United States. Lieutenant E. A. Lichtenstein, LI. S. N., was assigned to 
this duty. 

The first officer ordered to duty in the Fourth Naval District in connection 
with the enforcement of the President's Neutrality Proclamation was Lieutenant 

261 



Charles H. Bullock, U. S. N., who reported January 12. 1916. Tliis officer was made 
responsible for the inspection and sealing of radio outfits on board belligertMil and 
neutral ves.sels arriving at the port of Philadelphia, and for the suppression of 
unneutral activities of the amateur and conunenial stations in the district. Of 
the latter there were two, one on the W ananiaker Building. Philadelphia, the other 
the .Marconi Station at Cape May, N. J. In addition, he was charged with the 
inspection, at least once a week, of the German steamers Priii: Oskar and 
Rhaelia. and the Austrian steamer Franconia. 

The work rapidly assumed larger proportions and [inasmuch as l.iculcTianI 
Bullock was also in charge of the Hydrographic Ofiice, Lieutenant II. 11. Portci. 
LJ. S. ^'. (Het.). and Knsign F^arl W. Jukes, U. S. N. (Ret.), were assigned lo the 
duties of the neutrality enforcement, and made their headquarters at the braiuli 
hydrographic ofiice. 

In 1916 Captain Robert L. Russell, U. S. N., was Commandant nl tin- hunlli 
Naval District, and of the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, as well. In October of thai 
year the district pre-war activities became so numerous that luisign Jukes was 
detached from the branch hydrographic ollice, and was ordered as aide to the com- 
mandant of the Fourth Naval Distiict. (leorge W. Carney, who had pn'\ inusly 
been designated as Cliief Clerk to the Connnandant of the Fourth Naval District, 
assisted materially in the preparation of the revised plans and the statistics found 
necessary b> the changed conditions due to later developments. The necessary 




i'holo by Ri-, : .: 



.1 IJry Dork al the Navy Yard. Odoher. 1917. 
262 



clerical assistance at that time did not keep pace with the rapid increase of work 
and John Heisler, chief clerk to the Commandant of the Navy Yard, cooperated 
with the district force by placing his clerical organization at its disposal whenever 
possible. 

The plans for the use of physical property and floating equipment were 
practically completed, and toward the end of the year the war slate, which 
embraced the assignment of reserve and retired officers to war duty was com- 
pleted after frequent conferences with Captain G. R. Marvell, U. S. N., who was 
then Director of Naval Districts, with headquarters in Washington. 

Utilization of coast-guard stations was the subject of considerable correspon- 
dence between the Connnandant and Captain F. S. Boskerch, U. S.C.G., with head- 
quarters at Atlantic City, and who was in charge of the coast-guard stations located 
within the district. 

The necessity for control over and censorship of radio activities was early 
recognized, and plans were formulated for taking over the commercial radio 
stations in the district, and for the dismantling of amateur stations. This followed 
the appointment in December, 1916, of Ensign Jukes as Aide for Information and 
District Communication Superintendent of the Fourth Naval District. On April 
11, 1917, Lieutenant James A. Campbell, Jr., was assigned to duty as Conmiunica- 
tion Officer at the Navy Yard and on June 13th relieved Ensign Jukes as District 
Communication Superintendent. 

In the early part of 1917 the expedient of borrowing yeomen from the receiving 
ship to perform the necessary clerical duties in connection with the district proved 
unsatisfactory. Effort was made to enroll yeomen in the naval reserve force, but 
with no definite prospect of war, the reserve force did not prove attractive. Finally 
on Maich 2, 1917, Clarence G. Supplee, the first man enrolled in the reserve force 
of the Fourth Naval District, was accepted and reported for active duty the follow- 
ing day. He was later commissioned as ensign in the reserve force, and performed 
valuable duty at the District Headquarters. Captain Harrison A. Bispham, U. S. N. 
(Ret.), reported for duty in the Fourth Naval District on March 15, 1917. On 
March 28th, on the eve of the declaration of war. Captain George F. Cooper, 
U. S. N., reported as Clrief of Staff of the Fourth Naval District, and immediately 
undertook with zeal the organization of the forces, and the further development 
of the plans for the establishment of the naval district organization on a war 
footing. 

International developments followed rapidly at this time, and with the war 
but a matter of formality, a recruiting raUy was held in the reception room of the 
Mayor of Philadelphia in City Hall on March 20, 1917. Publicity was given to 
the need for recruits, and citizens were requested to assist immediately in the 
recruiting campaign that was opened in the same room the following day. 

The plans previously formulated for the organization of the naval reserve 
force were outlined at the meeting by Captain Bispham, representing the command- 
ant of the Fourth Naval District. The Mayor of Philadelphia, Thomas B. Smith, 
pledged the city's loyalty and cooperation as did others prominent in civic affairs 
and in the activities of the German-American Society. 

The publicity given at this meeting gave great impetus to the work of traveUng 
recruiting parties sent throughout the Fourth Naval District. 

While the actual enrolments were not commenced until late in March, the 

263 



lipadquarters of the Fourth Naval District, when war seemed probable, was flooded 
willi verbal, wiitten and telephonic ofFeis from men in every walk of life, and of 
every occupation. Owners of power-boats and of steam yachts l)ast(>ned to ascer- 
tain whether their particular craft could be utilized, and whether they could or 
could not was paramount over the conditions under which the (io\ernment would 
accept them. 

Palatial pleasure craft were offered to the Government outriixht. and in order 
to give the acceptance formality, a dollar a year contract was formulated, fiivinj,' 
the (iovernment the use of vessels that could not have been chartered in peace 
times for thousands of times that amount. These offers were carefully catalojmed 
and their availability was determined in advance by the Joint Board of Inspection 
of Merchant \ essels. Commander C P. Nelson, U. S. N., senior member. 

When the declaration of war actually was made it found the district in posses- 
sion of much auxiliary material which needed only the formality of taking over. 

Coincident with the perfection of organization of the district, and while the 
nation's activities were restricted to those of purely a defensive nature, merihant 
ships were equipped with guns for defense against German submarines if attacked. 

Tiie lirst of the armed guard crews wliich manned and operated these defense 
batteries was commanded by commissioneil olHcers of the I nited States Navy. As 
the armed guard crews became thorouglily drilled in their duties, command was 
given to warrant ollicers and to chief petty ollicers. The mounting of these guns, 
the preparation of suitable ammunitit)n rooms, the installation of lire control, 
the fitting out of augmented crews' quarters on the ships that cleared from this poit 
and the training and assignment of gun crews, constituted one of tin; most im- 
portant of the pre-war activities. 

During the entire period of the war, due to the large number of sliips building 
on the Delaware, and by the large increase in ship])ing entering and clearing the 
ports of Philadelphia, Chester and Wilmington, tills continued to be a most im- 
portant function of the district. 

As international (■om])li(ations might be precipitated at any lime by llii' actions 
of these crews, the men assigned were carefully selected with regard to their train- 
ing and dependability. 

The fust ships so outfitted that cleared the Fourth \a\al District were the 
steamships Pohirine and Petrolite on March 11, 1917. 

The training of armed guard crews was carried on at the Navy Yard, Phila- 
delphia, under the direction of Commander II. T. Kays, IJ. S. N., and later 
Liiulenanl C. II. Sl(jer, U. S. N. H. F. In all 120 such crews were trained. Of 
this number forty-three guards were placed on merchant vessels, twenty-six were 
sent to vessels of the Naval Overseas Transportation Service for manning the 
batteries of those vessels; twenty-seven were transferred overseas and to other 
stations, and twBnty-four complete armed guards, thoroughly trained, and ready 
for inunediate assignment to merchant vessels were awaiting orders al (he lime 
the armistice was signed. Batteries, necessary fire control apparatus and am- 
munition stowage facilities were installed cm thirty-three merchant vessels touching 
at this po-J. 

After preying upon Allied commerce in the Western Atlantic the (ierman 
raiders, Prinz Eilel Friedrich and Kronprinz Wilhclni. made port at Norfolk, and 
as they remained there beyond the time prescribed by international law, they 

264 



were interned at the Navy Yard. Temporary living quarters were established 
ashore, wooden huts boinp; constructed for the accommodation of the officers and 
crew. The necessity for room at the Norfolk Navy \ard and the aflvantage of 
having the hulls, while idle, rest in fresh water, caused the transfer of these two 
ships from Norfolk to the Navy Yard, Philadelpliia. They were moored in the 
reserve basin. The huts were transferred and reerected within the Ciovernment 
Reservation on the south shore, and these quarters were afterwards generally 
referred to as the "German Village." 

As the relations with (iermany became more delicate it was felt that the 
presence of the men and officers of the ships constituted a menace to the large 
industrial and naval establishment at the Navy Yard. Accordingly they weie 
interned at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. 

Until the actual declaration of war made it possible for the United States 
Government to take physical possession of these sliips, which had the status of 
men-of-war, it was not possible to prevent the crews from doing serious damage 
to the machinery. 

Formal notice that a state of war existed between the United States and 
Germany was received here at 4 p.m. on April 6, 1917. Tluee words flashed over 
the telegraph wires from Washington simultaneously to every Naval District 
started the war. 

it had been understood in advance that upon receipt of these three words 
"Mobilize war slate," all prearranged war activities should be set in motion. 
F^oUowing the receipt of this message telegrams were sent immediately to all 
officers on the retired list ordering them to report for duty at their predetermined 
stations. 

All naval reservists who had been enrolled were ordered to report at the 
Receiving Ship, Navy Yard. The Navy Yard was closed to the public, guards 
doubled, and everytliing placed upon a war footing. 

It became necessary immediately to establish a Communication Office at the 
Navy Yard, and on the night of the day that the President declared that a state of 
war existed between (iermany and the United States of America, the following 
officers reported for communication duty: Lieutenant Joseph L. Tinney, 
U. S. N. R. F., Ensign Frank J. Gorman, "u. S. N. R. F., Ensign William H. 
Morse, U. S. N. R. F., and Ensign WiUiam S. Baker, U. S. N. R. F. These 
officers were immediately placed upon a continuous communication watch. 

Lieutenant H. R. Leonard, V. S. N. R. F., had reported some days previous to 
the outbreak of the war, and had been given duty in connection with the mobiliza- 
tion of what was then the National Naval Volunteers and Naval Militia. Lieu- 
tenant Leonard formulated plans for the quartering of these bodies of men, but 
the number that actually came to Philadelphia subsequently was so far in exi'ess 
of anything that had been anticipated that it was found necessary to use tiie 
battleships lowo, Indiana and Mossaclniselts as tenders to the receiving ship. 

The headquarters of the Fourth Naval District were originally located in the 
old Board Room Building No. 6, Navy Yard, and the small private office belonging 
to the inspection officer was occasionally used. 

The business of the district grew by leaps and liounds. To meet the increased 
demand for accommodations, the Commandant directed that the entire northern 

265 



end of Building No. 7 should be outfitted as the headquarters of the Fourth Naval 
District. 

The conditions conccniinf; administrative work there were anytliint; hut 
ideal. Partitions separated one oflice from another, hastily constructed <if un- 
matched boards. Yai'd locomotives hauhng stores, traveling cranes, liberty 
parties, companies lea\ing sliips for chill, wagons and automobiles contributed 
to the medley of noise that characterized the initial days of activity around the 
district odices. 

\\ith but little improvement in surroundings the headiiuartcrs contiiuied in 
this building until Marih of 1918, when they were moved to the S. S. While Builtl- 
ing, 12th and Chestnut streets. The constant giowth and the diversity of the 
activities of the district were recognized by the Department on April 27, 1917, 
when t'aptain (ieorge F. Cooper, I'. S. N., was ap|)()inted ( 'onnuandant of the 
Fourth Naval District, relieving Captain Robert L. Russell, F. S. N. Captain 
Ru.ssell, as Commandant of the Navy Yard, was reheved shortly there after by 
Rear-Admiral Benjamin Tappan, F. S. N. (Ret.), leaving the activities of the yard 
and the district under separate administrative control, where previously it had 
been concentrated in the hands of one command. 

Captain Cooper continued as C.oinmandant until February 9, 1918, when 
Rear-Admiral James W. Helm, F. S. N., reported as Commandant. This change 
was the result of the policy outlined by the Navy Department to have Hag ofTicers 
as Commandants of all the Naval Districts. 

The declaration that a state of war existed innnediately released for action 
all pre-war plans, and with a district organization that was only in process of forma- 
tion the initial steps to carry them out were undertaken. On the day preceding 
the actual declaralit)n. the President of the I nited States, in his capacity as Com- 
mander-in-Cliief of the Army and .Navy, published an executive order establishing 
defensive sea areas. The area defined in the proclamation had as its outer limit 
a line drawn east and west through the north end of Reedy Island, and as its inner 
limit a line drawn east and west through Finns .\eck Rear Range Light. At the 
same time regulations were promulgated for carrying into ell'ect the executive order 
of the President. It was ordered that any vessel desiring to cross the defensive 
.sea area should proceed to the vicinity of the entrance of the proper channel, 
flying her national colors and displaying identification signal letters, and "there 
await connnunication with the harbor entrance patrol." The entrances to defen- 
sive sea areas referred to in the Fourth Naval District were designated as follows: 
for incoming vessels the channel below Reedy Island, and for outgoing vessels 
the channel off Newcastle, Pa. 

T\w pronudgalion of lliis order iinmcilialely imposed upon the district the 
establishment of a harbor entrance patrol. To carry out this order, the U. S. S. 
Bcale was ordered, at the outbreak of the war, to duty as senior patrol ship in the 
defensive s^^a area. She took up a mooring on the east side of the channcJ on 
Newcastle Range abeam of the wharf at Fort Delaware, on Peapatch Island. 
At this time a submarine net was placed across the Delaware River from Peapatch 
Island to shoal water on the east side. This net had a movable gate 600 feet long, 
which was closed at sundown and opened at sunrise, ship traffic being suspended 
after nightfall. The net was placed by tht^ Fniled Stales Army and operated by 
the Navy. To open the gate the end was swung up or down stream according as 

266 



tide conditions favored, by the tugs Indian , Bernard and V^isitor. and mo( ned to buoys. 
This net was destroyed by ice in the winter of 1917-18 and was not replaced. 

The war had been in progress but one day when two scout patrol vessels 
were placed in commission, the I '. S. S. Arawan, S.P. No. 1, and the U. S. S. Petrel, 
S. P. No. 59. On April 11th the Commandant of the Fourth Naval District ordered 
the S. P. Arawan to duty in connection with the patrol of the submarine net. 
After reporting to the U. S. S. Beale she took station below Finns Point. Delaware, 
where she was used for boarding purposes. The L . S. Coast Cuard Tender Gulhrie 
about the same time was ordered to similar duty. 

The Delaware River section was organized April 17, 1917, under the command 
of Commander F. W. Hoffman. N. N. \ . ; his jurisdiction was deiined to extend 
from Fourteen Foot Light to Trenton, N. J. 

Cooperative efforts between tlie army authorities, charged with the land 
defenses of the Delaware, and the naval authorities were early developed. The 
codes in use in each branch of the service were interchanged, so that .seciecy of 
connnunication might be safeguarded. Reedy Island was subse<]uently established 
as the headquarters of the Delaware River section afloat, and recognition signals 
of all incoming vessels were demanded at Fort Delaware and also by the Harbor 
Defense Area Patrol Squadron, which was constantly in touch with Reedy Island, 
located five miles below the fort. Direct telephone communications between this 
station and Fort Delaware were established and from the reporting station's 
outpost position it was possible to notify the fort long in advance of the approach 
of any hostile craft. Actual tests proved that this information could be trans- 
mitted, the batteries manned and tire drawn within three seconds. As a matter 
of fact, in actual operations during the entire war, the Harbor Defense Area Patrijl 
intercepted all shipping and satisfied itself of its friendly intent before it was 
allowed to proceed to within range of the forts. Ships not equipped with the 
recognition signals issued by the Navy were boarded and made subject to the 
piocess of port examination. When German submarines connnenced operations 
off the coast, the Army authorities were immediately apprised of their proximity, 
and throughout the entire war the closest cooperation existed between the Army 
authorities and the Naval forces. 

The innnediate defensive needs of the great water course having been cared 
for, plans were hastened for the extension of the military control, both offensively 
and defensively, for the entire district. It was recognized at once that the strategi- 
cal points on the north and south ends of the entrance to the Delaware Bay should 
be the centers of activity for the forces afloat. Cold Spring Inlet. Cape May, 
furnished an ideal mooring for patrol vessels and larger craft drawing up to eighteen 
feet. The Delaware Breakwater, with its sheltered harbor of refuge, similarly 
recommended itself as a base for district vessels. To the north of Cape May as 
far as Barnegat and to the south of Cape Henlopen as far as Assateague the coast- 
guard stations were immediately brought under naval control. Connected by an 
intercommunicating telephone system and fuinishing at once a personnel trained 
in observation and in action, the two flanks of the Delaware Bay were thus at 
once guarded by observation. The value of Cape May was further enhanced 
by established means of rail, telephone and telegraphic commimications, and by 
the presence and innnediate availability of the Marconi Badio Station, which was 
at once taken over and manned by Navy personnel. 

267 



Ten days after the (leclaratii)n ol war. Lii'utcnant Comiiiaiuler F. A. Savage, 
N. N. v., and his Aide, Ensign .Julius Zieget, N. N. V., were ordered to proceed to 
Cape May to organize the section. I pon arrival the following day they were met 
by Assistant Paymaster II. W. Peacock, Jr., U. S. N. R. F.. and Pay Clerk D. N. 
Miller, U. S. N. R. F., and headtjuarters were e.stablished in room 137, Columbia 
Hotel. A group of buildings bordering on Cold Spring Inlet and known as "Sewell's 
Point Amusement Pavilion," was determined upon as the site for the section base. 
About the middle of May. 1917. the contractual formalities were concluded and 
the \avy undertook the conversion of w hat had been a fun factory into an adequate 
headcjuarters for naval operation. W itli an adaptability that was most commend- 
able, the so-called "Fun Factory" was demolished so that its housing might 
constitute a barracks. The " Rarrel of Fim," a cylindrical structure weighing about 
five tons, was jacked up on skids and rolled out of the l)uilding. where an iron 
door was fitted, this completing its conversion into a brig. The 'Human Roulette 
Table" was converted into a scrub table, and the "Cave of the Winds" became 
the guardhouse. Most of this conversion was done by ship's force, and it was 
typical of the " Win-the-War" spirit that college graduates became pick and shovel 
men. architects and draftsmen became carpenters and every kind of skilled force 
turned to with the will to assist in the labor. 

CoinMiaiidir Savage continued as Commanding Officer of the Section Base 
until \i)nl I. I<)|}?. On December .'). 1017, Captain F. ,1. llaake. C. S. C. C, was 
ordered to duty in command of the forces afloat. In April, lyiii. Captain llaake 
was also ordered as Commander of Cape May section, relieving Commander 
Savage. 

During the cnuliiuiity of the operations of enemy submarines, Captain Har- 
rison A. liispham, U. S. N. (Ret.), was detailed as Commander of the district patrols, 
with his head(]uarli'rs at the Cape May S(>ction Rase. He was succeeded by 
(.onuuander ,1. !'>. I'atton. I. S. ]\. (Ret.), wlien Captain liispham was detailed as 
Commandant of the naval unit of the student army training corps at the University 
of Pennsylvania. 

i'lic expeditious results accomplished in the establishment of a section base at 
Cape May were duplicated at Lewes, Delaware, it being intended that this base 
should guard the southern entrance to the Ray. wliilc Cape May protected the 
north end. 

Shdrtly after noon on \{)ril 12, l'M7. a board consisting of Paymaster R. T. 
Jellct. I . S. \. R. F., Lieut<-iianl 1". F. Royd. I . S. N. 1^ F.. and Pay Clerk 
M. \. Hunt. I . S. N. R. F.. met iii Lewes with James Thompson, the ^hlyor 
of the city, and considered the availability of properties located about one mile 
west of Cape Henlopen, Delaware, as a base for mine-sw<'e|)i[ig operations. 
Lieutenant Conunander l]arl Farwell, IN. N. V., Lieutenant (j.g.) II. T. Williams, 
Assistant Surgeon J. T. White, Ensign J. L. Murray and Ensign S. H. McSherry, 
LI. S. N. R. F., were the first officers to arrive, and headquarters were immedi- 
ately established in the Federal Ruilding, at Lewes. 

The outfitting of vessels for district service progressed rapidly at the Navy Yard, 
and as these vess(>ls became availabl(>. they were maiuied by naval reservists fresh 
from civil life and with little training or experience in naval affairs, except what had 
been secured in amateur yachting or in previously organized auxiliary training 
schools. In this connection mention might be made of the training cruise 

26i! 



made by naval reservists during the preceding summer, when through the efTorts 
of Thomas Newhall and W. Barklie Henry, both of whom subsequently became 
Lieutenant Commanders in the reserve force, regular naval vessels were made 
available for training purposes. The needs of the service brought into active 
service many of those who had taken advantage of this short course. The need for 
commissioned personnel was immediate, and it was necessai'y, therefore, to give a 
commissioned rank to those whose knowledge of navigation had been obtained on 
navigational cruises conducted under the direction of officers detailed from the 
regular service to regular yachting organizations, among which were the associations 
embraced in what was known as the Delaware River Yacht Racing Association. 
Many of those who entered the service as enlisted men were subsecjuently com- 
missioned, after the completion of courses at training schools established at the 
various bases; they constituted a considerable (Contribution to the service corps of 
commissioned officers, and saw duty far outside the confines of the Fourth Naval 
District. 

The department originally planned class four of the reserve force for duty 
within naval districts, but the plan of confining the activities of such promising 
personnel within naval district boundaries was soon recognized to be not feasible 
and to be restrictive of the opportunities of these men. All who had so enrolled 
were given an opportunity to volunteer for general service without restriction as to 
territorial limits, and it is a matter of pride that the personnel in this class in the 
Fourth District volunteered almost without exception. 

The mobifization of what were then the National Naval Volunteers and the 
tremendous recruiting that was under way at the outset of the war soon exhausted 
the receiving ship's facilities at tlie Philadelpiiia Navy Yard. It was felt that the 
activities at the section bases, both offensively and defensively, would be interfeivd 
with by paralleling their well-defined purposes with a training station of sufficient 
size to take care of the incoming raw recruits. 

The activities of the receiving ship at the Navy Yard were concentrated largely 
toward meeting drafts for personnel for duty abroad and for the replacement of 
personnel aboard vessels of the fleet; and it was constantly transferring trained 
personnel overseas and to armed guard details. A distributing barracks and 
receiving ship for the Fourth Naval District were early found to be essential to I fie 
district activities; the Municipal Pier, No. 19 North Wharves, Delaware River, 
which was opened May 28, 1917, as the District Supply Department, was later also 
used as a distributing barracks for district forces. 

Tlirough the District Supply Department the various bases were outfitted as 
they were established, and during the war the entire district oiganization and its 
outlying activities, together with the district vessels, were suppfied. 

The Massachusetts, Indiana and Joim were supplied when stalion(Ml here as 
tenders to the receiving ship, as were the U. S. S. Savaniiali, as flagship of tlie Com- 
mander, Division Eight, SubmEU'ine Force, and the destroyers and subchasers that 
constituted the several hunt squadrons. 

A total of 165,161 items was handled aggregating 12,2.57,664 pounds. 

Out of the Naval Emergency Fund "for the purpose of training members ol the 
Naval Reserve Force for vessels of the coast patrol" the Secretary of the Navy on 
May 22, 1917, allotted $780,000 for the construction of training stations. The 
Naval Training Association of the United States, which was the result of the 

269 



battleship cruise in 1916, greatly aided in the estabUshment of these naval training 
stations. That the Fourth Naval District received so generous a share of the 
total amount available was largely through the untiring efforts of Lieutenant- 
Commander Thomas Newhall. I '. S. N. R. F.. who, prior to his enrolment in the 
ser^^ce, worked indefatigably to secure a large training station for this district. 

Six days after the larger fund was set aside, S.'JOO.OOO was apportioned for the 
establislmient of proper iaciUlies in this district. Later an additional sum of 
S.30,000 was added. It was understood that none of this money was to be expended 
for the purchase of ground and it was necessary, therefore, to secure a contribution 
of a site. Professor William Kasby, Jr., of the Lniversity of Pennsylvania, and 
H. S. Farquhar, a civil engineer, volunteered their serN-ices as a selection board, and 
after considering the suitability of three sites from the standpoint of health and 
accessibility to naval centers, determined upon a farm near Cape May owned by 
Messrs. Henry Ford and James Cuzens of Detroit. Mich. This ground, which 
became the site of Wissahickon Barracks, was leased to the (u)vernment for the sum 
of one dollar per annum. The original purpose of Wissahickon Barracks was 
broadened by the necessities of the service, and it contributed trained personnel to 
the Navy withoul regard to any consideration except its needs. There were estab- 
lished at Wissahickon Barracks an ollicers' material school and schools for training 
coxswains, quartermasters, gunners' mates, yeomen, hospital corpsmen and armed 
guard. 1,.529 men were received from other stations and 6„577 recruits were 
received, making a total of 8,106. Of this number 897 graduated from the armed 
guard school and saw duty in this capacity afloat. The remainder were transferred 
throughout the district to meet the needs of its activities and to the listeners' school 
at New London, Conn., signal school, Hampton Uoads, \a., and engineering 
school for ofTicers at Pelham Bay, and elsewhere. 

The outfitting of district vessels kept pace with the other rapidly expanding 
activities of the district, and at the end of .\pril, but tluee weeks after war was 
declared, eight district patrol craft were in commission. The first scout patrol 
vessel to pass out the Delaware Capes duritig war time was the 1". S. S. Nevada, 
S. P. 61, which patrolled the waters of the district north of Cape .May to Barncgat. 
This cruise served a double purpose, in encouraging recruiting in coast towns. The 
promptness of the response to calls for pleasure boats for conversion as scout patrol 
vessels is evidenci'd by the fact that during the month of May eighteen additional 
vessels were placed in commission. The rapidly increasing district forces afloat 
made it i)ossibl(> to estal)lish harbor entrance patrols to the northward and to the 
soulhwai'd, so that any hostile craft might be intercepted. 

Similarly expeditious results were accomplished in the commencement of 
mine-sweeping operations in the Fourth Naval District. 

On June II, 1917, but two months after commencement of hostilities, the 
channel lidrii Brown's Shoal buoys to Overfalls Light Vessel was swept by the 
V. S. S. Mrkrpirr Bmlhers. S. P. 68 1, the I . S. S. McKeerer, S. P. 683 and the 1 1, S. S. 
Beholmlh. then known as M. S. No. 1, which was subsequently ordered overseas 
and foundered off the English coast. Mine-sweeping operations were continued 
with vigor, thoroughness and withoul ci'ssation, being interrupted only when the 
severest weather conditions and floating ice made them absolutely impossible. The 
fact that no vessel engaged in this arduous work sustained damage by contact 
with an enemy mine merits comment. The I'. S. S. Kingfisher, however, did strike 

270 



a mine while sweeping off Barnegat in the fall of 1918, but it failed to explode and 
the mine was destroyed. 

The carefully thought-out pians for the control of tin" operation of radio in 
w£ir time were but a skeleton of the activities that ('entered about the communica- 
tion service. Instantaneous service was essential between district headfjuarters 
by land wire and by radio, so that instructions and information might be trans- 
mitted with secrecy and despatch. 

The first step was the suppression of all amateur radio stations, and a circular 
letter was sent to all those of record as operating such apparatus. With but a few 
exceptions, the request of the department for the dismantling of the stations and 
the taking down of the antennie was complied with. Such as doubted the earnest- 
ness of the < lovernment were rapidly convinced by the inspectors who traveled 
from one end of the district to the other. Leased telephone lines and leased tele- 
graph wires emanated from the communication office at the Navy Yard, and sub- 
sequently from the headquarters of the Fourth Naval District to every sectional 
point of activity. 

A perlect system of radio connnimication was established between district 
vessels afloat and the Naval Radio Station at Philadelpliia, and tlie Marconi 
Station that was taken over and operated as Navy Radio, Cape May. 

The estabhshment of a district radio station to communicatf^ with patrol 
vessels was authorized at Lewes, and in advance of the ecpiipnicnt d(^signated by 
tlie bureau, a set designated for a district vessel was temporarily placed in opera- 
tion uiitU replaced by the navy standard apparatus. 

As an efl^ective check upon the unautliorized opiMation of radios two listening- 
in stations, not used for transmission, were established, one in the Parkway Build- 
ing, Philadelphia, and the other in the West Philadelphia High School. 

A second district radio station was established on the Million Dollar Pier at 
Atlantic City which subsequently proved to be a most reliable outpost. 

Navy Radio, Philadelphia, continued as the transmitting station imtil the 
office of the district connnunication superintendent was moved to the district stall 
headquarters in October, 1918. Shortly after this date a distant control station 
was established in the White Building. 

Distant control of Navy Radio, Cape May, was established about the same 
time, the control station being operated from the section base. To expedite the 
transmission of routing instructions lightships were ecpiipped with radio. Five 
Fathom Bank Ligiitship was put in operation July 25th, and Fenwick Island 
Light Vessel was equipped November I, 1918. 

The V. S. S. Falcon, which was already equipped with radio, was stationed, 
after the signing of the armistice, fifty-two miles due east of Five Fathom Bank 
Lightship as a route ship for incoming troop tiansjjorts. 

A strict censorship was imposed to prevent the movcmc^nts of naval ships or 
of naval units becoming known to the enemy. The transaction of virtually all 
Navy business was in confidential codes. As a further safeguard the transmission 
of personal messages to personnel on major ships as well as on district ships was 
handled through the department, and although this caused much inconvenience, 
it was recognized by the Navy personnel as a necessary war measiu'e and was 
rigidly adhered to. 

The big transatlantic station at Tuckerton, which was seized at the outbreak 

271 



of the war, was operated under naval control, and a substantial force of marines 
detailed to protect and safeguard this property were at the same time a formidable 
outpost force on land in the northern end of the district. 

Tliis station, in charge of Lieutenant O. F. llaslar, U. S. N., operated cuiitinu- 
ously as an important factor in the transatlantic communication service. 

The radio service contributed directly to the safety of ships in many ways 
during the war. During the entire course of the submarine activities off the At- 
lantic coast, war warnings were sent broadcast through the air to all ships, in 
luiglish. and for ships passing within range of the radio stations at Pliiladcl|)hia 
and Cape May, this service enabled them to avoid the immediate locality of 
danger. In addition there was sent out nightly by the broadcast method, hydio- 
graphic information concerning lightships otV stations, gas buoys that were not 
lighted and positions of derelicts and obstruitions that were a menace to navigation 
as well as information in regard to mine fields. 

For ships of the Navy more d(>failed and more confidential iiifnrinalion was 
sent in code, so that every lighting unit was promptly apprised of the latest develop- 
ments in the submarine campaign. 

Naval radio operators were assigned to vessels of the Naval Overseas Trans- 
portation Service, I nited States Army transports, all merchant vessels operated 
by the United States Sliipping Board and all other I nited States merchant vessels 
of 2.>'jfl0 tons or greater. 

In connection with the ilaylighl saving bill, which was etl'ective, as far as 
clock changes were concerned, at 2 a.m. Sunday, March 31. 1918. care was exer- 
ci.sed to i)revent confusion in convoy meetings and in clock times used in con- 
nection with dispatches by radio. The daylight saving bill set the clocks at aft 
naval stations and on all ships in the territorial waters of the 1 iiited States ahead 
one hour at the time before mentioned, (ireenwich mean time was einjjloyed. how- 
ever, in designating the times of railio broadcastings of radio watch kee])ing on 
ships having one or two operators. In comnnmication between Mlird naval vessels 
and shore stations and Allied merchant vessels, (Ireenwich mean lime was con- 
tinued to Ix' employed. Greenwicli meridian sunnner civil lime was emi)loyed on 
the North Atlantic Ocean in ail communications between United States naval 
forces concerning contact between forces passing designated positions at sea and 
rendezvous, when such forces were east oT the KMh meridian: when west of the 
40th meridian. 75th meridian summer ci\il liiin' was rniploycd between the dales 
prescribed in the daylight saving bill. 

The seizure by the United States of all vessels belonging to Holland, in ac- 
cordance with the executive order of the President of the United Stat(>s, resulted 
in th(> taking over of the Dutch shi]) Thrmislo. then in the port of Philadelphia. 
A guard was placed aboard the steamer at Pier 28. South ^\llar\('s. Delaware 
River, March 20, 1918. On March 27th the commandant was directed to release 
the ship to the shijiping board, as the vessel was to be manned by a sliip[)ing board 
crew. This was done. The seizure was carried out without incident, and the 
several regulations prescribed to be followed under the circumstan(«s were executed. 

During the early months of the war th(> district forces had no actual contact 
with the enemy. The rigid discipline and training and the actual experience afloat 
and ashore welded together a formidable district force at the same timi^ as the 
district contributed its full quota in every other direction. 




Plioto Ity Reiilogle. 

U. S. S. "I)cl\a!h, III Addv Yard, Si'iilfiiibiT, l!HS. shoivimj Pdramne Skcij. 



Major ships were lepaired. ])Ia("e(l in commission and manned at the Navy 
Yard. The big interned (ierman raiders, tlie hronprin: \\ ilhclni and the Prim 
Eilrl Friedrich, afterwards bearing the Tiames of two revolutionary heroes of Ger- 
man birth, sailed from Philadelphia as the T\ S. S. DrKalh and U. S. S. Von Sleuhen 
for overseas ports crowded with the first complements to leave this section. 

The losses suffered by our Allies made the need for mine-sweeping vessels in 
European waters imperative. The District was requested to furnish its quota of 
such vessels, and the Cily of Lewes, S. P. No. 383, and the Behoboth (sunk), S. P. 
No. 384, intended for district use, were designated for duty overseas. 

In addition, the U. S. S. Akedo was placed in commission on April 20th, and 
was sent to the war zone, where she was later torpedoed and sunk. The U. S. S. 
Chipper, S. P. 1049, and two scout patrol vessels, the U. S. S. Elf, S. P. 81, and the 
U. S. S. Little Aie, S. P. 60, were fitted out and transferred to the Fifth and Seventh 
Naval Districts, respectively. The U. S. S. Siulia and the V. S. S. Lyndonia were 
also fitted out and assigned to duty elsewhere, the latter returning some months 
later, renamed the IT. S. S. Vega. 

The U. S. S. Henderson, a navy transport, built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, 
was completed with despatch, and sailed on her maiden voyage with no trial trip, 
except that between Philadelphia and New York. Everything proved so satis- 
factory that she was immediately employed in transport duty. About the same 
time that the U. S. S. Henderson sailed, the 5th Regiment of Marines, commanded 

273 



by ColdiK'l ('.. A. Doven. V. S. M. ('... embarked at the Navy Yard. Tliis continpent 
was distributed on the U. S. S. St. Louis, L . S. S. Cliarleslon. U. S. S. Hancock and the 
U. S. S. DeKalh. which was making her maiden voyage under American colors. At 
INew York, the marines on tlie T . S. S. St. Ijnil.^ and the V. S. S. Cliarleslon were 
transferred to the I . S. S. Henderson, which transported them to France. 

Every available piece of ground at the Navy Yard was utilized, and there 
.s])rting uji in record time a seaman's barracks, a well-organiz(>d hosjjital. and a 
naval aircraft factory tliat was destined to turn out naval air-iighting machines 
for duty at home and abroad. Such open spaces as were availabh^ were piled high 
with stores destined for overseas, and gigantic storeliouses su]>]ilcmented those at 
the \av\ ^ ard. whidi were soon found to be totally inadequate (ny tlie demands 
made upon tliem. Everj' available docking space was crowded with ships under 
repair, being out lilted, or loading with stores. 

The imi)erative necessity for the maximum number of destroyers to operate 
in European waters gave precedence at the Navy ^ ard to work done on this class 
of vessels. 

\\'iien the I'. S. S. Stewart. V. S. S. MacDonough, V. S. S. Hull and l. S. S. Hopkins 
arrived, on the last day of the year of I9IT. at tlie Navy Yard, they were inunediately 
inspected and a conservative estimate was made of th(^ time necessary to ])iace 
these vessels in condition for offensive operations abroad, and for the transatlantic 
cruise necessary for them to reach their base of operations. It was found that at 
least two months would be recjuired to com])lete the ri'jjairs tlio\ight necessary 
according to pre-war standards. The reception of this report b\ the chief of naval 
operations brought from him a characteristic reply as follows: 

"Delay of two months in fitting out destroyers of Divisions A and H may 
defeat object of present orders, as the need of our destroyers in luiropean waters 
is immediate. (Thirty-six hours after receipt of orders, U. S. S. .Alywin sailed for 
distant service, and the dej)artment ho]ies to receive a similar hearty reply from 
Divisions A and B.) It is the desire of the de])artment that as many of the de- 
stroyers of these divisions as possible proceed to I Ik; Azores within one week and 
with the assistance of the l'. S. S. Proniellieus. to (>(|uip there for duty in French 
waters. The I . S. S. Stewart shall inform the department of the destroyers that 
can sail from Philadelphia as soon as the ice clears, and also of the dates that the 
remaining destroyers can follow." 

i'liis conipeinng ajjpeal caused an iuuurdiiite revision oi tlie plans that had 
been made, with the result that on the following day the chief of naval operations 
was advised that the \ . S. S. Stewart, the I . S. S. Hopkins, the I'. S. S. I^aiil .Jones, 
the r. S. S. Warden, and the V . S. S. MacDonomjIi would be ready to sail from the 
Navy Yard on January 15th, two weeks after tin- majority of them had arrived for 
overhaul. He was advised that the U. S. S. //»// would follow on the 1st of Feb- 
ruary and the Prelite on February loth. 

Considerable of the time required for the (jverhaul was consumed by repairs 
of damage sustained from ice, during the ])assage of these vessels from Hampton 
Roads to Philadelphia. 

The same speed demanded in the outlining of combat ships was also expected 
in the conversion of merchant vessels to naval auxiliaries. On the last day of the 
year 1917, the department outlined its policy in this particular, as follows: 

"The conversion of merchant vessels to iia\al auxiliaries and their upkeep 

274 



shall be considered of the greatest importance, and every energy and resource shall 
be used to obtain this end. Vessels must not be unnecessarily delayed and only 
repairs that are demanded by sanitation, safety and efficiency of vessels should be 
undertaken for immediate accomplishment. Desirable alterations should be laid 
out so that they may be undertaken while vessels are in port between cruises." 

This policy prevailed in the taking over and the outfitting of ships subsequently 
operated by the Navy for the several governmental accounts, and vessels that were 
taken over and operated directly by the Navy. To this end the resources of the 
Navy Yard and of the large shipyards were utilized to the fullest. At the same 
time this work was so arranged as not to interfere with the new construction so 
urgently needed. 

The urgency of repair and outhtting work at the Navy Yard and other causes 
resulted in the suspension of actual Cf)nst ruction work, for a time, on the program 
of combat vessels. Resumption of work on the necessary ways, buildings, etc., 
for this purpose was as prompt as circumstances would permit. 

The Fourth Naval District assisted in and was responsible, to a great extent, 
for the assembling, organization and shipment of the material and jjcrsonnel for 
the Northern Bombing (iroup, a naval aviation unit which opeiatcd in the northern 
part of France, near Calais, and which bombed the German U-boat bases at Zee- 
brugge, Bruges and Ostend. 

This group had a personnel in the held of about 2,000 men, marines and blue- 
jackets, and nearly all of the latter were selected and assembled on the receiving 
ship in the Navy Yard. The material for the group was also assembled on the 
docks of the Yard. This included about 200 planes, DH-4 type, equipped with 
Liberty motors which were constructed in the United States, assembled and boxed 
for shipment from Philadelphia. 

This group operated under the general direction of \ ice- Admiral H. keyes, 
R. N., commander of British Naval Forces operating against the Belgian coast; 
headquarters, Dover. 

The late fall and early winter of 1917 saw many ships actually engaged in 
overseas transportation, both of troops and supplies, and on December 27th, at 
1 P.M., the U. S. S. Stockton, the first of the new type of destroyers to be delivered 
during the war, arrived at the Navy Yard from the William Cramp & Sons Ship 
and Elngine Building Company, where she was constructed. She was placed in 
commission immediately and sailed three days later. 

The contribution made to depleted world shipping by the yards boi'dering on 
the Delaware River, and the construction of various types of war vessels, constitute 
one of the most effective coincident war efforts prosecuted in the District. The 
early establishment of the Hog Island Plant of the Emergency Fleet Corporation 
on the Delaware River, south of Philadelphia Navy Yard, and the governmental 
control exercised over every other yard, made necessary cooperation easy. There 
was at all times a close weave of interdependency that made the prompt and 
efficient performance of the responsibilities imposed upon the Commandant a matter 
of prime importance. The taking over, (outfitting and manning of the ships, the 
inspection and testing of their radio equipment, the movement of hulls before 
they were able to operate under their own power, might be emnnerated as among 
the most important. 

The successful operations of enemy submarines in the vicinity of the Azore 

275 



Islands prompted the Government to secure from the Portuguese Government a 
concession which enabled tliis Government to establish naval bases on these islands. 

The first shipment of stores and personnel for the new naval bases, established 
a( Ponta Delfrada and Horta Fayal. were transported from the Navy Yard. Phila- 
dcipiiia. aboard the \J . S. S. Hancock. When the llanrock sailed, she flew the llaj; 
of Rear- Admiral Herbert 0. Dunn, who was assigned to command the naval forces 
operating in the Azores. 

On December 24, 191", th(> department directed tlic loading of the Hancock 
and instructed that she should proceed to Ponta Delgada, where stores and personnel 
for that base were to be unloaded. I'pon completion of the discharge the Hancock 
was directed to proceed to Ham])ton lioads, \ a. 

The L'. S. S. Beak and the L'. S. S. Terry were detailed as escort for the U. S. S. 
Hancock and were further directed upon aiiival to report to \ ice-.\dniiral Sims 
for duty. 

At 11 A.M., January 9th, the Hancock, escorted by the U. S. S. Beale and the 
I . S. S. Terry, sailed from the Navy ^'ard. Philadelphia, to the Azores, under escort. 

The majority of the shijis attached to Detachment :{. Scpiadron 5, I'atrol Force, 
was outfitted at the Navy Yard for duty overseas. The detachment was command- 
ed by Commander David F. Boyd, I . S. N., with the 1. S. 8. .Xokonti.'^ as his flag- 
ship. The tletachment was made up in its entirety of vessels that had been con- 
verted for this duty, and at various times between December 17, 1917, and 
December 22, 1917. the detachment sailed from the Navy \nv(\ for the Azores. 
The ships included the following: 

I . S. S. .\okonus, U. S. S. Concord, I". S. S. Cypsiini Queen. I . S. S. i\'aliunl. 
I . S. S. Mariner, U. S. S. Nokomis II, L'. S. S. Barnegal, I'. 8. S. Montank, U. S. S. 
Penobscot, U. S. S. Lyndonia and V. S. S. Venelia. 

Changes in the characteristics of certain bailie cruisers made available for 
other service a number of 1 1-inch, .50 caliber naval guns. 

The plan of converting these into land batteries by placing them upon railway 
mountings resulted in the organization of this unit, under the connnand of Hear- 
Admiral Charles P. Plunkett, I . S. N. And the I nited States Railway Batteries 
in France subsecjuenlly did terrific execution at an effective range of thirty miles 
and contributed largely to the demoralization and iiilernr])tioti of communication 
far in the rear of the German lines. In action these guns threw a heavier projectile 
with greater accuracy and to a greater distanie than any guns previously placed 
on mobile shore mounts. 

The gun mounts were conslrucleii in Philadelphia by the Baldwin Locomotive 
Works, and the material and personnel were assembled in the Fourth Naval Dis- 
trict, and shijjped from here to St. Nazaire. France, at which i)orl tin- material 
was assembled and promptly put into action. 

The liistory of this project from its inception in America until the first shots 
were fired into ( lerman defended teiritory is an e\am|iie ol (lie speed that won the 
war. 

The project was first discussed in November, 1917. On December 26th the 
Hureau of Ordnance instructed the naval gun factory to ])i-epare plans and sjx'ci- 
fications for the gun mounts, locomotives, cars and other necessary e(piipment. 
The work was finished in thirty days. 

The equipment included five 11-inch railway mounts, six locomotives and 

276 



five complete trains of cars — seventy-five in all. Bids were opened February 6th, 
but were rejected because of the time of delivery demanded. On February 13th 
new bids were submitted and the awards made the same day. The Baldwin 
Locomotive Works undertook the delivery of the gun cars by June 15th. 

The first mount was completed and moved from the Baldwin Shops on April 
25th, seventy-two days from the day of the award, and the last of them one 
month later or ten days ahead of the contract time. All the cars and special 
equipment were delivered June 1st, only 155 days from the time the project was 
conceived. 

General Pershing directed the shipments of the expedition to St. Nazaire. 
The first shipment was made June 20th. Trained personnel had been assembled 
and preceded the material. The first shipment arrived overseas July 8th, and the 
last of it on July 21st. Erection work began July 20th, and the first gun train 
left f(jr the front August 17th. 

The first gun fired was on September 5th, and continued in action until the 
signing of the armistice. 

The guns weighed ninety-eight tons each and fired a projectile weighing 1,470 
pounds with a range of twenty-eight miles. 

The mobility of the guns heightened the impression of the Germans that the 
AlUes were ecjuipped with hundreds of them. They were extremely effective in 
interrupting vital supply railroads and main lines of communication. 

The winter of 1917-18 was the most severe in more than a decade, and despite 
ice conditions in the Delaware River that were almost unprecedented, the steady 
progress of navy ships and of transports was uninterrupted. 

But few of the district vessels, however, were able to operate, and many of 
those of wooden construction were of necessity laid up out of reach of the ice packs 
that extended for miles to seaward. Such vessels as could possibly be expected 
to operate under these conditions were kept in service and it is worthy ot mention 
that despite the rigors of the winter, patrols were maintained in the defensive 
area, at the harbor entrance and well otT shore, without interruption. This work 
was carried on by the following scout patrol vessels: U. S. S. Emerald, S. P. 177; 
U. S. S. Susanne, S. P. 510; U. S. S. Absegami, S. P. 371; U. S. S. Gaivota, S. P. 436; 
U. S. S. Edorea, S. P. 549 and U. S. S. Virlor, S. P. 1995. The severest test was 
imposed upon the vessels detailed to the offshore patrol. The U. S. S. Emerald, 
S. P. 177, and the U. S. S. Siisamie, S. P. 510, commanded by Lieutenant Maxwell 
Wyeth (j.g.), U. S. N. R. F.. and Ensign Samuel Wetherill, U. S. N. F., respectively, 
ai-e deserving of high commendation for the maintenance ot this duty, which re- 
quired them at times to proceed to their stations through ice floes extending eight 
miles to seaward. The mine-sweeping fleet, consisting for the main part of 
converted fishing boats, swept the entrance to Delaware Bay throughout the 
winter, whenever weather conditions made it possible. 

The vessels depended upon for ofi'ensive and defensive action were of great 
variety both as to size, construction and power plants. At the outbreak of hostili- 
ties any vessel that could be utilized was taken over. These included steam yachts, 
steam tugs, steam fishing boats and pleasure craft, with almost every make of 
gasohne motor represented. The upkeep of this machinery constituted one of the 
greatest problems. It was impracticable to keep in stock repair parts for every 

277 



make represented, and in this connection a machine and repair shop estabhshed 
at Cape May did excellent work. 

Later, when subchasers were made available, it was possible to standardize 
repair work for them. Considering the demands made upon ail the vessels, the 
consistency of performance is remarkable, and is a tribute to the engine room 
forces of this fleet. That some of them weathered conditions that they were forced 
to meet was a surprise to even those who manned them and a tribute at the same 
time to the eflii'ient manner in which thcv were handled. But one vessel, tiie Annie 
Gallup, a mine sweeper, was totally lost out of the entire fleet tiiat operated for 
a period of nearly twenty months. 

'Die durability and cruising of the subchasers are also «(irtii\ nf note. Nearly 
all of those attached to this district have covered ov(>r 12, ()()() miles since they were 
commissioned. 

A coastal air station was established at Cape May early in the war and maimed 
by the I nited States Marine Corps. On December 1. 1917, it was taken over by 
the \avy. and operated as a patrol station for the protection of the coast against 
dejjredations by iiostile submarines. At tiiis time. Cold Spring Inlet was com- 
pletely frozen over so that no flying could be done, and this condition prevailed 
until the latter part of the month of February, 1918. 

As soon as the weather conditions became at all favorable for Hying, ten 
additional pilots were ordered to the station and the complement was raised to 
2.'i8 men. Twelve R-type seaplanes were at the station and in operation. Syste- 
matic patrols were established when definite information was received that enemy 
submarines might be expected off the coast. These machines were ecpiipped with 
.Mark-.'5 bombs for offensive purposes. The patrols normally consisted of two 
machines, although at times four traveled in company. 

Paralleling the District activities, but in a sense separate from them, were 
what migiit be considered the overseas contributions. Piiiladelpiiia, the district 
headijuarlers, was one of the ports of eiid>arkation, and through it during the entire 
progress of the war there flowed personnel and a vast (juanlity of stores and supplies 
manufactured in Philadelphia and its environs. The systematic and ellicient 
handling of these stores and the outfitting and commissioning of the ships taken 
over, constructed or operated for the army and navy account, brought into being 
the .Naval Overseas Transportation Service. This service was created by chief of 
naval operations, .January' 9, 1918. Commander F. W. Hoffman, N. N. V., was 
ordered as District Supervisor on January 21, 1918, and continued as such until 
relieved by Commander M. H. Simons, I . S. N., on September 2, 1918. 

The safe routing of ships overseas required secrecy and the closest cooperation 
between this country and the forces abroad, and it was early recognized that this 
was an activity that rc(juired the cooperation b<'twe(!ii naval district and naval 
forces abroad so that the locality of every navigation menace might be avoided 
and every system of safeguarding overseas convoys might be utilized. This 
prompted the creation of routing offices in each naval district. On June 2, 1917, 
Captain F. S. Van Boskerck, U. S. C. G., was appointed American Routing Officer. 

All vessels leaving port were required to re])ort to the ship routing oflice, 
prior to putting to sea. From the day of its creation until the submarine activities 
commenced along the coast, the routing ofTicer's functions were limited to the 
dissemination of information to outbound shipping, and until the distribution of 

278 



confidential publications was taken over in its entirety by the issuing ollicer acting 
under the direction of the district communication superintendent, the routing 
officer issued to American vessels, other than commissioned navy shi}) ., such 
confidential instructions as the department desired them to receive. The actual 
routing of shi])s oxerseas was done by the British routing officer of this port, 
Lieutenant-Commander R. H. Reade, R. N. R. 

All vessels bound overseas, however, were given such information as was in 
the possession of the district authorities relative to enemy raiders, movements of 
submarines, locations of mines, and obstructions to navigation. All ship owners, 
masters, customs officials and shipping agencies were advised of the contents of 
the circular letter of instructions issued May 1, 1918, by the chief ot naval opera- 
tions, relative to the steps to be taken for the protection of ship]jing in the event 
of enemy submarine activity on the Atlantic coast. The British routing officer 
was invited into conference, and when it l)ecame necessary for the district authori- 
ties to assume control of coastwise shipping to save it from the danger of enemy 
mines or from contact with enemy submarines a perfect system of coastal louting 
had been devised. 

On June 3, 1918, the department directed the Commandant to assume control 
of coastwise shipping, and handle traffic in accordance with the instructions 
previously given. 

Coastal routings were made effective immediately and continued until October 
16, 1918, when routing instructions were revoked. Subsequent to this date, how- 
ever, shipping was routed so as to avoid known mined areas. 

Supplementing the system of coastal routings were the speaking stations 
established on Five Fathom Bank Lightship and Fenwick Island Shoal Lightship. 
These light vessels were equipped with radio, and necessary day and night signaling 
apparatus gave routing directions to passing ships. Tiiese signals were put in 
effect September 16, 1918. In addition, a vessel was constantly stationed at 
McCries' Shoals Buoy on the same duty. This vessel gave information to ships 
proceeding inbound on courses that would not take them in the vicinity of the 
lightships previously mentioned. 

Winter Quarter Shoal Light Vessel was ec[uipped with a S])ecial large size 
light for distance signaling, thus enabling ships to pass well inside of the light vessel. 

The policy carried out in the main was as follows: First, that shipping was 
not to be delayed by the activity of submarines. Second, that they should be 
directed through areas tliat had been swept, and which were reasonably certain 
to be free of mines. Third, that shipping should not be unduly alarmed by unau- 
thenticated reports of enemy activity, and fourth, that they should be given the 
maximum protection possible by convoys. 

The sinking of the Diamond Shoal Light Vessel by a submarine led to the 
belief that light vessels in tliis district would share the same fate, and during the 
entire submarine activity these ships were afforded as much protection as was 
consistent with the other military necessities of the district, and with the com- 
plement of vessels that was available. Submarine patrols were established for a 
time in the immediate vicinity of the lightships, upon the assumption that such 
location would be the likely one to make contact. 

It is worthy of mention that no ship routed out of the district suffered any 
mishap, and the only sizable ship that was lost inbound after routing instructions 

279 



were effective was the U. S. S. Saetia. which at the time was out of the routed 
channels. 

As soon as it was definitely determined that enemy submarines were operating 
in this district sliipping was afforded the protection of convoys. 

Convoys proceeding south were escorted by the vessels of the Third Naval 
District to the vicinity of Barnegat Light, where these craft were relieved by vessels 
of th(> Fourth District, and in turn escorted to the \ icinity of Winter Quarter 
Lightship, where the escort was in turn assumed by ships attached to the Fifth 
Naval District. 

The same practice prevailed for northbound conv<.)ys. The commandant 
of the district in which the convoy was made up arranged with the next adjacent 
district for the relief of his escort, and each succeeding district arranging in turn 
for its relief. These aiiangements were made through the communication service, 
details of the convoy, the meeting places, and other matters of a confidential 
nature being transmitted in code. 

The successful consummation of this work meant tiiat a ct)nsiderable ilect 
of escorting vessels, usually subchasers of fair speed and fair armament, should be 
available at all times, and in many cases it meant that tiicy had no sooner returned 
to the base for fuel and supplies than they were ordered t)ut on new duty. The 
escorts were furnished under all circumstances, except in the most violent weather, 
when the navigation of these small ships was impossible. 

The successful meeting of convoys, one relieving the other, was a good test 
of the seamanship of the men. 

Tiie use of radio to make contact was seldom resorti'd to. and the fact that 
liulh the escorted vessels and the convoying chasers ran without running lights 
made these meetings in absolute darkness doubly dillicult. 

It is a matter of congratulation that no ship escortvd tiirough the waters of 
the Fourth Naval District suffered any misiiap. and wiiilc no convoy was attacked, 
it can be safely said that the presence of these miniature men-of-war meant security 
to the very essential cargoes, both in men and niatcrial, tiial were frequently being 
transported up and down the coast. 

From the day that the escort system was inaugurated imlil llir day it was no 
longer felt to be needed, convoys were escorted through the waters of the Fourth 
Naval District northward and southward. 

The spring of 1918 found the Fourth Naval District thoroughly organized for 
offensive and defensive ])uii)oses. In November, 1017. two subchasers, the 
No. 209 and the No. 211, were added to the District foices. and these were the first 
vessels especially built for submarine work available in tlic District to date. In the 
months that lia<l ela])se<l tlie section liase at Cape May ;md at Lewes, Delaware, 
liad been tlioroughly organized and e(iuij)])e{l. Tlie training camp at Wissaliickon 
Barracks was finished and a steady flow of trained personnel was furnished to 
ships both in and out of the district. There were attached to the District forty-two 
scout patrol \essels, a great variety of craft of varying sizes, most of which were 
equipped with gasoline motors. In addition, there were ten vessels used as mine- 
sweepc-rs. On March 19, 1918, the coast guard cutter llusra was assigned to the 
District and she was followed on April 2,'jth by liie coast guard cutter Morrill. In 
addition there was the lighthouse tender Iris and the ligiithouse tender Woodbine. 
In March the subchasers 71, 72, 73, 74 and 144 reported for duty, and in June 

280 



the subchasers 180, 210 and 212 were added to the District complement. As soon 
as weather permitted, all the wooden section patrol vessels were restored to duty, 
having been overhauled during the winter. A strong harbor entrance patrol 
was maintained off the mouth of the Delaware Bay. A listening patrol established 
July 19, 1918, was maintained daily by two vessels until the signing of the armistice. 
The normal war activities, including investigations of mines sighted, of submarines 
reported and assistance to vessels in distress, kept the larger vessels constantly 
on the go. The end of the winter of 1917-18 found the section bases thoroughly 
equipped to keep the floating equipment in operation. Efficient personnel had 
been assembled to operate machine shops and repair shops at Cape May, and 
throughout the war the district forces based at Lewes and Cape May found their 
facilities sufficient for all purposes except where extraordinary repairs vvere neces- 
sary. The district forces had participated in target practice and squadron ma- 
neuvers and proficiency in signaling and radio communication was brought to 
a high standard of efliciency. The personnel engaged in the operation and upkeep 
of the engines became highly proficient in their several duties. 

Realization of what had been accomphshed by intensive training and ex- 
perience inspired the confidence that these forces would rise to any emergency with 
which they might be confronted. When the war had been in progress six months, 
reports that Cierinan submarines were on their way to bombard the American 
coast were received with credence. As early as October 2, 1917, the office of 
naval intelligence advised that twenty submarines of the Deiilschland type were 
reported to be leaving Geiinany early in October in two divisions. The informa- 
tion then had indicated their objective to be in the neighborhood of Hampton 
Roads, Va., and Pensacola, Fla. At that time it was believed necessary 
for enemy submarines to be refueled on this side and the information further 
indicated that shortly after their arrival they would proceed to a Mexican port 
for oil and then northward to engage in military operations. The necessity of 
a mother ship was also assumed, and it was believed that a vessel of neutral register 
would assist the submarines at a prearranged rendezvous. This plan was not put 
into operation by the German naval authorities, but every possible precaution 
was taken, and the receipt of tliis information prompted the establishment of 
land batteries at Cape May. The army authorities mounted six-inch coast defense 
guns at Cape May and at Lewes, and the jetties at Cold Spring Inlet were fortified 
by a six-inch naval gun. 

In December of 1917 the District was wai'ned that if enemy submarines 
attempted to operate off' the A^tlantic Coast efforts might be made to decoy 
merchant ships by false S. 0. S. calls, and the District authorities were cautioned 
to determine the authenticity of all such messages received. Although no enemy 
activity developed at this time, the vigilance of patrols was maintedned and every 
shore radio station was constantly on the alert to intercept any message that 
might indicate enemy submarine activity. On May 16, 1918, the department 
advised that enemy cruising submarines might be encountered anywhere west of 
the 40th degree ot longitude, and stated that this information was based upon 
contact that had been made. Immediately upon receipt of this information the 
section bases at Cape May and at Lewes were advised to keep a sharp lookout 
and be on the alert. Admiral William S. Benson, chief of naval operations, made 

281 



a flying tour ol' inspectiun of the outlying Ijascs of the District anti of the Navy Yard, 
Philadelphia, on May 16, 1918. 

On the same day the department advised that a I'nited States submarine 
had been ordered to the Fourth Naval District. 

The first definite information of the activity of the (lerman raider was received 
by radio on May 19th at 12.14 p.m. Atlantic City Hatlio intercepted an S. 0. S. 
from the British steamship .\yanza, advising that she was being chased, and gave 
her position as latitude 38 degrees 28 minutes north, longitude 70 degrees west. 
That the submarine was proceeding westwardiy into tlie wat(MS of the Fourth Naval 
District was indic'atcd by information received on May 20lh from the master of the 
ship, ./. C. Donnell. who upon his arrival at Lewes, Delaware, on that day, reported 
that his ship's railio intercepted a message from the American steamship Jonancy 
on May 19th, advising that sli(? was being torpedoed and giving her position as 
150 miles east of Winter Quarter Shoals. On May 21st at 11.15 a.m. the Canadian 
(iovernment steamship Montcalm relayed to Cape May Hadio a radio received 
from the steamship C.renella advising that a submarine had been sighted in latitude 
M degrees 50 minutes north, longitude 7,3 degrees 50 minutes west. At 1 p.m. 
on the same day the same shi}) a(l\ised tliat the Crenrllti had escaped. All of this 
information was immediately disseminated to the sectii)n bases and to the forces 
afloat, and the commanding officer of the coast defenses of the Delaware advised 
that merchant vessels had reported a (ierman submarine proceeding towards 
the coast. 

In addition to the regular patrols maintained at all times, several searching 
patrols of sulxluisers were ordered, whencNcr practicable, to the several positions 
given in S. (). .S. messages received. Subsecpient infurmalioii indii'ates that as the 
submarine approached I he coast she picked as her prey sailing vessels not likely 
to have radio. That this was the jjnlicy of the connnynding officer of the enemy 
submarine was conlirmed by information subsequently received and by inter- 
views had with the ere*' of the American schooner Edna. Fhat schooner cleared 
Philadelphia on May I7(h and sailed fiom the Delaware l}i(>akwater on May 
24th, passing Fenwick Island Lightship about noon. \t about 1.30 p.m. on 
May 25th the schooner was fired on by a (ierman submarine, wiiich afterwards 
proved to be the L-15L The enemy \essel overhauled hei', remo\ cd the crew 
to their vessel, bombed the schooni'r, and alter leaving her in an apparently sinking 
condition, submerged and went in ipiest of (itli«a' vessels. The Edna did not 
sink, but was taken in low by the Clyde Line steamer Mohaitk near Winter 
(Quarter Shoal Lightship. The schooner's towing bitts carried away and she 
was abandoned by the Mohawk and subsequently picked iqi l>> llie tug Arabian 
and towed into IMiiladt'lphia, arriving NLiy 29lh. Investigation made by the aide 
for information disclosed that there were two holes in tin; vessel's hold, twenty 
to thirty inches in diameter, abovi' the turn of the bilge, evidencing an external 
explosion. \ time fuse was found, the evtreme end (jf which was shattered by 
an explosion. On June 6th the master of the Edna arrJNcd in IMiiiadelpliia and 
was examined by the aide for information. From hirn it was learned that the 
damage to the schooner was infiicted by the crew of the I -151. I pon reaching 
the Ij-151 the master of the Edna found already aboatd her the masters and 
crew of the schooners Haltie Dunn and flanppauge. Both of these schooners 
had been sunk and the crews taken prisoners. It was learned that the Ilauppaiuje 

282 



had been bombed and sunk in latitude 37 degrees 46 minutes, longitude 75 degrees 
5 minutes. On June 2d at 10.30 ,\.m., they were placed in a boat taken from 
another vessel just sunk, and set adrift seventy miles east of Atlantic City, 
N. J., and allowed to make their way to land. The description of the submarine 
as given by Captain Gilniore was most complete and proved that the U-151 was 
armed with two 15-centinieter Krupp guns, each about twenty -seven feet long, 
and that the vessel was also equipped with mines. Valuable information as 
to the submarine's dimensions, her personnel, her movements and destination 
were obtained and forwarded to the department. The Fourth District, therefore, 
was the first to establish definitely the identity, characteristics and other important 
information as to the first (ierman submarine to operate off the Atlantic coast. 

This inforination was disseminated to all naval forces by the department on 
June 7th and the military characteristics of the German submarine U-151 were 
given as follows: length, 213 feet; breadth, 29 feet; surface draft, 14 feet; dis- 
placement, surface, 1,700 tons; submerged, 2,100 tons; engine, 1.200 horsepower; 
speed, eleven and a halt knots an hour, surface; eight knots submerged; fuel 
storage, 250 tons; endurance, 17,000 miles at speed of six knots an hour on the 
surface, fifty miles at speed of seven knots an hour submerged; armament, two 
six-inch guns, two twenty-two pounders; one machine gun, six torpedo tubes, 
four in the bow and two in the stern; complement, eight officers, sixty-five men; 
type, Denhchland, vessel converted merchantine submarine type; ammunition 
capacity, limited number of torpedoes, maximum twelve, may be equipped to 
carry and lay forty mines; 400 rounds of anununition for each gun. 

On May 28th, Cape May Radio received radio information from the steam- 
ship Adellieid, that she had sighted a submarine in latitude 36 degrees 45 minutes 
north, longitude 73 degrees 38 minutes west. 

The depredations of the enemy raider continued, the ship making its appearance 
at first one place and then another. The Isabella B. Wylie, a schooner of 775 tons 
gross was bombed on June 2d in latitude 39 degrees 10 minutes north, longitude 
73 degrees 7 minutes west, and tiie same day the schooner Wiiinecoime, of 1,869 
tons gross, was destroyed in the same manner in latitude 39 degrees 26 minutes 
north, longitude 72 degrees 50 minutes west. The following day the schooner 
Jacob Haskell, 1,778 tons gross, was sunk by bombs fifty miles east true of Barnegat 
Light. 

The American Steamship Texel, operated by the United States Shipping 
Bocird, encountered the enemy at 4.21 p.m., Sunday, June 2d, in latitude 38 
degrees 58 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 13 minutes 30 seconds west. The 
submarine announced her presence in the vicinity by a solid siiot fired over the 
vessel. The ship was immediately manoeuvered in the manner prescribed in war- 
time instructions and the aggressor was brought directly from the stern of the 
Texel, headed full speed ahead. A shrapnel shell was next fired which exploded 
on the water to the starboard of the vessel. The first and second shots were fired 
at a range of approximately 2,000 yards. 

The Master of the steamer A". B. Lowrie reportetl subsequently that a 
second submarine came to the surface directly ahead of the Texel, 1,500 yards 
distant. With two enemy vessels, one on his bow and the other astern, the Master 
decided to heave to, rather than expose his crew to injury or loss of fife. Two 
additional shots were fired by the submarine engaged in the stern chase, the first 

283 



Iiittiiifj a lifeboat (Jii the starboard side under the bridge, carrying it away and 
shattering the starboard wing of the upper bridge. The second shot passed about 
100 yards forwaid of the bow and exploded. Twenty-five minutes after the sub- 
marine was first sighted an under-heutenant and tliree (ierman seamen boarded 
the vessel and demanded the ship's papers. All papers and ^»avy instructions 
had been thrown overboaid during the attack. The ship was abandoned with 
Absecon Light bearing 29,5 degrees true, distance fifty-eight and one-half miles. 
Three bombs were set at the base of each mast and others in the engine and 
fire rooms. The master left the ship with a German naval officer of the rank of 
lieutenant at 5.10 p.m., the passengers and crew previously having shoved off in 
the ship's boats. At 5.18 p.m. the bombs exploded and the ship sank rapidly by 
the stern, listing to starboard and going mider the surface completely tiiree miimtes 
afterwards. 

The submarine disappeared in the haze, running on th(> surface, taking a 
course east-southeast. 

The Master adrift in one of the shi()'s boats heard firing at 6.20 p.m. and again 
at 7.20, but had no knowletlge of what had transpired. \o vessel was encountered 
by the boats of the Texel as they proceeded toward the shore. On June 3d the 
boats were bciched at Absecon Light and the survivors, thirty-six in number, were 
landed at Allanlic City, where they were met by coast guards, and arrangements 
made for th<'ir accommodation during the night. The description of the sub- 
marine tallied in general witii that given by previous victims. This was the first 
instance of where two submarines were reported acting in company. Ml of the 
passengers and crew of the vessel were saved. 

The firing heard by the survivors of the Texel at 6.20 p.m was in all probability 
the shots fired at the steamship Carolina, proceeding from San ,Iuan, Porto Hica, 
to New York. The steamer, which belonged to the Porto Hican Steamship (com- 
pany, was halted by three shots fired over her bow and by two shots over the stern 
at about 6.15 p.m. the same day. At the time of the attack the ship was in latitude 
39 degrees 10 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 7 minutes west. When the ship 
hove to the submarine came alongside and ordered that the ship be abandoned im- 
mediately. Ca{)tain Barber, the Master, disend)arked the women and childniii who 
were passengers in the first boats. As each boat was loaded it was directed by 
the submarine to lay astern of the Carolina. Three shells were fired into the ship 
amidships and others into the bow at short range. She immediately began to 
settle, going down bow first at 8.15 p.m. The crew of the (jerman raider lined 
the decks, waved a farewell and disappeared in the mist. The ship's niotorboat 
took the lifeboats in tow, but after a short run the towing line parted and the 
lifeboats became separated from the motorboat in the fog. Twenty-nine survivors 
landed through the surf at the foot of South Carolina Aveiuie, Atlantic City, N. J., 
at 1.45 P.M on June 1th. This number included eight women passengers and ten 
men passengers and eleven of the crew. Sixteen men and two women were picked 
up by the British Steamer Appleby and brought into Lewes, Del. Sixtefni 
were lost from one lifeboat that capsized at 12.15 a.m., Monday, June 3d. The 
other boats that reached land survived a violent sunnn(>r storm that tossed them 
about during the early hours of the morning of June 3d. 

While the ship's boats were making their way to land they were sighted, on 
J I me 3d, twenty miles southweird off Barnegat, steering westward by the S. S. 

284 



Mexico. Late that night the Carolina, before being sunk, reported by radio that 
she was attacked and that she had stopped. Unfortunately, however, the ship 
failed to give her position, and a request for this information from Navy Radio, 
Cape May, evidently reached the ship after her capture. The commanding 
ofiicer at the Section Base at Lewes was directed to stop all outgoing vessels, and 
the Commander of Cape May Section reported that all men away from base had 
been recalled, and all vessels at the base had been ordered to stand by for imme- 
diate sea duty. 

The U. S. S. Rathburne was ready to proceed on her trial trip the following 
day. That the ship might be equipped for offensive and defensive purposes, even 
before she was commissioned, one hundred rounds of four-inch ammunition was 
placed aboard of her together with depth charges, and the officer detailed to com- 
mand her was instructed to use his own judgment as to taking command in an 
emergency. 

The port of Philadelpliia was closed temporarily on June 4th, until such time 
as all outgoing ships could be afforded the protection of convoys, and until the 
Commandant was assured that the channels to sea were safe and free from mines. 

The schooner Samuel C. Meugel was destroyed by bombs in latitude 38 degrees 
8 minutes north, longitude 7.3 degrees 38 minutes west on June 3d. The Norwegian 
Steamship Vinland was sunk June ,5th, in latitude 36 degrees 32 minutes north 
and longitude 73 degrees 58 minutes west. On the same day the Carpathian was 
chased in latitude 36 degrees 16 minutes north and longitude 74 degrees west and 
the Eidswold was bombed and sunk in latitude 37 degrees 12 minutes, longitude 
73 degrees 55 minutes. 

On June 8th an underseas craft was reported in latitude 36 degrees 2 minutes 
north, longitude 71 degrees 20 minutes west, and on the same day it sunk the 
steamer Pinar del Rio in latitude 37 degrees 42 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 
56 minutes west. Subsequent to this date, for a time, the enemy raider pursued 
her activities in other waters. The alai'm given to shipping gave rise to many 
false rumors that were amusing except for the fact that it involved ceaseless activ- 
ity on the part of patrol vessels in running them down. A dead whale, sighted 
two miles north of McCries Shoals Buoy, was once reported as a well-authenticated 
submarine. 

The Commandant was warned that the enemy might resort to the old trick 
of scattering dummy periscopes at sea, and in certain instances it was believed 
that mines might be attached to these false periscopes in the hope of attracting 
a ship into a danger zone in an attempt to ram the supposed submarine. To 
heighten the interest in the search for a submarine base, if such did exist, the 
Secretary of the Navy, on June 19th, offered a reward of a thousand dollars to any 
person who might furnish authentic information which would lead to its location. 

The Department received information which led to the behef that a submarine 
base existed in the back sound north of Cape May. This report was investigated 
on August 23, 1918, and found to be without foundation. The entire vicinity 
of Cape May was so thorouglily patrolled that the establishment of such a base 
would have been impossible even had there been water sufficient and it had been 
possible to elude the naval patrol maintained. 

Lp to this time the district was without the services of a vessel of the destroyer 
type. On June the 4th the U. S. S. Walke was instructed to take up patrol on a 

285 



line ad joiiiinj.' the folldwinp limits: Latitude '.W dofirees iKuth. loiipittiHe 71 degrees 
10 niiiititos; latitude 15 1 degrees 20 minutes north, longitude 7 1 degrees 155 minutes. 
The Walke was detailed to escort the steamer Czar and the U. S. S. Matsonia from 
the Delaware I^reakwater to W inter Quarter Shoals on June oth. and sul)se(|uenlly 
she was attached to the district and operated under the direction of the ( '.om- 
niandant in prosecuting searches for submarines. 

A capital ship of the Navy was onl\ once attacked within the waters of the 
Fourth .\a\al District by an enemy submarine. \t .").15 a.m. on June 'Mil the 

1 . S. S. South Carolina was in latitude 38 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 
71 degrees 10 minutes west, when a periscope was sighted and fired upon. The 
Soiilli Carolirui was escorted by subchaser 231. which inunediately headed for 
the periscope, discharging depth bombs from her "\" guns over the spot where 
it had submerged. The Soiilh Carolina proceeded at full speed and made her 
esca[)e. The position of attack was fixed as 110 degrees true from Fenwick Island 
Lightship, distant live miles. The submarine sighted was evi(lentl> proceeding 
south at the lime of the attack, as the \orwegian Steamer Luna reporli'd at the 
Delaware Kieakwaler. the same morning, that she had sighted a submarine at 

2 A.M. leu miles east-southeast from Winter Quarter Shoal Lightship. Kvery pre- 
caulinn had bi'en taken to insure the safely of the ship in approaching the Delaware 
l?reak«ater. The approach chamu'ls had been swe|)t and subchasers had been 
detailed to (>scort the battleship in. and mine sweepers sent nut to nirci the ship 
aii<l sweep ahead of her as she proceeded. She was further warned b> radio to 
a\oiil the \icinil\ of Oxerfalls Lighl>lii|). 

'Fhese precautionary measures against mines were dictated bv the fact that 
six (la\s pre\ ions the steamship Ilrrhrrl L. Prall. an oil tanker, struck a mine in 
the neighborhood of ()\erfalls Light \ essel while proceeding Inward the Delaware 
Breakwater. The damage to the Prall was the first occasioned by enemy mines 
laid ill the waters of this district. The vessel was proceeding to the shelter alforded 
b\ llie I larliur of Hefiige at the Delaware ( .a|)es in accordance with radio warnings 
sent broadcast, advising that enemy submarines were operating olV the coast. 
and directing all ships to make the nearesi port. 

When Overfalls Lightship was bearing \. by K.. ^.j Iv and ('ape Henlopen 
W . by IN., "s iN., both magnetic, at 3.3.5 i'.m., the ship suffered severe vibrations 
from a slight explosion. At first it was believed thai she had been torpedoed, 
but the iioards of Investigation appointed to delermiiie the cause of the damage 
determined from the character of the damage done and from all other facts in its 
possession that it would have been impossible for a submarine tf> have operated 
with success in the character of water through which the ship was proceeding at 
the time. 

The belief that the damage was from a torpedo was heightenetl for the time 
b\ a report made by the Conimanding Oflicer of the S. P. .')'>1. Mirainar, a patrol 
vessel of the Fourth Naval District, that was in the vicinity immediately after 
the shij) struck. The Commanding Oflicer of the Miraniar reported having sighted 
a periscope wake. He gave cha.se. firing .several shots, after which the surface 
disturbance disappeared. 

The /Vrt// sailed from \b'xico on .May 26, 1*)I8, commanded bv 11. II. Mennett. 
Master Mariner, with a full cargo of crufle oil in bulk and a crew of thirty-eight men. 

At 8.00 A. VI. on .luiie 3d. when off Winter (,)uarter Shoal, radio warnings of 

28f> 



tlif> operation of enemy submarines were received on board ship by wireless. Every 
precaution was taken and a sharp iooiiout kept wliile proceeding toward the 
Delaware Capes. Immediately following the explosion the ship was headed toward 
the beach. The life boats were manned and S. 0. S. calls sent by radio that the 
shi]) had been cither mined or torjx'doed. In the fifteen minutes that the ship 
was able to retain steerage way she proceeded far enough into .shallow water so 
that when she went down by the head her bow rested in ten fathoms, and her 
stern remained afloat. The ship was then abandoned. 

\s evidencing the thorough patrol that was maintained the Master of the Prall, 
in liis statement made subsequent to the fKcurrence, may be quoted as follows: 

■'We then left the shij). .lust ]jrevious to this I hailed a guard boat, I don't 
know her name or number, and ordered her to stand by, that I was sinking. This 
guard boat was approximately 2,000 feet on my port side. He signalled me 
'All right.' They stood by until we left in the boats. I was placed aboard the 
guard boat and the crew was placed aboard the j)ilot boat. On the return to Cape 
May we met another guard boat and hailed him. We then turned around and 
started for Cape Ilenlopen." 

At 3. 1.5 p.M the following S. 0. S. was received at Cape May from the Prall: 
"Overfalls Lightship Delaware Breakwater have struck a mine or am torpedoed." 

The patrol vessels referred to by the Master of the Prall were the S. P. 591 Mir- 
arnar, tlic S. P. Georgiaiia 111, and the S. P. lulorca. These vessels were on patrol in 
that vicinity and themselves intercepted the S. O. S. and proceeded to the scene. 
Mine sweepers engagi'd in sweeping from Overfalls Light Vessel to Five Fathom 
Lightship, and for a distance of live miles beyond were ordered to return imme- 
diately and sweep in the vicinity of the mined steamer. 

At 6. 15 P.M. an object resembling a mine was swept up and tlie Coast Cuard 
Cutter Morrill stood back to examine it. A boat was lowered and the mine photo- 
graphed by Third Lieutenant \ On Paulson. It was subsequently sunk by a shot 
from a six pounder at a range of one hundred \ards. It did not explode. A sea- 
plane patrolling in the neighborhood signaled another mine two miles to the 
southward. This was reported by the commanding officer of the S. P. 683 as a 
moored mine. It was sunk by rifle fire. 

The following day the S. P. 68I swept up another mine of the same type, 
which exploded when hit by a shot from a six pounder. It was located one and 
four-tenth miles southeast of Overfalls Light Vessel. 

On June 9th, while sweeping between McCries Shoal Buoy and Overfalls 
Light Vessel, a mine was swept up and sunk by a shot from a six pounder at a range 
of 600 yards. A partial explosion occurred and the mine disappeared. 

The r. S. y. ]] (sfo/i'.fA!, which was about to proceed to sea from the DelawEU'e 
Breakwater, was ordered back, in view of the imminence of danger, and instructed 
to anchor at Brandywine Shoals. A thorough search in the vicinity failed to 
show any evidence of the presence of a submarine, other than that seen by the 
lookout on the Miraniar. 

The following day, due to the efforts of Naval Constructor Davis, the Prall 
was taken in low by the Navy Tug Tasco and brought into the Delaware Break- 
water. Naval Constructor Davis happened to be at Lewes, Del., engaged in 
salvage operations, and his effort and the equipment at his disposal was imme- 
diately applied to salvaging the Prall. Steam had been kept up on the Prall and 

287 




Courtesy of the Atlantic KellntiiE Co. 

liiiiniring liamaije to the "IIitIhtI I,. Pratt." 



hor pumps were set to work to empty (ho forward tanks. She was subseijuently 
rif:liti'(l and ran to the Navy Yard. Philadelpliia. under her own steam, where 
she was placed in dry dock and where (he following', wlio were appointed as a 
Board of liKjiiirN to determine the cause of the daniajie, viewed thesliip: \rmistead 
lUist, (Captain, I . S. \. (Bet.), Senior Member; Maurice (i. Belknap, Lieu(enant, 
U. S. N. R. F., Member and Recorder; I">nest L. Bass, Assistant Naval Constructor 
of lliifiineers, U. S. C G.; ¥. C. Wells, Third lieutenant. Member; and Joseph J. 
ribbelts, L. S. N. Member; Carpenter, L. S. i\. R. F., Member. 

The conclusions of the board were as follows: A submarine to have fired a 
loipcdo would have had (o bo oporadnfi be(ween (ho frail and (ho Hen and Chicken 
Shoals. The ten-fathom curves show a sort of fuimol-like entrance of deep water 
from the sea from the southeast to the locality between Overfalls Light Vessel 
and Hon and Chicken Shoals. This is plainly the chaimol in which shif)s enter 
(ho bay. For (ha( reason it is plainly a place where mines would be planted by 
an enemy who had the opportunity to do so. On the other hand, the fact that 
it was a locality where war vessels of the I nitod States mifiht be expected, would 
present grave elements of danger to the operation of a submarine in the day time, 
the water being too shoal to permit diving without danger in case of pursuit. 
Minos planlod in (ho locality would serve as a menace for a long ])orio(l unless 
they wore suspc'ctod and dragged for. The use of a torp(>do would be, of course, 
more certain, but the operation of a submarine in such a locality at that time of 
day would present almost prohibitive risks which would make it unlikely that 

288 



such a course would be taken. For these reasons the board is of the opinion that 
the damage to the Pratt was caused by a mine and not by a torpedo fired from a 
submarine. 

Tlierefore, the most intensive mine-sweeping operations were carried on. 
Approach channels were laid out and swept and the regulations for the local 
control and safeguarding of siiipping as set forth in the instructions of operations, 
under date of May 18tli, and as amended by fuither instructions received on June 
.5th, were rigidly adhered to. The Department enjoined upon all commandants 
the heartiest cooperation, especially between districts that were adjacent, in the 
dissemination of proper information, control of coastwise shipping and in offensive 
actions against the enemy. These instructions were carried out to the letter, 
S. 0. S. calls received by radio were immediately transmitted to adjacent districts 
by telephone and subsequently confirmed by dispatch over the leased telegraph 
lines. The districts were constantly in touch with each other by telephone, so 
that their activities might not conflict or overlaj). Information as to the move- 
ments of coastwise shipping was given and every fact of possible value or of possible 
assistance in the conduct of the campaign was forwarded to adjoining districts 
for their information. While offensive action was prosecuted to the limit of 
the resources of the district in the destruction of mines, defensive action was taken 
so that mines should not be planted by vessels operating under neutral flags. 
Neutral vessels were boarded and inspected, so as to make absolutely certain that 
no mine-laying ecjuipment was aboard, and the further direction that neutral 
vessels were to be followed in and out by patrol boats, and their actions observed, 
was complied with in certain instances. 

It was the opinion of the department at this time that possibly two sub- 
marines were operating oti the Atlantic coast and the widely separated reports 
of activities seemed to confirm this possibility. The department's views were 
expressed as follows: "From the character of those enemy operations, the enemy's 
mission is estimated to be primarily political with the object of causing us to in- 
augurate such an offensive campaign as to prevent us placing our naval forces 
where they will operate to best military advantage. If tliis estimate of the enemy's 
primary mission is correct, it is reasonable to ex]3ect the enemy submarines to 
shift their base of operations fretjuently, both to gain added victims and also to 
create the impression that more submarines are on this coast than are really here." 

The mine-sweeping squadron which cariied out these operations at this time 
was organized early in the war, and among the first vessels taken over were a 
number of steam powered wooden hulls which had heretofore engagetl in the so- 
called Menhaden fishing operations in waters adjacent to the Delaware Breakwater. 

The vessels originally taken over were the Delaivare, S. P. 467; Breakwater, 
S. P. 681; Garner, S. P. 682; McKeeirr Brotl>ers. S. P. 683; E. J. McKeever, S. P. 
684; S. W. McKeever, S. P. 1169; Fearless. S. P. 724; Annie Gallup, S. P. 694; 
Vester, S. P. 686; Brown, S. P. 1050. The vessels were purchased outright and 
rapidly converted at the Navy Yard to the purpos(? intended. TIk^ latter two 
after some months' service were detached from this duty, after their unsuitability 
had been demonstrated. 

The U. S. S. Teal, mine sweeper 23, and the V. S. S. Kinfifisher. mine sweeper 
25, were added to this fleet on August 20, 1918, the former being constructed at the 
Sun Shipbuilding Company, and the latter at the Puget Sound Navy Yard. 

289 



These vessels were specially constructed for this purpose and their power, sea- 
worthiness and adaptability constituted a considerable contribution to the fleet. 

The coast defense cutters Morrill and Itasca were at various times assigned 
as flafiships of the mine-sweeping squadron. 

lixchisive of the flagships, the \ . S. S. Teal and Kingfisher, the ships averaged 
about 200 tons gross. They were fitted to sweep in accordance with the English 
system, in pairs, with wire between each boat, and using one kite. 

A mine-sweeping fleet was based at Lewes, nd.. until May 6, 1918, 
when it was transferred to Cape May. The limited number of vessels made 
it necessary in the beginning to sweep prescribed channels rather than definite 
areas. This channel extended generally from Overfalls Light ^ essel to a position 
one-half mile south of Five Fathom Bank Lighfshi[). 

Latterly, sweeping operations w(>re shifted and carried on intensively, as 
information was received indicating the probable location of mined areas. When 
the (ierman submarines commenced their operations at the latter end of May, 
1918, the mine-sweeping fleet concentrated its efforts u[)on clearing certain approach 
routes to the Delaware Bay. Daily sweeping operations covered a distance of 
from sixty to eighty miles, and to insure the safety of ships a channel 600 yards 
wide was covered. 

The Departmciil carlN diiccted attention to the delayed action of (Icrman 
mines, and pointed out that "in connection with sweeping of channels, it is no 
guarantee tliat the channel is dear after having been swept the previous day." 
This involved continuous sweeping, and it was therefore entirely possible that in 
the wide areas to be covered a mine laid would rise after the identital area had 
been swept. 

The next ship to make contact with an enemy mine \\ilhiii (lie waters of the 
Fourth \a\al District was the U. S. S. Minnesota. 

The ship was proceeding to the Navy Yard, I'liiladilpliia. when she struck, 
at .5.00 A.M. on September 29th. in latitude 38 degrees 1 I minutes ,'?0 seconds north 
and longitude 71 degrees 11 minutes 5 seconds west. She was convoyed by the 
I . S. S. luracl. T\w mine exploded on the starboard bow below the water line, 
tearing a hole from thence downward to the keel. The forward compartments 
were Hooded, compelling a reduction in speed to ten knots. The shi[) proceeded 
under her own steam and without assistance. Innnediately upon her arrival at 
the .Na\\ ^ ard at 7.30 p.m. the same day, she was placed in drydock and tem- 
porary repairs made, so as to enable her to be undocked at noon on Octobei- 2(1. 

I pon receipt of information that a mine had been discovered in this locality 
two seaplanes from the Naval Air Station, Cape May, scouted in that vicinity 
without result, and four mine sweepers, including the L. S. S. Teal and l. S. S. 
A infijislier. sw ept for a distance of five miles ar< )und I he position wit hout discovering 
additional mines. 

The majority of mines .swept up conformed lo the dest iii)tion of those laid 
out of torpedo tubes by the U-151. 1"he dimensions in the main w(M(< tliamctcr 
19}/^ inches, length, exclusive of horns, 4 feet 9|4 inches, holding in their center 
a charge of api)roximately 200 pounds of trinitrate of tohiol. They were usually 
of the four-horned variety with a single mooring. The varying tactics employed 
by the mine layers necessitated sweeping of approach routes as far as the hundred 
fathom curve, and in order to safeguard the routes followed by ships huggine the 

290 



coast, to avoid submarines, sweeping operations were necessary from Barnegat 
south to the vicinity of Winter Quarter Shoals. The immediate vicinity of North- 
east End Lightship, Five Fathom Bank Lightship, Fenwick Island Shoal Light- 
ship and Winter Quarter Lightship were constantly investigated by patrol vessels. 

Regular sweeping operations were interrupted by the necessity of detailing 
certain sweepers to investigate localities where mines were reported. Such reports 
rarely proved to be accurate, and in order that mines sighted might be immediately 
destroyed by passing ships, the Department on September 18, 1918, directed 
that all vessels be instructed to sink lloating mines by rifle fire, and that steps 
be taken to determine definitely whether the suspicious object was a mine or not. 

Prior to the issuance of these instructions, it had been customary for merchant 
ships to report the mine sighted, leaving it as a constant menace to any ship 
that might pass in its vicinity before mine sweepers could reach the locality. 

The \ . S. S. South Carolina, proceeding south at 1.00 p.m. on September 7. 
1918, cut ofl^ a mine which came to the surface. At the time Barnegat Light was 
six miles distant, bearing 290 degrees. The coast guard cutter Morrill, with two 
mine sweepers, searched the area, sweeping Iwelve hours for a distance of eighty- 
four miles, without encountering anything. A month later, the LI. S. S. Teal 
swept up and sunk by rifle fire a mine in latitude 39 degrees 43 minutes north, 
longitude 71 degrees 1 minute west. 

The loss of the LT. S. S. Seaiia, a cargo carrier, operated for the army account, 
on November 9, 1918, concluded the damage done by enemy mines. The Seatia 
sailed from a French port bound for Philadelphia, and had been given instructions 
by the American routing oflicer at the port of clearance, as to the lines of approach 
to use when nearing the United States coast. By reason of bad trim, foul weather 
and an accompanying northeast gale, the steamer found herself, on the morning 
of November 9th, six miles to the southward and westward of the approach line 
of the inner position, and hauled up to make the lightship. At 8.30 p.m. she 
struck a mine ten miles south-southeast from Fenwick Island Lightship, one 
of the many that had been laid by a Cierman submarine from and to the south- 
ward and westward of the lightship. Although the ship stayed afloat but a short 
time all of the crew were saved. A number made their way to the coast south 
of Cape Henlopen in Ufeboats, and the remainder were picked up by S. S. Kennebec 
and subsequently transferred to district vessels hastening to the scene. These 
latter survivors were landed at the Secticm Base, Cape May. 

A total distance of 1,085 miles was swept in the vicinity of Barnegat. Prior 
to the signing of the armistice, nine mines were accounted for in this area. 

With the signing of the armistice, information was received from Vice-Adniiral 
William S. Sims, commanding the United States Naval Forces in European waters, 
that charts showing the positions ol nnne fields in this country had been turned 
over to the Allies. From this information, it was indicated where mines had been 
laid in areas located within the Fourth Naval District. 

The actual arrival of the enemy off the coast was promptly followed by the 
assignment by the department of the U. S. S. M-1, an American submarine, which 
took up a periscope patrol. 

Inasmuch as no suitable tender was available, it was determined to base the 
submarine at the Cape May Section Base and she was accordingly transferred to 

391 



Cold Sprinjr Inlet. After minor repairs had been made, she was assigned to patrol 
an area which would cover the approach to the Delaware Bay. The value of 
submarines for defensive purposes was realized and the Department ivas requested 
to detail two additional vessels of the same type for like duty. The duration of 
the patrol was fixed as six days. 

The operation of the M-1 early emphasized the tremendous responsibility 
imposed by the operation with safety of our own submarines. While they were 
instructed to remain submerged during the day and to come to the surface only 
at night, there was constant danger that th(^y might be mistaken for an enemy 
craft by patrolling seaplanes. Contact by district vessels was constantly made, emd 
to insure the safety of our own submarines it was necessary that most complete 
and accurate information should be disseminated to all naval v(>ssels and to ad- 
joining districts so that they might not be mistaken for enemy vessels. The 
British steamship Sorereign. on June 19th, sighted an American submarine and 
could have sunk her by gun-fire. Fire was withhf^ld when the American flag 
was displayed, and the fact that she was friendly was confirmed by the action of 
the submarine in proceeding away from the merchant ship without further action. 

On .lune 2.'jth, the I . S. S. N-7 was assigned to the Fourth Naval District, 
arriving at Cape May on July 23d, at t p.m. She was followed shortly thereafter 
by the l. S. S. N-4, but due to the salting of her engine while proceeding, she was 
not a\ailal)le for ])atrol until repairs had been made. 

The I . S. S. Saniniiah. flying the flag t)f the conunandcr of Division 8, Sub- 
marine Force, arrived at the Delaware Breakwater at 1 1 .\.m. on Sunday, August 
1th. The ships of this division were rapidly assemliled at thi' Dela\\aic Breakwater, 
where it was found that the ground swell coining into the llarboi- of Befuge from 
seaward made that rendezvous, in the judgment of the commander of Division 8, 
not onl\ unsuitable but also dangerous to the ships of his division. IVrmission 
was recpiested to shift the division's base to Cold Spring Inlet, Cape May. 

Before the U. S. S. Savannah and her accompanying submarines were permitted 
to enter Cold Spring Inlet, a careful inspection was made and soundings taken. 
It was found at low water there was a depth of eighteen feet with a tide rise of 
four feet six inches. The U. S. S. Savannah has a length of 116 feet and beam of 
forty-six and maximinn flraft loaded of twi'iity-three feet six inches and maximum 
draft light of sixteen feet. It was determined, therefore, that it was entirely 
feasible for the Savannah to enter Cold Spring Inlet, as while acting as tender her 
maxinuim draft was eighteen feel six inches. 

The adaptability of Cold Spring llarboi' as an operating base for submarines 
was enhanced by the ability of the communication service to run direct lines, 
both telephone and telegraph, from the shore to the tender. The Saraiinah 
arrived at Cape May on August iiOtli. Two subniaiines of this division were 
constantly on patrol in designated areas, while (he waters adjacent were utilized 
for targ(^t prai^tice, torpedo practice and submerging tests. 

The r. S. S. 0-6, one of the ships of this (ii\ isioii, was badly dainagetl by gun- 
fire when she came to the surface astern of a convoy she was escorting, being 
mistaken for a hostile submarine. She proceeded to the mother shi]) in Cold 
Spring Inlet, where repairs were completed August 29111. It was considered that 
exceptional work had been done by the tender in repairing the damage, and the 
work of the Savannah's officers in this particular was the subject of a con- 

292 



gratulatory letter IVoin the coniniaiuler of the Submarine Force Atlantic, on 
Aiifiust 30th. 

The presence of the Savannah and her tli vision, tlie coincident fliglits and 
landings of seaplanes from the coastal air station, and the comings and goings of 
district vessels made Cold Spring Tnlet one of tiie busiest coastal bases at this time. 
Submarines exercised daily, particularly in torpedo practice and submerging 
tests. One of the latter, carried out on October 10th by the U. S. S. O-IO was of 
ninety-six hours' duration, at the conclusion of whicli the boat and crew were in 
excellent condition. The operation of the division from this point proved highly 
satisfactory, permitting the closest cooperation between district forces, and placed 
at the disposal of the submarine force commander the latest information available 
through the communication service established at Cape May, as well as the supply 
and repair facilities of the section base. 

In the late spring the hunt squadrons were organized to supplement the dis- 
trict activities. On June 6th the Connnandant was advised that the U. S. S. 
Joiiell with a force of more than a score of subchasers had been instructed to en- 
deavor to engage and maintain touch with the enemy submarine operating off the 
coast with the objects, first of destroying her, and second, failing in that, to track 
the enemy to his base of suppUes in the western Atlantic. To that end the Jouell 
and its force was instructed to follow him to the full exttmt of their resources. 

Information received by the Department when the Piiiar Del Bio was sunk 
was to the effect that the submarine was accompanied by a freight steamer, pre- 
sumably acting as a decoy and supply ship. This freighter was described as being 
4.50 feet long, of 6,000 tons, painted gray, with a funnel amidships and two well 
decks. After a cruise out of Hampton Roads to the northward, the Jouell and her 
force based at the Delaware Breakwater until pmsuit of the (Miemy took them tci 
the northward, Provinc(>town, Mass., that becoming their base of operation. 
The basing of the Jouell and her force at the Delaware Breakwater placed upon the 
Commandant the responsibility of refueUng and resupplying these ships, and 
it should be noted that u])on their arrival there w as awaiting them a store of fuel 
more than sufllcient for the entire squadron, and tliis service was maintained for 
the Jouell and subsequent hunt squadrons that based there and at Cape May. 

The activities of the (ierman submarine practically ceased toward the end 
of the month of June, and it was indicated that she was proceeding eastward by 
the fact that the 1 1. S. S. \'on Sleuben was attacked by torpedo, but escaped in 
latitude 38 degrees 12 minutes north and longitude 61 degrees I') minutes west, 
on June 18th, and by the .sinking the same day of the steamship Dwin.sk in latitude 
30 degrees 30 minutes north and longitude 61 degrees 16 minutes west. 

Five days later the Norv^egian steamship Augvald was sunk by torpedo in 
latitude 38 degrees 30 minutes north and longitude 53 degrees 50 minutes west. 
The survivors of this ship were brought to Philadelphia, and their statements 
were secured by the aide for information. 

No activities were recorded within the waters of the District after those above 
mentioned until several weeks later. It should be noted that the last three of 
which mention was made were far to the eastward of any waters that might 
reasonably be expected to be patrolled by the District vessels. The absence of 
enemy activity, however, caused no relaxation in the vigilance maintained. That 
such might be expected was evidenced by a dispatch received on June -4th, 

293 




llioto by Kfi'l'isl'' 

C.rt'ir ttf I . S. S. nut Shtilnii tin " 1 ii-^jitfltttn," _\tiiftist 'i. llfl^. 

I'lniii tlio chief ol naval operations, who desired that all forces should be impressed 
li\ I hi' iiecessily of vif^ilant patrols both in the air, under water and on the surface. 

riie section commanders at C.apt- Ma> and at Lewes and the conunaudiuf; 
oflicer of the naval air station at Cape May were enjoined to strictly carry out 
these instructions. Patrol vessels were cautioned to be vif;ilan1. and all possible 
boats were kept on patrol and mine swee])ers continued the sweejjiiif; of jjrcscribed 
channels. 

That tiie enemy raider would be promptly relii'ved was indicated about the 
middle of ,lui\ by information received from the Department to the ed'ect that the 
I -156 was proceeding towards this coast, and that a submarine cruiser of a possibly 
later type would accompany her. Further information indicated that the next 
raid would be one calculated to create terror along the seacoast by bombardment. 

.lust prior to the receipt of information that a renewal of submarine acti\it> 
might be expected, virtually all the temporary structures that had constituted 
the Cape May Section Base were destroyed by fire on Independence Day, 1918. 
'rh(> fire, which was of unknown origin, started at about 10 a.m. under the inside 
corner at the rear of the sleeping tpiarters. The fire extinguishers and bucket 
brigades were unavailing against the rapid spread of the flames through the 
flimsy wooden structure, thoroughly dried after years of use. Over half the com- 
plement of the base was participating in the Independence Day celebration in 
Cape May proper, and the parade in progress was hastily disbanded and the men 
returned to the base for fire fighting by every available conveyance. A strong 

294 



wind blew from the harbor side, driving the flames directly toward the magazines, 
and the splendid courage exhibited by the men in removing tli(> contents of the 
magazine is deserving of praise. Within less than half an houi' the structure was 
in ruins. That the salvage work was carried on thoroughly, efliciently and with 
great dispatch is evidenced by the fact that the records of the commanding officer, 
executive officer, comnuniication officer and most of tlie valuable records of the 
paymaster were saved. No one was killed and injuries sustained by enlisted 
personnel were of minor character. The total loss to the Government, including 
the amount expended in improvements, provisions, clothing and small stores, 
general stores issued and awaiting issue, was estimated at $327,000. 

The activities of the base were continued without interrujjtion, except for 
the time required in fire lighting. The ruins were still burning when telephonic 
and telegraphic communications had been reestablished with the district head- 
quarters. The section base headquarters were established in the Corinthian 
Yacht Club adjacent to the original site. Personnel was quartered at Wissahickon 
Barracks temporarily, until a camp was estabfished. No vessels were damaged, 
and while the routine ot the base was interrupted in minor details, offensively and 
defensively, until conversion of the yacht club had been completed the base was 
in a position to meet immediately any enemy submarine activity. 

During the entire war, but one fire occurred outside of a (iovernment reser- 
vation that seriously menaced the progress of naval affairs. This occurred shortly 
after 8 p.m. on September 12, 1918, at the plant of the New York Shipbuilding 
Company in Camden. The fact that the new superdreadnought Idaho was at 
that plant nearing completion, and the further fact that a number of destroyers 
were on the ways in various stages of completion caused prompt action to be taken 
to safeguard the Government's interests. 

The U. S. S. Modoc and the U. S. S. Sanioset from the Navy Yard were dispatched 
innnediately, and every major ship at the yard had a detail of one hundred men 
standing by ready to place aboard the Idaho, in case it should be found 
necessary to move that vessel out of the path of the flames. Auxiliary tugs 
were engaged and were ready. The fire was controlled, however, without 
serious damage to any of the construction work under way, and as additional 
protection to the plant during the excitement, which attracted great crowds, 
a detail of 150 marines were placed on guard on the shore side, and district vessels 
patrolled the river front. 

On July 8th a submarine was believed to be in the neighborhood of latitude 
40 degrees north and longitude 50 degrees west. The railway between Barnegat 
and Beach Haven, the fuel ofl depot and the radio station at Tuckerton, and prom- 
inent landmarks along the coast, such as lighthouses, water tanks, etc., were 
said to be the objects of bombardment. 

Upon receipt of this information, the guard at the Tuckerton radio station 
was doubled, as acts of sabotage in conjunction with these efT(jrts were expected. 
A constant patrol was ordered to be kept from Barnegat to a point five miles 
south of Atlantic City, scout patrol vessels being assigned to this duty. The 
patrol boats were instructed to attack submarines on sight, and although it was 
realized that they would be no match for the large cruising submarines in a standup 
tight, Fourth District vessels were ordered to fight to a finish. 

Tlu-ee section patrol vessels equipped with fistening devices maintained a 

295 



constant listening patrol, and an additional vessel cruised in the vicinity of Winter 
Quarter Li^iit. 

The commanding officer of the air station at Cape May was instructed to have 
planes patrol constantly, as far north as Barnegat. Mine-sweepers were instructed 
to be paiticiilarly cautious and to perform their duties with the utmost ellicien<'\. 
as it was believed that the activities of a German submarine operating in the fore- 
noon of .luly 21st, off Cape Cod, was for the ])iu-])ose of diversion to enable others 
to lay mines at points further south. That the submarine was not coniining its 
activities to the vicinity of Cape Cod, and that another than this one was proceed- 
ing to the westward was indicated by the messages received on July ."JOth, by radio, 
that the S. S. Kermanshaw at 5.4.5 p.m. was being pursued by a submarine, which 
had fired two torpedoes at her in latitude 38 degrees lr> minutes noitli, longitude 
68 degrees west. 

The presence of an enemy submarine in the vicinity of I'ire Island, N. Y., 
prompted the Department to order the U. S. S. Jonetl, then at Lewes, Del., to 
proceed with her force forming a scouting line east and w(>st from the coast to 
the 73d meridian and to scout northward covering the area to Long Island, IN. Y. 
She sailed on July 20th and from that date until late in August the district was 
without the services of a hunt squadron, until th(> I". S. S. Pallersou. with the 
I'iflli Distriit Hunt Squadron, was ordered northward to search the area from 
the latitude of the capes of Mrginia to the capes of Delaware Bay and west 
of the One Hundred Fathom Curve. The Pallersori and the sc^uadron arrived at 
Delaware Breakwater at 4 p.m. August 23, 1918, and carried on operations for 
about one month. 

That the enemy submarine was again operating in the w^aters of the Fourth 
iN'aval District was evidenced by an S. (). S. message received at 8 p.m. on August 
13th, to the effect that the steamer Henry S. Kellogy had been torpedoed thirty 
miles south of Ambrose Light Vessel. As the location given was outside of the 
boundary of the Fourth Naval District, and nearer to the headipiarters of the 
Third Naval District, the information was immediately telephoned to the conuuan- 
dant of that district. In an endeavor to intercept the submarine if it proc(H'ded 
southward, a listening patrol was inuncxliatcly ordered to be established at the 
extreme northern boundary of this District. Scout patrol vessels were ordered 
to cruise in the vicinity of the wreck to locate any survivors and a seaplane patrol 
was ordered at daybreak. The U. S. S. Henderson, which had sailed from the 
Navy Yard, l'hiladel])hia, proceeding to New York, was warned by radio of the 
presence of the enemy raider in that vicinity and was advised that a ship had been 
sunk by it off the north Jersey coast. The conunandant of tlu; Third Naval 
District advised that tliirty-five survivors had been landed in New ^ Ork and that 
seven ol the crew had been lost. 

On August 14th, shortly after noon, inroiniation was rccei\('(l that an cncniN 
submarine was shelling a schooner live miles southeast of Northeast ImhI Light- 
ship. This information was contained in an S. O. S. from the Schooner II ilUani 
(ireen, which was proceeding with all speed toward the Delaware Breakwater. 
The schooner attacked proved to be the Dorothy BnrreU, j)roc(M>ding from Norfolk 
t(» Boston with a cargo of coal. At 10.00 a.m. on .\ugust 1 Ith the submarine sud- 
denly appealed and fired a warning shot. The master and crew abandoned ship 
in a motor boat, and proceeded toward the submarine, which submerged, the motor 

296 



boat then starting towards Cape May. At this time the submarine chasers 71 
and 73 were exercising; fourteen miles southeast of Cold Spring Inlet with the 
U. S. S. N-7. The mine-sweeper kiiKjtisher was in the vicinity but not in siglit, 
searching for a wrecked seaph^ne. The schooner's boat sighted the Kingfisher 
and the master boarded her, while the boat and survivors continued toward land. 

At 11.50 A.M. the kiiif/Jisher sighted what was thought to be two submarines 
in chase and she opened fire heavily. The submarine chaser 73 was attracted 
by the firing and proceedetl noith and intercepted the S. 0. S. sent two hours after 
the occurrence from the schooner 11 illiuni Green. The schooner had for self preser- 
vation kept her wireless silent until she had passed out of the danger zone. The 
Green was intercepted liy the submarine chaser 73 at 12.50 a.m. 

Securing the correct ])ositi(>n of the Dorothy Barrett she proceeded to the then 
burning and sinking schooner, arriving alongside at 1.15. The receipt of the S. 0. S. 
at the Section Base, Cape May, was followed almost immediately by the sailing 
of the submarine chaser 144 and the seaplane 1859. Fifteen minutes later sub- 
marine chasers 180, 210 and three other planes left for the scene. Scout patrols 
177 and 372. returning but a short time later from escort and patrols, were dis- 
patch(Hl also. Th(> seaplane upon arriving detected bubbles on the surface 
600 yards south of the wreck. The plane released bombs over the spot and 
directed submarine chasers to it by gun fire. Depth charges were released from 
the chasers and sweeping with trailing device was resorted to without contact 
being made. On a radial line to the southwest from Five Fathom Lightship the 
area was searched by submarine chasers 71, 210 and 114. The U. S. S. N-7 and 
sul)marine chaser 72 were sent to patrol off Northeast b]nd Lightship. 

The Barrett sank six miles southeast by south of Northeast End Lightsliii) 
in fifteen fathoms. Her sails were partly set and the topmast and twenty feet 
of lower mast showed above water. Pending her destruction, which was after- 
wards accomplished, a buoy was placed to mark her position. 

The cessation of enemy activity about this time caused the department to 
call attention to the fact that much of the raiding on this coast had occurred on 
Sundays, and that September 2, 1918, was a legal holiday following a Sunday. 
All forces were cautioned to be on the alert and prepared for any emergency. 
In response to these directions, shore leaves were withheld and liberty was not 
granted, so that during these two hohdays the entire forces of the District ashore 
and afloat were ready for any emergency. 

During the entire time of the submarine activity described in detail many 
reports were received by the section aide for information of signaling by improvised 
blinkers from shore to seas. Flickering lights in looms of seashore hotels and 
rocket signals sent up at isolated points along the Jersey shore and along the 
shore south of Cape Henlopen early resulted in the establishment of coast patrols. 

Land forces detailed from Cape May and Lewes augmented the regular 
patrols of the coast guard, the navy personnel being stationed at the several coast 
guard stations. No actual contact was made with any persons upon whom 
responsibility could be fixed. 

The problem was a particularly difllcult one and the occurrences reported so 
widely scattered and of such varying character as to be almost beyond detection. 
These occurrences came to a climax at 11 p.m. on August 30th, when three 
cream-colored rockets were observed in the air in the neighborhood of Coast Guard 

297 



Station No. 126, located in the northern end of Ocean City, N. J. At about the 
same time, L. J. Meehan, apprentice seaman, on guard to the north of the station, 
encountered a civiUan acting suspiciously on the beach in a locality distant from 
habitation. The guard ordered him from the viiinity and in order to emphasize 
the military character of his command, discharged his pistol into the sand. The 
directions were repeated without cnnipliance, and the civilian attempted to dis- 
possess the guard of his sidearm. In th'' resulting encounter the civilian was shot 
and killed. Nothing subsequently found upon his person indicated any connection 
with alien activities, nor was any exijlanation available for his suspicious action. 

After a period of inactivity .so far as the enemy was concerned, information 
was received from the department on September l.'Uh that a large German sub- 
marine with about forty-live mines aboard might lay olf the important ports 
along the Atlantic, and the conunandants of all districts were enjt)ined to carry 
on intensive sweeping operations. This was complied with. 

\t about this time radio S. (). S. calls intercepted indicated that the enemy 
raider was operating in the Fifth Naval District. The Sabiit^ Sun reported on 
September 11th, at 8.30 a.m., that she was being gunned south of Diamond 
Shoals Light X'essel. The captain of the American S. S. ./. E. OWcill reported 
having sighted a submarine on September 6lh, near Fenwick Island Lightship. 

The .sinking of Diamond Shoals Light \ essel, on August 6th, led to the belief 
that similar action would be taken against one or all of the lightships located in 
the Fourth District. The enemy, however, failed to pursue the sinking of light- 
ships further, but in the latter part of September such operations within the 
District as were noted were in the vicinity of light vessels. 

Five Fathom Bank Lightship reported on September 23d that a periscope 
and wake were seen about three miles astern of the U. S. S. Jupiler and about 
.">00 yards off the lightship itself. The JupHer had passed the lightsliip shortly 
before 1 P..M. and sighted the periscope at the same lime as it was sighted on the 
lightship. The collier speeded up and the periscope disappeared. During the 
entire afternoon, seaplanes and subchasers scouted in llic xicinily «llliout, how- 
ever, sighting anything. 

Seaplanes 1757, 1210 and 1931 were dispatched on special duty, and their 
search was augmented by seaplanes 116j and 17;?3 already on patrol in that 
neighborhood. 

Two days previously a submarine appeared at 9 .\.m. off Winter Quarter 
Shoal Lightship. She signaled the lightship her identity as that of the \ . S. S. 
Orpre and took a course north-northeast. Inasmuch as no Lnited Stales sub- 
marine is idenlilied by name but by letters and by numbers, it was thought that 
this was a case of mistaken signaUng, and that the ship was in reality the U. S. S. 
()-!K then returning to her base at Cape .May. 

When the U. S. S. 0-9 arrived at her base, the commanding officer reported 
that he was in the vicinity of the lightship at the time mentioned, but that he had 
not signaled, but had idenlilied himself by raising his standard, it was impossibh; 
to reconcile the conflicting facts, and the commandant was of the opinion that the 
vessel sighted belonged to the enemy and not to the Lnited Slates naval forces. 

That there was an enemy submarine to the north of this vicinity shortly 
afterward was proved when contact was estabhshed by the U. S. S. Patterson 
and her hunt squadron on September 25th. The Patterson and her squadron 

298 



had left Cape May a short time previously and was cruising northward when the 
subchaser 234 advised the flagship at 1 a.m. that he had made sound contact 
in latitude 39 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 46 minutes west. 
All listeners in the force agreed that the sound was that made by a submarine. 
The prescribed form of attack was made and depth bombs launched. 

After the attack all sound ceased and the conmianding ofiicer of the U. S. S. 
Patterson advised that in his opinion the submarine was resting on the bottom in 
sixteen fathoms. Doubt was expressed as to damage having been done to the 
submarine. The chasers anchored about the spot and listening patrols were 
maintained. Subchasers 71, 72, 74 and 278, attached to the district forces, co- 
operated with the U. S. S. Patterson and the hunt squadron, when the flagship 
the following day was compelled to return to the Cape May Section Base, on 
account of an epidemic of influenza aboard. The U. S. S. Emeratd, S. P. 177, 
attached to the Fourth Naval District, relieved her as support ship. A listening 
patrol was maintained for sixty hours. During a gale that broke on the night of 
September 26th, the District forces and those of the Patterson's hunt group were 
badly scattered. Chasers anchored on the spot of contact broke adrift and lost 
the position. For several days subsequent to tliis event, the U. S. S. Philip relieved 
the U. S. S. Patterson as flagship, that ship being unable to operate because of the 
depletion of the crew by influenza. 

Submarine activities subsequent to this date were negligible. On October 
3d the Oakley C. dnrtis reported sighting a submarine north of Winter Quarter 
Shoal Light Vessel. An investigation of this area by the F. S. S. Philip and the 
chasers of the hunt squadron based at Cape May failed to disclose its presence. 

Again on October 9th the enemy was thought to be present when reports 
were received that a merchant ship seven miles olF Coast Guard Station No. Ill 
and headed south had been firing her guns for some time. The U. S. S. Philip and 
her force investigated this also. 

On October 17th the S. P. 591 reported by radio that the S.S. Mohican had 
sighted a submarine ofl" Winter Quarter Shoal Light \'essel. 

This was the last report received of the presence of a submarine. It proved 
to be one of our own. 

All of the activities, both of an offensive and defensive nature, were continued 
without diminution until the signing of the armistice on November 11th, although 
from the middle of October until that date there was no indication of the presence 
of hostile crafts. 

That the menace was no longer one that might be regarded seriously was 
evidenced on October 31st, when the burning of dimmed side lights and stern 
lights was permitted west of the 40th degree of longitude, and the foUowing day 
coastwise shipping was ordered to burn a single masthead light and side lights 
undimmed. 

The utilization of every sizable ship in war work and the employment of 
coast guaid cutteis as patrol vessels imposed upon the commandants of naval dis- 
tricts the duty of rendering assistance with district vessels, wherever possible, to 
ships in distress. Where in peace times the well-known signal of distress, the 
S. 0. S. was accepted without question, there was ever present, especially during 
the activities of German submarine, the fear on the part of every ship that an 
S. 0. S., might have been sent by a German submarine to decoy the rescuing ship 

299 




r:,olo by llci IokU'. 



Maktnfi repairs on IJ. S. S. Kanawha and "Subs." 



to a given point, where she might be easily and successfully attacked. The fact 
that these were the only messages permitted lo be sent in luiglish radio during 
war time made this deception more easy of execution. 

When it is considered that many ships were traveling out of regular channels 
and that navigation was without the conventional aid of running lights and that 
zigzag courses were sailed for safely against attack and that war vessels, troop 
transports and cargo carriers w ere constantly cros.sing the coastwise lanes of travel 
without a glimmer of light to indicate their position, the nnmb(>r of accidents from 
the ordinary hazards of the sea was extraordinarily few. 

The most serious of these was the sinking of the steamship Poseidon by the 
I nited States Shipping Hoard steamer Somerset. The Poseidon sailed from Boston 
on July 30, 1918, for Norfolk in ballast. .\t 11.30 p.m., July 31st, when about 
five miles north northeast of Five Fathom Mank Light \ Cssel. the collision occurred. 
The night was rainy and misty and the visibility was extr(>mely low. Both vessels 
were running without lights. S. (». S. calls were intercepted at the section base, 
Cape May, the first being received at 11.3.^ p.m. The two ships were in constant 
radio communication for about thirty-five minutes, when the Poseidon sank. 

The Somerset , due to weather conditions and fog, was unable to locate the 
sinking shi[). The coast guard cutler Morrill sailed from the settion base at Cape 
May at 1.15 .\.m. on .\ugust 1st and she was followed by the S. P. 681 and S. P. 
467, the ships proceeding as rapidly as weather conditions would permit, it being 
deemed unsafe to send the smaller ships until the weather had moderated after 

300 



daybreak of August 1st. In addition to being engaged in their regular duties 
there were minor calls for assistance due to stormy weather that reduced the number 
of available vessels at tiie time of tiie occurrence. 

The coast guard cutter Morrill rescued one survivor ;ind lecovered three 
bodies. 

The S. 0. S. call was also intercepted by the tank steamer James McGee, en 
route from New York to Baton Rouge. The ship cruised in the vicinity of the 
collision and at 7 a.m. August 1st, while steaming back from Fenwick Island 
Light Vessel to Five Fathom Light Vessel and when about five and a half miles 
from the scene of the collision, survivors were sighted on rafts, clinging to u])turned 
boats and floating wreckage. Thirty-two members of the crew were rescued, 
including the master, who subsequently died from injuries and shock, when landed 
with the others at Li^wes. Delaware. At 9.30 a.m. the McGec spoke to the coast 
guard cutter Morrill and a naval surgeon was put aboard the tanker to render 
medical aid. 

The greatest loss of life of navy personnel resulted from the foundering of the 
v. S. S. Cherokee, at 8 a.m., February 26, 1918, in about latitude 38 degrees 38 
minutes north, longitude 74 degrees 38 minutes west. This position was twelve 
and one-half miles north northeast magnetic of Fenwick Island Light Vessel. 
The crew ct)nsisted of thirty-two men and the shij) had a complement of six 
officers. Of these but one officer and nuie men were saved. She was originally 
assigned to duty with Squadron 3. Division .5, Patrol Force, but was diverted and 
retained for coastwise service. 

On February 26th she sailed from Newport for Washington, taking an offshore 
course after lea\ ing the vicinity of Barnegat Inlet. The ship was hove to fiom 



M 









BSSSfrj 







? 


. -T 


\ 




l-hulo by Iiei.ki(;ie. 



U. S. S. "Kanawha" in Dock. 
301 



midnight. Fobrnary 26th. until she sank. Storm warnings were received aboard, 
but the course was kept b\ the commanding oflicer. At 7.30 a.m. the ship sent 
an S. 0. S. call, giving her position as fifteen miles southwest of Fenwick Island 
Lightship. At this time she was leaking badly and thirty minutes before founder- 
ing the steering gear was carried away. The weather was extremely cold and 
although the steamship British Admiral was promptly on the scene, but eleven of 
the crew and C.liief Boatswain Sennot were found to be afloat. Two of these 
died of exposure. The survivors and bodies were brought to the Navy Yard, 
Philadelphia, aboard the rescuing steamer. 

The sinking ot the subchaser 209. and the consequent loss of lives, by the 
armed guard crew of the steamship /•>/(> Taussig at 2. .'50 a.m. on August 27th was 
a matter of sincere regret to everyone connected with the Fourth Naval District. 
The subchaser 209 was placed in commission November 28. 1917, and was attached 
to the Fourth Naval District from that date until June 21. 1918, when she was 
ordered to New London. Conn., to be fitted out for distant service. Subsequently 
she was diverted from the duty originally intended upon her detachment 
and was attached to the hunt squadron of which tin- I . S. S. Patterson was the 
flagship. 

The officers and crew were recruited in this dislricl. and when she was de- 
tached she sailed under the command of Lieutenant (j. g.) Henry J. l5owes, 
U. S. N. R. F.. her original connnander. The steamship /•>//> Taussig, a cargo 
transport, was proceeding from France toward New York. She had reached a 
position some twenty miles south of Fire Island Lightshij). latitude 10 degrees 8 
miiHi(es north, longitude 7.'} degrees 18 minutes west, when the unfortunate chaser 
was sighted and mistaken for a (ierman submarine. Five shots were fired by the 
armed guard crew aboard the Taiixsig. four IVom I he forward gun and one from 
the after gun. 

Both the conunaMding ollicer and Lnsign Handolpii. the executive; officer. 
went down with the ship. Of the crew eleven were lost with the vessel. The sub- 
chasers 188 and 270, also altai-lied to the hunt sepiadron. were .soon on the scene, 
together with the flagship, the I . S. S. Patterson, and picked up the survivors. 
The Felix Taussig proceeded to her destination and on ,\ugust 28th sailed from 
New York for Philadelphia, arriving at the Navy Yard. Philadelphia, at 10 \.m. 
on August 29th. 

At various times the dangers of inshore navigation b>, large ships was em- 
I)hasized by groundings. However, there were but two Distrirt vessels that 
sutl'ered nnshap. The U. S. S. Callup, S. P. 694, went ashore February 21. 
1918. on Cape Henlopen during a gale. The hull was a total loss. As much of 
her machinery as was worth it was salvaged, together with the stores, supplies and 
equipment. 

The I . S. S. Mary Garner. S. P. 682. went ashore on Broad Kill Beach, about 
five miles from Lewes, Del., on the night of \]n\\ 12. 1918. anchors dragging 
in a heavy blow. .She was salvaged and restored to service. 

With the signing of the armistice, all war activities ceased. Convoys, patrols, 
both air and wat(>r, were suspended and district vessels were placed out of com- 
mission and returned to their respective owners. The base at Lewes was abandoned 
and demobifization was begun and carried out promptly. 

Expenditures for new project^s were stopped even before the armistice and 

302 



contracts for war matprial were canceled whenever possible. Curtailment of ex- 
penditures and reductions in complements are still being made. 

Effort has been made within reasonal)le compass to review the main features 
of the war-time activities of the Fourth Naval District and to record those facts 
which would merit interest from the broad standpoint of naval affairs. To that 
end they have been separated from the more detailed accounts of the activities of 
tlie various bases and the several district departments. 

MAINTAINING THE MORALE AT THE NAVY YARD 

In January, 1916, Chaplain Curtis H. Dickins, Captain ChC, U. S. N., 
reported for duty, and, as Chaplain of the Yard, was immediately placed in 
charge of the mental, moral, physical and religious welfare of the men of the Navy 
and the Marine Corps. 

After over twenty years spent in the naval service, ashore and afloat. Chaplain 
Dickins was especially fitted to handle any problem arising in his department. 

The Navy Yard, always a busy military center, became more so when, in 
April, 1917, American seamen were ordered to take their places with the Navies 
of the Allies, and the U. S. Marines crowded to their standards to prepare for their 
memorable part in the struggle which was to bring to them such undying fame in 
military annals. 

The men came in such numbers that the e(]iiipment of the Chaplain of the 
Yard proved totally inadequate to meet the emergency, and, as a result of a 
conversation with the Reverend Dr. James A. Montgomery, of the University 
of Pennsylvania, a luncheon was arranged where the situation might be discussed. 

In response to the suggestion that a large tent, costing about $1,000.00, 
was a pressing need, Dr. James Mockridge, Rector of St. James, and Dr. E. M. 
Jefferys, of Old St. Peters, in one voice said: "(Jo ahead! Order your tent and 
anything else you need." 

The tent came and was known as tiie "Bee Hive Tent" 

Thus the wf)rk began, and with the equijiment came workers. Space forbids 
that record be made of how widely and promjjtly the call for workers was responded 
to. Allen Evans, Jr., Loyal (iraham. Fred Halsey, Russell Hart well, Albert H. 
Lucas, Tom Merriweather, James Midgeley, A. V. Borkey, and others, repre- 
senting the Divinity schools of Philadelphia. Berkeley, and Drew, coupled with local 
clergymen, all reported immediately for duty; and to this number. Rev. A. H. 
Haughey, Rev. Dr. A. W. Henzell, and the well-knowti architect. Walter S. Bauer, 
were added within a week. All of this prej)arali(in to uK^^t the emergency took 
place the early part of May, 1917. 

Then came help from another important source. Through the interest of 
Bishop Rhinelander, Bishop Garland, Bishop Berry, Fathei' Lallou. Dr. Kraus- 
kopf, Dr. Ferry, Dr. Delk and others, a Conunittee representing the leading 
religious bodies of the city was organized to meet two pressing needs: first, imme- 
diate workers in the field; second, the making of preparations for winter quarters. 

As a result of the Committee's activity, several religious bodies immediately 
put paid workers in the field, and in some cases this work was kept up for a year 
or more. Two outstanding workers who came to the support of the Chaplain 
of the Yard were Father George C. Montague and Reverend A. C. Carty, the 

303 



latter still continuing the work. No task was ever too great and no hours too 
long for these workers, who strove for the interests of the seamen and -Marines. 

The first tent. 10 feet wide and 140 feet long, soon proved inadequate, and 
it was then that the Philoinusian Club took up the work and provided a tent 
of equal size, with an abundance of equipment, which they maintained until winter 
weather made tent life impossible. 

July, 1917, had not passed before plans were laid for providing winter quarters, 
the Navy Department having given, in the meantime, its carte blanche to Chaplain 
Dickins to meet the situation in the most eilicient way possible. 

Buildings were planned. The Church Connnission, of whith Uisliop (iarland 
was Chairman, pledged the several represented bodies to raise a fund of six thousand 
dollars ($6,000.00) for new buildings to house the welfare work. The enlarged 
requirements meant a call for further help; consecpiently interested citizens were 
consulted and they gave their enthusiastic support. In the meantime the bankers 
of the city had become deeply interested, and through their representative, 
Richard \i. Norton, a series of out-door smokers was staged, at which the bankers 
provided both smokes and shows and which were usually attended by more than 
six thiiusaiid men in an evening. 

\\ hen the new and larger housing scheme was laid before theui, the bankers 
Committee immediately and generously responded. The buildings were planned 
and constructed under the direction of Walti'r S. Bauer, which fact in itself 
guaranteed jjerfection. The two buildings, still in active service (.1921), were 
opened respectively in November, 1917, and in February, 1918. 

The buildings, 'iO feet wide and 1 !.■) feet long, provide a librarv : a chapel; 
an auditiiriuin; writing facilities; a canteen, witii soda and ice cream stands; pool 
room; bowling alleys; school rooms; in fact, everything that goes to make the 
Yard life of the men useful and happy is to be found in these buildings, and these 
advantages have been enjoyed by over 2.000.000 men. 

Splendid support was given by Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury; Messrs. 
Arthur E. and ClemiMit B. \<nvbo!d; t^ichard K. Norton; Mr. and Mrs. Si(hiey 
Thayer; .Mr. and Mrs. Il(>nr> Brinton (^oxe; Mr. and Mrs. Wm. M. licld; Miss 
Clara G. Chase; Holstein DeHaven Fox; Albert H. Hoxie, who devoted his whole 
time as song leader: the Colonial frames, wlio outfitted the game room; the 
New Century Club; the I'hilomusian Clui); Kelly Street Business Men's Associa- 
tion, and numberless other organizations which responded so generously to the 
calls for help. 

It is impossible to mention, by name, all who gave without slinl ol' llicii time 
and talents, but a tribute must be paid to the earnest work of Mis. Caroline A. 
Moore, who is known to thousands of seamen and Marines under' the alfectionate 
term of '"Mother Moore." 

Somewhere, in the silent waters, there rest in peace those sailors whose 
spirits never forget; on the sh(>il-torn hills of France, in fair Picardy. at the Somme. 
in the .\rgonne, and elsewhere, little white crosses mark the last resting places of 
men whose souls forever stand guard; they, and their companions who fought and 
returned, remember that Philadc'Iphia was a happy though temporary home. 
In the "City of Brotherly Love" they found friends, whose motto was the one 
made glorious by the men in the service : 

Sempkr FiDIiLIs! 

3()t 



PHILADELPHIANS IN THE NAVY 
William Bell Clark 




APPROXIMATELY ten thousand five hundred Phila- 
delphia men and women served in the naval forces (jf the 
United States during the World War. The exact figure is 
not available. The approximation is established by ratio 
based upon the exact fatalities for the City and State. 
Philadelphia lost 208 in the navy and Pennsylvania lost 
618; the city's mortality thus was .336 per cent. The 
Navy Department's statistics show that there were 31,063 
from this state in all branches of the naval service — 
regular, reserve and National Naval Volunteers. Working 
out the ratio would give Philadelphia 10.437, or 10,500 in round immbers. 

In setting the figures of both enlistments and fatalities, the actual boundary 
lines of the county have been adhered to strictly. Consequently, the compilation 
excludes all those who came from suburban towns. Thus, in preparing a table of 
naval deaths, it was deemed best to consider Philadelphia's honor roll as made up 
of residents of the forty-eight wards only rather than embrace adjoining counties 
wliich have or will prepare their own lists. Many of those from Montgomery, 
Delaware and Chester counties, who surrendered their lives while in navy blue, 
were in business or employed in this city and Philadelphia might, in a measure, lay 
claim to them. However, the counties where they resided rightfully have the 
prior claim, and rendering them that due will avoid duplication, confusion and 
contention. 

Where They Served 

To attempt to tell in detail how, and where, and when the Philadelphians in 
the navy served their country in the World War would mean writing practically a 
history of the American Navy for 1017 and 1018. Few were the vessels in the 
service, from subchasers to battleships, which at one time or another in the course 
of the war did not have a Philadelphia name and address on its roster. Men from 
this city who enlisted long before the eventful days of March and April, 1917. 
were among the first to face the enemy either among the armed guard on American 
cargo vessels, or on the first destroyer contingent which reached Queenstown on 
April 26, 1917, less than a month after hostilities began. 

The first Philadelpliia lives lost in action with the enemy were those of naval 
men, members of the armed guard on the tanker Vacimin. The Vacuum, sunk 
by a submarine on April 28, 1917, in .57° 00' north, 10° 45' west, was the second 
American vessel attacked after the declaration of a state of war, the first being 
the Mongolia on April 19th. Eighteen members of the Vacuum's gun crew perished 
when the tanker was destroyed, Charles John Fisher, one of the Philadelphians, 
going down with the ship, and Frank Hazleton Loree, the other, succumbing on 
May 2d to exhaustion after days in a small boat. Thus, in the first month of the 
war, before the recruiting campaigns were really underway, liefore the naval 
reservists had begun to concentrate for training, before even the plans of naval 
cooperation with the Allies had been worked out, the effect of the war on Phila- 
delphia lives was first felt. 

305 




Courtesy of the Atlantic ReflnInK Co, 



. 1 nli-Sulmuirine Ciu>. 



Elsewhere in this volume are descriptions of the recriiitin<; campaip;ns for the 
reserve and the regular navy, the mobilization of the naval militia and Ihe intimate 
history of the 4th Naval District, the area best known In IMiiladclphia. Dis- 
missinji them, therefore, with merely a mention, this article aims to jio further 
alield, to touch briefly upon the broad scope of naval work where l^hiladclpliians 
always were to be found. 

Diirinf; the first year of the war, the brunt fell upon the regular navy, aug- 
mented by the earliest classes of the reserve. The first base established by the 
destroyers at Queenstown in April, 1017, was followed by the arrival in ,Iune of 
the same year of a contingent of American yacht,s at Brest. Numbered among 
these was the Alcedo, formerly the private yacht of deorge W. Childs Drexel, 
which, some months later, cm November .t, 1917, was torpedoed and sunk. Two 
I'hiladf^lphians. l^nsign W. Frazier Harrison, 1633 Locust Street, and Pharmacist's 
Male Richard William Rudolph, 1830 Orleans Street, were among the rescued. 

In August, 1917, a third base was established at Gibraltar, and these three 
functioned throughout the war as the ports from which sailed the destroyers, 
yachts and cruisers on convoy duty in the war zone. 

In the meanwhile, an American fleet under Rear Admiral Capcrton was 
despatched to the South Atlantic and in June, 1917, relieved the British and French 
vessels on duty there in guarding South American waters from a chance raider or 
submarine. 

In November. 1917, the first contingent of battleships, headed by the New 
York, steamed out of the Chesapeake to rendezvous several weeks later with the 
British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow and to remain for fifteen months on guard 

.306 




riioto by lU'i'Iogle. 



Suhnnirines nt l.eariiic Inland. 



under Admiral Beatty (British) and Admiral Rodman (American) while they 
waited in vain for the German High Seas Fleet to come out from behind Helgoland. 
In the early winter of 1917-1918 another force of battleships proceeded overseas, 
basing at Bantry Bay, Ireland, and engaging in convoy duty in the Irish Sea as 
well as backing up the destroyer forces at Queenstown. 

By this time the swelling personnel of the Navy was being trained rapidly and 
centers, like Wissahickon Barracks at Cape May and the Great Lakes Naval 
Station in Micliigan, were beginning to turn out the men wherewith to provide 
complete naval crews for transport and cargo boat. At the same time the 75-foot 
sub-chasers were coming into being, and their crews recruited at New London and 
other bases. 

Convoying had already grown extensively. The first convoy with Pershing's 
original Expeditionai-y Force consisting of four groups reached St. Nazaire be- 
tween June 25th and July 2d, and there were Philadelphia men on the two dozen 
cruisers, yachts and destroyers which guarded the first troopships. From then on 
until the armistice the overseas service grew, the convoying being conllned at first 
to troopships exclusively and afterwards to cargo vessels as well. There are 
Philadelphians of the navy who will tell how they sailed on convoying cruisers 
from Boston, or New York, or Philadelphia, month after month and never saw 
England or France. The system as perfected provided a flotilla of fight vessels 
and one cruiser to escort the convoy to a certain point off the American coast 
where all but the cruiser put back to home ports. The cruiser continued across 
the Atlantic, on guard until refieved on the edge of the war zone by the Queens- 
town, or Brest, or Gibraltar detachments. Thereupon the cruiser also turned 

307 



homeward. Aside from the convoying ships, the navy provided crews for 150 
transports, and not one of those transports, hut what contained at least one Phila- 
delphian. 

Then there weie Philadelphians among the crews of the first seven suhmarines 
which went abroad on August. 1917: i'hiladelpliians on the "suicide fleet." the coal 
carriers out of Newcastle. L^ngland : iMiilad(>iphians on the subchasers at Corfu and 
Queenstown: Piiiladelphians with the great naval batteries on the western front 
and Philadel|iliians in llie \a\al Air Seivice at home and overseas. 

In brief, 10. .■)(»() Piiiladelphians were scattered wherever a naval detachment 
was to be fomid and the navy, in addition to the duties previously enumerated 
kept (]uite a few thousand men busy guarding America's own coast from sub- 
marines, to say nothing of those held in reserve at the naval bases from Maine to 
California. 

How TiiEV Skrved 

Some deeds of Philadelphians in the na\ \ came to the attention <if the Navy 
Department and resulted in citations. Mere are a few of them, selected at 
raiidotn. 

l.ieulciiant Orlatid.i II. P.ll> i Medal of Honor) Medical ( 'orps. V. S. N. R. F., 
for e.\traoi(liiiar\ heroism beyond llii' call of dul\ while serving with the .")lh Megi- 
ment of I iiiled Stales Marines in France during the attack on the I'lois de Belleau, 
. I line 1 1, I'll!'.. W hilr under lire of heavy explosives and gas sIhIK in the town of 
Lucy, where his dressing station was located, he attended to and e\;icuated the 
wounded under most tr_\ing conditions, lljiving been knocked to the grounil by 
an e\[i!i>(ling gas shell, which lore his mask, lie discarded the mask and courage- 
ousIn continued his work. His dressing station being hit and demnlislied h{> per- 
sonally heljied carr\ ( '.a]>tain Williams wounded, through the shell lire to a place 
of safety. 

Staidey V. Moman. 2()'i] Belgrade Street : For exceptionally meiilorious and 
distinguished ser\ ice as member of the crew of the L . S. S. Mc(aiII. ( )n September 
•). I •)!!{. the ("anadian Pacific S. S. M is.ianahie was torpedoed twice by a (iernum 
submarine. Hoinan with other in<'mbers of the crew rescued the survivors of the 
Missd/iahif at iniminenl risk of life and for this hi-roic duty should be considered 
as having performed distinguished ser\ ice in the line of duty. 

Joseph S. Marcio. 760 S. W'arnock Street: Member of the crew of the 
U. S. S. Snillli. On Deceinlier 17. 1')I7, during the worst gah' of its kind for eight 
years, Marcio .juniped overboard and saved a sliiimiate who had been washed over- 
board. 

Harry 1^. (iibson, .5210 Locust Street: ("onmiended for licroir coiKluct following 
the sinking of the Jacob Jones on December 6. l')17. Displaxrd (hrciliij ci induct 
and was an inspiration to the rest of the crew. 

l^nsign William T. McCargo, .)()I2 Malcolm Axemie: For exce[)ti(mally 
meritorious and distinguished service on dul> in c(jnnection with the important 
and hazardous work of clearing the Xorth Sea of mines while in command of sub- 
chaser 16 L 

Lieutenant-Commander R. (i. LeConle: For distinguished service in the line 
of his profession in the organization of Naval Base Fnit 5. Lieutenant-Com- 
mander Le Conte \olunteered for service at the front at critical periods and per- 

30a 



funned very valuable surgical wuik lor the wounded on tiie occasions of the battles 
of Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Woods and Pierre Fonds. 

Ensign Benjamin Lee (deceased): For distinguished and heroic service as an 
aviator operating with the United States aviation forces, foreign service, engaged 
in patroling the waters of the war zone, escorting and protecting troop and cargo 
ships and oyjerating against enemy submarines. 

William Robert Hansford, '2'.V,M) N. 26th Street: For gallant action in jumping 
into an icy sea and risking his life to save W. A. Wells, another seaman, who fell 
overboard and was drowned January 30, 1918. 

David (ioldman, 109 Moore Street: For heroism in leaping overboard from 
the U. S. S. O'Brien and, at the risk of his life, rescuing Arthur (i. Palmer, a fellow 
seaman, on October 30, 1917. 

James Fulton Miller, 6708 Leeds Street: For jumping overboard from the 
U. S. S. Iowa March 23, 1918, and rescuing a drowning man. 

Charles J. Steel, Jr., 812 N. Jlst Street: As a member of Base Hospital No. 5 
submitted to a blood transfusion operation in an elfort to save a wounded sailor. 

Harry Albert Marynowitz, 1231 Lee Street: One of nine enlisted men who 
volunteered for inoculation with influenza for the purjiose of learning specific facts 
regarding the epidemic. 

How They Died 

A total of 206 Philadelphia men and two I'hiladelphia women lost their lives 
in the naval service during the war. The influenza ejiidemic. beginning in August. 
NIS, was far more deadly in its eifects than the worst elforts of the enemy, and 
disease, as a whole, laid claim to approximately 75 per cent of this city's fatalities. 
The following table shows at a glance just how the 208 men and women died: 

Enlisted 

onicers Personnel Total 

Killed in action 17 17 

Died in accident 5 18 23 

Lost at sea unheard of 6 6 

Drowned 8 8 

Suicide 3 3 

Influenza epidemic 14 94* 108 

All other diseases 4 39* 13 

Total 23 185 208 

*Including one woman. 

Taking up the most serious factor in th(^ table, the inlluenza epidemic, the 
figures represent the number who died from the Spanish influenza and also from 
pneumonia, which was generally fatal if the influenza had not been. Of the 208, 
ninety-four of the victims died on this side of the Atlantic — some few in their 
homes, others in hospitals throughout the country, and the majority in the Phila- 
delphia and Great Lakes, 111., naval hospitals. Numbered among those who died 
in the Philadelphia Naval Hospital was Miss Mary Gertrude Lowry, of 805 S. 
49th Street, who had enlisted as a landsman for yeoman on September 6, 1918, 
and succumbed to the influenza on October 19th of the same year. Only four 

309 



Philadelphians fell victims to the epidemic overseas and two of these four diod in 
this city's own naval hospital (Navy Base No. 5) at Brest. France. The remaining 
ton who lost their lives through the scourge died on shipboai'd. 

The cliief causes of the forty-three deaths due to diseases other than influenza 
were tuberculosis and pneumonia (contracted prior to the epidemic). The oilier 
Philadelphia ) oung woman who died in the navtd service comes in this classification. 
She was Miss May Adele Turner, of 3213 N. 6th Street, a chief yeoman, who died 
June 21, 1917, of cerebral meningitis. 

There was a total of twenty-five men who died through self-destruction, falling 
overboard from naval vessels, in quarrels, or in accidents ashore, and thirty-two. 
whose deaths came either in action with the enemy or in the perils of collision, 
storm, etc., while at sea. In the cases of the latter, their stories form a part of 
the threads from which is woven the fabric of the naval history of the country 
during th(> war. 

How the first Pluladelphia lives were lost in action with the enemy has already 
been told. They were the two members of the naval gun crew on the tanker 
Winmm, wliich was torpedoed on April 2?, 1917. 

Five were killed on the U. S. Destroyer Jacob Jones, which was torpedoed on 
December 6. 1917, in 49° 23' north, 6° 13' west. The Philadelphians among the 
sixty-two lost on the destroyer were, Dock Johnson, cabin cook: Bernard Joseph 
.Mckeown, fireman, first class; (ieorge C.iuistian Merkel. machinist's mate, first 
class; George Washington Pole, oiler, and John Thomas Tufts, blacksmith. 

The tragedy of the naval tug Cherokee, which sank in a storm off the Dela- 
ware Capes on February 26, 1918, cost twenty-three li\cs, among which were 
numbered three Philadelphians, one of whom was the vessel's commander, 
Liiiitenant Edward Dolliver Newell. The other two were llerlxMl Martin 
l)i(l(lle, quartermaster, third class, and Sylvester Bernard \oland, fireman, 
third class. 

An explosion of a shell on the transport \'(>n SIciihen on March 5, 1918, resulli'd 
in three deaths, one of whom, a Philadelpliiaii, was I'jarl (".rouse Martin, seaman. 
second class. 

The second i'hiladelphia oilicer to die in an accident was Lieutenant-Com- 
mander Bichard Met 'all Flliot, Jr.. who was killed with thiity-two m('nd)ers of iiis 
crew on the U. S. Destroyer Manley, when it collided with a Brilisii tiansporl. 
on March 19. 1918. the coUision resulting in the explosion of a depth charge on llu; 
stern of the American war vessel. 

Four Philadelphians were among the forty-five killed in action on the cargo 
steamer Lakemoor, which was torpedoed by a submarine on April 11, 1918, when 
about tiu-ee miles off the Scottish coast near Crossley Light. They were Charles 
Bernard Hiller, seaman, second class; Thomas Aloysius Mclntyre, seaman, second 
class; Joseph Francis Byan, seaman, second class and Philip Henry Stein, Jr., 
seaman, second class. 

When, on April 21, 1918, the Navy Department announced the naval colfier 
(lyclops, as being lost at sea unheard of with its crew of 293 men, there were six 
Philadelphians among the missing and they are missing today. The IWclopx left 
the Barbadoes for Philadelphia on March 3, 1918. It was due in Philadelphia 
about March 13th, and it never arrived. The naval men from this city were John 
Herbert Blemle, machinist's male, first class; Percy Leon Carpenter, chief water 

310 



tender; Anthony Glowka, fireman, third class; Samuel Goldstein, seaman, second 
class; Louis Minch, fireman, third class and James Arthur Shooter, seaman. 

Two seaplane accidents cost Philadelphia lives in May and August of 1918. 
In the first, on May 31, 1918, at Miami, Fla., Ensign George B. Evans, Jr., plunged 
to his death and, in the second, on August 23d at St. Trojan's, France, Quarter- 
master John James McVeigh was so badly injured that he died shortly afterwards. 

Just twenty miles south of Fire Island, N. Y., on the morning of August 27, 
1918, the armed cargo boat Felix Taussig spotted what it supposed to be an enemy 
submarine and fired three times upon it. The shots were fatal to the craft, but in- 
stead of a submarine it was American sub-chaser No. 209. It sank carrying down 
with it seventeen men. The destroyer Patterson and sub-chasers Nos. 188 and 270 
picked up the survivors. Four Philadelphia boys were among the seventeen lost. 
They were Harry Sawyer Denney, gunner's mate, first class; Leonard Alonzo 
Haskett, Jr., boatswain's mate, second class; John Alexander McBride, quarter- 
master, first class and Irwin John Sheehan, oiler. 

Two Philadelphians were killed in an encounter between the transport Mt. 
\^ernon and an enemy submarine on September 5, 1918, while 250 miles off the 
French coast. The Mt. Vernon, although torpedoed, managed to get back to port. 
Thirty-six men were killed including Harry Nealson SkeUy, engineman, second 
class, and George Joseph Sofian, fkeman, second class. 

There was one Philadelphian who died on the army cargo boat Buena Ventura, 
which was torpedoed and sunk on September 16, 1918, in 44° 36' north, 13 10' west, 
the total death toll being sixty-four. The Philadelphian was James Mahathey, 
water tender. 

One of the most tragic episodes of the war, the attack of the U-152 on the 
navy cargo carrier Ticonderoga on September 30, 1918, in 43° 5' north, 38 43' 
west, took the lives of three Philadelphia boys. A total of 216 men perished on the 
Ticonderoga, either killed by the shelUng, or drowned in eflbrts to escape in shot- 
riddled boats. The Philadelphians were: Benjamin Baylor, wardroom steward; 
Uhich Joseph Thomas Charette, seaman, second class and William Frederick 
Miller, plumber and fitter. 

When the Herman Frasch, a small army transport, sank on October 4, 1918, 
in coUision with the navy cargo boat George C. Henry, a Philadelphian went down 
with the sixteen men lost. He was Joseph Howe Vasensky, water tender. 

The final Philadelphia naval officer to lose his fife in accident was Ensign 
Benjamin Lee, who was killed at the naval air station at Killinghome, England 
on October 28, 1918, after having served for many months in the bombing squadrons 
based there. 

RECRUITING FOR UNITED STATES NAVAL RESERVE* 

Approximately 32,000 men were enrolled in the United States Naval Reserve 
Force in the Fourth Naval District, of which number, according to Lieutenant 
Maurice Saville Tucker, district enroUing officer, 20,000 were from Philadelpliia. 

About March 17, 1917, a recruiting office was opened in the mayor's reception 
room, 202 City Hall, in charge of Ensign Jukes. As the work developed Ensign 



*By the Secretary of tfie PhUadelphia War History Coniiiiitlee. Inforinalii)n supplied by 
Lieutenant Tucker. 

311 




roiirtrsY of Frank W Tluliler. Slnnloy Co of Amrrlca. 

Ii,rriuliii!i lially hI City Hull. 

Jukes was succeeded in turn l)\ Mnsijin Ignatius F. Cooper and Mnsign Wesley 
B. Johnson. On April 2d. Lieutenant M. S. Tucker reported for duty and remained 
in charge at City Hall until June 22. 1017, when all recruiting for the United 
States Naval Reserve Force in the Fourth Naval District was susiKMided, e\ce])1 
for some special units of the service. 

Later there was also special recruiting at the Liiited States Naval Home on 
(irays Ferry Road, in charge of Lieutenant-Commander F. W . Payne, L'. S. N. 
(Ret.), who was Senior l^nrolling (iflicer in the Fourth Naval District. Among the 
branches in which men were enlisted at this time were the Medical Corps and 
Aviation Corps. Special eilorts were also made to enlist ex-service men. 

The rapidity with which various recruiting stations were established is exem- 
plified by the following incident: \lmost simultaneously with the opening of the 
main recruiting station in City Hall, the commandant of the Fourth Naval District 
desired to open another branch in the Crozier Building. At 9 p.m. a telephone 
message was sent by ]\Irs. Barclay II. Warburton to John F. Lewis, who was 
one of the original live members of the C.cjmmillee on Municipal Defense, with 
the peremptory request that he have an oflice ready for business the following 
morning at 8 o'clock. In spite of the fad that he was ill in bed at the time, he 
telephoned to William Cowdery, caterer, and asked liim if il would be possible 
to have a number of large screens, sulTicient to make four dressing rooms, and some 
two hundred chairs sent to the Crozier Building by 8 o'clock the next morning. 
This Mr. Cowdery did, and refused to make any charge for the rental of the equip- 
ment which he supplied. A night call to the Wanamaker Store resulted in the 

312 




Toilrfi^sv of Frank W Btililfr, Sl.-inli-v Co iif Aiiuiiia 

Tlironijs 111 11 Hcrriiffinii Htilly. 

delivery of sufficient oflice furnitiiie and tlie lirst recruits were examined and 
accepted before the general oflices in the huildinj; were opened the next niorniny. 

In December, 1917 (1st to 15th), there were special drives for recruits for all 
classes in the naval reserves, and on February V). 1918. Lieutenant Tucker was 
made District Enrolling Officer, and offices were again opened in the mayor's recep- 
tion room at City Hall. At about this time the recruiting offices for the regular 
navy, particularly the one at 15th and Arch streets, were directed lo enroll for the 
naval reserves as well as for the navy. 

In April of 1918 a recruiting office was also opened at 52d and Sansom streets, 
and during the period between April 15 and May 15, 1918, 2.500 men were enrolled 
in the Fourth Naval District. 

The enthusiasm of the men for this work is well exemplified by a man who 
enrolled in Philadelphia but who originally came from the Pacific Coast. He was 
especially fitted to handle the Deisel engines, but was rejected because of a 
serious physical disability. Upon examination and assurance that he could be 
fitted for work by an operation, he submitted to it and was ready in three weeks 
to be discharged from the hospital. In a fit of enthusiasm he slipped while still 
at the hospital and seriously injured liimself, necessitating another operation, with 
a five weeks continued visit at the hospital. By the time he was ready for dis- 
charge all recruiting had stopped, but through special efforts of Lieutenant Tucker he 
was accepted in the reserves and later became an officer. Many other men sub- 
mitted to operations of major or minor character in order to qualify for enrolment. 

When the recruiting first started, practically all of the men were sent to their 
homes to await further call. However, mechanics, clerks and others with special 
qualifications were immediately sworn in. Large numbers of men upon being 

313 



called to active duty were sent to Washington Barracks, Cape May, to League 
Island and also to Norfolk. Others went to Pelham Bay or to the officers' school 
at Washington, D. C. Some Philadelphians were among those who took the special 
three months' course at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. 

Until the Navy Department at Washington completes its records it will he 
difficult to trace with any degree of accuracy the subseciuciit history of Philadelphia 
men in the United States Naval Reserve Forces. 

"IF" 

Dedicated to the United States Naval Reserve Force 
(With apologies to Kipling) 

If you can keep up heart when those about yon 

Believe all na^-y rumors to be true; 

if you will give no man a chance to doubt yon. 

Yet never make a statement you will rue. 

If you salute each officer who passes, 

.\o matter what liis place in civil life. 

And never make excuse of "need for glasses," 

Nor give — nor wish to give — a cause for strife. 

If you can see a stupid man commissioned 

Because his second cousin's son has pidl. 

And though your officers have all petitioned 

Iliiih rank for you, such places then arc full; 

If you can wait, and wait, and keep on waiting. 

Til! golden opportunity is past 

Move on, nor waste your energy in stating 

That, hook or crook, you'll "get" that man al last. 

If you can give the best of all that's in you 
And work from dawn to dark, just to be told 
The one who cringed for fear in every sinew 
Was sent across, and merits stripes of gold ; 
If you can listen to returning sailors 
From Navcd Base at Pauillac or Bordeaux 
Recount sea tales of trench and German jailers, 
And never tell the pests where they can go. 

I f you can see your least loved comrade given 
Release, who played and "passed the buck" the wliile. 
And now receives the place for wliich you've striven 
In your old firm and yet you dare to smile; 
If you obey all rules, howe'er chaotic, 
I f you are merely glad the war is won, 
.\nd are, in spite of hardsliips, patriotic. 
You're ready to be canonized, my son. 

Patricia F. Crosby, 

Yeoman 1st Class, U. S. N. R. F. 

314 



BRANCH OFFICE OF NWAL INTELLIGENCE 

The Oilice of Naval Intelligence, of the Navy Department, Washington, had its 
first representation in Philadelphia by the appointment on April 16, 1917, of 
W. Barklie Henry as Confidential Representative, Mr. Henry having previously 
volunteered his services to Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the 
Navy. From the beginning the work grew rapidly, and additional help and space 
were required, and various men of prominence in the Philadelphia business world 
were added as assistants. 

On July 18, 1917, the oflice was located in the Morris Building and fully recog- 
nized by the Navy Department and assigned certain definite duties to perform. 
From this time on, tlie personnel was rapidly increased as additional duties were 
delegated, the personnel including conmiissioned officers, volunteers to the United 
States Government with salaries at Sl.OO per annum, enlisted persons assigned to 
the office by the Navy Department, and salaried civil employes, until at the time 
of the signing of the armistice about seventy persons were directly connected with 
the office, and more than 1,000 indirectly connected in various capacities as confi- 
dential representatives throughout the Fourth Naval District. 

The work at first consisted of certain investigations as specifically requested 
l)y the Secretary of the Navy. Later on it consisted of investigations of 
the activities of suspected German agents in nmnition plants and other companies 
with navy contracts, acts of sabotage and various other suspected activities, leading 
to internments or continued surveillance oi' proof that the suspicion was unfounded. 
Many investigations were made of commercial and shipping houses and enemy 
goods in storage. In the above duties, the office cooperated with the Aide for 
Information of the Fourth Naval District, Military Intelligence Section and the 
Department of Justice. 

Many investigations were made at the request of the Cable Censor and of 
various other Branch Offices of Naval Intelligence in the other Naval Districts. 

A Plant Protection Section was established which, in addition to investigations 
of acts of sabotage and various suspects, required various protection measures, 
with the view of preventing interruption of the completion of the navy contract 
on whicii the jilant was engaged. This protection included investigation of and 
installation of fire protective measures, guarding by watchmen, adequate fencing 
and lighting, patrolling, and inside agents to detect unrest or suspicious acts. 

Food canneries supplying goods to the Army and Navy were added eventually 
to the work. Here the quality of materials used, the source of water supply and 
general cleanUness were investigated and. if necessary properly improved — all 
this work for the purpose of safeguai'ding such supplies. 

For a short time, investigations were made for the Postal Censorship authori- 
ties, but this work was later transferred to the Aide for Information and Military 
Intelligence Section. 

Upon the close of the office, after the signing of the armistice, the Investiga- 
tion Section had covered and reported on approximately 2,000 cases, and the Plant 
Protection Section had inspected and reported on 468 manufacturing plants and 
thirty-four canneiies. 

In all this work it was necessary to combine speed and accuracy, as quick 
work was often necessary to frustrate some enemy plot or catch suspects before 

315 



there was time for their escape. A uumher of internments were proemed and no 
explosion or serious fire occurred in any of the protected plants. 

The work done received commendation from the ^^a^■y Department, and several 
members of the staff received commissions. Mr. Henry being made a Lieutenant- 
( Commander of the I nited States Naval Reserve Force on March 8, 1918. and 
J. Shipley Dixon, his assistant, a Lieutenant (j. g.), on April 12. 1918. and later 
promot(Hl on October 11. 1918. to a Lieutenant (s. g.). 

The ollice had branches in Altoona, .\tlantic C.it>. Bethlclicm. Chester, 
Harrisburg. Lancaster, Lebanon. Pottsville. Reading. Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, 
Willianisport. Wilmington, and "^ Ork. this work being in charge of luisign 
Malcolm (ioldsmith. 

The departments of the office were in charge of the following : 

Officer in C.lmrye. -\V. Barlilio Henry. I.i(Mitcnant-('(iiiiiiiaiicier, U. S. N. H. !•'. 

Assistant to Officer in Charge. — J. Shipley l^ixon. Lieutenant. V. S. N. R. F. 

Office Management. — Kane .S. Green, Chief: W . Howard Pancoast, As-sistant. 

Supplies and .\ccounls. — John R. Maxell. 

Irnesliyalions. Ilallowell Irwin, ('hief. (Mr. Irwin succeeded Charles F. DaCosla. Esq.. 
«lio had been a|)(Miinteil Special Assistant to the I'nited States District \ltorney.) 

I'lanl Protection. — Howard F. Hansell, Jr.. (Ihief; W . Carlton Harris, Assistant, Chief Yeo- 
man, r. S. N. R. F. 

Motor Service Department. — Eaton Cromwell, (^hief Yeoman. U, S. .\. R. F. 

Some time after the office was discontinued the \a\> Department awarded 
Lieutenant-Commander Henry a special letter of commendation, with the right 
to wear the silver star in recognition of his meritorious service in organizing and 
establishing the Branch Office of Naval Inlelligence in Philadelphia. 

THE NAVAL MILITIA OF PFNNSYLVANIV 
Rv LiEiTENA.NT Hknhv C. McIia aine. Ji«. 

The Naval Militia of Pennsylvania, at the time of the outbreak of tiie war, 
consisted of one (I) battalion composed of four divisions or companies, two in 
Philadelphia, and two in Erie. On April 6, 1917. the battalion was called into 
active service and mobilized at League Island Navy Yard, together with various 
naval militia imits from other States. 

All divisional and e\ en State lines were wiped out: units were broken up; offi- 
cers separated from tlieii- men, and each assigned to duty according to rank or 
rating to fill vacancies existing on ships, and in shore details. Of the 1,51 men in 
Philadelphia divisions, fifty were assigned to the I'. S. S. Chicago, which had 
been theii' training ship; 101 were assigned to the V. S. S. Iowa, and liiree 
were assigned to .shore duty. Of the eight officers in Philadelphia, including staff 
officers. Commander Harvey M. Righter (M.C), Lieutenant Henry C, Alcllvaine, 
Jr., and Lieutenant Henry S. Austin served on the L. S. S. CJtiruqo: Lieutenant 
Walter M. (iorham, ,Ir.. and Lieutenant (j. g.) Edward O. Rurke on the V. S. S. 
Iowa; Lieutenant Thomas W. tiudderow on the T . S. S. De Kalh; Commander 
Thomas T. Nelson. Jr.. and Lieutenant Albert L. Ryrnes (S. C.) were assigned 
to shore duty in the .Navy Yard. 

It is impossible to give the story of the Pennsylvania Naval Militia as a unit. 
Officers and men after mobilization were transferred from one |)lace and from one 
duty to another. However, due to the fact that the members of the Naval Militia 

316 




r ir ^mmmmm 




were already preptired for efficient service, when war was declared all of tlu' 
officers and men were ready and served in the majority of cases on comhatani ships 
on foreign service. It is interesting to note that the only Naval Militia Ollicers 
assigned to the Destroyer Force, based at Quecnstown, were Lieutenants Thomas 
W. Ruddorow. Henry ('.. M{-llvain(\ Jr., and Henry S. Austin of the Philadelphia 
divisions. Lieutenant Waller M. tiorham. Jr., was later transferred to the mine- 
sweepers operating off the French coast and based at Brest, w here he had command 
of the U. S. S. Anderton. 

CAMOL!FL.\GE PAINTING ON THE DEL.VWARE 
By William Bell Ci^vrk 

The application of camouflage painting in the Delaware River District began 
on April 2,t, 1918, approximately one month after the newly created De|)ar(ineiil 
of Camouflage of the Emergency Fleet ('orporation, and the Bureau of ("ou- 
struction and Repair of the Nav>' Department had agreed to discard all other 
previously aiijiroved methods, and concentrate on bafTliiig the (lerman submarines 
with the English "dazzle"" system, with its principle of ilislortion, rather tiian 
concealment. During March, 1918. Lieutenant Commander Norman Wilkinson, 
R. N. V. R.. had (>xplained and lectin-ed in this country u|)on the ""dazzle"" idea, 
a system which he had invented, and which had already been used ell"ecli\ely iti 
I'^ngland. \ll patterns of the "dazzle" system were based upon Ihe Iheory of 
geometrical jierspeiliM'. lines drawn gradually, and increasing in width from sI(mii 
to bow, and broken up into checkers, increasing in size, the whole creating an im- 
pression to the eye that the vessel was proceeding in an entirely different direction 
than its actual course. 

In the month of April, 1918, the nucleus of the camouflage branch of (lie 
Delaware River District Office had been formed, with Harold E. Austin as District 
Camoufleur, and one assistant, Frank \ . Smilli. loaned from Ihe New Yoik Dis- 
trict, where he had been under the instruction of ComtTiaiider Wilkinson, to aid 
in the organization of the Philadelphia office. District Camoufleur \iisiiii was 
serving in the Navy, and could not report for duty until diseiirolment. In the 
interval between the application for .\ustin"s disemolmeiil March 2.'). 1918, and 
the date of his actual appointment as District Camoufleur, several days after 
April 1.3, 1918. few steps were taken looking toward the creation of a catnoullage 
organization in the District. I ncertainty in all minds as to the scope and juris- 
diction of the new Camouflage Department tended naturaUy toward marking time, 
until matters were made clearer, and the District Camoufleur arrived. Several 
additional local factors also entered into the situation. First, was the existence 
of the Agency Yards, the American International Shipbuilding Corporation a I 
Hog Island, and the Merchants' Shipbuilding Corporation at liristol, wliieli. 
about two months before, had been removed entirely from the jurisdiction of the 
district office. Second, was the presence of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, within 
the Shipping Board District, which might or might not have to depend upon the 
district oflice for camouflage jjainting. Fleet Corporation and navy circular 
letters, issued on March 19th and March 29th, helped to clear up numerous points 
regarding the respective duties of the two government departments, but left other 
questions still obscured. In fact, as late as April liUh. the home oflice, writing 

3IK 




Photo by W. N. Jennings. 



Camouflage Corps, Delaware Fiver Ihstrui Ao. !0. 



to F. H. Grogan. at that time Delaware River District Officer, referred certain 
inquiries of his to the District Cainoufleur, "Whom we expect will report to you 
for appointment within a few days." 

The Delaware River District, or District No. 10, as it was then known, had 
not the large area it later attained. As has been said, the Agency Yards were 
excluded from it. In addition, the Traylor Woodship Yard, at Cornwells Heights, 
Pa., was under the jurisdiction of the Second District (New York), and the Pusey 
and Jones and Harlan and Holhngsworth Yards, at Wilmington, Del., were in the 
Third District (Raltimore). This left but six active shipyards in the Delaware 
River District, namely, the William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building 
Company, Philadelphia; the Sun Shipbuilding Company and the Chester Ship- 
building Company, Chester, Pa.; the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, 
N. J., and the Pennsylvania and New Jersey yards of Pusey and Jones, Gloucester, 
N. J. At Cramps, and the New York Ship, also, a large part of the output was 
devoted to Navy contracts, over which the Shipping Board District Office had no 
control. In fact, a list of vessels estimated for delivery before July 5, 1918, shows 
that the District's management extended over just sixteen ships nearing completion 
at that time. 

The question was. woTild the new camouflage organization in the District 
confine itself to the limited total under control of the District office, or, would its 
painting go further, to the Agency Yards and naval vessels."* As will be shown, 
the camoufleurs were not even halted at that Doint, as every vessel enterinsr the 

319 




■~-1 

F C. 




I . .N. .^. " l.siihii." I iiniouflaged uniliT llir liireclion of Hit- I'lun 



lilt iplun 



i . .S. .N. /.'. /:,■. F. C. 



port of Pliiladi'lpliia. under charter (tr nwiicrship of tlio Sliippiiii; Board. Navy 
Departiiiciil. War Ocpartment or llailroad Vdiiiinistratioii. was sid)soqiiently 
adorned with the weird geometric patterns of the "dazzle"' system, applied under 
supervision of District r.ainoiiflour Xustin's force. 

An oflice for lli<- District Caniouileur was provided in Ihc same buildinj; 
which housed the district ofTue, the Medical Arts Building. By April 25th he 
was ready for husiness, and on lliat da> tlie newly completed tanker ./. M. 
C'oHH<'//v. was painted as the lirsl canionliagiiig jol) on the Delaware. This ship, 
a vessel of 7.000 Ions. Imilt at the IVnnsylvania yard of llic Pusey and Jones 
Company. (Iloucester. \. J., was painted as she lay heside her filting-oiit pier, 
the event heinf; the occasion of the testing of a new device, a pole with chalk, 
clamped on liie end. to trace the outline of the design o\rr the areas not reached 
by stagings. The (ic\ ice worked so W(>11 that it was recornnicnded to tlie liome 
ollice for general adoption, particularly in shipyards not c(iiiippe(l with siiilici(>nt 
floats and stagings. 

An announcement from the home ollice that stringent orders soon would be 
issued b> llie l)i\ision of Operations making the "dazzle" system mandatory for all 
vessels sailing into the war zone came while the ./. \l. Connelly was being painted, 
as did a further definitiot) of the res|)ective duties of tii(> \aN y and Fleet Corporation 
regarding camoullage. This latter circular establisiied finally that district cam- 
oufleurs were to be advised and consulted whenever naval vessels were to be 
■'dazzle" painted. The letter further instructed District r.amounenr \ustin to 
call upon the Comnumdanl of the roiuth \a\al District and the Commandant 
of the Philadelphia Navy Yard. During the second week of active work in the 
district, Austin completed the camouflaging of th(> ./. M. (Umni'Uy: called at the 
Navy Yard and was assured, although not seeing the Conunandant. that he would 
be notified a day in advance of all camouflage jobs; made arrangements with Port 
Captain Abbott, of the Division of Operations, to be given ample notice of all 
vessels entering the port, and secured from the manual training branch of the 
Philadelphia })ublic .schools the promise to build him wooden ship models for 
exDerimental work. 

On September 18th, the Railroad Administration decided to camouflage its 

320 



coastwise fleet and shortly afterwards the District Camoufleur received plans for 
the painting of several vessels of the Clyde and Merchants and Miners Lines. 
Work was started shortly afterwards on these vessels. An increase in the duties 
devolving upon the camouflage branch came also on September 18th, when the 
two shipyards at Wilmington. Del., were added to the Delaware River District. 

The first ship launched at Hog Island, the Quistconck, was ready to be camou- 
flaged on October 14th, and was completed on October 29th. The Watonwan, 
the first ship at the Bristol plant, had the painting started on October 9th and 
was finished on October 11th. George W. Lawlor, who was given the rating of 
Chief Camoufleur, was placed in charge of all camouflage work at Hog Island. 

At the time of the armistice there had been 111 vessels camouflaged in the 
Delaware River district, including a few which had been merely retouched. The 
official telegram on Armistice Day, ordering that all camouflaging cease, was 
followed by a telegram which instructed the District Camoufleur to cut down his 
force. Almost all of the camoufleurs were discharged from the service on Novem- 
ber 15th, being given accumulated leave and paid to December 1st. In notifying 
them of the end of their work, the District Camoufleur sent a complimentary letter 
to each. On November 16th, before departing for their homes, tlie camoufleurs 
presented a letter of farewell to District Officer William ( i. Coxe. Chief Camoufleur 
George W. Lawlor resigned about November 21st, and the District Camoufleur was 
transferred on January 1, 1919, to the chief inspector's office, remaining in the 
Fleet Corporation service until August .31, 1919. 

On May 6th, Albert Rosenthal was added to the camouflaging force in the 
district, and Paul King joined the same day as an assistant camoufleur. Camou- 
fleur Smith was ordered to Boston, to report May 13th, but before leaving super- 
vised the painting of the second ship, the 10,000 ton navy caigo boat Radnor, mak- 
ing necessary changes in the design which caused some discussion subsequently, and 
led to stringent orders that camoufleurs should never alter designs for naval vessels. 
To continue with the personnel of the camouflage branch of the Delaware River 
District, a new camoufleur, George W. Lawlor, was added on May 15th, and a 
few days prior to that the stafl' had been increased by tiie arrival of Camoufleurs 
Oscar de Clerk, Paul King and Earl Selfridge. On May 24th, Camoufleurs George 
McLaughlin, Harry W. Moore and Fred J. Thompson were ordered from New 
York to Philadelphia. The same day, de Clerk and King were ordered to New 
York. On July 1st, also, Camoufleurs Wilson V. Chambers and Ralph P. Coleman 
were transferred from New York to Pliiladelpliia, as was Camoufleur Franklin C. 
Watkins on July 9th. Two more camoufleurs, Leo Kernan and Hamilton D. 
Ware, airived from New York about July 30th, and a third. Warden Wood, on 
July 31st. 

Camoufleur Wood was ordered back to New York after a stay of about 
ten days, and, on August 13th, Camoufleur Selfridge was sent to JacksonviUe. 
Camoufleurs McLaughUn and Moore were transferred to Boston on July 30th, 
and Camoufleur Rosenthal left the service August 23d, reducing the total staff 
at that time to nine. Three other men also served in Philadelphia: Camoufleur 
Robert D. Gauley, Camoufleur Mitchel R. Buck, Camoufleur Arthur D. Carles. 

To return to tlie actual progress of camouflage, tiie third vessel painted was 
the Gidjland, an oil tanker at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, and while 
the work was in progress on it, the Avondale, at the Chester Shipbuilding Com- 

321 



pany; the Themislo, at Pier No. 2; the H. C. Folger, at Point Breeze, and the 
Mimdale and Meuse, at Port Richmond, were also undertaken. 

It was necessary to settle a number of questions regarding vessels already in 
the sen-ice. and which had been camouflaged under the old designs approved by 
the Ship Protection Committee prior to the adoption of the English "dazzle.'" 
The district camoufleur, on May 25th, pointed out, for example, to the Atlantic 
Refining Company that it would be necessary for the Pioneer, one of their tankers, 
to be repainted with a "dazzle" design. 

During the week ending June 10th, the Camouflage Theater received twenty- 
live wooden models for experimental purposes. A conference of the camoufleurs 
of the district was held on the night of .June llth in the studio of Mr. Austin, 
at which time it was decided to procure a tank for the experimental work so that 
the camoufleurs could develop atmospheric effects by means of flexible arrange- 
ments of electric lighting. This tank was also constructed by the manual training 
branch of the Philadelphia public schools. 

During the month of July, the camoufleurs were busy in all sections of the 
district. They were painting oil tank(>rs at Marcus Hook and Point Breeze; 
Navy cargo boats at the various piers along the Delaware in {Philadelphia; newly 
completed ships in the yards at Cramps. New York Shipbuilding Corporation. 
Sun Shipbuilding Company, Chester Shipbuiitiing Company, and Pusey and 
Jones Gloucester Yards, and were also being called upon to place "dazzle" designs 
on Army quartermaster vessels at Pier 78. South. 

Ihe first step in camouflaging the fabricated ships from the Hog Island and 
Bristol Yards came in August, when complete plans were prepared for the Walon- 
nan, the first ship to be launched at the Merchants' Plant. That same week 
District Camoullcnir Austin made arrangements with both the Merchants' and 
American International for future camouflage work. He established positively 
that while from a constructive standpoint the Agency Yards might not come 
under llic district, for camouflaging purposes the district camuullenr was supreme. 
Toward the end of August, rienr>' C. Grover, Manager of the Camouflage Depart- 
ment, asked the opinion of Mr. Austin on a plan that would place all camouflaging 
— even to th<> purchase of the paint and the eniplo>,ni('nt of the painters directly 
under his department. A week or so later Mr. Austin gave it as his opinion that 
such a plan was impracticable because it would cost "more money to handle the 
work of our own force than to pay the shipyard for painting the boat." In the 
same letter he made mention of a plan he had devised to arrive at a comparative 
cost tal)le, and this plan was later adopted and carried out through the months 
of S(>plenili('r and October. Mr. Austin did reconunend that the Camouflage 
Depart niciil purchase its paint direct, but the district oflicer vetoed it. 

NAVAL JiASi: HOSPITAL No. 5 
Ry Dr. Leon Herman 

In .\|)iil. 1017, the Methodist Episcopal Hospital of Philadelphia, through 
Dr. Richard II. Ilarte, of the Southeastern Chapter of the American Red Cross, 
was asked by Surgeon-General William C. Braisted, United States Marines, to or- 
ganize a Naval Base Hospital of 250 beds for foreign service. 

322 




Biiilthriifs in lirrsl. 



Dr. Robert G. LeConte. who liad served in the United States Navy during 
the Spanish-American War, was selected as (^.ommander. 

The Board of Trustees of the hospital formally voted to comply with the re- 
quest of Surgeon-General Braisted and a committee, consisting of Dr. Richard 
Norris, Frank Freeman and Charles Scott, ,Jr., ('hairman, was appointed to pur- 
chase the necessary equipment and to enroll the required personnel, to be com- 
posed of a surgical and medical staff of forty and an enlisted personnel of ninety. 

The estimated cost of the equipment was $25,000, but the actual expenditures 
far exceeded that amount. It was decided that the expense should not be charged 
against the funds of the hospital and, therefore, the financial problem was impor- 
tant. It was solved, however, by contributions of about $20,000 received from 
the Methodist churches of the city, from personal contributions amounting to 
$5,000 and from an appropriation fiom the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter 
of the American Red Cross amounting to about $15,000. There was, moreover, 
a large number of additional contributions. 

On June 1, 1917. the equipment for a 250-bed base hospital, as well as the equip- 
ment for the personnel, was purchased, packed and stored ready for shipment. 

In recruiting physicians, surgeons and nurses, the stafl" of the Methodist 
Hospital was largely drawn upon. Practically all of the doctors had been or 
were connected with the hospital and 80 per cent of the nurses were Methodist 
Episcopal graduates. Miss Alice Garrett, Superintendent of the Nurses Hospital 
Training School, was appointed Chief Nurse. 

Training was given to the enlisted personnel at the Navy Yard and Naval 
Home, and thus everyone connected with it received special hospital training. 

323 



On Thursday, September 13. 1917. a telephone message was received from 
Washington ordering the L nit to be ready to sail on the transport Henderson on the 
following Saturday, September 15th. 

At ten o'clock on the morning of September 17th. after reporting to Dr. Le 
Conte, it was learned that five of our oflic?rs. Dv. James Talley, Dr. George 
Ross, Dr. ^'ince^t Lyon. Dr. Grayson McCouch and Dr. John Hugo, together 
with the enlistefl personnel, had been ordered away on the \.. S. S. Henderson. 
wliile tiie remaining oflicers. together with the niH'ses, were to "stand by." 

On board the Henderson the group was met by (\)mmander H. C. Guil. who 
liad been assigned to the Unit as Commanding OlTicer and who guided our fortunes 
tiu'oughout the war. 

Navy Base Hospital \o. 1. from lirookiv n. \. ^ .. was aboaid. with a full 
personnel of twelve oflicers and forty lun'ses. The military atmosphere of the 
ship was much enhanced by the presence of the 2d Battalion. (>th Begimenl, I nited 
States Marines, under the command of Major Hughes and seven fellow ollicers. 
These men were destined to make history at BelleauWood. and such are th(> strange 
workings of fate that .some of them came under the care of our operating teams 
when the latter were on duty at American Military Hospital NO. 1, in Neuilly, 
in June, 1918. 

On Tuesday morning. September 18th. the ship's company awoke in New 
York Harbor. There they remained until 8 p.m., Sepl(>mber 22d. The delay 
was caused in part by a fire w^hich began in the aflerhold among a ton of Y. M. 
C. A. literature. At eight o'clock on Saturday evening. September 22d, the good 
ship Henderson silently glided out into the darkness of the Vtlantic. No lights 
were showing, but forms of the other ships in the convoy including two other large 
transports, two destroyers and an armored cruiser could be made out. 

The newly made group of civilian .soldiers were deeply impressed witli llie 
strangeness of their new life, but all was forgotten for the moment as the lights 
of the Statue of Liberty disappeannl. The weeks of impatient waiting for orders, 
the considerable task of giving up the old life and preparing for the n(^w, the sad 
farewells to families and friends — all had been complet(Kl, and notv at last the great 
afiventure was begun. 

Next morning the shi|) was again in New York Harbor! 

\1 10:1.') on Sunday evening, September 23d, another start was made, and by 
seven o'clock next morning the convoy was well u|i toward Nantucket shoals. 
The day opened overt ast. and by el(>\eii in tiie moining a nasty "Soulhwester" 
sprang up wlii( h soon knocked out at least one-third of the Marines, hospital 
corpsmen and nurses. A seasick marine expressed his desire to "bayonet the guy 
who inxenlcd the ocean." 

The convoy consisted of eight vessels: two destroyers, the Roe and Monaghan, 
the cruiser .SV;/( Diego, transports Finland. Aniilles, Henderson and Lenxipe, and the 
oil (anker hoimlmwa. 

'■.\bandon ship" drills were regularly performed and Ihn strictest orders 
were enforced regarding the u.se of lights. 

On Tuesday morning. September 2,'Sth. it was found that llie Lenupe and konu- 
hawa had gone astray during the night, and to this misfortune was added the sig- 
naled news of "man overboard" from the .San Diego. \11 of the ships hn\(> to for 

32t 



three-quarters ut' an huiir, but the unfortunate sailor was not to be found and we 
again got under way. This was the fust casually. 

On the early morning of Wednesday, October 3d, five ( nited States di^stroyers 
met the east-bound ships, and several hours later the San iJieno and the two 
destroyers turned back and headed for America. It seemed like (lardng with the 
last ties to home and country. 

Immediately the order was given for all on board lo don life preservers and 
to carry or wear them night and day until [)ort was reached. 

That night an impromptu dance was given on the hurricane deck, nuich to 
the disgust of at least one line officer, who was heard I'cmaik. "This certaiidy is 
a hell of a warship." A rather heavy sea was ruiming and some ini|)i()vised steps 
were introduced. 

On Friday morning, October 5th, at 1:1.5, Bell Isle Light was sighted on that 
little plot of land fust fortified by Porthos of Three Musketeers fame. Forty 
miles to the east lay the French coast and safety. 

Leaving the Bay of Biscay with its dangers, the Ileiulersoii entered (^)uib(Mi)n 
Harbor and thence into the Biver Noire. The town of St. JNazaire was reached 
in the late afternoon. Here a hearty welcome was given by the natives and a 
group of United States Marines. It was good to learn that Navy Base No. 5 
was among the first 100,000 Americans to land on French soil. 

The few succeeding days wcie spent iu unloading the stores and putting theni 
in a warehouse assigned by the Army lor the purpose, and in getting settled in 
Army Camp No. 1. 

Commander Curl had left for Paris innnediately after disembarking, and 
returned October 10th, with the news the 1 nit had been ordeied to Brest. 

Our future troubles in business negotiations with th(> natives, not to mention 
difficulties with the language, were anticipated in the arrival of M. Heau as 
official interpreter. 

Orders to proceed to Brest arrived iu the morning of October 17th, anil by 
night the Unit reached that place. 

After one month of impatient waiting, having heard in the mean time of the 
safe arrival in France of the advance guard of our Unit, the icst of the Unit left 
Philadelphia on October i5th on the S. S. iS7. Louis, afterwards the U.S. S. Louis- 
ville, and, as the sun was sinking low in the west, we waved our farewells to families 
and friends whose faces and forms were soon lost in the thickening shadows of 
the evening. 

Doctors Le Conte, Darby, Kerr, Ilewson and Herman, together with the 
nursing staff of forty-one women, answered the loll call. 

The S. S. SI. Louis was still in the passenger service and the majority of 
voyagers were in "mufti," although many, and perhaps the majority, were on 
war missions. Prominent among the latter was a grou]) of CongressmiMi en route 
to France. A group of tliirty-fi\e army aviators, fine young Americans every one 
of them, and among the first bird-men to embark for foreign service, were aboard, 
but, like our own, their names did not aiipear on the i)asseng(M- list. The future 
experiences of this group of men has added a lin(> chapter to American heroism. 
Among them was Mr. McLanahan, a Philadelphian, who later did meritorious 
combat work with the troops, and who fought side by side with (^)uentin Boosevelt 
on the day that he was killed. 

325 



The atmosphere of the ship was quite peaceful, uotwithstancling the arma- 
ment on deck and the lack of lights by night, until October 17th, when all were 
ordered below decks while the guns blazed away in target practice at imaginary 
submarines. 

On the morning of October 23d a hghthouse was sighted, and soon the coast 
of Wales loomed up in the distance. Next morning tlir |)il(it guided us up llic 
river to Liverpool, where we docked at 9 a.m. 

By four o'clock in the afternoon we had rescued our luggage and were im a 
special train en route to Southampton. The great furnaces of !5irniingliani opened 
their doors and lit up the sky as if ti) bid us welcome and good luck. We reached 
Southampton at 11 p.m. 

While marching through the rain and nuid to the great military camp we 
iiKiuired of our young soldier guide his native city. '"I'm from Philadelphia — 
Wolf Street, just opposite the Methodist Hospital," lie replied. 

On October 26th. Dr. LeConte and the nurses crossed the Channel, and after 
spending a day in Le Havre proceeded to Hrest, where they arrived at noontime, 
October 29th. 

Doctors Darby, Hewson, Herman and K(>rr lingered, through no fault of their 
own, in the camp at Southampton for sexcral days. Crossing the Chaimel one 
night on a boat otherwise filled with sleepless horses, they took up a brief resi- 
dence in the camp at Le Havre, famous for its mud and Scotch. On Novendx'r 2d 
they, too, arrived in Brest via Paris. 

Base Hospital No. 5 began its work in a small "sick bay" which Dr. (ilarrison 
of the regular Navy had established, sometime before the arrival of the Lnit. in 
a nunnery in the town of Brest, to meet the need of the "American lleet" of yachts 
and the earliest arrivals of the destroyer fleet w hich had been assigned to the port. 
Brest, now familiar to thousands of veterans, was at that time reposing in 
its ancient solitude. But few American sailors were to be seen and only an occa- 
sional soldier. However, conditions in Brest were found to be quite satisfactory, 
with reasonable prices for necessities. 'I'lie ^ ilia Maria, a large })rivate dwelling, 
was procured and transformed into a dormitory for our nurses. The officers found 
lodgings at first in hotels and later in pensions or apartments. 

Buildings suitable for hospital purposes were not many in Brest, and it was 
only after considerable eU'orl that we were able to procure one that could by any 
stretch of the imagination be considered at all desirable. Further delay was 
caused by the temporary occupation of the first two floors by a school and orphan- 
age. We were ejected in due, if slow, course by the local courts of justice. 

On October 18th the U. S. S. Antilles was torpedoed and sunk 380 miles out 
of St. Nazaire. Some of the survivors were brought to Dr. (larrison's hospital, 
which was locally known as Hospital No. 9 and were atlendeil by our surgeons. 
On the morning of October 29th, survivors arrived from another torpedoed trans- 
port, which proved to be the Finland. 

The search for suitable hospital quarters continued and proved to be disap- 
pointing, and it became more and more evident that we were to be deprived of our 
quarters in the or|)hanage. In the meantime, the staff had been completed with the 
arrival in Brest of the group which had come by way of Lngland. 

Moreover, there seemed Uttle opportunity, or need, for creating a fine hospital 
in a place where the Navy's activities were apparently very slight. No niw could 

326 



foretell the lemaikable growth of our Navy in foreign waters, a growth that pro- 
ceeded with extreme rapidity until our Flag Office under Admiral Wilson, was 
second in importance only to the Lonilon Office. 

After considerable effort, an ancient nunnery was leased from the French, who 
had occupied it as a Convalescent Hospital since the early days of the war. This 
institution, which was locally known as No. 4, was taken over by our unit on Novem- 
ber 10, 1917. The hospital was situated in the Rue de Kerfautrau, in the extreme 
eastern section of the city, just off tiie Rue de Paris, the main thoroughfare. 

That portion of the building whicii was to be used for hospital purposes 
was entirely unprepared for the reception of patients, and so far as the uninitiated 
could determine the possibility of ever getting it into fit condition seemed ex- 
tremely remote. In addition to the repeated scrubbing necessary to remove the 
universal filth, provisions had to be made for the installation of heat, gas, 
electricity, running water and modern plumbing. The main building could 
accommodate only several iumdred patients, so that it was necessary to provide 
barracks and tents for the contagious cases and to relieve the overflow from the 
main building. 

It was originally intended that the repairs should be made before the hospital 
was put into commission, but the arrival of about one hundred patients, frt)m a 
group of four large transports, which had arrived with 14,000 troops, necessitated 
a change in our plans. 

On November 12, 1917, half of the patients in Dr. Garrison's hospital were 
moved to Navy Base Hospital No. 5 and on this day, therefore, the hospital began 
its own real work. The erection of barracks for the contagious cases proceeded 
rapidly, so that we were soon able to take care of this class of patients without the 
assistance of the French, who had up to this time admitted our contagious cases. 

Groups of patients continued to arrive from the transports, and in the mean- 
time the work of making the hospital habitable went on apace. 

To describe accurately this hospital is a difficult task. The institution was 
surrounded by a stone wall, perhaps ten feet in height, enclosing a plot of land a 
half an acre or more in extent. Numerous human thigh-bones, the bones of de- 
parted Sisters, so the story goes, were incorporated in the walls, projecting for about 
half their length. These the '"gobs," whose liberty was restricted, irreverently 
used as stepping-stones to their stolen freedom. 

There were many beautiful trees within the enclosure, and these, as was the 
agreement, were carefully preserved, although this necessitated a rather irregular 
distribution of the tents and barracks which it was necessary to erect for our grow- 
ing family. 

The main building was situated at the eastern extremity of the property, 
occupying approximately one-third of the area, with a small courtyard in front sepa- 
rating it from the wall and street. This httle courtyard had served as the means 
of entrance for the populace to the public chapel, which was the largest room in the 
Iniilding and which we used as a surgical ward. To the left of the courtyard 
just mentioned was a two-story building, which was utihzed for the executive 
offices. Here also was stationed the druggist in charge of the United States 
Naval Medical Supply Depot, which, in April, 1919, began the distribution of 
suppUes to our numerous stations in France and to vessels in the Mediterranean 
and Adriatic. 

327 



A small pri\ ate chapel for the inmates of the nunnery, situated behind the big 
chapel, was transformed into a surgical ward with fourteen beds. The remaining 
portion of I he building was constructed in the form of a hollow square surrounding 
a central courtyard. It was three .stories in height and divided into many rooms 
of all sizes and shapes, far too intricate for detailed description. 

The southern side of the first floor was devoted to small surgical wards, operat- 
ing rooms and the X-ray Department, wliile the remaining portions were taken 
up by the oHicers' and nurses' dining-rooms, storerooms. gallcN and carpenter's 
shop. The spacious corridors served as a dining-room for the crew. 

The second floor was used for the most part by the medical stafl' with wards 
and a small private room for sick officers. Two large dormitories were used as 
living quarters for the crew. 

Large double walled tents were secured from the French and us(>(l as wards, 
thus bringing our bed capacity to 800. The facilities of the hospital were, when 
completed, thoroughly adequate for first-class work. A pathological laboratory, 
together with the dental office, hospital pharmacy and diet kitchen, were situated 
on the second floor of the main building, and these departments, which were fully 
equipped, contributed largely to the success of the institution. 

In the operating room the same cxceUence of equipment prevailed, and a general 
mortality rate of 2.0.5 per cent in surgical cases bes])eaks the efficient organization 
and ('(piipment of this department. 

Dr. LeConte had been appointed Liaison Medical Officer, representing the 
.Navy in luirope, and a considerable part of his time and energies were taken up with 
duties in other places than Brest. By the beginning of the new year, 1918, the 
hospital was functioning normafly. The ancient buildings had been transformed 
into a really modern hospital with all of the physical convenience, but lacking, 
however, in architectural attraction. The professional work was much I he same 
in amount and kind that we had been accustomed to do at home. 

Impending American activities at the front were foreshadowed by the receipt 
of an order to organize operating trains. which were to be prepanul for distant service. 
No call came, however, until June, when three operating units were ordered to 
.Vmerican Military Hospital No. 1 at Neuilly. Twenty-five hundred cases were 
admitted to the hospital during the first three weeks of June, the majority being 
Marines who had been wounded at Belleau Wood and Chateau-'lhierry. On 
the last day of June the operating units returned to Brest and two days later the 
.^20 survivors of the L . S. S. Covington became our guests. 

On July ITth the operating teams again left Brest and were on active service 
at the front for one month. 

The evacuation of the American wounded was now assiuning considerable 
importance and our hospital bore its share of this work. About the same time 
the influenza began to take its awful toll of our .sailors on the incoming transports 
and the hospital became very much overcrowded. These eventful days passed 
rapidly, and on November 7th the false armistice was duly celebrated in Brest. 
On November lltli the true news was received. I'^ighteen days later the officers 
of the organization were at sea homeward bound. The I nit was not I'oiinally 
demobilized, as some of its members had been returned to the States as 
"casuals." 

Navy Base Hospital No. 5 had the unique distinction of having served our 

328 



Navy in French waters during almost the entire period of America's participation 
in tile war. The great majority of Navy men who were injured in foreign service 
came to our hospital. We also treated the survivors from the vast majority of 
the American ships which suffered at the hands of the enemy. The operating 
teams were the only ones from a naval base hospital able to serve with the Army 
at the front. 

We take a pardonable pride in Base Hospital No. 5, feeling that it played well 
an important part in the war. 

Personnel of Navy Base No. 5 when organized: 

Medical, Surgical and Nursing Staff 

Director, Ijieutenant-Coininander Robert G. LeConle, M.D. 

Assistant Director, Lieutenant-Cominander James E. Talley, M.D. 

Staff: Lieutenants J. H. A. Cleaver; George Darby, D.D.S.; Leon Herman, M.D.; William 
Hewson, M.D.; John A. Hugo. M.D.; P. M. Kerr, M.D.; B. B. Vincent Lyon. M.D.; Grayson P. 
McCouch, M.D.; George G. Ross, M.D. 

Chiej Nurse, Alice M. Garrett. Assistant, Mary S. Young. Operatinq Room Nurse, Alice 
L. Hurst. Anspsthetist. Faye L. Fulton. 

UNITED STATES NAVAL COMMISSARY SCHOOLS 
By Mrs. M.\ry A. Wilson 

There had been great difficulty in securing cooks and chefs for the Navy, or 
at least men who could prepare palatable and nutritious meals, and on June I. 
1916, Frederick R. Payne, Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N., retired, acting for 
Captain Hetherington, Commandant, United States Naval Home, conferred with 
Mrs. Mary A. Wilson, instructor of cooking, in reference to the establishment of 
a school in which cooking could be taught. 

The first class was started by Mrs. Wilson on Junt^ 5, 1916, with fifty recruits 
of the United States Naval Reserve forces. After the fust class was trained and 
sent to ships and stations and produced palatable meals, the Regular United States 
Naval School at Newport, R. I., sent a detaclunent of fifty men to the school. 

The men trained for the first six classes were used as cooks for Naval Base 
No. 20 in France, on the coast patrol boats in the Fourth Naval District, and on 
Pier No. 19. 

The success of the school soon spread, and Chaplain Tirbou, then on Common- 
wealth Pier, Boston, Mass., sent his daughter to investigate and to ask Mrs. 
Wilson to help them at Boston, where there was a great shortage of dependable 
cooks. William Rush, commandant of the First Naval District, urged Mrs. 
Wilson to spend part of the time in organizing a school there, which she did in 
the fall of 1916. Harry Schiffman, cook, first class, who was a salesman before 
he enlisted for the cooking school in the Fourth Naval District, was sent with 
Mrs. Wilson on leave of absence, and there on Commonwealth Pier started a 
school similar to the one in Philadelphia, alternating weekly between Boston and 
Philadelphia. 

The quality of the food and the splendid records of the men, caused the 
Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Daniels, to send Rear Admiral Albert E. Ross to 
investigate, and his report, after a rigid inspection of the class, to the Surgeon- 

329 




An -Ml rhih,U,'Ii,l,ia" Cla.-^s. 



General of the Navy at Wasliintrtnii. I). ('.., waslliat ho t'oiiml llir nu'ii well berthed, 
though in ti'iils, and the food was ol' splendid ( liaiactcr. 

The men were willing and earnest and look great priile in their work. The 
variety and quantity of food far surpassed other stations in the Navy, and at a 
cost of 28 cents per day per man. 

In Boston, .Mass., Admiral \\ood, upon the inspection of bread made by the 
boys in the commissary school of which .Mrs. Wilson was instructor, inquired the 
cost of the bread, and was told it averaged about .^' o cents per jiound, not counting 
the cost of the labor and heal, lie then issued iirders that men were to bake 
sufficient bread to supply the boats patrolling the coast as well as the five or six 
thousand men on the pier, and lie remarked tliat he would give the order because 
of the quality of the bread, even though it should cost 1() cents per pound instead 
of 53^ cents per pound, and because he believed that men should have good 
bread whenever possible. This school made IJ.HOO pounds of bn^id daily. 

In a short time it was found that this iionie-made bread was not only econom- 
ical in price, but also that when the bread pincliased on cttntracl was used 25 per 
cent of if was wasted, against oniv ' 2 per cent of the bread made on the ])ier — so 
the coimnaiidant decided that was a splendid ;id\;uitage of the na\y; the con- 
tracted bread cost 12 cents per pound, and bread mad(; on the pier cost dJ^ cents. 

The fame of the naval cooking school in Philadelphia spread, and Lieutenant- 

330 



Commander Parker of New London, Conn., urged Mrs. WUson to come to the 
fort, there and establish a school. 

The Food Administration and the other organizations active in war woriv in 
Philadelphia were constantly seeking to have the boys sent out to display their 
ability witii cooking as an incentive to the housewife in her patriotic duties. 

During the "llu" epidemic the cooking school of the United States Naval 
Home manned the numicii)al hospital and other places, helping out in emergencies. 

Harry Stinger, who in 19 1(), before enlistment, was a boxmakcr, is now the United 
States Naval Commissary steward at the United States Naval Home at Philadelphia. 

James A. MacAnally, now steward for the Philadelphia Klectric llecreation 
Club, Llanerch, who before the war was an inspector for the electric light com- 
pany, went right from the ITnited States Naval Cooking School to become stewai'd 
to the United States Naval Home and held this position during the war. 

Mrs. Wilson closed her own school in Philadelphia and devoted her entire 
time, day and night, to the training of naval cooks, from June 5, 1916, to December 
31, 1918, without compensation of any kind. She used the equipment of her 
school, including ranges, tables and bake ovens, utensils, etc., and from June 
until October pmchased such supplies — flour, baking powder, eggs, shortening, etc., 
for the classes to work with. After October, Captain (ieorge Cooper, upon an in- 
spection trip, ofl'ered a y(>onian"s wage to cover expenses, but his ofl'er was declined. 

Captain Ernest F. Bennett, Chief of Bureau of Navigation, Washington, 
D. C, gave Mrs. Wilson mucli valuable information on the naval mess, and Secre- 
tary Daniels personally commended her for the meritorious work done. 

Mrs. Wilson's title was instructor of cooking in the United States Naval 
Commissary Schools. No other schools of this character were recognized by the 
United States Naval Department at Washington, D. C. Two or tlu'ee attempts 
were made by other commissaries to run schools, but they were turned into mess 
galleys. The Bureau of Navigation at Washington recognized the United States 
Naval Commissary Schools at Philadelpliia and Boston as the only schools of 
their character outside of the training stations at Newport, R. I., where cooking 
instructions were abandoned during the war. 

PHILADELPHIA'S NAVAL ROLL OF HONOR 



Bellak, Joseph Fausett 
Calhoun, Charles Raymond 
Cheney, Richard H. 
Duke, Leo E. 
Edwards, Joseph Francis 
Elliot. Richard McCall 
Evans, George B., Jr. 
Feely, James Francis 



Achalz, John 

AUander, Charles 

Aim, Edwing Alfred 

Anderson, Otto 

Arnold, Edward Frederick 

Ash, Joseph Mansfield 

Baker, Albert Francis 



OFFICERS 
Fry, Charles 

Grover, Joseph McKinney 
Hagood, Walter Brown 
HiU, Richard Franklin 
Kendall. Charles S. 
Lee, Benjamin 
Montague, Harold Edgar 
Neuberger, Gilbert M. 

ENLISTED MEN 
Balfour, Alexander 
Bartlett, John Frederick 
Battersby, Robert Schultz 
Baylor, Benjamin 
Becker, Leonard 
Bennett, Thomas Joseph 
Bennis, Edward Francis, Jr. 

331 



Newell, Edward DolHver 
I'atlon, Thomas Bustard 
Roberts, Albert Charles 
Slamm, Charles W. 
Small, Joseph Chandler 
Steel, Basil L. 
Zeckwer, Jamard Richard 



Berman, Benjamin 
Riddle, Herbert Martin 
Bish, Walter Benjamin 
Blemle, John Herbert 
Boyce, Howard Charles 
Boyle, John James, Jr. 
Brearey, Richard Joseph 



Brenizer, Clarence Bruct; 
Brickley. Joseph George 
Brister. Robert Fitch 
Broepger. Joseph \N illiam 
Brown, Bernard 
Uiirton. K\an \\ illiam 
Burton. Bicharii. Jr. 
Callahan. James \\ illiam 
Carpenter. Percy Leon 
Charette.l Irich Joseph T. 
Cherry, Joseph .\n<lre». Jr. 
Clark. John. Jr. 
Clevelanil. William Jai-oli 
Coldnion. I\<'r\ 
(!onnolly. John I'^dward 
ConiKtr. John Joseph 
Connor. William .\l()\siiis 
Corkle. Ceorne Coimell 
Corkle, Joseph Jackson 
Dallas, Cecil 
Davis, Frank John 
Davis, Oscar 

Deinbress. .\nlhony Josi'ph 
Denney. Harry Sawyer 
Deutsch. Morris Adolph 
De\ in<". Clarence Biihmond 
Disharoon. Benjamin < ouller 
Douf;hert\, Dennis 
Dniinni. Harry Jacoh 
Duane. James Joseph 
Dnr^in. Dennie Francis 
Fenton. John l,ii- 
Finne);aii. John Michael 
Fisiher. Charles John 
Fish. W illmr 
Fisher. F.dward 
Fitzgerald, Ivlward 
Ford, Thomas W alki'r 
Foster, Harvey John 
Frank, (iustave 
Freas, Arthur W illiam 
Fredline. John Morris 
FrohiuT. Ba\mon<l \shliin 
Fugila. Ko 
Gallagher. .\n<lrew Jackson 

Town 
(iillan, Hugh Mi.hel 
Givens, Samuel Filzmaurici> 
Glowka, .\nthony 
(iodshall, Fred 
Goldstein. Samui-l 
Golphin, ICugene Prince 
Gordon. W illiam Itcif 



Graham. Joseph W ilson 
Greasley. Mark W infield 
Haskett, Leonard Alonzo. Jr. 
Hedges. W iUiaiu Henry 
Henry. W illiam Thomas 
Hill, Boherl (;ray 
Hiller. Charles Bernard 
Hoover, Frederii k 
Hoyle, Harr\ 

Jenkins. John W m. Harrison 
.lohnson. Dock 
Johnson, John Oscar 
Jordan, Matthew Harsoii 
Jo.seph. Thomas F^dwanl 
Kelly. James Vincent 
kenne\. Thomas Joseph. Jr. 
Kanuer. Henry (iarhi-r 
Kroui)a, Frank LaylxUd 
Kyno<k, Hohert 
Lacy, Winfred Herman 
IjC Conipte, Paxson 
Lees, Spencer Montgomery 
I>eup(>ld, Theodore Philip 
Linilsey. John 
Ij)ree, Frank llazellon 
I>owry, Mar\ (iertrude 
Lynns. Daniel Joseph 
MiBride. John Alexander 
McC'ann, (ieorge Henr\ 
.McCarthy, Boherl Florence 
McCorkle, Henry 
McCullough. James 
\lrD(,ugall. William J.. Jr. 
MclneruN. John Alo\sius 
Mclnlxre. Thomas Aloysius 
.McKeown, Bernard Joseph 
.Mcknight, John Joseph 
M<\ eigh. John James 
.Maclntyre. John 
.Mahathey, James 
Martin, F2arl Crouse 
-Mason, Charles Kugene 
.Meagher. Joseph 
Merkel, (ieorge Christ iaii 
Messang, John Peter Mlirrl 
Mickelson. Ix)uis 
.Mickuni. Martin Wilem 
Miller. Arthur lla>mon<l 
Miller, William Frederick 
Milligan. Josejih Michie 
Miiii'h. Louis 
-Moore, Harry .loseph 
Morris, Alfred 



-Mulcahy, John .Michael 
Murphy, John Edward 
\icktun. Martin W ilen 
\olan. Syl\ ester Bernard 
O'Brii'u. Ferdinand .Moysius 
( I Brieii. Hugh Francis 
O'Briesl. Charles 
Pole, (ieorge Washington 
Pugh. David Ivlwin Claude 
Pugh. Bussel Haworth 
Beiclmer. Henry .Vlfred 
Benihold. F.dward Louis 
Hill. James Joseph 
Bitlenhouse. Balph -\ndi-rson 
Bollisiliilil. Lester Beni'dicl 
lUitV. Mfred (ius 
Ityau. Jeremiah John 
Byan. Joseph Francis 
.Sager, (iiHjrge T'rancis 
Schafer, Fred 
Schmidt, Henry Leonhart 
Seltzer, Jose()h Nelson 
Shapiro, Boherl 
Shea. Frank John 
Sheehan, Irwin John 
Shooter, James Arlhui 
Simpson. W illiam Henry 
Singleton, Kichard Savage 
Skelly, Harry Nealson 
Slater, (ieorge James 
Slaugh. W ilfred Charles 
Smith. John liollon 
Sniilh. John Joseph 
Smith, Michael Joseph 
Sofian, (ieorge Joseph 
Sojka. Biidolph 
Sopp. I'.rnesI William 
.Sporkin. Ahrahaui Leonard 
Stein, Philip Henry, Jr. 
Stemen, Sanfred Aca 
Stovall, DesfortI lowing 
Traynor, Alfred Crewitt 
Tufts. John Thomas 
Turner. May -\dele 
\ asensky. Joseph Howe 
Wainwrighl. W illiam Stewart 
Wardick, Harry Be.kcll 
Warner, Elvin Martin 
W eiss, Harry Benjamin 
Weldon, Anthony 'Thomas 
While. Albert K. 
W imuill. Charles I'eiilon 
"t Cager, Da\ id K rider 



i:nlistf:d mkn not in actim; siobvk^f. 



Dudosky, Meyer 
Hanlon, John Jacoh 



Landy. \be 
IxjtI. ,lohn 



Scheer, Arthur Bussi'll 
Schneider, Fmil 



33:; 




PHILADELPHIA MARINES DURING THE WORLD WAR* 

HILADELPHIA is probably the foremost Marine Corps 
city of the United States. The resohition dated No- 
vember 10, 1775, of the Continental Congress, bringing 
into official existence a Corps of Marines as a part of 
the organized forces of the Thirteen United Colonies, 
was passed in Philadelphia, and a great majority of the 
American Marines, who served during the Revolution, 
were enhsted in Philadel])Iiia. Dining the French 
^ War. TripoUtan War, War of 1812, Mexican War, 
Civil War and Spanish War. Philadelphia sent her sons 
with the Marine Corps in large numbers. The ,\ct of July 11, 179B, establishing 
the ITnited States Marine Corps in its present form was passed by Congress in Phil- 
adelphia, and the first headquarters of the United States Marine Corps were lo- 
cated in Philadelphia until they moved, at the same time the national capital was 
changed, to Washington in 1800. Sinc<^ that date the Marine Barracks and the De- 
pot of Supplies have been maintained continuously in Philadelphia. 

The activities of the Marine Corps in Philadelphia during the WOrld War were 
numerous and varied, among them being the Marine iiarracks at the Navy Yard; 
the Advanced Base Force, organized for expeditionary service; a Signal Battalion, 
part of the Advanced Base Force, first located at the Marine Barracks and later 
in camp at Paoli, Pa.; a regiment of Marines, which went to Cuba; the Depot of 
Supplies; and a large military police force, which assisted the civil authorities. 

When the World War liroke out, the Philadelphia Barracks, a very important 
Marine Corps post, the oldest and foremost station of the Corps, was under com- 
mand of (^.olonel (now Brigadier-General) Charles G. Long; Colonel Long being 
ordered to Head(juarters Marine Corps, Washington, D. C, on September 1. 1917. 
he was relieved of conunand at Philadelphia by Colonel Ben H. Fuller, who re- 
mained commanding officer until August 31, 1918, when he was succeeded by Col- 
onel Thomas (i. Treadwell, who held command until November .'5. 1918; during 
the brief period from November 3, 1918, to the end of the war the barracks wer(> 
under the command of liieutenant-Colonel Macker Babl). These barracks acted 
as a clearing house for most of the Marines that were sent overseas and to the 
other foreign posts where Marines were serving. When the war was over a large 
number of returned Marines passed through the barracks. 

When it became apparent at the beginning of the war that the present Marine 
Corps Recruit Depots would be unable to handle the large number of rt>cruits 
daily enlisting, it was decided that a new depot would be necessary and Phila- 
delphia was chosen as the sit(^ for this new Recruit Depot. A Recruit Depot was 
therefore opened at Philadeljjhia on April 16, 1917, under command of the Post 
Commander, Colonel Charles G. Long, Major John C. Beaumont and Sergeant- 
Major John F. Cassidy reporting for duty at this Depot on April 19, 1917. The 

*Summarized from data received from Major-General L. W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, Colonel 
William B. Lenily, U. S. M. C. and the Historical Section, U. S. M. C. 



333 




Photo by Keplonlo. 



\lfxx Hull. Murine linrracks. Dccetnher, HHS. 



camp was located at the Barracks reservation and was opened with a|iiirn\itii:itrlN 
180 recruits, tiiis nnnilier, however, steadily increas(Ml nnlil, during .lime, 1')I7. I he 
maximuin of 1,700 n^cruits was reached. The maximum capacity of tiie Depot 
was 1,.500 men. Durinj; the period that the Depot was in operation approximately 
.l.OOO recruits passed throu<:h. receiving their preliminary training there. Dining 
the war the training period of a recruit covered seven weeks, including target 
practice, averaging about 5^4 hours of training per day. The Dejiot was dis- 
continued about September I. 1')I7. and dining the five months of its operation 
was noted for the excellent discipline maintained, there being but thirteen oll'enses 
committed during this time. 

The First Advanced Base Force was organized in the latter part of 1912, and it 
izradually developed until it reached its present high standard. It took part in 
the occupation of \'era Cruz. Mexico in 1911, and in the o(-cupation and pacifica- 
tion of Haiti and Santo Domingo in 191.T and 1916, respectively. 

Field telephone and wireless outfits, mine planting and field signal service 
are important branches of the advance base training gi\('n to I nited Stales Marines 
in the Advanced Base Force. 

Marines attached to the Isl Megiment are ct)ached in all branches of advaiici'd 
base work. This work is dislinctivi; in many respects from the regular (expedi- 
tionary duties undertaken by the Marines from time to time. \n advanced base 
may be permanent or temporary, advanced or on (lie line of ((unmiinicalions. at 

334 



home or at a naval base elsewhere. Its work is the establishment and holding of 
a certain base, situated at a coastal point. 

The Marines at Philadelphia during the World War, who were available for 
advanced base duty in connection with the Atlantic Fleet, were trained especially 
for that duty. It is true that our ex})editionary forces have accompanied the ad- 
vanced base regiment on sundry expeditions in the past, and have carried out 
operations in which both forces joined. 

However, the work of the advanced base, according to military authorities, 
includes heavy and light artillery, engineering, signaling and mining forces, but 
not necessarily large bodies of infantry. Moreover, they are subject to call at 
a moment's notice to perform operations under the direct command of the 
Commanding Officer of the Fleet. 

During the working day at the barracks during the World War one saw more 
of the workmanlike dungaree than the regulation khaki or winterfield. Outside 
of hours for drills, the majority of Marines wore those rough-and-ready working 
clothes and fell in for mess without changing garments. 

One of the most interesting departments of the advanced base was the " search- 
light outfit. " All of the apparatus, including the searchlights and the dynamos for 
their operation, were carried on huge trucks. The searchlights were mounted on 
platforms fitted with pneumatic-tired wheels, and were lowered to the ground on 
rails, inclined from the platforms of the trucks. They carried several hundred 
feet of cable that jiermitted the light to be stationed and operated at points in- 
accessible to the large trucks. 

The field telephone was different from the old single-line all'air and, by the aid 
of a switchboard, the operators were able to maintain conununications with several 




Unirersilv of Pfrinsyli'nniu Marine Rccruils Icni'trxi for Mnrinr Bnsr al f^aris fslari<l. 

33.i 



IStt 



llllltl 







«»l !!• )M t|i 111.^^^^^^^^^ 







>^ii. .iff: 








Maniu's til J'rtml of Marine iitirrack:< at l^aijiie Isiatui. 

dillcrciit points. 'I'lic linonion. loo. wen- ("xpcrts in Ihrii Imsini'ss. One of tlioin 
pi'i'foi'inrd :i lilt of stunts while swiiifjinfj from a lelefrraph pole, and completed tlie 
exhiliilioii 1)\ coming' down (lie jiole head foremost. 

The wireless, or field radio, was equally up-lo-lht -rniniile. The Marines 
carried their ap]jaraliis out on the field, connected up the pole, ran out the wires 
(or antennae) and were ready to operate wiliiin a few minutes. Tlieie were also 
mine planters, artillerymen, enfrineers and other specialists in adxaiiccd hase work. 

The old Philadi'Iphia Barracks and Navy Yard changed with the times. Dur- 
ing the WOrld \\ ar there were three brick barracks where formerly there was only 
one. The old wooden barracks to the n^ar were occupied b\ "rookie" sailors, large 
numbers of whom were in training at that station. 

Major-(!eneral Littleton W. T. Waller was in command of the \d\anced Hase 
Force during the entire war. with Head(]uarters at No. 210 Soulii liJth Street. Phila- 
delphia. ( Jeneral Waller's staff consisted of the following officers: Adjutant- 
(leneral. Colonel Louis J. Magill: Paymasters. Colonel William (i. Powell. Cap- 
tain S. F. liirthright; ()uartermasler. Captain W. C. Harnaby: Aides: Captain 
(). R. Cauldwell, Captain Maurice G. Holmes, Licnitenant William Herbert Derby- 
shire, {^.aptain Wethered Woodworlh. Lieutenant Vndnnv \.. W. (Gordon, and 
Lieutenant Ceorge Bower. 

The Signal Battalion was one of the largest and most interesting of the I Inits 
of the -Vdvanced Base Force. \t the beginning of the war. the old Third Company, 
at the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, represented Ihe total number' of signalmen under' 
the jurisdiction of the Marine Corps. With the commencement of the recruiting 
campaign, the force was (piickly developed and the company so increased that it 
had to be divideil and another company, the 87th. created, p'urther recruiting 
eventually led to the formation of six companies in all, the .'5d, 87th, 100th, 147th. 
1 tSth and l.'iSth. These companies were or'ganized into a l)attalion under the com- 

336 



mand of Major James J. Meade, U. S. M. C, which was charged with a course of 
training of the most thorough and intensive character: this training was accom- 
plisiied at the Navy Yard, Pliiladelphia and during the period June 19 to November 
7, 1918, at Camp Edward C. Fuller, at Paoli, Pa. The battalion was extremely 
fortunate in the site chosen for its work, its camp, known as Camp Edward C. 
Fuller, which was maintained through the summer season of 1918, at Paoli. Pa., 
oflering all the necessary advantages for work of this particular kind. Th(! people 
living in the neighborhood were helpful in every way, giving the battalion the 
advantages of their beautiful homes and estates, so that the whole region was at 
the service of the battalion for their maneuvers. The Y. M. C. A. was on hand 
from the day the men aiii\ed in camp and a secretary was placed in charge of 
the work. 

The Signal liatlalion. as an organization, was not privilei;cd to reach the battle 
lines, to tlie very deep regret of its members and those who had had the duty of 




Fifth Bi'iiimcnl. V. S. Marines, hnrinq for France. 

training it. but many men were taken from its ranks and attached to nearly every 
expeditionary force that went abroad. The needs of the entire Marine Corps 
for signalmen were supplied from this battalion. The 5th Regiment of Marines, 
which made its imjjerishable fame at l^elleau Wood, took its signalmen contingent 
from this battalion and these men had their full share in the world famous work 
of that historic unit. The battalion also furnished signal detachments to various 
other organizations that went to France, including the 6th. 11th and l.'Uh Regi- 
ments, and other detachments went to tropical expeditionary forces. 

From July 11, 1798. when the Maiine Corps was authorized in its present 
form by Congress, the Depot of Sup|)lies, or a corresponding organization, has been 
continuously located in Philadelphia, and it was Captain Franklin Wharton, a 
noted Philadelphian and later Commandant of the Marine Corps, who was the 
officer fust placed in charge of this important post. 

During the World War. Rrigadier General Cyrus S. Radford, was in command 
of the Depot of Supplies, located at No. 1100 South Rroad Street, Philadelphia. 

337 



General Radford was (iecorated l)y tliree did'erciit iialioiis t'oi- dislinf:iiisli('d ser\ice. 
receiviiif; the Navy Cross I'ldiii his own country, the Medaille Militaire t'roni the 
Republic f)f Haiti, and from the Republic of Cuba the First Class Military Mitit 
.Medal. The fnllowini: officers served at the Depot of Supplies for all or part of 
the period of the \\ orld War: Major iNornian (I. Rurlon. Major l^dward 11. ( '.on^'ei'. 
Major \\ illiarn J. Crosson, Captain Rudolph C. Rasnuissen. Captain William 
1>. Rile\. Ca|>tain Walter Woodinj:. First Lieutenant Claude T. l>>tle. First Lieu- 
tenant W illiaui L. ^ ork. Second Lieutenants Napoleon L. Mourict. Charl(>s P. Hill. 
Patrick II. I\(H>. .losephus Daniels. .Ir.. Charles 11. Lovett. Mien C. Williams. 
Marine ( iunnei' William A. Frajrner. and the followinj.' (hiarti-rmaster Clerks, 
William L. Ouaster. Robert Falconer. Russel S. (Jarland. Charles W. (iriesing, 
Rarney W. .lolmson. Charles F. Shisler. W'illiani \I. W(>llen»eyer and Joseph S. 
Kinfj. 

DurinfT the period of the war the Depot outlined and e(|uipped thirt.\-si\ 
e.xpedilionary units for service in Frame and the We.st Indies, and over ;? 1. 000. 000 
pounds of various kinds of supplies were shi|)p(Hl on fiovernment bills of ladiufj;. 
'Ihe Depot departments were so orjranized that it was only necessary to expand 
each division of the office forces and increase the nund)cr of employes and machines 
in lh(> manufacturint: departments in order to meet Ihe increased demands during 
the war. The personnel of the Depot on .lune M). I'M'*, was as follows: thirteen 
commissioned officers, seven warrant ollicers. two ci\ilians. 102 cnlisicd nien of 




Courtesy of Frank W. Tliihler. Stanloy Co. of America. 

Maririr \'eliTiiii qri'i'ls irontuM Marines. 
338 



the regular service, twenty-one i-eservists and 1.095 otlier employes of all classes, 
making a total personnel of 1.2 10. 

During tiie period of the World War there wer(> enlisted at the recruiting 
offices in Philadelphia and the surrounding towns 4,110 men. Many of these 
Marines served in France and in actual battle against the Germans. 

The first organization of Marines to leave the United States for service in 
France during the World War was the 5th Regiment, and it was organized on June 
7, 1917, at the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa. This regiment 
consisting of seventy officers and 2,689 enlisted men, approximately one-sixth 
of the entire enlisted strength of the Marine Corps, sailed from the United States 
on June 11, 1917, forming one-fifth of the first expedition of American troops 
to France. Many Philaddphiaus w<'re a jjart of this reginwiil. 

Between April 6, 1917, and Novemlicr 1 1, 1918, there was a total of 331 officers 
and 13,593 enlisted men sailing from Philadelphia on hoarfl the following vessels 
for service overseas: 

Henderson I t() Dfliccrs 7,266 enlisted nwn 

De Kalh Hf) oincer.s 2.821 enlisted men 

Von Sleuben .^0 (jflieers 2.0 11 enlisted men 

Hancock 37 officers 999 enlisted men 

SI. Louis 9 officers 346 enlisted men 

Newport News 1 officers 120 enlisted men 

Total 331 officers 13,593 enlisted men 

Three Marine officers and fifty other Marines from Philadelphia died overseas. 

That Philadelphia Marines performed their share of heroism during the 
war is evidenced by the award to those who claim Philadelphia as their residence 
of one Distinguished Service Medal, five Distinguished Service Cro.s.ses, ten 
Navy Crosses, and twenty-nine t'roix de Guerre. 

Major Pere Wilmer was awarded a Croix tie Guerre and a Na\y Cross for "exceptionally 
meritorious and distinguished service as Battalion Commander, 2d Battalion, 6tli Regiment. At 
the attack of the 19th of July, 1918, near Vierzy, he showed great courage and an utter disregard 
of danger in crossing with his battalion an ex'posed terrain for a distance of three kilometers under 
intense artillery and machine gun fire. He led his men on by his example." "On June 6, 1918, 
be displayed remarkable courage and coolness tinder violent artilli>ry and machine gun fire, gi\ing 
fine example to men placed under his orders, many times exposing himself to the bombardment 
of the enemy in order to discover machine gun emplacements." 

Captain John Henry Fay was awarded the .Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross 
while serving with the 5th Marines. "At Chateau-Thierry, France, on Jiuie 6, 1918, he displayed 
extraordinary heroism in the disposition of his machine gims under particularly didicidt conditions 
opposed by superior forces; his utter indill'erence to per.sonal ilanger furnished an example which 
inspired his men to success." 

Captain Frederick C. Wheeler, for service with the l)tli Marines, was awarded a Croix de 
Guerre. Navy Cross and Distinguished Service Cross. "On June 5. 1918, near Bouresches, he was 
conspicuous for bis bravery in remaining in action although twice wounfled, refusing to be evacuated 
until wounded a third time, and then endeavoring to return to his conunand." Captain Wheeler 
was also cited for bra\ery on July 19, 1918. 

First Lieutenant William Paul Henchel, for service with the 6th Machine Gun Battalion of 
Marines, was awarded the Croix de Guerre. "During the combats of Jidy 19, 1918, near Vierzy, 
he displayed absolute courage and devotion, charged with supporting a nearby regiment he followed 
the attack under violent artillery and machine gim fire, encouraging his men and giving them an 
excellent example of coohiess under most difficult circumstances." 

339 



First Lieutenant Robert C. Pitts was awarded the Croix de Guerre and Navy Cross "for 
attackingenemy out of his sector, June 6 to 9, 1918, thereby assisting the 116th Infantry of France." 

First Lieutenant Carl Robertson Dietrich served on the staff of Brigadier General Wendell 
C. Neville, participating in every engagement in which the .ith Marines took part, was awarde<l 
the Croix de Guerre and the Navy Cross. "tin June 11, 1918. in Bclleau Wood, under ex- 
Irciuely violent artillery and machine gun fire, he demonstrated remarkable courage and inde- 
fatigable energy, and conducted himself in a manner worthy of praisi' in the incessant execution 
of his duties." 

Second Lieutenant Thomas H. Miles, while serving with the .^tli Marines, was awarded the 
Distinguished Service Cross and Navy Cross. "Kille<l in action at Chateau-Thierry, France, 
June 6, 1918, he gave the supreme proof of that extraordinary heroism whic^h will serve as an ex- 
ample to hitherto untried troops." 

Second Lieutenant Henry P. Glcndinning. while ser\ ing with the ."ith Marines, was awardiil 
the Croix de Guerre and the Navy Cross. "()n the .'id and llh of October, 1918, in the region 
of Mont Blanc, under a \ iolent lM)ml)ardment. he showed fine qualities as a connnander as well 
as remarkable courage and an absolute conli'mpt for danger. Directed the advance of his men. 
assuring himself personally of the prompt evacuation of the wounilinl." 

Se(X)nd Lieutenant Frank Nelnis, Jr,, was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal (Navy) 
"for extraordinary heroism as a pilot in the Isl Marine .\viation at the front in France: on Septem- 
ber 28, l')I8. wliile on an air raid in enemy territory, he was attacked by a superior nuinberof 
enemy scouts and is believed to have destroyed an <'nemy plane. On October 2, 1918. he Hew 
over besieged French troops who were cut off from sujjplies for two days, and at 100 feet altitude 
dropped f(K)d to them. I'ach time under intense fire from rifles, machine guns and Mrlillcry on the 
ground; he repeated this performance thri« limes." 

Marine (junner Thomas Quigley was awarded a Croix de Guerre while .serving with the 
,'jth Marines. "On October t, 1918, near St. Etienne a Ames, he proved himself of exceptional 
courage under the fire of enemy artillery and machine guns; during the attack aroused the ardor 
of his men. He was seriously wounde<l during the action." 

Sergeant Thomas RolM-rts Reath, while serving with the .">th Marines, was awarded the Navy 
Cross. "On Jime 8th, in Belleau W o<hI. Sergeant Rejitli v()lunteere<l to tak(^ an imiM)rtant message 
from his company to the battalion. The enemy were laying down a heavy barrage anil machine 
gun lire and the delivery of the message Involved passing over a stretch of exposed gniuiid. In 
the performance of this duty, voluntarily assuminl. Sergeant Reath was killed." 

Cor|Kiral Ivlward Howard Haws was awarded the Croix de tiuerre. Navy Cross and Distin- 
guished Service Cross. "For extraordinary heroism In a<ll<m near .Mont Blanc, October 2 to 9, 
1918, throughout eight days of fighting lu' fearle-ssly and tireliwsly carried messages between his 
company and battalion headquarters Ihnmgh heavy machine gun and artillery fire." 

('or|)oral Charles W llmer Hewitt, Jr.. was awarded the Navy Cross and Distinguished Service? 
Cross. "Klllecl in action at (Chateau-Thierry, June f)th, he gave the supreme proof iif Ihat ex- 
traordinary heroism which will serve as an example to hitherto untried troops. " 

Private Boy IIobs<in Simpson, while ser\ ing with the .")lh Marines, was awanli'd the Navy 
Cross and the Dlstlnguishe<l Service Cross. "For extraordinary heroism In action In the attack 
on Bols de lielleau. ,lune 12th; he carried a message from battalion to company hiad(|uarters 
directly across the face of the enemy tire. .Shot through the ihest, he contlmicd running iind called 
out, 'I must deliver this me,s.sjige,' struggling forward for .">•• feel more before falling In his heroic 
effort to carry out his mission." 

The Croix de Guerre was also awanlc'<l to: 

Second Lieutenant Cornelius McFadden. .Ir., (ilh Marines. 

Sergeant William II. Bulinan. .">lh Marines. Died of uounds recelxed In aclloii, 7-.'iO-17. 

Sergeant l.angdou \uslln CiM)k. Olh Marines. 

Sergeant Frank (iray. .ilh Marines. 

Sergeant Thomas James Kelly, 6th Marines. 

Sergeant John Stapleton, ."jth Marines. 

Corporal William Feaster, .^th .Marines. 

Corporal Kdward Bussell Quay. 6th .Marines. 

Private, First Class, lulward Marry Bllfert. ."illi Marines. 

340 



Trumpeter James Loiiis Toner, 5th Marines. 

Private Edward Dorsey, 5th Marines. Killed in action, 10-5-18. 

Private Charles Tlu>odore Alton, 5th Marines. 

Private Elwood Francis Engle, 5th Marines. 

Private \\ illiani M. E. Hess, 6th Marines. 

Private Milton Ernst Horn, 5th Marines. 

Private Daniel Joseph Littley, 5th Marines. 

Private Walter Morris, 5th Marines. 

Private Jack Pierce, 5th Marines. 

Pri\ate Warren Morgan Piatt. 6th Marines. 

Private Jose[)h Francis (^)iiiiin. 5th Marines. Died of wounds, 10-1-18. 

Private Morris l?ol)ert Unckel, 5th Marines. 

F'ri\ate William Edward Waiiipler, 6th Marines. 

Ainoiip; other nf (li(> many Marine oIFk ers not mentioiipd above who were from 
Philaclelpliia, and who served with ciedil in the Marine Corps during the war, are 
the following: 

Major General William P. Biddle (retired), recalled to active .service, performed duty as 
President of a General Courl-Marlial Board at San Diego, Gal., from May 20, 1918, to May 
24, 1Q19, when he returned to the retired list. 

Lieutenant Colonel William L. Uedles, awarded Diploma of the Uh Class, Order of the 
Rising Sun, by the Emperor of Japan, " as an expression of his benevolence for the excellent service 
performed by him for the Empire of Japan while assistant naval attache to the American Em- 
bassy at Tokyo during the World War." 

Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton D. South served as Commanding Officer of the Marine De- 
tachment, American Legation, NLinagua, Nicaragua, from the begining of the war until April 16, 
1918, and as officer in charge of the Marine Otfieers' Training Gamp at Quantico, Va., from May 
2H, 1918, to the end of the war. 

Major Clayton B. Vogel during the period of the war served as an Inspector in the Haitian 
Gendarmerie in Haiti. 

Major Edwin N. McGlellan at the beginning of the war was in conunand of the Marine Guard 
of the U. S. S. Arizona of the Atlantic Fleet, and on December 29, 1917, was transferred to the 
U. S. S. Minnesota as Aide to Vice-Admiral Albert W. Grant, Commander, Battleship Force One, 
Atlantic Fleet, and in conunimd of the Marine Regiment in that Force. Major McGlellan received 
the following letter of conmiendaliou from the .Si-crelary of the Navy, which is authority for him 
to wear a siher star in his Victory Medal: "As Aide to Connnander, Battleshii) Force One, Force 
Marine and Discipline Officer, performed distinguished services and rendered imusual assistance 
in connection with inspections, communications, legal work and other stalf duties: and in conunand 
of the Force Marine Regiment. While ser\ ing on the Minnesola, when that llagshi[) was mined 
by the Germans, September 29, 1918, his services, among others, were such as to cause the Board 
of Investigation to express the opinion that officers and crew deserved the highest praise for the 
manner in which the ship was handled after the explosion, for maintaining order, for localizing 
the injury to the ship, and for successfully navigating her to port." The Commander, Battleship 
Force One, Atlantic Fleet, recommended Major McGlellan for the Navy Gross on the following 
citation: "For distinguished service in the line of his profession while Aide to Connnander Battle- 
ship Force One, and Discii)line Officer, having direct charge of all legal work, courts and proceedings 
pertaining to Naval Administration of the Force. The percentage of trials by General Gourt- 
Martial in Battleship Force One was about four-tenths of one per cent, or one trial for every four 
hundred men in the force. As evidenced by this extremely low percentage, the maintenance of 
discipline without resort to such trials is a mark of the efficiency of the Force Discipline Officer. 
It was largely through Major McClellan's efforts that the number of prisoners serving sentences 
at Naval Prisons on shore was reduced." Major McGlellan also served with the A. E. F. in 
command of the Ninth Separate Battalion, and on a second tour of duty abroad served with 
the Historical Section, G. H. Q., at Ghaumont and with the Fourth Brigade of Marines in 
Germany. 

Major Harold F. Wirgman at the beginning of the war was Marine Officer on the U. S. S. 
Pennsylvania, and on August U, 1918, was transferred to the U. S. S. New Mexico, where he served 

341 



:is rorcc Marim- Olliccr, Halllcship Force Two, and aide on slall' of Vnnv Coiniiuiiulor, until Sep- 
tcnibiT 1, lyl)i. wlicn he served as Division Marine Olliecr, Division fi, Atlanlie Fleet and aide to 
Di\ ision (lonniiander until the end of the war. On October I 1, l^m, aboard the .'Vcj Mexico. 
His Majesty the Kin^ of the Belf;ians, conferred the decoration of "Olticer of the Order of Leopold 
1 1 " u(M)n -Major \\ irpnian, stating that the decoration was conferred by his Government in n-cog- 
nizance of the invaluable services to the \llied cause rendered by the InitiKi States Navy duriiif; 
the war with Germany. 

.Major Samuel P. Budd served with the 2d lirigade U. S. Marin<\s in Santo Doming) at the 
oulbreak of (he war until June 3, 1917, when he was transfern-d In lhi> 10th Regiment at Quantico, 
\ a., where he remained to the end of the war. 

Major \. J. Drexel Biddle served witJi Headquarters. .Xdvancwl Base Force, Philadelphia, 
at Paris Island. S. C, and at (hiantico, Va. Alajor Bi<lille was on temporary duty in Kuropi' from 
Man h 11. I'JIH. to June I. 1418. for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the training 
of troi>ps for service in the war zone. 

Major B. B. Ilogan was stationed at the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, in command of the I'.ngiiicer 
Fnit of the \d\anced Base Force. In June. i')\H. he took the 2d Casual Beplaci'iiicnl Battalion 
to France and returned to Philadelphia in October. I'MK, to organize a full regimint of engineers. 

Captain Miles R. Thacher .served at Paris Island. S. C., at (.)uantico. Va., and willi llu 
\merican I'.xpeditionary Force in France. 

Captain Maurice S. Berry commanded tlu' Marine (iuard on I . S. S. \\ ihniitijtoti. on Itic 
Asiatic station: was transferre<l to Marine Barracks, Olongapo. P. 1., an<l then to (Quantico. \ a. 
Ill' servinl with the \. K. F. in France also. 

Captain Ix)uis V.. Fagan was with the Haitian (iendarmerie at tin- beginning of the war. 
After transfers to Washington. D. C, to V . S. S. Wmie Island and to '}uantic<>. Va., lie joineil 
the .5th Marines in France and participated in the Meuse-Vrgoniie olVensi\e. 

Captain John II. Craige sailed for France with the 1 1th Marines as Begimental .\djiilanl 
and Intelligence Ollicer. After the armistice, he was appointed Athletic Ollicer of the Tours 
District in the Service of Supplies. While the Ith Brigade of Marines was stationed in Ger- 
many. Captain (-raigi- was attached to it on spwial tem|)orary duty. 

Captain David II. Miller served with the Haitian ("onslabulary until October IH. 1917, 
when he was transferri'd to Marine Barracks. Norfolk, Va., where hr remained until November 9. 
1917. when he joined the I'. S. S. Florida as Marine Ollicer; hi' was transfi'rred to tlu' C S. S. ScalUe 
as Marini'OIIic-er.on November Ui. 1917, and remaini'don that vessel during the remainder of the war. 

Second Lieutenant Krrol While went to France with the hirst ICxpeditionary h'orce, serving 
with the .")th .Marines, participating with them in the St. Mihii'l oirensi\e. 

PHILADELPHIA'S U. S. M. C, HONOI? I?()LL 
TIiiW! Marine ofTicors and fifty other Marines from I^liila(lf'l|)lii;i. died Dverseas: 

\rnoll, James Barnes Hausler, Walter Aiilh(>n\ Howan. Bernard John 

Atkins, Harold Dewey Hewitt, Charles Wilmer. Jr. Itubinson. Harry 

Berman, Benjamin Jones, Feli.x William Budd, Frederick .\shlon 

Black, William B. Lacey, William Josei)h Sacks, Howard 

Bulinan. William H. I^wis, W heatley Dale Seifert. Julian Henry 

Cabell. IJlward Klvin Ix)gue, Frank C. Souder. Herbert Hibbs 

Corbin. Francis Bernard Ijowe. John William. Jr. Spearing. Walter Joseph 

Cununings. Brinton Snuth Mcllhenni'y. G. V. Stanton, Paul \iidrew 

l)i\lin. Bi-rnard Joseph McMi-namy . Charli's Stirling, Hugh \lc\an<lcr 

Dorsey. I'^ilward Mahrer, William John Suslin. Benjamin 

Dorsey, Howard Swier Mautz, Charles Henry Taunt. Clarence 

Dowling, Joseph F^dward Miles, Thomas IL, Jr. Taylor, Corwin IMessing 

I'arrell, Joseph Napp, Jack Thorn, Baymond Stacy 

(ii\en, Baymond Newlin Osborne, Vivian Nickalls Tilns. Charles Warton 

(iravener. John Nelsim Paul Andrew Stanton Willis, (ieorge Thomas 

(ireen. Charli-s Naylor Quinn. Joseph Francis Wolfkill, I'rank l'',arnesl 

Hartley. Paul Francis Beath. Thomas Roberts Zimiel. Waller Joseph 

llaiiberry, Joseph Henry Beiclierl, H. 1). W. 

.312 



PENNSYLVANIA COMMISSION OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND 

DEFENSE 

Hon. \\ illiiiin C. Sproiil, Chairman 
Hon. Frank B. Mcdlain, TrciisiiriT 
Hon. Edward E. Beidlenian 
Hon. Harmon M. Kephart 
Hon. Charles A. Snyder 
Adjutant General Frank D. Heary 

PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

George Wharton Pepper. ( liairmaii 

Lewis E. Beitler, Secretary , 

EHinghani B. Morris, Treasurer 

Lewis S. Sadler. Executi\e Manager 

Executive Commillee 
E. M. ('.. \friia, W . W. Atterl>ur>, Captain C. W. Brown, A. C. Dinkey, Spencer ('.. (iilbcrt. 
H. .1. Hayden. .1. H. McAllister, Dr. S. B. McCormick, Mrs. .1. Willis Martin, A. W. Mellon. 
E. B. Morris, Arthur E. Newbold. Allen V. P<Tley, A. C. Robinson, .Tames Scarlet, A. W. Sewall. 
E. T. Stotesbury, Col. L. A. Watres. 

When a history is written of Pennsylvania's part in winning the war, Ihc chap- 
teis (lt'\i)l('d to oivihan activities will be largely a recital of the work of the 
Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, the headquarters of which were in the 
Finance Building, Philadelphia. 

This war emergency body, originally known as the Coininittee of Public 
Safety for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was cieated in March, P)17, by 
appointment of the ( iovernor, to mobilize and conserve the civil resources of the 
State for the benefit of tlic Federal war program. Some 300 prominent citizens 
were named to inauginate the work. Successive appointments soon increased 
the nieiid)ership until the Council became the largest public oiganization evet 
created in Pennsylvania, with a roster of 1,5,000 representative, influential civilians 
whose services were given vohmtarily as required to help the nation win the wat. 

Federal authority was early vested in the Council, tlirougii which it i)eiam(' 
the medium for the conduct of practically all of the national war policies, so far 
as they applied to Peimsylvania. The State L(>gislature promptly jjrovided a war 
work fund of §2.000,000, control of which was a.ssigned to the Pennsylvania Ct)ni- 
mission of Public Safety and Defense, composed of the Governor, Lieutenant 
(Iovernor, Auditor (Jeneral, Adjutant (ieneral and State Treasurer. The Council 
(at that time the Connnittee of Public Safety) became the functioning arm of this 
Commission, and its numerous war emergency undertakings were approved and 
financed to total appropriations of more than $L000,000. 

To review the comprehensive work of the Council would be to enumerate 
almost all of the noteworthy war-time achievements of the State. Its far-reaching 
program gradually led to an assimilation of all of the important civilian service 
essential to successful prt)secutioii of the war. The condint of its work repre- 
sented a concentration of effort not paralleled at any other time in Pennsylvania's 

3i:5 



history and probably unexcelled by any other State mobilization of potential 
resources. Splendid as were its physiral accomplishments, perhaps the jjreatest 
service rendered by the Council was its fusing of the patriotic endeavor of all creeds 
and classes into a singleness and unanimity of purpose — that purpose a lixed and 
unseKish resolve to spare no effort and to shirk no duty that would help to win the 
war. Mever before in Peinisylvania has this unanimity of public aim been achieved. 
The Council was able to bring about liiis result b(>cause of its State-wide organiza- 
tion and its solitary objective — success of the national war program. 

Much of the work undertaken was of a constructive character, and its value 
was so appai'ent that some features were continued after tiie general activities of the 

Council were terminated. Among these 
w<>re: Americanization: work for the 
foreign-born: Food Supply and Food 
Conservation work; Employment Ser- 
vice and Child Welfare acti\ities. 

The work of tlie Council was con- 
< hid I'd under a plan which coiicciilrali'd 
all arli\ilies in (i\c (li\ isioiis. with 
appropriate separate departments, all 
nntlcr central executive control. 

Majni- di\isi((ns directing actixilics 
wi'ic: Administration: which included 
I lie Departments of Finance, Publicity, 
Legislation and Legal Xdxisory Oe- 
parlment: Relief: including the 
Departments of Medicine, Sanitation 
and Hospitals and Civic Relief; 
I'^liiipmeiil and Supplies, with the 
Depart iiieiits of Food Supply, Con- 
struction and Materials, and lligiiways 
Transport Committee; Service: with 
the Departments of Civilian Service 
and Labor. Mililar\ Seivice. \aval Service, and NOhmleer Home Defense Police: 
rians()orlaliipii: with the Departments of Maihoads, hlleclric Railways and 
Motors, and Highways anri Waterways. 

The Council, ihi'refore. had a working scope covering practically every (leld 
of useful endeavor. 

riie Directors, Chairmen and Chiefs of the several Departments, Committees 
and Bureaus, included: 

Fiimiicr — Director. Vrtliiir E. Nowlmld. 

I'lihliiily anil Kdiicdliim 'Dim-loT. l>r. Williiiin McClcllnn; (liii-f of Hurisiii of l'iil)licity, 
lliTiiiMii l>. ( '.iilliiis: ('liicf (if S|)c;iki'rs' Hiiremi. Uriijiimiii It. I.iiillow ; Cliicf of l,il)irl> Sinn Huri'iui, 
.loliii \'. IJnuiii: Cliiifof Hiiri-iiii iif \iiicTi(;ini/:ilii)ii. K. !■;. Biicli; Cliief of IJiirciiu of \\ iir ( '.Imrilie.s, 
.SydiU'V L. \\ ri/;lit. 

h-ni.slalion — Director. Iloii. Krank (iiiniiiM)!!. 

lA-yal Ailvisury De/mrlment — Director. Jolin Hampton Barnes. 

.Mediciiw. Sanilalion and llospUats — Director, Dr. Mol>art A. Hare; Nice-Director. (!liarltoii 
^ ariiull. 

Civic Belief — Director. Col. Lxjuis J. Kolb; Vice-Director, Dr. .Saiimcl McC. Ilaiiiill. 




Ci.virlcsy <ir I-'niiik \V. Ituhter. S(anU--y Co. of Anierira 



341 



Fftod Supply — Director,' Howard Heinz; Vice-Director, J. S. Criitchlielil. 
Coiislruclion and Materials — Director, B. Dawson Coleman. 
Plants — Director, George S. Davison. 

Highways Transport Committee — Director, David S. Ludluin; Vice-Director, (jideon M. 
Stiill; Vice-Director, J. Howard Reber; Vice-Director, J. M. Murdock. 
Ciinliun Service and Lahoi — Director, Edgar C. Feiton. 
Military Service — Director, T. DeWitt (Uiyler. 

Naval Service — Director, E. Walter Clark; Vice-Director, David Newliall. 
Volunteer Home Dejense Police — Director. Lieutenant Colonel .lohn C. (iroonie, U. S. A..; 
Acting Director, William S. EUis. 

Itaitroads, Electric Pailways, Hiijhuays and Waterways — Director, Samuel Rea; Vice-Director, 
Agnew T. Dice; Vice-Director, Thomas E. Mitten; Vice-Director, Moorhead C. Kennedy. 

War History Commission — Chairman, Hon. William C. Sproul; Vice-Chairmaii, .Tolm Bach 
McMaster; Secretary. Albert E. McKinley. 

Woman's Conunittee — Chairman, Mrs. J. Willis Martin. 

\' ice-Chairmen: Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook, Mrs. Ronald 1'. (ileason. Mrs. .lohn C. (iroorne, 
Mrs. Edward S. Lindsey, Miss Anne McCormick, Mrs. .John (). Miller, Mrs. Louis Piollet. Mrs. 
Thomas Robins, Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Mrs. Helen Glenn Ty.son. 

Secretary: Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols; Treasurer: Miss Helen Fleisher. 
Cerieral Directors: 

Itegistralion and Organization, Mrs. W alter King Sharpe, Chambersbiirg, Pa. 

Food Conservation and I'roduction, Mrs. Charles M. Lea. Philadelphia. 

Associate Director, Mrs. Edith Ellicott Smith, Mooresfown. N. J. 

Women in Industry, Mrs. Thomas Robins, Philadelphia. 

Child Welfare, Miss Katherine Tucker, R. N., Philadelphia. 

Education — Speakers' Bureau, Americanization, Mrs. Herbert Lincoln ( lark. Pliiladel[iliia. 

Liberty Loan, Mrs. John O. Miller, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Foreign Relief, Mrs. Hutton Kennedy, Philadelphia. 

Health and Recreation, .Mrs. John Gribbel, W yncote. Pa. 

Acting Director, Mrs. John Meigs, Pottstown, Pa. 

Bureau of Information, Miss Helen Fleisher, Philadelphia. 

Standing Conunittee on Nursing, Chairman, Miss Roberta \I. West. R. N.. Philadelphia. 

As Ihe Council was the only body which Imcl (It'lfgatccl State authority to 
mobilize and conserve all resources essential to the prosecution of llie war, it 
coordinated and assimilated operations of many useful established orpmizations 
and institutions. .\s necessity demanded, their functions were incorporated al- 
most wholly or in part into the general work. Activities of ofiicial State depart, 
meiils essential to the efficiency of the ('ouncil's program were at its command- 
The ( '.ouncil thus stood as the one body in Pennsylvania with organization 
and authority for carrying out its great and ^ital work. 

There were seventy sub-divisions of the Council in the sixty-seven counties 
of the State, and, generally, a man served as Chairman and a woman as 
Vice-Chairman. These sub-committees were duplicates, in organization and working 
scope, of the main Council. Each sub-<-ouncil had one salaried ofricer- an Execu- 
tive Secretary — who was responsible for stimulation of effort in his cotnity, for 
keeping his Council informed of the State-wide work, and for acquainting head- 
quarters with the activities of his particular Council. 

A word of appreciation is due those loyal and untiring citizens who so promptly 
accepted membershi]j in the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense and so 
devotedly fulfilled the patriotic obligations whiih they assumed with that member- 
ship. Their services were vital as a re-inforcement of the country's military effort, 
and will be held in grateful remembrance as having enabled Pennsylvania to main- 

345 



tail! liiT s("r\ ice back of the line ctiual to llir misiir|iassi'(l >laiular(l ol' licr si>r\ ire 
oil the haltlc front. 

THE PHILADELPHIA COUNCIL Ol NATIONAL DEFENSE 

On \iif.'ust 1:5. I'nS, the Philadelphia Council of National Defense was 
oifianized under the Chairmanship of the lion. .1. \N illis Martin. Its other officers 
were: John II. Mason, \ ice-Chairman: (ieorije Harrison Krazier. Treasurer: lr\iii 
L. Stone. Secretary. Robert D. Dripps was appointed l-Aecutiv(> Manager lojrellici 
with J. Jarden (menther and Raymond M. Slotter as As-soeiate Managers. I pon 
the resignation of Mr. Dripps in February. PJl*). he was succeeded by Mr. ( lueiitlur. 
The offices of the Council were in the Liberty iiuilding and were given, rent iVee. 
b\ the I Ion. John Wanamaker. 

The E\ecuti\e Conmiittee included, in addition In the officers: Chester N. 
Farr. \rthur \. Morton. Samuel Rea. John A. \ oil. Mrs. John ('.. (Iroome. Mrs. 
Henry I). Jump. Mrs. Louis C. Madeira, William West. 

The membei's of the Pliiladeli)hia Council weic: Jay Cooke. :5d. John T. 
Windrim. Sydney L. Wright. Knu-^l T. Trigg. Mrs. Rarclay II. W arburton. J. I). 
Sutherland. Ir\iii L.Stone. Frank Ronui. Miirllui P. (>uinri, Fli K. I'riic. Mrs. 
(leorge Whaitoii Pepper. Lewis 11. Parsons. Mis. Win. L. McLean, Mis. ( ieorge 
XLFaddeii. Mrs. II. (i. McCouch. Win. McClellan. Horatio (1. Lloyd. Dr. W ilnier 
Krusen, Jos. A. Jami.y, Bayard Henry, Lt.-Col. C. R. Ilatcli, Charles R. Hall, 
Mrs. F. R. (Jeraghty. Ceo. II. Frazier. J. \. Flaherty. Ldward J. du Mee. Rev. 
Kdw. Heyl Delk. J. Howell Cummings. Herman L. Collins, Charles Riddli-. 

The purposes of the Philadelphia Couniil were to cooperate willi llir work 
of the State ('ouncil of Defense and to deselop other activities to meet local needs. 

As its work expanded the following departments were created: Speakers" 
Bureau, including the Four-Minute Men: Publicity Department; Civilian Service 
and Labor: Public Service Reserve: I nited Stales Roys' XAdrking Reserve; 
Transportation: Civic Rehef; Construction and Material: Lnilcd Stales Homes 
Registration Rureau: Farm Service Bureau: Liberty Sing; As.sociated Federal 
Labor Roards for Philadelphia: Committee on .Soiial Il\giene; Niilnnleer Plac(>- 
iiienl Rureau. 

\lmost immediately after being organized, the Council was ( all<'d upon to aid 
in the iiilliienza e()idemic. It acted as a coordinating force and as a clearing house 
for general relief work. Ry courtesy of the Stiaw bridge and CU)lhier store, it 
operated a switchboard for the purpose of giving information in regard to doctors, 
nurses and undertakers. Its Iransportatioii (le|)artnieiil. with the assistance of 
the Automobile Club of Philadelphia, the .Vuto-Car Company and other auto- 
mobile agencies, provided special ambulances and. later, with the cooperaticm of 
several of the di'parlment stores and local truck owneis, supplied motor trucks 
for llie removal of bodies. The Council secured the release, on liiiloiigh, of men 
in Camp Dix and other nearby cantonments, who previous to their service in 
the army had been employed in undeitaking eslablishmeiils. So great was the 
moitalily in Philadelphia during the epidemic that ihousanils of bodies had to 
be handled with the greatest possible speed and, therefore, the undertakers were, 
in many cases, unprotected in the matter of payment. The C.oun<il arranged 
\Nitli the city government to guarantee the sum of .ST.") for the interment of a body, 

:t 16 




CVmrtesy of Frank \\'. Buliler. Stanley Co, of America. 

British Marines at liittcnliimsc Square. 

whenpv(>r llii^ family was iinaV)l(' Id pay. The sorvicfs rnndeicd in this tinip of 
crisis elicited expressions of sincere gratitude from scores of beieaved people. 

The signing of the armistice on November 11th made the spirit of Thanksgiving 
Day. 1918, very real, and throughout the city Thanksgiving services were ("on- 
ducted in forly or more of the puljlic squares by clergymen. The Council had 
printed a special program which contained the President's Proclamation, a message 
written for the occasion by (ieorge Wharton Pepper and a number of paliiotic 
hynuis and songs. A song-leader and cornetist led the nnisic at each place. 

A nation-wide observance was asked for Saturday, Decembers, 1918, in honor 
of (ireat Britain. The British Admiralty dispatched H. \I. S. Cuntherldnd. under 
connnand of ( >aptain Blackett, to Philadelphia, and a series of events were arranged 
foi' the entertainment of the ofiicers and men. Three hundred and sixty sailois 
and marines, including a band from the Ciimtirrlaiid. escorted by sailors from League 
Island and a navy band, marched through the streets in the center of the city, 
and were reviewed in Rittenhouse Square by Major General McLachlan, f)f the 
British War Mission, and by Ameiican naval and military officers. The officers 
were entertained at a luncheon at the Navy House, East Ritt(>nhouse Square, 
and the men marched over to the United Service Club, 22d Street below Walnut, 
where sandwiches, colfee, cakes and cigarettes were served. It is interesting to 
note that this parade of men from a British ship was the first timi^ since the American 
Hevolution that British troops, under arms, had marched through the city. 

347 



A football fiaiiie was stafred at Franklin Field in the afternoon, and between 
halves the visiting navy men paraded around the field and were given a great 
ovation. After the game the men marched to Houston Hall for a "'smoke," and 
then proceeded on special trolleys to the War Camp Community Service Canteen, 
where supper was served by a committee from the National League for \\ Oman's 
Service. llie officers of the ship were the guests of Lewis S. Sadler, Executive 
Manager of the Pennsylvania Council of \ational Defense, at an informal 
dinner at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. In the evening a mass meeting was held 
in th(^ Metro])olitan Opera House, and so great was the crowd that an overflow 
meeting was hurriedly arrangcfl and .speeches were delivered from the Poplar 
Street steps of the building. 

In December. 1919. Bayard Henry, a member of the Council, suggested 
that the Council secure permission from the British Bureau of Information, of 
which Sir (ieoffrey Butler was the head, to exhibit in Philadelphia the collection 
of British naval ])iiotogiaphs in color. These photographs, the largest of which 
was 2b feet by 12 f(>et, disclosed every phase of modern naval warfare, and a 
number of them, taken by American sailors, sh(jwed the .\merican fleet on duty. 
I'ermission having been obtained, liie pictures were ])lac(>d on exhibition in the 
galleries of the Pennsyhania Aiademy of the Fine Arts. A .small entrance! fee was 
charged and, at the request of the British authorities, the net proceeds were donated 
to \merican war charities. Over .'i.'i.OOO people vi(>wed the exhibit, of which 
number were some 8,000 school children, wiio were admitted free and who had 
the pictures personally explained to them. 

The gentlemen in charge of the i)hotograi)hs were H. N. D. Talbot and Lieu- 
tenant H. T. C. Walker. Mr. Walker was one of the heroes of the Zeebrugge light. 

On January 19, 1919, the Council assisted the British Committee of the 
l-'mergeiicy \id of Pennsyhania in arranging for a meeting at tlie Academy of 
Music, addressed by Sir Arthur Pearson on behalf of St. Dunstan's Hospital for 
blinded soldiers. 

In February, 1919. .Tiidge Martin appointed a committee to plan for welcoming 
the troo])s which were soon to return to Philadelphia. The city govcrmnent was 
represented by (he presidents of Select and Common Councils, the Hon. James E. 
Lennon and the Hon. Iv B. (deason; Isaac D. Het/.ell and Charles B. Hall, Chair- 
man and Secretary respectively of the Councilmanic Committee for the relief and 
sustenance of soldiers" families. Other members of the committee, as originally 
appointed, represenleil (he Y. M. C. \.. ^ . W . C. \.. Knights of Columbus. Jewish 
Welfare Board. Sahalion \r-m\. Vnierican Bed Cross, and the War Camp Com- 
nfunity Service. 

Vn information bureau was established in charge of Mrs. W. L. Mann, 
riie names of transports listed in the mimeographed brdletins from the 
port embarkation oflice in lloboken were caid indexed. This enabled the 
bureau to give information as lo the movement of all troops as soon as they 
had left a foreign port for horrre. The Navy ^ aid stationed a radio o])eratoi- 
in the Libei'ty Building, and messages were received for immediate transmittal 
from th<' wii(>Iess station at I^eague Island. Whenever I'hiladelphia men 
rt'turried on transports not docking at their home port, the committee 
wirelessed a greeting to the commanding officers and men of such units. When 
transports docked at Philadeli)hia. the committee chartered sufficient boats 

318 



to take the relatives of the men down the river to meet them. The poHce boats 
Ashbridge and Slokley were always available and the police band was carried on 
the former. At one time it was necessary to provide accommodations for 3,000 
people. All committee boats were fiaily decorated and bore large banners with 
the words "City of Philadelphia Welcome Home Committee." 

Several signal men from the Navy Yard were nsually detailed to go on each 
committee boat and thus relatives were able to have messages wigwagged to the 
men on the transports. Frequently it was jiossible to steam so close to the ships 
that greetings could be called back and forth. A service that was greatly ap- 
preciated by the officeis and men of t)ther citii's returning to the port of Phila- 
delphia was the gift of home-town newspapers. When the government bulletins 
showed that men from other states and cities were due on a certain transport, 
the committee telegra]ihed to the (iovernor of the State or to the Mayor of the City 
and asked that newspapers 1)(> sent at once. These were distributed at tlie pier 
by the Red Cross or, in some cases, were sent to Camp Dix in care of one or more 
of the welfare agencies. 

With the news that the 28th Division was about to return, plans were im- 
mediately made to give it a reception worthy of its war record and the committee 
was reorganized. An account of [\w work of this larger connnittee will be found 
in the chapter devoted to the story of the parade of the 28th Division. 

On Mai-ch 21, l')l*». the Rev. Hugh Birckhead, a former Red Cross chaplain 
overseas, delivered an address in the Academy of Music on the subject "America's 




Courtesy of Frank \V. Bulili-r. Stank-y Co. of America. 

Men from U. S. S. "Ilaverford" paradimi in I'liildilrlphia hcfiirf nitniinirKi for f'ttni/i Dix. 

349 



Oppoitimity." The other speakers of the eveniiifj were Lieutenant Colonel D.J. 
McCailhy. who had recently returned from ser\ ice in Hussia. and Majoi- ( liarles 
.1. iiiddle. IMiiladelphia's first "Ace." The meeting was under 1 lie joiiil auspices 
of the Council and the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. 

Memorial Day. 1919. was observed by services in the public sipiares \ery 
similar to the exercises on ThanksgiN ing Day. 1918. They were arranged b> th<' 
Council and the programs included President Lincoln's "(Jetty.sburg Address." 
Kipling's "Hecessional." national hymns and })o])nlar songs of the three ware — the 
Civil. Spanish-American and World War. \t the conclusion of the exercis(vs 
"Taps " was sounded. 

At a time when a strike among the textile wmkcrs df I'liiladelphia pidniJM'd 
to assume menacing proportions, a committee of conciliation was appointed 1p\ 
the Chairman of the Council. They entered earnestly into the work <>[ 
bringing the employes and employers together. \ compromise was cll'cclcd 
between the parlies, and the strike ended willidnt disurder or di'slrucliuii of 
property. 

Turbulent uprisings of a serious revolutionary character lia\ ing been Ihrealciicd 
foi' Ma\ 1st and July tth. the Lxecutive Council was con\ened and aiiangi'ments 
were made with the authorities to call upon the local police, the Home (luard. 
volunteer police, the reserve militia, and a body consisting of 7,500 .sailors and 
marines. (Iiiards were placed in banking institutions near the threaten(>d scene 
of disorder. The preparations proved suHicienl for the emergency, and the days 
passed without incident. 

In the spring of 191'). at the re(|uesl of thi' Pictorial Section. Historical Kranch. 
W . 1'. I).. Cicneral Stall', Washington, t). ('.., the Council secured, in duplicate, 
about three thousand pictures, showing war-time activities and conditions in 
Philadelphia. One set of these pictures was sent to W asliinglon and the dllier set 
lilcd lor reference. Mrs. Thomas Hobins acted as Cliaiiinan of the committee! 
aiui Mrs. Albert K. Peterson, Jr., had general charge of collecting the photographs. 

In .lune, 1919. Charles B. Hall was appiiiiilt<l Chaiiinan of a committee of 
the Council lo secure the war records of I'liiladelphia men and women in scM'vice. 
riic l'ciuis\l\ania War History Commission, of which (!ov(>rnor William C. Spidul 
was Chairnian. pro\ ided llie record l)lanks and a house-to-house can\ ass was made 
by the I'olice Department. Asa result of this can\ ass over liftN thousand records 
were secured, it is estimated that at least eight. \ lo ninety thou.sand men and 
women fiom lhiscit> served in the \rmy and "\a\>. but until Ihe War Depart- 
ment sends copies of its list^s lo the Adjutant < ieneral at I larrisburg. which will be 
a mattcM- of .some years in all probabihty, it w ill be impossible to issue a correct list. 

The Philadel])liia Couiuil closed its oflices on July 1."). 1919. Its hislorical 
researi'h work was continued b\ the aj)pointment, at the suggestion of Judge 
Martin, of Ihe Philadelphia War History Committee. The Executive Manager of 
Ihe C.ouncil became the Secretary of the new comtnillce and I his bonk is Ihe residl 
of the History Committee's work. 

The Staff of Ihe Council iiu hided, besides the I'^xeculive Managei and !ii(> 
A.ssociate Managers: A. C. Wright. Mrs. W. L. Mann, Miss Miriam Moses, 
.Miss M. Iv Desmond. Miss Sara Mays Taggarl, Miss Agues C. iMcCarm, Mrs. 
Jane llli. Mrs. \. M. Wlixle. Mi» lllsic Mandell. Miss T. R. Jacobs, Miss Krantz, 
James I-;. Corneal. Miss Anne McDonough, .Miss M\illc ]■'.. Dutui. Miss Elsie 

35(1 



Biirghart, Miss Nann McLaughlin, Miss Hilda Kaplan, Mrs. E. R. Smith, Miss 
F. LaefT and Mrs. A. H. Bollman. 

Among others associatod in the work of the Council were: Henry V. 
(iumniere, Henry S. Drinker, Jr., W. J. Wheatley, John Huneker, Clarence S. 
Cates, Henviss Roesseler, Charles C. Hazlett, E. E. Hogle, James O'Neill. Arno 
P. Mowitz, Miss Edith Sheldon. Dr. Caroline Colvin, Dr. Sarah Kingsbury. 
Miss Edith Lowber, Miss Leslie B. Stewart, Miss Jane Hanratty, Miss E. Eh- 
land. Miss M. E. Kern, Miss E. F. Mclntyre, Mrs. N. S. Belts, Miss G. F. 
Mulchrone, Miss Elsie Gilbert, E. R. Cheney, G. E. Williams and C. L. Buck- 
mum. 

WOMAN'S PHILADELPHIA COUNTY COMMITTEE COINCIL OF 
NATIONAL DEFENSE, PENNSYLVANIA DIVISION 

Chairman: Mrs. Henry D. Jump. 

Vice-Chairmen: Mrs. (ieorge A. Dunning. Mrs. A. A. F]shner. Mrs. I'rank 
T. Griswold, Mrs. George McFadden. Miss Clara Middlelon. Mis. Paul I). 
Mills. Miss Mary M. Rivinus, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbmy. 

Secretary: Mrs. George A. Piersol. 

Chairman of District Committees: Miss Beulah Fennimore. Mrs. BowTnan 
Leaf. Mrs. B. F. Richardson, Mrs. Wilmer Krusen. 

The Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, fur Philadelphia 
C^.ounty was organized in October, 1917, following the lloo% cr campaign to conserve 
food, which was carried on during the summer months by a splendid body of 
women who came forward to assist in the distribution of the Hoover food pledge 
cards. A registration of 30.5,000 Philadelphia women was sent to Washington. 
The State (^.hairman. Mrs. J. Willis Martin, naturally turned to this group for 
leadership and appointed Mrs. Henry D. Jump as Chairman for Philadelphia 
County. 

An organization of women covering all parts of the city was innnediately 
started, and the colossal task of house-to-house visiting, arranging the streets, wards 
and districts of the city in card catalog form for future reference was tirelessly 
caTiied on during the hot summer months. This campaign jiroved to be one of 
the most constructive pieces of work accomplished by the Philadelphia Council. 
All clubs and organizations of women were called upon to helj). regardless of color, 
creed or condition; everywhere the chairman received hearty cooperation and 
generous offers of assistance. From this group of women the chaii'man apjjointed 
an efficient executive committee, as well as district chairmen in all parts of the 
city, with directors for all departments. The Council, the State and (!ity (twe 
a dei'p debt of gratitude to Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, througli whose 
geneinsity it was enabled to maintain headciuarters and an adetiuate office force 
at IbOT Walnut Street, until such time as the Committee of Public Safety 
invited it to share their offices in the Finance Building, and paid all overhead 
charges. 

Registration Dep.\rtment, Mrs. George A. Dunning, Director. .Mrs. Dun- 
ning splendidly organized this department, but was obliged to resign early in 
the year-, after which the first active piece of work was the registration of 
women, under the efficient direction of Mrs. Louis B. Taylor. This campaign 
was conducted by means of special drives and then by organized committees 

3.51 




Wonirii iforkirifl on \rmy lifils at tin' John ii. Slt-lstm ( '.u. 



in the various wards until llw total of 'J.!, 000 women had si-incd these cards. 
The work of (iliiif: them was alone an enormous task. They were filed and 
eross-liled undei- occupations so thai a woman recjiiired for a certain piece of 
work could he immediately obtained. From this de()artment munition workers, 
and recruits for all sorts of war acti\ities were ohtained. and re<:islration proved 
its value in mnnerous ways. The Director of Hejiistration l)ccamc a member of 
the I'Vderal llmployment Bureau, and used these files very actively in her work. 

Wh(>n this source of assistance became {generally known, many and fre(|uent 
calls were made upf)n it by fjovernment as well as by the local industrial ])lants. 
Not the least interestinf; feature of this work was the recruiting and placin;: of 
women on the land in cooperation with the Woman's Land Army, and an anmsing 
incident occiured when an actress registered for farm work, stating that she was 
ready to work all the year round, but was naluralh untrained. Shortly after, a 
\M>maii farmer applied to the l)e|)artmeiit of Women in Industry for a helper 
willing lo do all-t he-year-round work in any and every capacity. She was a wee 
bit skeptical about taking an actress whose sole qualilication was an altogether 
untested love of the outdoors, but at last consented, and the registrant, seizing 
the opportunity, went on the land early in February. After a three months' 
trial, a letter came from the farmer, enchanted with the enthusiasm, earnestness 
and skill of her assistant, and begging for a woman who would be willing to do the 
houscnvork. Again the iiles were consulted, and though domestics, in th(! ordinary 

352 



sense of the word, were not on the hsts, it was found that a patriotic woman of fifty 
who had had her own comfortable home, but was otherwise untrained, stood ready 
to answer the call, stating in cheerful terms that as she too was an untrained worker 
she was willing to do a bit of drudgery as her share of war work. Few reach such 
heights of patriotism ! These cards became extremely valuable during the influenza 
epidemic, when those who had registered as willing and able to nurse were sum- 
moned to answer the many I'alls that came to us fr( )in all parts of t he city. Four hun- 
dred and eighty women were written to, fifty per cent of whom reported at the office. 

Food Production Dep.\rtment, Mrs, George H. White, Director. While 
there was not a great deal of ground available for cultivation within the city 
limits. Mrs. White was able to do valuable work in establishing school gardens 
in vacant lots throughout tiie city, some of which are still in operation, and much 
was done among the school children in stimulating their interest in backyard 
gardens and food conservation. 

Food Conservation Department, Mrs. H. C. Boden, Director. Perhaps 
no department had a more colossal task than that of the Food ( '.tmservation 
Department, to whose lot fell the education of every class of society in the 
necessity of self-denial in the use of every available foodstuff. This depart- 
ment was fortunate in having as director Mrs. N. D. Hitchcock, instructor 
of home economics at Temple liniversity, who began the work assigned, but 
was obliged to resign when called to New York, and her able assistant, Mrs. 
H. C. Boden, was appointed to the vacancy. Mrs. Boden devoted much time 
to the opening of food kitchens in different parts of the city where daily demon- 
strations were given in the making of war breads and the use of wheat Hour substi- 
tutes, and was tireless in her efforts to present food conservation in its most 
agreeable and practical form. Thousands of posters and recipes were distributed 
among the foreigners, written in the language of each nationality; the drive for 
food conser\ation among foreigners became the next important phase of the 
work, and in Philadelphia alone, during three months, more than four thousand 
people of aUen birth were visited. The work began primarily as a war measure, 
but led often to permanent Ameri<'anization propaganda, devc'loping. as it does, 
a certain unity of thought between the foreign element and our native population. 

The foreigners were powerfully influenced by the knowledge that, as a result 
of war's devastation, they could not return again to their native countries. 

The method of approach was through the medium of informal meetings; 
demonstrators who had the ability to "mix in," and were experienced in social 
service work, oiganized neighborhood groups of Italians, Poles, Bussians, 
Lithuanians and Boumanians. 

Surveys were made of conservation work done in the hospitals, showing that 
hundreds of loaves of bread per day and hundreds of pounds of butler per week 
had been saved, and that the consumption of sugar had been reduced more than 
half. Later the department of food became federalized, and went under the Federal 
Food Administrator for Philadelphia. A remarkable food army of thousands of 
women was organized and was doing active service when the armistice was signed. 
A war bread shop was run in the center of the city where all sorts of war bread 
and muffins were sold and war bread recipes were distributed. 

Women in Industry Department, Mrs. Thomas Bobins, Director. It 
was soon discovered that all over the State the call for women workers was 

3.')3 



bcconiinj.' more and more insistont, so that this dopaitnipnt had a diniciilt tinio 
to fill all the applications made upon it. Certain standards were insist<'d upon 
hy the director of this department and women were recruited t>nly for those 
plants in which living conditions were good, serious basic needs such as housing 
and transportation were carefully studied, and a booklet was published giNirig 
a list of boarding houses, cafeterias, places of amusement, churches, et< .. I'nr the 
cf)nvenience and protection of strangers and itinerant workers. 

The aim of this department was not only to secure work for women, but in 
so doing to improve the conditions under which they worked ; to advance woman's 
position economically, politically and socially; to ask from th(> working woman a 
s|)irit of cooperation and loyal .service; to arouse ail women to the fact that the 
savings of every worker are an asset to the country, as well as a guarantee of her 
own econfmiic security in the future. This d(>partment did valuable service in 
familiari/ing its("lf with the rulings of the Secretary of I.,al)or and the Secretary 
of War on questions of women's work, as well as state laws, and insisted that the\ 
be carried out in all plants, both governmental and jirivate. where women were 
employeil. 

A very notable piece of work accomplished by the director of this department 
acting with a committee of public-spirited men and women in Philadelphia under 
the direction of Dr. Lucy W. Wilson, was a War lunergency Summer High S( liool. 
opened to give intensive training; and for this jjurpose the use of the building of 
the W illiam Peim High School for girls was (jU'ered by the Hoard of Kducation. 
This school was patronized by workers of all ages, and the pupils w'ere taught the 
reading of blue prints, stenography, typewriting, stenotyping. filing, etc. 

No class of Pennsylvania citizens responded more proniptly and more patrioti- 
cally to the call to work than the colored women of the Slate. Approximately 
four thousand were employed in arsenals, chemical plants, oil and sugar retineiies, 
the railroads, and the numition and ritle plants. 

The Department also undertook to recruit the rel|ui^ite number of workers 
lo establish several unit.s for the Wt)man's Land Army. aii<i financed the ne<('ssary 
ollice staff until such time as they established their own head(]uarters. 

Chiij) Welk.\re Department, Mrs. Wilmer Krusen. Director. Mrs. 
Krusen had an able assistant in Dr. Hartley, who gave instructions by lectures 
to women who afterwards accompanied the visiting nurses to the homes of 
the people to acquire proper training; these women later became very valuable 
during the epidemic of influenza. The energies of this department wen' 
dexuted to preserving the health of children under six years and .securing 
adequate care of mothers Ixith before and after confinement, providing proper 
care for the baby from the moment of birth, protecting lht> health and maintaining 
iMitrition of the child up to pre-school age. This ileparlment gave hearty support 
and active a.ssistance to those committees working for an increase in mothers' 
pensions. 

Departme.nt of Ldi cation. Dr. Maude llan.sclie. Director. Dr. Ilarische 
established a Speakers' Bureau for patriotic purposes and had th(> full cooperation 
of the superintendent of public schools in the work of Americanization. A survey 
was made of the IVireign people in the city and very ell'eclive work was carried 
out among the Poles, Italians, Hebrews, Russians, etc., who responded loyally to 
every patriotic measure. The State Director was fortunate in securing speakers, 

354 



wlio jjreatly stiniiiltitrd prndurtiuii in llic plants tlioy visited hy jjraphic 
d(>st'ripti()ns of the Wdi'k heiiif; done h\ the iMiglisli: sliowinj; what a pt)weiful 
asset tlie women of the British Isles had become to the j,^)\ ernment. An 
Ameiieanization Conference held in conjunction with the Liberty Loan and 
Food Departments proved of jireat value in l)rint,'infr toj;ether men and women 
promin(Mit in \mericanizatit)n work from all over th<' country, who spoke of 
the work then carried on by the government as well as j)rivate agencies 
among the foreign population in this country, not the least important 
feature of which was the stimulation of patriotism among our own people. Perhaps 
this need had not occurred to us before, but became a real issue to stem the tide 
of pro-( ierman propaganda. Mary Antin was a forceful and interesting sjjeakei' 
at the conference. Ciiving an eloquent account of her first experiences in America, 
she demonstrated what the foreigner can contribute to this country as well as receixc 
from it. and strongly urged for the foreigner free expression of his native arts and 
talents, which would make for his greater happiness and the greater develop- 
Mienl of this country. 

Liberty Loan Department, Mrs. Barclay H. Warbuiton. Diiectdr. 
While the organization of the women for this work was not begun until the Second 
Liberty Loan was well under way, Mrs. Warburton reported the sale of 
.$1.5,000.000 worth of bonds. In the Third Loan, under the direction of Mrs. 
Walter S. Thomson, the women of Philadelphia raised §.511020, 8.50, which was 
31}/^ per cent of the quota. In the Fourth Loan, despite the ravages of influenza, 
a total of $72,020,115 was raised, with over 8,000 women oiganized and working 
on various committees. The chairman of the Philadelphia County Committee 
of National Defense was chosen chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee 
for the Third Federal Reserve District. Great interest was shown in the Liberty 
Loan Conference held jointly with the Food Department when the Philadelj)hia 
committee invited the chaiimen of all of the sixty -seven counties in the State t(i 
attend the three-day session. 

Department of Foreign Relief, Mrs Hutton Kennedy, Director. This 
department acted as a coordinating agency to bring together all the \^'ar relief 
organizations in the Slate, working in unison and reducing to a minimum all 
duplication of efVort. 

Department of Health and Recreation, Miss Theodora Butcher, 
Director. This Department was closely associated with the Committee on 
Recreation for girls affected by war conditions. Its function was to stimulate 
recreational interest and to develop recreational facilities, laying emphasis on 
the need for patriotic service and the necessity for higher standards among 
the young girls. A colored woman was appointed for the extension work 
among the colored girls and frequent consultations were held with Mrs. T. 
W. Lay ton of the Protective Association for Colored Women in regai'd to 
improving the conditions under which C(jlored women were th»>n working. All 
activities having to do with women and girls were brought together and worked 
in full accord. Outdoor neighborhood gatherings in parks and open spaces were 
[ilanncd where frecjuent concerts and Community Sings were given. Many 
industrial plants showed notable cooperation in providing recreational diversions 
and patriotic demonstrations among their employes, Samuel Flei.sher himself 
heading a Liberty Loan parade in which the workers in his factory took prominent 

3.'>5 



part. This department in conjunction with other committees working for pro- 
tection of women and girls was instrumental in luuing women vigilance oflicers 
with police power appointed by the nia\or to patrol the streets in lonely sections 
at night. 

Department of Publicity and Information, Mrs. Arthur W. Sewall. 
Director. By means of a weekly News Letter, this Department undertook to 
inform the public of its purpose and aim in the field of war work, and to publish 
the reports of all that was being accomiilished by the (litlerent departments. It 
was also a useful medium for communicating the necessity for hearty cooperation 
with government requirements, which were printed in original form from time to 
time as seemed advisable. Later on the reports received from all the counties 
in this State were published in the News letter and proved a stimulating 
encouragement to all branches of the work. A very fine piece of work was a 
directory of \ocational opportunities for women in the State of Pennsylvania, 
issued by the State Director of this Department, which bmuglil i'drlli most 
favorable comment and became of lastinsr value. 

M'he development of district connnittees formed a notable achieNcnient : 
two were doing active work along all lines, and others were in the process of 
formation. Forty-two wards out of the forty-eight were organized, with special 
groups of women ready to take up active work. \ special organizer had personally 
visited these groups in order to prepare them for future emergencies. One ward 
was organized and ready to work with both men and women. In September, 
a war work conference was held in Philadelphia, in which the Philadelphia County 
Committee played an active part. It called together the first woman's war rally 
ever held in the Inited States, and included munition workers and industrial 
workers as well as volunteers in war activities. All groups of women and women's 
organizations attended in large numbers and listened to a remarkable program of 
patriotic expression. Prior to this, the only rally of the kind ever held had been 
the one reported in Paris a few days before. 

The drive for 2,5,000 Army nurses, recpiesled by the I nited Slates Surg(>oii 
Ceneral. was conducted in July and August of l')l«. Philadelphia County, whose 
(]uota was 110, went over the top with an enrolment of ov(>r 600, with recruiting 
stations in all partes of the city. In this rally and four-minute speakers and all 
the various men's and women's organizations were used elleclively. A big Liberty 
Sing was held, and a strong appeal for enrolment made. 

During the epidemic of inlhienza the Woman's Commillee of the Council of 
National Defense called on all organizations and groups of women for volunteers 
and heljiers to private families. 

Th(> Woman's Connnittee at all times held itself ready to meet the emer- 
gencies that might arise, and to call upon the various organizations of women in 
the city for help in different lines of war work. It is most grateful to the men 
and women in the city for the financial support which they gave since the 
beginning of 1918, and which enabled them to do the necessary work. Mut for 
the signing of the armistice a big and active group of women and women's organiza- 
tions would have been ready to direct their ser\ ices in the furthering of the war. 
This same group could be easily used to further other civic problems. 



3.'.r. 



THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA* 




HERP] was a time when it was said that the Delaware 
River was the "Clyde of America," but the time has 
come when the Clyde may be aptly called the "Delaware 

1^ llllll of ( ireat Britain." 

Such a claim need not be considered extravagant 
"" when we consider the recognition given the port of 
Philadelphia during the period of the war, and when we 
further summarize the maritime interests of the port. 

Within the limits of the city of Philadelphia and in 
the immediate vicinity are established the following ship- 
building ct)mptmies: Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation; Wm. Cramp & Sons Ship 
& Engine Building Co. ; New York Shipltuilding Corporation; Sun Shipbuilding Co. ; 
Chester Shipbuilding Co.; Pusey & Jones Co. and the Bethlehem Shipbuilding 
Company. During the war, the following companies had plants in or near Phila- 
delphia: American-International Shipbuilding Coiporation; Traylor Shipbuilding 
Cor]3oration; Pennsylvania Shipbuilding Co.; New Jersey Shipbuilding Co., and 
Jackson & Sharp Co. 

The port of Pliiladelphia, as defmed for customs purposes, comprises such 
waters of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers bordeiing on the municipality of the 
city of Philatlelphia as are navigable. The nmnicipal limits of Philadelphia on the 
Delaware River, as defined by the Director of Public Works, extend from a point 
immediately south of Fort Mifflin, below the mouth of the Schuylkill River, to 
the mouth of Poquessing Creek, innnediately north of Torresdale. The authority 
of the Board of Commissioners of Navigation extends from the State line on the 
south to the head of the navigal)le water of the Delaware River on the north. 

The customs district of Philadelphia as defmed by law (March 3, 1919) 
comprises all that part of the State of Pennsylvania lying east of seventy-nine 
degrees west longitude, all of the State of Delaware, and all of that part of the 
State of New Jersey not included in the district of New York, with district head- 
quarters at Philadelphia, in which Philadelphia (to include Camden and Gloucestei' 
City, N. J.), Thompsons Point, Tuckerton. Chester, Wilmington and Lewes shall 
be ports of entry. 

The tonnage shipped through the port of Philadelphia establishes the posi- 
tion of this city as the second port in the 1 nited States. Figures compiled 
ollicially show the following totals of trade at Philadelphia: 

TONNAGE 

1018 1919 1920 

I>)mestic 1.3.1()7,81.'5 7.527.72:5 10,105,068 

Foreign 5,895,820* 11,632,437 14,961,736 



Totals 21.003,6:55 I<), 160,160 

*lncludes 508,325 tons of war material not passed tliruugb Customs House. 



25,066,804 



'Summarized by the Seeretary of the Philadelphia War History Committee from the reports 
of the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange, and from various publications of the Department of 
Wharves, Docks and Ferries. 

357 



\ALLi;s 

Domestic $1,909,279,986 Sl.TTl'.r.l I.J1(> S; 1, 755, 193,364 

Foreign 686,817,078* 676,265,606 733,201,047 

Totals .'i:2..'>96.097,06 1 $2,448,779,822 $2. 188.39 I, II 1 

'Includes .$145,000,000 in value of war material not passed throufili Customs House. 

Figures annoiincpd 1»> tlio Surveyor of the I'ort showed that llie sum of 
$16,610, 7.'?!?. 72 was received in import duties at Philadelphia in 1'^I8. He also 
stated that this port is the cheapest from which lo ship goods lo foreijjn countries, 
a statement home out by fact*; and (if:ures coniijiled hy the Treasury l)ei)artinent. 

The import duties received in 1919 and 1920 amounted to $20,019,617.71 
and $22,301,096.70 respectively. 

In 1918 the export shipments of frrain from this port reached approximately 
thirty million bushels. The capacity of the port is far greater but the shipment,s 
were decreased last year because of lack of tonnage. In 1916 a ti)tal of 17.2.')0.().'>9 
bushels were shipped from this port, and in 1917, i;{,09.'), 189 bushels. In l'>19 the 
number of bushels was 50,983,856. 

The export of petroleum products from the ("ustoms District of Philadelphia 
during 1918 amounted to 385,031.111 gallons, inchiding lllinninating, faiiricating, 
parafline and fuel oils, and gasoline and naphthas and in 191'), 312,031,052 gallons. 

The sugar receipts at this port in 1918 totalled 180,312 tons, 22.11 per cent 
of the total received at North Atlantic seaports. In 1919 the tomiage was 699,1 17. 

During the year 1919, a total of 7,003 vessels enteicd and cleared this port. 
In the foreign trade the exports were valued at §522.391,091, and the imports at 
$1,53,871,515, a total of $676,265,606. During 1920, 8.350 vessels entered and 
cleared at Philadelphia. The export^s had a value of $151,013,216. and the imports 
a value of .$282,157,831. a total of $733,201,017. 

This Iraflic involved the handling of 1,827.092 tons of freight, of «liirh 
approximately 2.185.000 tons were of petroleum and by-products; 367.000 tons 
iron and manganese ores; 523,118 tons coal: 592,301 tons grain and 56.600 tons 
general merchandise. 

hut one other port in the Inited States did a greater business, and there 
the congestion caused delay, heavy los.ses, and nnich annoyance to shippers. 

.'Miout 800 more ves.sels from foreign ports visited Philadelphia during 191') 
than in any other similar period in the history of the port. A sullicient amount 
of ship tonnage arri\ed and cleared during that year to move approximately 
.32.163.170 deadweight tons. 

The port of Pliiladel|)hia. with iLs present facilities, is in a ixtsition to handle 
annually 50.000.000 tons of commerce. 

'Ihese facilities ai'e being extendrd under a comprchi'nsis e piati nf dc\el()p- 
inent entailing a cost of millions of dollars. The extensions are based upon the 
present enormous volume of trade, with the future in view, and ha\ing in mind 
that within the last lhirt> years the import and export trade at the port of Phila- 
delphia ha\e increased in \ alue from $92,000,000 to more than .$676,000,000 per year. 

PIERS 

The city owns twelve piers, now used for shipping oversea and coastwise car- 
goes. The semi-public and private piers on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers 

3.58 



iiK-lude 33 for foreign trade; 10 for coastwise trade; 2 for river and bay trade; 12 
eoal piers; 13 miscellaneous cargo and industrial piers; 4 ore piers; 3 grain piers; 6 
lumber piers; 11 railroad water-front freight stations, and various sections of 
improved bulkhead frontage. 

The great shipping base built by the United States Government, upon the 
Delaware River, at Oregon Avenue, as a Quartermaster's Terminal, will become 
a part of the shipping facilities at the port of Philadelphia. This base has cost 
to construct, including the purchase of the land, about $13, .500, 000. There are, 
in addition to the piers, adequate railroad facihties for freight transportation, 
a power plant and an electrical substation. There is also a general storage ware- 
house constructed at an estimated cost of .$3,408,973, and an expeditionary storage 
depot completed at a cost of $1,023,550. The capacity of these piers is over 
one milhon square feet. 

Plans for municipal piers were interrupted by the war, but during the year 
1918 Pier 78, South Wharves, was completed and taken over by the Government. 
This pier is two stories in height, 900 feet long and 250 feet wide and cost $1,730,000. 
It is flanked by 300-foot docks on each side, constructed of reenforced concrete 
and steel, and is the fu'st of a group of ten to be known as the " Moyamensing 
Group." Work was also started on dredging the sites for piers at Porter and Wolf 
streets, each of which will exceed in length Pier 78 by 100 feet. 

Over lifty steamship lines have offices at this port, which means that Phila- 
delpliia products are carried under many flags to practically every port throughout 
the world. 

If it is asked why Philadelphia has attained the rank as a United States port 
second only to New York City, the following reasons may be advanced: Pliila- 
delphia is a fresh-water port, wliich of itself is a financial asset. When a ship 
docks in fresh water the barnacles and other salt-water growths on its bottom 
drop off and the expense of scraping the keel is minimized and the life of the ship 
lengthened. The cost of lighterage is almost entirely ehminated here. Ships 
docking at any one of the 267 piers unload on cars, wliich can then be run over a 
belt line connecting with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadejpliia & Reading Rail- 
way and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Moreover, cargoes intended for export are 
hauled directly on to the piers and hoisted from car to hold. 

There are three graving docks at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. The dimen- 
sions of these are: No. 1. 459 feet 10 inches long, 23 feet 4 inches depth on sill; 
No. 2, 731 feet 10 inches long, 30 feet depth on sill; No. 3, 1005 feet long. 39 feet 
1 1 inches depth on sill. 

The drydock of the Kensington Shipyard Co., which is adjacent to Cramp's 
Shipyard, has an extreme length of 432 feet; length at bottom, 412 feet; breadth 
at entrance, 70 feet; and depth on sill, 20 feet. 

The Philatlelphia Ship Repair Company's floating dock is 250 feet long, with 
a breadth of 86 feet at flie entrance, 17 feet depth on sill, and a lifting power of 
3,500 tons. The same Company's pontoon dock has a length of 184 feet; breadth 
at entrance, 85 feet; depth on sill, 16 feet, and a lifting power of 1,400 tons. A new 
floating drydock over 900 feet long is now in use at the plant of the Sun Shipbuild- 
ing Company, at Chester, Pa. 

A Delaware River channel 800 feet wide, with a (low water) depth of thirty 

359 



feet, connects the city with the Atlantic Ocean. Work on a thirty-five-foot 
channel has been under way since 1910. 

Coaling is an important matter, and here again Philadelpliia offers unique 
ad\antages. From the Aast wealth of I'eiuisylvania's mines comes the cheap 
hunkered coal over a relatively short haul to twelve coaling piers, and thus with 
a minimum cost it is placed on board the ships. There ai'e also fuel oil stations 
at Point Breeze and Marcus Hook, supplied by the great pipe lines of the Standard 
Oil Company. 

Among the many other advantages offered by Philadelphia to maritime in- 
terests may be mentioned the 797 acres of anchorage spaci'. seventy derricks and 
cranes of various capacities, twenty or more large warehouses and twt) grain 
elevators capable of storing 3,225,000 bushels. 

Furthermore, the old canal systems which connected our city with the iiorlli 
and south are being reorganized, and during IVIK the New ^ ork and Delaware 
Steamship Corporation began to carry cargoes between Philadelphia and New- 
York by way of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The dail> ser\ ice wliicli 
completes the journe> in either direction in twenty houis started with live steam- 
ships and two barges. The exigency of transportation during the war did much to 
re\i\if\ interest in the develo()inenl of the inland walerwavs systems of the cotmtry. 

The merits of Philadelphia as a port were established and pi(»\eu {lining the 
war. While we may feel that the future of the port is assured, the rapidity with 
which it will be developed depends upon the aclixc and hearl\ coo[)eration nf all 
local maritime interests. 



LIOLI\i I !»»••»•» " 



WE MUST BUY! BUY!! BUY! 



?» 




Courtesy of Frank W Bilhlpr, St.Hnley Co. of America. 

.1 lihvr Aids in the liecruHinij (^iiiiiixiiyn. 
360 



SHIPBUILDING FOR WAR AND PEACE TIMES 

Work of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation 

By W. J. Bollenbeck* 

p^]HILADFXPHIANS may well be proud of the part played 
by their city in the wai', because from this city was 
directed the vast and unprecedented shipbuilding activity 
of the United States which convinced (iermany that her 
unrestricted submarine warfare would not bring the ex- 
pected victory over the Allies. The executive work 
connected with the biggest single industrial enterprise 
ever attempted was conducted in this city: namely, the 
work of the United States Shipping Board Emergency 
Fleet Corporation, and with this city as central head- 
quarters the world's record was broken for speedy construction of ships to serve as 
an auxiliary to that valiant body of men constituting our Army and Navy, fight- 
ing for right and civilization. Not only did Philadelphia house the "brains" of 
this vast undertaking but it also did its share in the actual production, for in this 
vicinity nearly 20 per cent of the total tonnage on the shipbuilding program was 
produced. 

Philadelphia may justly be regarded as the foster-mother of America's revival 
as a siiipbuilding nation and of the resultant merchant marine. 




American Shipping Before the War 

It will be remembered that this country was more or less of a maritime power 
in 1860, but that there was a steady decline or, rather, no increase proportionate 
to the rapidly growing trade demands, although sporadic construction was carried 
on. This may be better illustrated by recalling that while from 1850 to 1860 the 
average yearly tonnage built in this country was .559,572, it gradually fell until 
it went as low as 338,596 for the period of 1890-1900. There was a slight spurt 
from 1900 to 1909 (921,324 deadweight tons in 1908 being the largest yearly pro- 
duction before the war), but for the period 1910-1916 the average was only 445, 165 
deadweight tons, despite the tremendous increase in our foreign trade. Of the 
total world's merchant tonnage of approximately 73,859,540 deadweight tons in 
August of 1914 this country owned about one-seventh. While in 1810 we were 
carrying as high as 92 per cent of our foreign trade in our own bottoms, we could 
boast of only 9.7 per cent in 1914. In other words, we were 90.3 per cent de- 
pendent upon foreign shipping for transporting our impf)rts and exports. 

What this decline meant to the industries of this country, not only from the 
viewpoint of foreign markets for our surplus but also because of transportation 
charges, was foreseen by those who took the initiative in the creation of the United 



*Foriiierly Executive Assistant to the Director of Construction and Repairs, Emergency 
Fleet Corporation. 

361 



I'uiirlcsy of A T 





.,' Ilnj Ishuid. 



States Shipping' linanl in 1916. Tlii' liclplfssiicss of this coiinlry as reirards a 
proper merchant iiiaiiiie to he used as an auxiliary to the Army and Na\\ soon 
became evident willi the war raging in Europe, and it beiame a stern :m(l iitipliasaiil 
reality wlu'n the submarine devastations of tli(> enemy began. 



Creation ok SmppiNfi Bovkd \m> I;mi;h(;i;\c.v Flf.et (.ohporation 

The I nited States Shipping Hoard was created by an \ct of Congress on 
September 7. 1016. '"For the purpose of encouraging, developing and creating the 
na\ai auxihary and naval reserve and a merchant marine to meet tlie requirements 
of the commerce of the I nited States with its territories and possessions and v\itli 
foreign countries: to regulate carriers by water engaged in the foreign and inter- 
state commerce of the I nited States, and for other purposes." 

The original act did not contemplate ship construction work, biil increls to 
etu'ourage it. The Shipping Hoaid was to regulate merchant inaiine matters 
the same as the Interstate C.onnnerce C.onunission exercised jinisdi<lion over 
railroads. 

On April 6. 1917. this coimtry was drawn into the World War. and aside hotu 
the work of the .\rnn and the Naxy the necessity of slii|)s to carry our troops and 
supplies became a stern necessity. Our neglect in not liaxing a iia\al auxiliary 
in the form of a menhaiit marine bi-came apparent. 

I rider authority of the Shipping Act of 1910 the Hoard organized the I riiled 
States Shipping Board lunergency Fleet C.orportation on \pril l(). 1917. with a 
capital slock of !?,")0. (100. ()()(). whic'h was subscribed for by the Shipping lioard on 
behalf of the I iiited States. The bjnergency l-"leet Corpoiatioii became the agency 
of the Shipping Board in its active work of constructing and operating ships, but for- 
the purpose of this article only the various construction activities will be discussed. 

The President of the I nited States, acting under authority \<'sled in liim by 
the Act of Congress of June 15, 1917, entitled ' \n Act Making Appropriations 
for the Military and .Naval b^stablishments on Account of War l*]xpenses. '" on 

362 



July IL, 1917, directed that the United Slates Shipping Board and tlie I'nited 
States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation should "have and extMcisi; 
all powers and authority vested in him . in so far as applicahle to 

and in furtherance of the construction of vessels, the pui'chase or requisiti((ning 
of vessels in process of construction, whether on the ways or already lauiiclietl. 
or of contracts for the construction of such vessels, and the completion theieof, 
and all power and authority applicable to and in furtherance of the production, 
purchase and requisitioning of materials for ship construction" and in tlie 
"operation, management and disposition of such vessels, and of all other 
vessels heretofore or hereafter accjuired by the I nited States." Later, similar 
authority was given for the acquisition, extension, etc., of transportation and 
housing facilities, of shipyards and shipyard plants, of drydocks, marine rail- 
ways, piers and all other necessities for ship construction and operation. The 
Shipping Board designated the Emergency Fleet Corporation to act as its agent 
in carrying out the executive order of the President. The Shipping Board consisted 
of live members, who. in turn, were also members of the Board of Trustees of the 
Corporation. 

Seizure of Enemy Ship.s 

One of the first steps of the United States was to seize all enemy shipping 
interned in our ports. This was done under authority given to the President by 
Congress on May 12, 1917, which authority was delegated to the Shipping Board 
by the President on June 30, 1917. Approximately eighty-eight vessels were 
thus seized, most of them being turned ov er to the Army and Navy for transport 
work. Later, similar autlioiity was delegated to take over all })ort faciUties of 
enemy companies. In addition to the ships thus seized this country also purchased 
or chartered enemy vessels interned in other countries, particularly in South 
America. 




Courtesy of A.- 1. S. *;. 



Tliawituj Crowtd ul llaij hlund ii'ilh lire sirani. 
36,3 




Sliuuinij I'royress made ilnrnnj ilw ii iiiltr iil ll<«i Isiaiul. 



("ommaadeerim; of Amkiucan Vessels 

III <ir(lor to fiive tlie (iovornnKMit coiilnil o\cr all sliips liyiiii: llic \rniMican 
lia},', all slccl vessels of more than 2.500 dcadwcifilil Ions were cotimiaiulccrcd and 
oporalrd. in many cases by llir'n fdrnicr owners, under the jniisdiclidn ol' the 
Board. 

ReQI ISITIOMNr. OF \'eSSI:LS InDFH ('.ONSTRlir.TION 

As a result of the re(|iiisili(inint.' Order (if \n!.'nsl W. I')|T. all vessels bnildinn 
or contracted for private or foreifin ac<-oniit in the shipyards of this country were 
requisitioned. In this way the F^]merfrene\ Fleet Corporation ac(]nired some l.}| 
vessels of 3,07 1. .'506 deadweight tons which were under construction, or about 
to he constructed, and supervised their completion. (This number was later 
reduced to 381 of 2,687.266 deadweight tons by cancelations.) The nationality 
of the former or prospective owners of these re(|uisitioned vessels follows: American, 
18.): British, 163: French, 31; Norwegian. 38: Italian. I: Oanish. I: Mussian. 2; 
and .Japanese. I . 

Willi lliese three important steps taken llie (io\ernmenl. Ihrongli Ihe I nited 
States Shipping Board and its agency. Ihe lunergency Fleet Corporal ion, bolh 
being the direct agents and representatives of the i'resident, controlled all ship- 
building and shipping in the I nited States, with the exception of that condiuled 
b\ the Nav\. The Government was now ready to proceed with its task of turning 
out ships faster than the enemy submarines could sink Allied shipping. Ships to 
combat submarine sinkings were needed, for the enemy was destroying some 
7.50.000 tons per month, thus rapidly depleting the world's shipping. The 

.361 



English output was but 200.000 tons per month and that of American yards 
but forty-nino vessels of 1501.000 tons from July 1 to December 31, 1917. The 
total submarine losses of Allied shipping, from February 1, 1917, to October 31, 
1917, were approximately 7,709.298 tons, and before the war ended the loss by 
enemy action increased to approximately a total of 19,273.273 tons for the peiio;! 
June 30, 1914, to November 11, 1918. 

The following shows the average yearly tonnage (produced in the Unitinl 
States, both private and Government account, exclusive of the United States 
Navy, from 1813 to 1818, "and from 1910-1916, and the yearly tonnage from 1916. 

Years Dcadwci^^lit Tonnage 

IHI.i-IHm 131.7.30 AveraKf' yearly 

I'»llt-I')l6 II.''), 16.5 Average yearly 

1917 997.018 Yearly 

1918 3.223..506 Yearly 

1919 6..'5.58.823 Yearly 

1920 1.291,087 Yearly 

1921 {() inoMlhs) 2,863. Km 

The United States entered the war at a crucial time, not only with its \rmy 
and Navy but also with its resources. Next to troops and supplies the Allies needed 
ships, and needed them very much. Had American ships been available, when 
needed, the tide of battle miglit have been turned before that memorable and 
significant day in August of 1918 when our troops tinned the enemy back at 
Chateau-Thierry. Our neglect of shipping came to be almost a catastrophe, but, 
with characteristic American industry and pluck, this country rose to the occasion 
and turned out "ships, ships and yet more ships." and thereby helped our gallant 




CoiirfesT of .\ -I. S. C. 



Sill)/) No. I, Iliiri [shnd. 
36.-> 




Typical Lighiing~-W:30 P. M.—ul lion Island 



fighters to destroy the morale of the enemy and hrinj; about a realization that vic- 
tory was a forinrn hope. The shipbuilders of the coiinlry responded to the eall 
and exerted their utmost to provide llie nuich needed lonnajje to transport troops, 
munitions. f(K)ds and suppHes. They constituted the "second line of defense." 

1'hobli;m.s to Mket 

Tiie |>r<)i)lems lonfrontin^' the officials in charjic of producing ships were not 
only those of actual ship construction but many related activities, such as expanding 
tlic existiiiLr and erecting additional shi|iyards. securing additional shi|)yard workers. 
pro\i(hng for their iiousing. safety, sanitation and transportation, puriiiasing 
and transporting vast quantities of materials, securing and training executives to 
superx ise tlie work, attending to letting of contracts, safeguarding the legal rights 
of the (iovernmenl, handling and supervising all linancial mailers, setting up a 
proper and correlated organization, defining the methods and procedure, securing 
office space and a force both in the Home and Field offices: in short, attending to 
tile multitudinous details of setting up a business larger than any ever existing, 
and have it functioning almost immediately. It seemed like a superhuman task, 
bill, thanks to Yankee phick and skill, it was performed almost overnight and 
America again became a shipbuilding nation. 



Sim>Y\nn Faciuties and Worker.s 

P>efore the war there were less than sixty shipyards in the I'nited States capable 
of constructing ocean-going merchant vessels. These had a total of 2.'?,5 shipways. 
'1\) increase shipbuilding ten-fold it was necessary to greatly expand the facilities, 

366 



and by November of l*^!!} (here were 190 yards, willi 1,020 sliipways, eiij^'affcd in 
government const luction in this counlry. and fourteen in the Orient. 

[n 1'*I6 tiieie were inil .")(), 000 experienced siiipyard workers. Throiijili tlie 
labor recruiting and tiie training policies the nurnijer was increased to 38.5,000. 

Actual Ship Construction 

The original war program called for a total of 15,270 vessels of 18,107,276 
deadweight tonnage. 

When the war emergency passed, contracts for ships required for the war 
but not needed for a well-balanced merchant marine, and others on which construc- 
tion had not proceeded too far, were suspended, followed by cancelations wherever 
a saving could be effected. In this way the program was icdiiced by 9.58 ships 
of 1,770.56,5 deadweight tons, leaving an active program of 2,:! 12 of 13, 6156, 711 
deadweight, or a decrease of 25.8 per cent. 



(liiKiiwAi. A,\i) \( rivi; I'lioiiuwi 

( )iii(aNAL I'rogham Cancki.isd 

Deadweight Deadweight 

Class Number Tons Nuiiilier Tons 

lifqiiisilioncd sici'l 419 2.%3.106 .!.) 276.110 

Contract sti't'l 1.741 ll,')ll.f)7(l i:!2 2.i»f!6.')7.5 

Contract wood 1.017 ;!.()32,200 I2H 1, 166, 'ISO 

Contract composite .50 17.5.000 ;!2 112,000 

Contract concrete 4.3 .•i02.000 .U 228,500 

Total .■?.270 IH, 107.276 958 4,770,565 



Active 



Nunilier 


Deadweight 
Tons 


.■?8t 


2,687,266 


l..!09 


8,927.695 


589 


1 ,885,250 


18 


6:!. (too 


12 


7,3,500 



2,312 13,636,711 



The firesent active program by ty|)e ol' ship follows: 

AcTIVK I'llDCMAM BY TvPES 



Cargo 
Tanker 

Refrigerator 

Transport 

Pa.ssenner and cargo 

Barges 

Tugs (ocean) 

Tugs (harbor) 

Hulls converted to barges 

I'^inished hulls 

Hulls converted to sailers 

Barges converted to schooners. 
Harbor tugs 



Com- Cim- 
Steel Wood posirc rn'le 



.1,429 301 
138 1 

19 



6 

46 

8 



Total 



28 
13 
56 
56 
115 
8 



1.693 589 

" \ " No tonnage given on lugs 



Total 

Deadweight 
Tons 



1 


1,755 


10,777,431 


8 


117 


1,127,730 




19 


161,100 




oo 


179,775 




25 


308,972 




34 


93.200 




59 


A 




61 


A 




56 


20(),000 




115 


117.700 




« 


30.500 




O 


1.000 




6 


A 



18 12 2.312 



13.636.711 



A total of 204 ship\ards (including fourteen in China and Japan) were en- 
gaged in shipbuilding for the ]'>niergency Fleet Corporation. 



367 



The fact that the Government took over ships already under construction 
in American yards made it possible to deliver some of these so-called requisition 
ships more rapidly than the contract ships (those directly contracted for by the 
Corporation). Accordingly, the first requisitioned ship had its keel laid April 20, 
1916, was launched April 21. 1917, and delivered August 30, 1917. 

The keel for the first ship contracted for by the Corporation was laid on ,luly 
29, 1917; the first launching was on November 21, 1917, and the first delivery 
January' 5, 1918. 

By July of 1918 a total of 129 keels were laid per month. This was the record 
month for keel layings. This was also the war record month for launchings with 
121 ships, although the highest number was 131 in May, 1919. 

The world's launching record for one day was broken on .luK 1. 1918. when 
ninety-five ships were launched in American yards. I'hiladelphia has the record 
for the greatest number of indi\idual launchings in one day, namely, seven in 
approximately ninety minutes. This event occurred at Hog Island on July 21. 
1920. when the last of the 122 vessels built by the \mciican International Ship- 
building Corporation were sent off the vva>s in tin' prescnct' of several thousand 
people. 

The war record for deliveries was seventy-six (39.').22.i (ieadw(>ighl tons) in 
October. 1918. The greatest deliveries were l.'jl (811.88(i deadweight tons) in 
September. 1918. 

// trill he noled thai Ihis roiinlry ii'a>< dclireriim more xhipx in onr ntorilh IIkui had 
been biiill in any one year inimedialely i)recedin(i the war. This exceeded lirilish 
conslruclion by some WO per cent. It not only shows thai ire were making npfor lost 




Ciiiriesv fif A.-l. S C. 

Record Pile-driring Crew, linymoud Concrete Co.. al lUxj Island. One Imndrcd sixty-five GO-foot 
piles driven in nine and oue-ijiiiirlfr lioiirs. 

368 



lime by luii hcirifj prepared, hut also how well we were prepared lo carry on the war for 
an indejiiiile ])eriod. Bui for the fact thai the armistice was signed just when sltip- 
tniildinq was " f filling its Stride." eren this rerord-lireakinfi achiercmeni would hare 
tieen surpassed, t)ecause this country alone was nol only produciiaj enough ships to 
overcome the enemy's destruction by "li" bouts, tml a comforlalile excess. II was a 
record which many hoped fur but few crpected to see accomplished. 

The speed with whirh iii(li\ iihial sliips were finished illustrates American 
ingenuity. 

Ttie Tuckahoe, a 5,500 ileadweiglit ton steel collier, built at the New York Shipbuilding 
Corporation at Canulen, N. J., required twenty-seven working diJys from keel laying to delivery, 
and was in operation within thirty-seven days from date of keel laying. 

The Aberdeen, a 4,000 deadweight ton wood ship built by the Grays Harbor Motcir Sliip 
( .orporalion, (irays Harbor, Wash., was completed witliin twenty-seven days. 

The Crawl Key.i. a 3,350 deadweight ton steel largo ship, built by the Great Lakes Engineer- 
ing Works, Ecorse. Mich., required but twenty-nine working days from keel laying to dehvery. 

Production h^xc.EEUED all F^xpectations 

At the liejiinning it was feU that if 2,000.000 tons of shipping could be delivered 
in 1918 and .5,000,000 tons in 1914 it would he a record to be proud of. These 
estimates were considered the "peak of accomplishment, "" and not a few doubted 
the possibility of its attainment. 

This record was exceeded by more than 1.000.000 tons each year, as is evident 
from the folhtwing table of deliveries of the (".orporation, by years, to the end of 
the fiscal year, ,lune :?0, 1921: 

Sliips Deadweight 
Year t)eh\ere(l Tons 

miT 50 305,215 

1918 .533 3,025,806 

1919 1,180 6,384,423 

1920 173 3,129,567 

1921 (6 months) .52 514,900 



2,288 13,359,911 
Note. — Dec line in 1420 and 1921 due tii c urlailriiriil of (irogram after war emergency made 
same possible. 

By November 11, 1921 (Armistice Day), a total of 179 vessels of over 2.7.50.000 
deadweight tons had been constructed and delivered, and by the end of that year 
the total had reached 583 and the deadweight tonnage ;'..:531,021. (This was 
exclusive of seized ex-enemy ships and other existing merchant vessels which had 
been commandeered, all of which were in operation, and covers only new vessels 
constructed for (iovernment account.) 

Further convincing evidence that the ( '.orporation was pushing shipbuilding 
beyond all expectation is the fact that by INovember 1, 1918, a total of 1. 129 keels 
had been laid for vessels of 7,664,045 deadweight tons. Of this number 470 com- 
pleted ships had been delivered, 276 were being outfitted in the wet basins and 
683 were on the ways being made ready for early launching, a record of speed 
and progress never before equalled. 

The total ninnber of merchant ships and deadweight tonnage for (iovernment 

369 



account for the entire active program, by districts into wliich the country was 

divided for ship construction purjjoses, follows: 

Deadweight 

District No. Tons 

North Atlantic 386 1.978,130 

Ddiiwnrc River 317 2.633.381 

Midillc .Vtlantic 13.i 978,660 

( Jiilf 202 881.100 

I'licilic 7.->9 .->,2.-> t,l.-)0 

(irent l.iikes 179 I,62,i,000 

Japan and China M 283,290 

2.312 13,636.711 

The enormity of the shi|)liuilding |)rof;ram is shown 1)\ the following original 
estimates of costs to complete the program: 

Ships S3. 31 9.000.000 

I'lant and property . 1 77,000,000 

IlousinK 7.1.000,000 

Forei^rn sliipyards const met inn .i.i.OOO.OOO 

Drydcx k and marine railways 2.), 000. 000 

Tran.s(M)rtali()n 20.000.000 

ToTAi $:J,67I.00(I,(I(M) 

\(it all (if this money was expended, and of tiiat which was expended a con- 
siderahlc aiuounl, loaned to shi])yards. pid)lic utilities, realty companies, etc, 
was retiirnahle. At the time of this writing the figures for the clos(> of the fiscal 
year are not available and therefore I lie above original approximations are given. 
,\t the time of greatest activity tiieoulla\ ranged from S:$. 0110.000 to S."), 000.000 pi-r 
da>. (The war cost the I nited Slates .s.-,0,(l()0.0()0 a da\.i 

Sti:i:i. Siiics 

Of the 2, 1512 ships of K5,6IUi.711 tonnage built or being built on the active 
program, 1.693 with a deadweight tonnage of 11.61 1,961 are of steel construction, 
divided as follows: 

Kind Nuiuljer 

Cartfo 1,120 

Innki'r 138 

Hefrigerator 19 

Transport 22 

Collier 9 

Passenger-cargo 2.") 

Barge 6 

Tug (ocean) 46 

Tug (harbor) 8 



Total 1,693 

The superiority of steel for ship couslruction [)urpf)ses is rccogiii/ed. and only 
the necessity for speed and fear of inability to secure enough steel during the war 
period made it necessary to resort to other materials, but their use was discontinued 
as soon as possible after the war emergency. 

370 




Courtesy of A. -I, S C. 



Keel Blocks of Sliipiray No. 1. 



Wool) Ships 



On account of the necessity of producing ships as rapidly as possible during 
the war, the use of wood was resorted to and a total of 1,017 wood vessels of the 
original total prrigram of 3,270 ships were planned. Of this number 128 were 
subsequently canceled, leaving 58') to be completed, or partially completed. 

There has been considerable criticism of this class of construction, but at a 
time wlien there was a demand for' any kind of ships, especially when the mills 
were filled with orders for steel needed for other purposes, it became imperative 
to turn to wood as a temporary means of bridging the emergency. After the 
armistice, cancelations were ell'ectefl wherever possible, and conversions were made. 
as follows: 115 were finished as to hulls only; lifty-six were converted to barges; 
eight were changed to sailers, etc. Therefore, the wood ship construction was not 
a total l(jss. Some of the steamers have been sold and others are now in the pro- 
cess of being disposed of by sale or otherwise. 



C.ONC.RETE ShIP.S 

The pressure and demand for tonnage caused the experiments in concrete 
for ship construction. As this class of construction was only in the experimental 
stage, but forty-three vessels of 302,000 deadweight tons were contemplated. Later, 
the program was reduced to twelve vessels of 73,500 tons. Of these. ff)ur are cargo 
ships and eight are tankers (for oil). In comparison with steel this class of con- 
struction, though intended to be more economical, is not as satisfactory. 

371 



Passenger and Cargo ^'^ESSELs 

\ total of l\vfMil\-three steel combination |)asson>,'(>r and cargo vessels of 
2'>'),(l()0 (leadweighl tons are being built to round out the lucrclianl marine. Of 
these, sixteen are being built at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, 
N. .1. These ships were origiiialK intended for troop transports, and after hos- 
liUties ended Ihey were con\ cried to passenger-cargo ships. They are of the latest 
design of passenger ships, having every comfort and convenience. Of the twenty- 
three shijjs of this t>pe. sixteen are of .518 feet length and 11?. ()()() deadweight Ions. 
They have accommodations for 260 first-class and -WO third-class passengers. 210 
officers and crew and 7,000 tons of cargo, of which 2.7)W cubic feet t an be used for 
cold storage freight. They have a speed of 17\ knots per hour. 

The seven smaller vessels are of .)02 feet length and have accomiiindatii)as 
I'oi 7!i lirsl-class passengers and 118 officers and crew, in addition to 9SW) tons of 
freight, of which .52.300 cubic feet can be used for refrigerated cargo. The speed 
is liftecn knots per hour. (Some of these also ha\e third-class passenger accom- 
modations. ) 

All of these passenger ships are of the oil-l)urning variety. Inasmuch as they 
are to operate in the Kuropean. South American and Oriental trade, in competition 
with foreign ships, no effort has been spared to make them attractive to the trade. 
They are provided with the latest maritime equipment and elaborate furnishings 
and are modern ocean liners in every respect. More than ,')0 per cent of these 
ships have be<'n delivered, and are in operation, while the othcMs are being cdiupleted 
as the "wind-up" of the ( Governments ship construction program. 

The S. S. Isryslone Stale, named in honor of I he State of Pennsylvania, is typical 
of these passenger vessels. The keel was laid May 115. U)19. and the huincliiug 
was on May 1.5, 1920. The sponsor was Mrs. M. A. Neeland. wife of the I'rcsitlcul 
of the New "^ Ork Shipbuilding Corporation, the builders. Delivery was on .May 
28, 1921. \l this writing the heyshne Skite has completed her voyage from New 
York through the Panama Canal to Seattle, and is about lo proceed on her maid(>n 
voyage lo the Ori(-nt. her ports of call being llonohihi, Yokohama, Kobe, .Shanghai, 
Manila and Hongkong. She will he operated in the Pacific trade, from Seattle to 
the Orient. 

Fabric \Ti:i) Ships 

Fabricated ships «ere built at the three so-called \genc\ ^ ards of the (ah'- 
poration. namel\. al the Ameiican 1 nternalioiud Shipbuilding Corporation at 
Hog Island. Pa., the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation at Bristol, Pa., and the 
Submaiine Boat Corporation at Newark, N. ,1. 

'l"he fabricated steel ship was a radical change IVom acccple<l methods of con- 
struction. Instead of having all the hull material fabricated in the shipyard it- 
self, it was decided to have the standard pails made at bridge and structural steel 
plants throughout the country and as.sembled al the shipvards. thereby perinilliiig 
expansion of the shipbuilding industry. (Miantitv production was thus made |)os- 
sible. V lolal of 280 fabricated vessels resulted from this method, and its feasibility 
as ii means of conslrMclinn has been demouslraled b\ Ihe sjilendid perCnrmance of 
of these vessels. 

Thefacilitv with w hich these ships can be repaired wasdemonsliated in Ihe case 
of the S. S. Liberty (ilo, a Hog Island ship which struck a mine on December .">. 1919, 

372 




rtiiirtrsy of Win TI Tlaliiwin. 

U. S. S. "Liberty (llo." aflcr hearhini]. 

and was beached on tlie roast of llollaiul. On accouiil of the severe gale and 
\\m\\ seas, the vessel parted in two: but the after part was salvaged, needed material 
to replace 190 feet of the bow-section was sent from Philadel|)Iiia. and the 
vessel was practically rebuilt and is again in as good siiape as originally. The 
report of Captain John Stousland, liec bra\i' master, who stood by his ship when 
only the aftei- section remained and after most of the crew had abandoned the vessel 
as lost, reads hke the wildest of sea "yarns'" of olden days. This intrepid skipper, 
who faced almost certain death during this ordeal, had the satisfaction of steaming 
up the Delaware in the spring of 1Q2I on the liridge of his ship. Needless to say, 
he was given a heai'ty reception by his associates and achnirers. 

Yards, Docks and Marine Railway Construction 

As explained earlier, the large expansion of shipbuilding facilities from some 
(>() lo 201 shipyaitls in the United States required large investments for plant 
coiistiuctioii and twtension. Even though the expenditures for all plant con- 
struction, inchiding yards owned entirely by the Corporation, were less than 6 
per cent of the cost of ships, 179 yards, including installation plants, were given 
liiianciai assistance. All of this work was supervised by a carefully selected corps 
of plant engineeis. 

After the armistice all such work ceased and the task of liciuidaling the in- 
vestments was started. The s[)eedy completion of ships brought about the neces- 
sity of increasing the drydocking and repair facilities of the country. All ships 
require periodical docking (usually every six or eight months) in addition to docking 
for underwater repairs necessitated by accidents at sea and other causes. 

A com|)let(' survey of such facilities in the United States was made in conjunc- 
tion with the Port and Harbor Facilities Commission, and the minimum ie(|nire- 
ments were determined as follows: 

t'lcinliriK ilrydocks 17 

Marint' riiilways 13 

(iraving flocks 2 

373 



Work on the above was started under various forms of contract, and most of 
it is eompieled. Those uwiicd li> the ("oriioratioti have been or are heinf; sold. 

Housing A^D Transportation 

Proper housing and transportation of shipworkers, especially on the Atlantic 
roast where these facilities close to shipyards were iackiufr. had to be provided. 
Of the ;{!!.!, (lOOshipworkiMs many were linuiirht from their huiue cities, and the short- 
age of houses had to be remedied. 

I'nder Act of Congress, approved in March of 1918. an appropriation of 
$50.0()().()()(l was made for housing projects. This sum was latcM- increased to 
§7.5.000,000. The sum of .<i20.000.000 was appropriated for iinproxcd transporta- 
tion facilities. 

A total of thirty-four housing projects, costing S68.27,5.0:M.82. were provided 
throughoiil I III' (iiiinhN. i'liesi- projects consisted of the following luiits: 

i{,6l I liimsi's 
KW iipiirlMH-nls in '*2 ImildiiiKs 
91 (loniiilorii's 
.'> IkiIcIs 
(t lioardinK liouscs 

They also included cafeterias, stores, power houses and miscellaneous buildiuiis. 

In nearly every case the type of house construction was permanent. so that the 

projects became substantial additions to the existing l<iwns and cities where housing 

facilities were greatly needed. \ acanl properties within, or adjacent to. manu- 



*ft. h .-«i'. ♦../•^-w 




Oourlesy nf .\. I. S. C. 



Shipwav.1 (it lliMj Island. EnsI front Bridtir Crane. 
37t 




Courtesy of A. -I. S, C. 



General \ iew (if ll()(j hhtnrLjroni Way No. I. 



facturing cities have been converted into thriving residential villages, with paved 
streets, cement walks, sewer, water, electricity and gas utilities. "Along the 
Delaware," in the country within and adjacent to Philadelphia, fifteen of these 
housing projects, or about 66^^ per cent have been constructed at a total ex- 
penditure of $46,283,762. These projects include the following: 

Hog Island. Pa. 1,989 houses and 16 <lorii)itories with accommodations for 6,020 people. 

Camden, N. J. (New York Shipbuilding Corporation) — 1,.578 houses and 59 apartments, 
with acconniiodations for 3,312 people. 

Chesler, Pa. (Sun Shipbuiidinf^ Company and Merchant (Chester) Shipbuilding Corpora- 
tion) — 991 houses. 162 apartinents and 1 hotel, with accommodations for 1,168 people. 

Wilmington, Del. (Pusey& Jones and Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation) — 503 houses 
and 7 apartments, with accommodations for 1,020 people. 

Essington, Pa. (Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company) — 200 houses and 
three dormitories, with accommodations for 1,041 people. 

Bristol. Pa. (Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation) — 320 houses, 212 apartments, 56 
dormitories and 1 hotel, with accommodations for 3,778 people. 

filoucesler, N. J. (Pusey & Jones Company) — 447 houses and 1 ajjartment, with accom- 
modations for 896 people. 

All of the housing projects were financed by the Corporation advancing nioiiey 
on liberal terms to local realty or housing companies organized by the shipbuilder 
(concerned) to construct houses on land owned by them and taking back from 
the realty companies mortgages covering the iiouses. Since the armistice the Cor- 
poration has hquidated much of the moneys advanced for such purposes, less write- 
off for^excess cost of war-time construction. 

The total expenditures for housing also include the cost of installing public 

375 



utilities such as walcr, scwer, gas. electricity and pavinj;. A porlidii of this cost 
is returnable to the ('orporation h\ the various cities and public service corpoia- 
tions to whom the cost was advanced in tiie form of loans. 

For transportation facilities, a total of §9,190.982 was expended. Of this 
amount $5,791,143 is returnable under loan airreements made with the diUVnMil 
public utility organizations. Some of the accom|)lishments alont: this line folhiw: 

Purchase of 320 new street ears mul tliirtv-tive used street cars for serviie ti> seveiit4'eii 
shipyards. 

Street railway extensions built or financed in eleven other shipyards. 

Helaid street-car Iraclis and loops in seventeen yards and linanceil this work. 

Increased power plant facilities in seventeen shipyards and niantiracturin^' plants. 

Chartered thirty steamboats for use in cxinnection with twenty shipyards ami iustltiileil 
sixty special steam railway trains to serve twenty-six shipyards. 

Of the 19,190.982 expended for transportation improvements, the sum of 
$1,;566,081 was expended in and aroimd Philadelphia. I'hcse special activities 
were: j 

Driaware Courtly Electric Company — Installation of adtlilional equipment. 

Suulliirn Prnnsvlrania Triirlion C'oHipufi.v —Purchase of twcnty-lwi) passeiifier cars: re- 
habilitation of one and one-half miles of street-<"ar track; construction of six miles of sinj.'Ie track 
and roadway along C.hesler Pike bi'tween Darby and Kddystone. 

I'hiladrlphio liupiil Triin.iil Cimipiiiiv Purchase of one hundred sln-el cars; installation 
of track and |Hiwer equipment and terminal facilities. 

I'hiliiililpliia Itaihidys Company — Purchase of thirty strei-t cars, installation of track and 
power equipment. 

St ppi.v Ph()bli:m 

The problem of oblainiiif.' shippiiif: material was as great as securing ship\;trd 
labor at a lime when the (io\ermnent was mobili/ing an army of I. ()()().()()() men. 
.Steel mills and other industries were working at full capacity and ttansportatioii 
facilities were taxed to the limit. Nevertheless, the ( ioverninent was able to secure 
enough steel and wood to keep ;ill the ship\;u(ls supplied, luioiigh steel was |)m'- 
chased and distiihuled to build iiJ.bUd miles of railroad. 

SiiHicienl lumber was obtained to build a solid "bridge of ships" 2.") feet wide 
to reach from \rnerica to France, with about I. ()()(), OhO feel of hMiiber iiiuised. 

In spite of railroad congestion, and shortage of rolling stock, steel shipments 
alone aggregated I l').2'M Ions a week during the rush period. 

To insure maleri;tls being on hand it was necessar\ to have a large number 
of trallic experts, siipplv men and numerous warehouses. The activities extended 
to the rolling mills, boiler and engine factories, lumber camj)s and to numerous 
other industries. 

(^.ONTACT WITH ()tiii:r A(;k\cies 

Close relations and contacl witii other ( iovernment dei)artments and agencies 
were necessary. The Shipjiing Moard I'ilhi'r had representation on them or worked 
in close harmony. Among these were the Allied Maritime and Transport ('ouncil. 
which exercised central control o\ er the worlds ship|)ing and especially transport 
work; the War lnduslr\ Ko:u(l. which controlled and had charge of the allocation 
of fundamental materials re(|uiri'd from industries: the War Trade lioard. which 
controlled the import and export i>olic\ of the I iiiled .States; the Labor Policies 
Board had charge of the control labor recruiting, and the Exports Control Committee, 

,376 




Ojurtesy iif A. -I. S. r. 



Pri'siilfiil Wtlxdii null Mrs. Wilsiin nrririiiij al lliiij Ishinil. 



which determined tiie freight to be exported for the war, tiie best means of trans- 
portation to ports, etc. Close contact was maintained with tiie War. Mavy, 
Justice, State, Treasm'y. Commerce and Labor Departments, and the Railroad 
Administration. In addition to this outside contact numerous "inside " committees 
and organization units were maintained. 

Protection of Ships During War 

Various methods for protecting \rneiican mert'hant ships during the war 
were adopted. 

One of these was to equip the vessels with guns, "fore and aft." for battling 
submarines, and with dejith bond)s foi- suijatjueous explosions. 

Another was the use of the "otter gear," the presence and working of which 
were secretly guarded until after the war. This device was an English invention 
and was known as the "paravane" there, but in America it was called the "otter 
gear." The "paravane" was a torpedo-shap(xl steel structure (tiie resemblance 
of which to an otter gave it the name used here) which was attached to the ship's 
bow by cables so arranged that tiie "paravane" was drawn through the water at 
a constant distamc from the shi|)"s side and at such a deptli thai the towing cable, 
leading from the "paravane" to the stem (extreme forward end) of the ship, would 
catch the moving cables of the mines below the mines themselves. When this 
cable came in contact with a moving mine, tlie mine was dragged along the cable 
until it reached the "paravane" (or "otter"), the mooring was severed, the mine 
rose to the surface and was exploded by gun fire. The low percentage of marine 
losses through mines is unquestionably due to this protective device. 

377 



A third method was to deceive the enemy by means of camouflage paintinjr. 
Tlie idea was to bewilder the enemy as to the movement of the ship and not so much 
to hide the ship, as is generally supposed, but to m&kc it diflicult for the submarine to 
know in what direction to send torpedoes. Numerous bold and striking designs, 
planned in the headquarters in I'hiladelphia, were in use. Some 150 camolleurs 
were utilized in this work. About l.OOO American vessels were given a '"dress" 
of camouflage in variegated colors. 

Ship Construction in and Around Phil.vdelphi.\ 

Of the total number of ships on the active program of the JMuergency 
Fleet Corporation approximately 20 per cent of the tonnage and II per cent 
of the ships were or are being constructed in and around Philadelphia, designated 
as the Delaware Hiver District. 

The total number is 317 ships with a deadweight tonnage of 2.633,381. Of 
this number 155 were built at contract yards and 162 at the so-called agency yards, 
namely, Hog Island and Bristol. The distribution, by yards, follows : 

Vessels Constrcctki) in rm: Oim.awahk Mivkh Disthk t 

.NuinbiT Dfiulwcifjhl 

Naiiio of Builder "f Ships Tonnage 

VVni. Criinip \ Sons Ship iinii Enj;ini- Building ('onipiinv (Philadelphia). 13 102,097 

New York Shipbuilding Cor(M)ration (Camden) .11! 393.995 

Pusey iV Jones (tilouresler) 20 19 1..-)00 

Pusey \ Jones (Wilmington) It .'>«, K)0 

.\nieri(iin Intertialional Shipbuilding Corporation (Hog Island) 122 921,(101) 

Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation (Bristol) tO 3()(l,0()0 

Menhant Shipbuilding Corporation (Chester) 28 2.")0.I79 

Sun Shipbuilding ('orporation (Chester) 18 199, 100 

Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation (Harlan Plant, Wilmington) 21 153,810 

W: 2,633,381 

Approximately $600,000,000 was expended for ship I'onslruclion in this Dis- 
liicl. There was also expended .$1,566.0!!! for transportation and §16,283,762 
for housing, and with the expenditures for salaries ;md ollice maintenance and sup- 
plies for the shipyards and Home Ollice of the lunergency Fh^et Corporation the 
total amounted to nearly three-tpiarters of a billion dollars. In addition. Phila- 
d(>lphia also had the l)ene(it of the money expended by shipyard workers and ollice 
employes of the Fleet and their families, many of whom came her(! for war work. 
.Nearly 100.000 shipworkers were engaged, of whom 35,000 were at Hog Island. 
Probably 10.000 more were engaged in administrative work in the \;irious shipyards. 

The total lumdjer of ships delivered, by years, in the Delaware Hiver District 
to .lime 30, 1921, follows: 

^ rliT 
1917. 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

'I'OTALS 

To deliver 

Total to completion of program 

378 



nber 


Deadweight 


hips 


Tonnage 


1 


40,280 


52 


380.806 


135 


1,105,925 


104 


855,470 


14 


146.900 


309 


2,.529.381 


8 


1 01,000 


317 


2,633,381 




Cimtesy iif A -I. S 



Mr.1. Wil.siiii CJirixInuiiij Ihe "Quislconck.' 



In addition to tiie above, eleven wooden ships of 28,000 dcadweigiit tons were 
built in this District by the Traylor Shipbuilding Corporation, Cornwells, Pa., but 
under the jurisdiction of the North Atlantic District Office. The actual total for 
this vicinity is, therefore, 328 vessels. 

Hog Island 

The largest shipyard in the world was built at Hog Island. This was generally 
referred to as the " eighth wonder of the world. " The original program at this yard 
called for 180 fabricated ships, but this number was reduced to 122 of 921,000 
deadweight tons after the armistice. 

This yard aiose Aladdin-like from an almost useless tract of marshy lowland, 
south of the city, and in less than a year was a gigantic, energetic industrial plant 
the like of which had never been known. 

The contract for ships was signed September 13, 1917. Actual construction 
of the yard was started September 20, 1917. The fu-st keel was laid February 
12, 1918. The first ship, the Ouislnmrk. was launched on August .5, 1918, in the 
presence of President Wilson, officials of the Shipping Board and the Emergency 
Fleet Corporation and more than 75,000 others. Mrs. Wilson was the sponsor 
of this vessel. The fir.st ship {Qnislconck) was dehvered December 3, 1918, and 
thereafter ships were launched at the rate of one every 3/5 working days or 28/5 
working hours, and dehvered at the rate of one ship every 4J^ working days or 36 
working hours. 

Without going into details of the manner in which this tract of swamp land 

379 



was Iransroiiiicd into a vast industrial til > . « illi lis nu ii piiMic iilililics. a few iifxiiri's 
will be given to show its size and activit>. 

Area. 917 acres; IcriKlli of water fninl. 2.25 miles; iiiiiiilier of shipways. 50; nuiiiher of out- 
fitting piers. 7; length of railroad traek, K2 miles; number of warehouses. 36; floor space of build- 
ings, 10.} acres; lumber used on plant. l.')0,000,()00 B. M. F.; piles driven, 151.000; water <hlo- 
riiiated and lilti-red daily. 1.1500.000 gallons; length of water piping. 29 miles; length of sewer and 
drains. 26 miles; length of elwtric wiring. 675 miles; length fif telephone wiring. .i.OdO mile's; 
number of concerns who furnisheil supplies and materials, including ships and plant. :i.50O. 

The American International Shipltiiildin^r ("orporatioii bought the land and the 
(iovernment lurnislied the buildings and plant. \l the close of the conslruction 
program the Government exercised its option and purchased the land, thus coining 
into complete possession. 

This yard was built under what appeared to be unsurmountable dilliculties, 
(lining the excessively cold winter of I'M 7- 11!. when it was necessary to thaw the 
I'rozen ground with steam, use electric drills In prepare o[)enings for the piles and do 
<-()iisiderablc blasting, all of which re(|iiired a larger force of men and resultant 
greater expenditures in order not to impede progress. Probably no imderlaking 
was ever pursued under more ditlicidt or trying circumstances. The cost of the 
yard, approximately .'s()6.00().(l(IO. seemed excessive to people until they realized 
that it was about ten times the size of the average shipyard, and that the total cost, 
dividefl by ten, was a normal investment for an average plant of this kind. 

Hog Island was jiisl in full swing when the war ended. ;ind ."iS of the ships to 
be built were canceled, leaving a net program id' \2'2 di\iileil as fullnws: 

110 cargo ships of 7,500 <leadwi'ight tons each 
12 army lrans[iorls of U.OOO deadweight Ions each 

122 ToT.vi. 

On Miiy 30, 1919, this yard surprised the shipping world by launching five 
ships in IS minutes and 10 seconds. On ,luly ill, 1920, seven ships wi're launched 
within an hotn- and a half. 

To build lh(^se ships required the driving of .some 6 1. .^7.}. 186 rivets and the 
erection of :5,'j().OI8 tons of steel. The "master mind" responsible for this great 
achievement was Matthew C. Hrtish. PresidenI of the American international 
Shipbuilding Corporation. All of the ships received the highest raliiig of Lloyd's 
and (he \merican Bureau of Shipping. 

I p In .lamiary 21. 1921. the Hog Island ships, regarded as among the best 
biiill for the (iovernment, had carried a total of ;5,6.'5;5,69 1 tons of cargo and had 
steamed 3,82 1,990 miles. The record of splendid performance has been maintained. 
The last ship was delivered .lanuary 22. 1921. and liic plant was turned over to the 
(iovernment on February I, 1921. awaiting dispo.sition. At present il is being 
utilized as a supply and ship concentration yard. 

Hog Island was a marvel of industrial enterprise, and was designated by the 
Secretary of the Wai' in 1920 as "one of the great monuments of the war." It is 
g(>nerally conceded that Hog Island played an imiiorlanl part in convincing (ier- 
m;ui\ of the fiilility of its hopes of victory, and in that respect alone it was worth 
all it cost. 

380 



Other Yards Around Philadelphia 

The spcond best record was by the Merchants Shiphuilchiif.' Coiporation, 
at Bristol, with a record of forty vessels of .'UiO.OOO deadweifiht tons. This plant, 
with its model housing project, was built diiriiifi the war. 

The one with the next largest production was the New York Shipbuilding 
Corporation, with thirty-eight vessels of 39;5.99,5 deadweight tons, of wiiich sixteen 
are the modern condiination cargo-passenger shi|)s now in process of completion. 

Ad-Mimstration ok Shipblilding 
Per.sonnel 

In addition to the force of :5!i.").()0() wurkmen requiriMl in the yards I'ur the 
(^lovernmenl's shipbuilding program, a large administratis' force was needed to plan 
and super^ ise the work. 

Starting with twenty-one employes in April of l"^)!", an office and field force 
was built up. and a month before the armistice a total of }).27.'5 men and women 
were engaged, divided about ecjually between the Home and District offii'es. in- 
cluding field forces. 

When the ("orpoiation began and expanded in Washingldii in I'UT the offices 
were housed in twenty-three buildiirgs. Becau.se of the great inlhrx of war workers 
there and the crowded conditions, it was decided to remove the headcjuarters to 
Philadelphia. This was done the latter part of May. 1418. Within a few days, 
and scarcely without serious interruption to the work, the task of transporting the 
records and the families and household goods of the office employes was accom- 
plished. Augmented by necessary additional employes engaged in Philadelphia, 
the Home Office force on June 1, l')18. consisted of '.>.'-)'~)l |)eo|>le. The main office 
building was the ten-story structure at the northwest (»rner of Broad and 
Cherry streets, consisting of approximately 27.5,000 sqirai'e feet. This building 
had been erected as a display room and warehouse for a local automobile concern, 
but before occupancy all but the first floor display room was taken over l)y 
the tiovernment and converted into a modern ofirce building. 

The nine-story building at 2.53 North Broad Str'e(>t, and space in four other- office 
buildings in Philadelphia, were later r(>quir-ed to horrse all the cmploNes of the Home 
Office, who numbered nearly 5,000. 

The rapid expansion of shipbuilding required a constantly growing executive 
and supervisory force, which is indicated by the growth of the payr'oll for the Home 
and Field forces from .'!!.?5,751 annually in 1917 to SI 1.507. 569. 0!< at the time of 
the armistice. 

Organization 

A fair \cloa of the numerous and com])|ex activitit>s connected with carrying 
out the vast shipbuilding program will be obtained by indicating the main organi- 
zation units, or departments, among which the administi'ative work was divided, 
in the Home Oflrce, as follows: (ieneral administration, financial, legal, contracts, 
plant protection, publication and information, requirements, supply and sales, 
planning and statistics, industrial relations, shipyard plants, cancelations, claims, 
transportation and housing, and steel, wood and concrete ship construction. A 
model organization was set up in the Home Office and this organization plan was 
followed in the districts, of which there were eleven. A special stafT of experts 

381 



was engaged to plan the organization and methods and procedure, and all dupli- 
cation and overlapping of authority was thereby avoided. In spite of the rapidity 
of its growth, the Corporation endeavored to function as efficiently as any long, 
well-established private business, and did so. 

Conclusion 

From the preceding account of the ship construction activities of the Emer- 
gency Fleet Corporation it will be <'\ ident that a two-fold purpose was accomplished: 
first, the building of ships for war purposes and later for the nuich desired merchant 
marine. The construction of the remaining twenty-four vessels constituting 
the program is nearing completion. 

There has been considerable agitation, pro and con, as to the value of the 
(iovernment's work as a shipbuilder, and no little criticism. Some of it un- 
doubtedly was merited, but much of it was not. and it is extremely doubtful whether 
those who have been loudest in their criticism could have done as well in meeting 
the problems and requirements, had they been called upon, as those who were in 
charge. Like everything else, when the three years of intensive shipbuilding 
are considered in the retrospect, it is no dillicult matter to point out weaku(\sses 
in methods w^hich could now be improved. No one is in a better position to profit 
by this experience than the men who were directly concerned. However, <l(>tails 
of procedure, refinements of accounting, closer inspection, etc., for which then* 
was no time when lives were at stake, could be given minute attention if the work 
was done again, but at the time the cry of our nation and the \llies was for ■"ships, 
ships and more ships." and the echo was "give us ships at any I'osl," it was not onK 
necessary but most vitally essential that all else be subordinated to the tiiain 
purpose; namely, turning out ships at any cost and regardless of consecjuences 
or fear of criticism. 

The construction work of the Emergency Fleet Corporation has been carried 
on in a business-like manner, despite the fact that it was a herculean task to engage 
in a practically new cnterjirise in\ olving e.x'jx'nditures ten times greater than involved 
in the construction of the Panama Canal, and under most trying conditions due to 
shortage of materials, absence of experienced workers, congestion of Irauspoilation 
and necessary rush incident to war. It was a most remarkable a(hie\ement and 
the biggest constructive achievement of the war because, even if a large part of the 
expenditures is writ li'n off as war cost, the same as the money expi'iided for training 
men and supplying urnised munitions and niatcMials. there is still a tangible asset 
in the form of an American Merchant Marine whirh is now an established fact 
and the advantages of which will again bi'come evident when normal trade condi- 
tions are reestablished. 

Due to the efforts of the I nited States Shipping Board, and its agency, the 
EmergencN Fleet Corporation, America has reestablished herself as a maritime 
nation. The Meet of merchant vessels which she owns, with privately owned vessels 
under American registry, gives her a merchant tnaritie of nearly 2ft, 000,000 dead- 
weight tons. She is practically independent of foreign nations in shi[)ping. These 
ships increased the percentage of tin- foreign trade carrii'd in our own bottoms 
from 9.4 per cent in 1914 to 44.8 in 1920. and we are in a position to carry practi- 
cally all of it, even with the increased trade which will come when foreign condi- 

382 



tions improve. New trade routes have been developed and new markets for our 
exports have been made available. Our foreign trade increased unexpectedly in 
1920, and undoubtedly would have shown a greater increase for 1921 if business 
conditions had not slumped temjjorarily. The increased foreign trade meant 
greater prosperity iV)r us. Our merchants were no longer at the mercy of foreign 
ship owners as regards rates, facilities, routes and markets. Greater employment 
was given to oiu' own seamen. Pioneer work has been done to lighten the load 
and task of American ship operators who will eventually own the Oeet. Many 
other benefits, direct and indirect, resulted and are yet to come. 

The T'nited States is now the largest single owner of merchant vessels in the 
world. The total tonnage under her flag is exceeded only slightly l)y ( ircat Britain. 
From an unimportant place in maritime matters she has come into the greatest 
prominence and has attained the distinction which has not lieen hers since 1)560. 

The policy of this country in regard to shipping was provided for in the Mer- 
chant Marine Act of .Tune. 1920. Under it the merchant marine is expected to be 
fostered and to grow so that we will be independent of foreign countries in shipping 
matters, as we are iuflependent in other respects. 

The shipbuilding record of the United States for war purposes has never been 
equalled, and probably never will be. The establishment of the American Merchant 
Marine, which followed, will lead to untold benefits to this country and its people. 

WORK OF THE CRAMP SHIPYARD DURING THE WAR 
By Francis L. Cramp 

The Cramp Shipyard as it existed at the beginning of the World War in 1911 
was the result of the growth begun by William Cramp in 1830, and it is now and 
for many years has been the oldest shipyard in continuous existence in America. 

The Cramp Company was incorporated in 1872 as the William Cramp and 
Sons Ship & Engine Building Company and in its pres(Mit form it represents the 
combination of a number of industries in a single organization. 

The Shipyard at the Beginning of the Woiu.n War 

At the outbreak of the war in August. 191 1. shij)biiil(ling in the I riited States 
had diminished to small proportions. The Cramp Company employed in all 
departments during the summer of 1914 a total of about 4,600 men, a figure which 
gradually decreased until the low ebb of 2,506 was readied in March, 191.5. 

In the early summer of 1^)15. however, a complete change took place in the ship- 
building situation and great activity became manifest in all the shipyai'ds along 
the Atlantic coast. A heavy demand developed for the construction of cargo- 
carrying vessels which continued to increase at a rapid rate. 

The growing effects of the World War on American shipping were so far reach- 
ing that by the summer of 1917 the industry had attained a position of prominence 
such as a few years before would have been thought impossible. The loss of ships 
by submarines and the heavy demands of the war had filled practically all of the 
American shipyards to capacity, and the demands exceeded the available facilities. 

The Cramp Company had under construction at the time of our entrance 
into the war two torpedo boat destroyers, the Conner and Slockton, for the United 

383 




WiVk- lJes(ri)\rrs in !• illinn-oul Dorkx. 

Stalos Navy, and a niiinber of tankers and fn'if:lil jiiid passonjrer vessels for coin- 
incrcial interests. 

The War Program of the C.kkmi' ^ vkd 

One of the most vital requirements of the Navy at this time was the rapid 
increase in its flotilla of torpedo boat destroyers for the protection of transport's 
and shipping afiainst the submarine menace. The ("ramp Company ollered its 
services to the ( lovernment. and 70 per cent of the full capacity of the yard was 
immediately assi^rned to construction for our Navy. and this capacity was increased 
to 95 per cent during the war. The r'ifrhl biiildinfi slips were rearranged so that 
as many as thirteen destroyers could be under construction simultaneously. In 
addition tfi the two destroyers then under way. the Navy Department placed with 
the Cramp Company contracts for forty-six destroyers and five scout cruisers, 
till' destroyers beinj: friven precedence on account of their vital importance. 

The cf)mmercial contracts which the (!ompany had were all commandeered 
by the I nited States Shippinj; Board ijnerfjency Fleet C.or[)oration in Au^iust. 
IQIT. so that from that date all of the Comi)any's shipbiiildinir facilities were de- 
voted to work for the (lovernnient. 

The frjllowinL' statement shows the result of operations friim the outbreak 
of the war. Julv. 191i. to April 6. 1917: 

Keels laid J..iiiiiii'lii»l Delnered 

Destroyers .■) 6 6 

Fri'idhl.s HncI pa.ssenKer land lraiis[H)rl.s; . ft I I 

Oil tankers .5 .3 .3 

Krcifthters. . .3 .3 2 

Car ferries . I 2 2 

Yarhl I 1 1 

Dump barges ( Panama Canal ."? 3 3 

Total. 24 22 21 

384 




Lminchimi of U. S. 6'. "Barney." September 5, IHIS. 

The t'ollowing statenifiit shows th(> ic<ult of operations from April (■>. l^HT. 
ihc (late of Vmerica's entrance intu the war. to December 31. l^W: 

Keels laid Lauii<ht-<l Delixcreil 

Torpedo boiil destroyers 46 3. .il 

Freighters - 1 2 

Transports - 6 6 

(Ti] tankers. 4 5 4 

ToT.\L. ... .54 49 43 

As a contrast to the low ebb in number of employes in March. I^I.t. namely. 
2.506 men. may be noted the peak of employes, namely. 10.982 in .\ugust. 1919. 
To the latter iigure there sliould he added 1.100 employes at the plant of the 
De La \ ergne Machine Company in New York and 3.50 at tlie Fe(l(Mal Steel Foun- 
dry Company in Chester. 

Type of IMted States Destroyers I^CLUDED in War Program 

The type of destroyer built at the Cramp Yard is of 1.100 tons displacement 
and the contract speed tails for 35 knots. Destroyer \o. 155. U. S. S. (mIf. main- 
tained a speed of 11.1 knots between II Fathom Bank and Brand\\\ine Slioals 
Light, making the distanic of 1.8 nautical miles in 7 minutes * second. Ml the 
Cramp destroyers have developed <ui trial a speed of over 36 knots. 

ili \\-IMinr'~ VM) C.\^RGO \ ESSELS 

In addition to the produiiioii of destroyers, this shipyard contributed during 
the war a number of transports and cargo vessels that have made most enviabl 

385 



records for reliability of service and satisfactory performance in transporting 
troops and supplies to Europe during the war. Among these were the Siboney. 
Orizaba. Santa Liiisa, Santa Teresa. Santa Malta. Santa Ana. Santa Olivia. 
Santa Rosa, Santa Paula and two vessels built just prior to the war, the (ireal 
!\'nrtherii and the Northern Pacific. The two last named were acquired by the 
I'nited States (lovernment and fitted out as troop transports. Their service 
was so remarkable that special reference to them is made. They were originally 
l)uilt to run from Astoria to San Francisco in order to complete the carrying of 
passengers from \ew York to San Francisco via the fireat Xorthern Route. The 
machinery is direct turbine drive of the Parsons' type with an installation of water 
tube boilers using oil fuel. Their contract speed was 23 knots with 4 of Hk' 
boilers in operation. They are ,oOO feet in length and accommodated .^80 passen- 
gers. .\t no time in the history of marine anliitedure have sea-going passenger 
vessels of equal length approached the speed of the Great Northern and Nortttern 
Pacijtc. (Ulier transatlantic vessels from 200 to 300 feet greater in Icnglli liaxc 
done no better. 

It is of interest to quote as part of the war record ol tlie shipxard a resiune of 
the (ireal Norlhern'i! performances, as illustrative of the «a> li\ which ( 'ramp's shi|)s 




[I. .S'. .S'. "Cole." (in In, II m 



I. iiiiiiiii'iininfi a speed of 'it. i Knots lirliimi I'l-Fiilhom Hunk 
and lirandyuine Stmiits Liuhl. 



maintained tlie traditions of tiie ('.om[)an\. "It inailr IwiiitN trips through the 
war zone in war time, completed 72.000 miles in ten iiKnilhs. and established the 
world's record round trip to Kurope — 12 days, 1 hour. 3.') minutes. 

"It beat the Leviathan by three hours in a 3,200-mile race from Brest to .\m- 
brose Channel on the homeward leg of the eighth trip. 

"It stands number oni^ in the transport service, ha\ing laiuh-d nioie \nierican 
troops per day, per 1.000 tons, than any other troopshi|). 

"It completed the tenth round trip, November I8II1. and landed about 30.000 
troops in France during eight months' period ending November 1 1. 1018." 

In addition to these, many other Cramp built vessels were utilized by the Allies 
during the war. The steamers .1/ns.sar/Hi.sr//.s- and Banker Hill, built for the trade 
between New York and Boston, were successfully used in mine-laying in the North 
Sea. The St. Louis. Kronnland. Finland and Mnhaivk were among the transports, 
while the Havana and Saralo(]a. built for the Ward Line, were transformed into the 
hospital ships Comfort and Mercy. 

Another vessel designed and built here became famous from the manner of her 

386 



"taking off" and is noted as the "Mystery Ship." Thi< was the coUier Cyclops, 
concerning whose end no tidings have ever been received. 

The manner in wliich these vessels served the needs of the ( lovernment can 
be best judged from the reports of those in command, similar in tone to the one 
quoted concerning the Great Northern. It should be noted that the Leviathan and 
the Great Northern and Northern Pacific made their trips in company, the latter 
two ships being the only ones in service as transports that could maintain or exceed 
the speed of the tremendous and powerful Leciathan. 

The Work of the Kensington Shipyard Department 

One of the imperative needs of the (iovernment was the fitting of merchant 
vessels with guns, gun foundations, mine-sweeping apparatus and accommodations 
for the armed guard operating the guns. The large amount of work of this nature 
which had to be done in the early stages placed the Kensington repair yard and 
drydock on a plane of the greatest importance, and it was essential that its facilities 
should be utilized to their fullest extent. The record given below shows the scope 
of the work for two years, from April (>, 1417, to April 6, \^)W: 

Vessels in drydock IH t 

Vessels on railways 28.t 

Vessels fitted with mine-sweeping devices 1- 

Veseels fitted with guns, foundations and magazines for navy equipmtiil ;!(l 
Vessels repaired for the United .States Shipping Board. Naval Overseas 
Transportation Service and l!niled States Quartermaster's Depart- 
ment I ''- 

Commercial vessels repaired '•'" 

Propeller Wheels 

This Company having contracted with the Navy Department fur the con- 
struction of forty-six destroyers, it became necessary to provide a large number 
of propeller wheels. These are made of manganese bronze and so designed as to 
transmit the force of the propelling machinery through two wheels for each vessel, 
the total shaft horsepower of the installation being about 28,000. As the pro- 
pellers are driven at high speed, it is necessary that they should be accurately 
machined and balanced in order to run at the required revolutions without setting 
up vibrations. Eight sjiecial machines for finishing these propellers were developed 
and built by the Cramp Company. An entire bay of one of the machine shops was 
devoted to machining and finishing, in order that the manufacture of propellers 
could be completed as rapidly as the ships were being built. Having successfully 
provided this special equipment for our own requirements, other shipbuilders under 
contract with the Government for destroyers and miscellaneous vessels arranged 
with us to manufacture and machine the propellers for them. So far as known, 
no undertaking of the nature and magnitude engaged solely in the manufacture of 
propeller wheels, from the design and casting to the finished article, has ever been 
accomplished except at this yard. The wheels approximated 1,000 in number. 
It is enough, perhaps, to state that they were successfully made and in no instance 
was a vessel held up through delay at Cramp's in supplying its wheels. 

387 



Pettv's Island 

One ol' tlic most serious restrictions afrectiiif; tlic work ol the slii()\urd. due to 
lack of space, was insuflicienl storage capacity for material. To meet this difli- 
cuUy. the proi)ert\ on Petty's Island, directly opposite the shipyard, which had 
been ac(]uired just previous to the war. was utiliz<'d for a large storage yard. 

Labor and Matkrim. 

'I'Ik' liistor> of the rise in price of labor and material due to war conditions is so 
will known that it is needless to refer to the matter in detail, (>xcept to note that 
in the three years from 19U) to l')l'* labor had a(lvaiie<-d some 178 per cent on an 
average and material about 1.50 per cent. This, of course, made the cost of the 
finished product greater than has ever been known iti the history of this country. 
Through the sysl(Mn adopted by the Navy Deparlmenl in allocating tiic |)roduction 
of steel structural materials to the \arious mills throughout the couidry, such 
material was supplied to us without any embarrassing delay. 

Inspection 

hi addition to our own foice of inspectors, all Government work was done 
under the supervision of its insix-ctors both in hull and machinery, and where the 
vessels were built for the Merchant Marine tlicN wimc under the inspection of the 
classification societies. 

The cooperation and assistance of the naval ri-prestMitatives assigned to this 
xard during the war contributed measurably t(j the success and rapidity with 
which the work was carrietl on. 

TIIK Mi:n("ll\\T <III1M'.I ll.hINC COHPOI! \TI()\ 
I'.i .1 II. LdM.iinw. Manager (if l'idiliiit> 

lieiM-ating its histor\ during the last three score years, the Chester "^ ard of 
the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation played an important part in the World 
War. The history of this yard, situated on tin- Delaware Hiver. a few miles 
below Philadelphia, within a stone's throw of when' William Peim (irst landed in 
Peimsyhania. has invariably borne a markedly close relationship to the American 
\avy and Merchant Maiine. 

With keen patriotic foresight W. \. Ilarriman. a Noung genius in railroa<ling 
and kindred pursuits, bought the Chester ^ ard a few weeks before the declaration 
of war on (Jermany by Congress. His ambition to be of ser\ i( e to his country in 
this crisis was marked by the production of many shi|)s. including not only mer- 
chantmen, which were so urgentK needed, but four miiie-sweepeis foi' the \avy. 

The Chester \ iwd was built in I8.")<) by Meaney. Son \ Xrclilxild, and operated 
by them until UiTI. when .lolrn Koacli. the "Pioneer in \merican Iron 
Shipbuilding." purchased it at a receiver's sale. These interests operated the 
yard until the death of Mr. Hoach's son. John \'>. hoach. in PM)7. The xard was 
idle imtil it \\a^ purchased from the Poach heirs in l'»l.") b> Charles P. M. .lack, a 
marine engineer of New ^ ork Cit>. who in turn sdid it to the Ilarriman interests. 

During the Reaney regime several war craft weie built for the Navy. Mr. 
Roach in his lime built ten vessels for T'ncle Sam. and during the WOrld Wai the 

31i8 




Photo l>y J. E. GYeen. Chester. Ta, 

One of Die Fiiur Mine Swreiierx Iniill by llie McrelianI Shii^hiiililinii I'.iirpiiniliiui. 

historic shipyard ilclivcrcd tlic mine-sweepers Turkey. Wdddrork. Quail and 
PaHridf/e. 

Thirty 0.000 D. W. T. tankers and freifjhters. ftiiir mine-sweepers, and two 
10,500-ton cargo-passenger vessels have been built at the Chester Yard since 




Photo \>y .T E, rrre 



AiKilher Ship for Uncle Sam. 
389 



1915, under the present management, operating seven ways, and delivered to the 
Shipping Board. Two 10.000-ton tankers, two 11.000-lon cargo-passenger ships 
and one iire-boat were under construction at this lime. September, 1921, I'ur 
private contract. 

The Ilarriman Yard at Bristol. I'a.. was built by the Emergency Fleet 
Corporation on a tract of 260 acres owned by the Merchant Company and oper- 
ated by that company as agent. Mr. Harriman revealed his inherited genius for 
organization in the Harriman project, inasumch as the shipyard had to be erected 
before ships could be built: and before the shipyard could be operated a town sufli- 
ciently large to house ."J.OOO men and their families — the (Mpiivalent of a population 
of 1.5.000 — had to be created. This town, said to be the largest town site linanced 
by the Kmergency Fleet Corporation, contained a posl-oilice, hotel, hospital, 206 
group houses, 26 single houses. 2.5 duplex houses, and 212 apartment houses, 
besides a large number of boarding houses, bachelor quarters, etc. 

The llaniiuaii Yard, which was the farthest of any of the shipyards up the 
Delaware Hiver. delivered to tlir Shipping Board forty 8,800 D. T. standardized 
fabricated steel freighters designed by the Chester Yard organization and ecjuipped 
with Wesliiighouse ;i.000 horse-power turbines, together with three Babcock & 
Wilcox oil binning boilers. 

i\o. Annie Type hdiinvhrl DeHicreil 

Malniiinper Tmikir «-26-16 2-10-17 

(idhui Taiik.r 11-25-16 6-29-17 

Siicllnir> FmgliltT <( 2')-17 3- .'5-18 

Ovcrhrook Tanker II 17-17 i-26-18 

\\.>ii<hile Tanker :i 16-1« 6- 4-18 

I'lioeiiix Tanker .5-31-18 ') .5-18 

SilverlmH.k Tanker 12- .5-18 .5-25-19 

Biirnwell Tanker 2-18 19 8-18-19 

Aiilnirn I'VeiKhter 10-2.5-18 12-31-18 

Myslie Freitthter . 1- 1-19 t-18-19 

Ipswieh Freighter 1-25-19 7-8-19 

Iceland Freighter 7 29 19 11 :i 19 

Ilisko Tanker 12117 12-6-17 

Siiiniiierleaf Freighter I 16 20 3-29-20 

IxK ki)()rl I'reighter 5-2 1-19 9-28-19 

I'erre llmile I'reighter 8-23-19 1 1 21-19 

Texarkana Fr.'i^'lilrr 6-27-19 10-11-19 

l^ansdowne Fr.'it;lilir 9-21-19 11-22-19 

.lohn lUmdi Ininlilir 10-28-19 12-23-19 

Aineross IV.iKhler 11-28-19 12-30-19 

Wni. H. Webb Freighter 12-26-19 2- t-20 

Donald McKay Freigtiter 2-21-20 3-29-20 

Grei-nland Freighter 3-18-20 1-20-20 

Henry Steers Freighter I- 5-20 .5- 3-20 

I^retta Freighter 5-27-20 6-19-20 

Chi-sliT Kiwanis Freighter 7- 2-20 7-21-20 

•lohn Engils Freighter 7-21-20 8-17-20 

John Stevens Freighter 8-28-20 9-20-20 

CiTOrge E. Wewl Freighter 9-30-20 1 0-30-20 

George Pierce Freighter II- 9-20 12-31-20 

U. S. S. Turkey Mine-Sweeper 1 30^18 12-13-18 

U. S. S. Woodcock ... Mine-Sweeper 5-12-18 2-19-19 

390 



1 


338 


•■> 


.339 


.i 


3 10 


1 


311 


5 


312 


6 


313 


~ 


31t 


8 


3 15 


9 


3 16 


10 


317 


11 


318 


12 


.3 19 


13 


350 


11 


351 


15 


352 


16 


353 


17 


356 


18 


357 


19 


358 


20 


359 


2t 


.360 


o*i 


361 


23 


362 


21 


363 


25 


365 


26 


366 


27 


367 


28 


368 


29 


369 


30 


370 


31 


13 


32 


14 





No. 


33 


15 


34 


16 


35 


380 


36 


379 


37 


381 


38 


382 


39 


383 


40 


384 


U 


385 


12 


386 


13 


387 



Name Type Launcheil Delivered 

U. S. S. Quail Mine-Sweeper 10- 6-18 4-29-19 

U. S. S. Partridge Mine-Sweeper 10-15-18 6-17-19 

Mt. Carroll Cargo- Passenger 1-10-21 3- 5-21 

Mt. Clinton Cargo-Passenger 2- 8-21 2- 8-21 

Puente Oil Tanker 4-28-21 6-14-21 

Playa Oil Tanker 6- 4-21 

Robert E. Hopkins. . . Oil Tanker 8- 6-21 

Samuel O. Brown .... Oil Tanker 

385 Cargo- Passenger 

386 Cargo-Passenger 

Fire-Boat 



NEW YORK SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION 

Spectacular and cfiicient as were the yards built by the Cioverninent to meet 
the war-time emergency for ships — and none of these yards was more conspicuous 
in accomplishment than the Hog Island plant below Philadelphia — the main 
brunt of the huge task in l)uilding America's bridge of shi|)s fell upon the old line 
yards with their plants already developed, their corps of workers already emoUed 
and their reputation for the construction of ships already established. Conspicu- 
ous among these plants is that of the New York Shii)building Corporaticjn. 
which now spreads for a mile along the Delaware River in South Camden, and 
Gloucester, N. J. 

Starting at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the idea of large scale 
production and efficient operation through labor-saving machinery was lirst begin- 
ning to develop, this plant had taken an important part in the construction of such 
deep-sea merchant tonnage and of warships for the Navy as were built in the first 
fifteen years of the century. In 1916 the original company was bought out by 
new interests, which formed the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and started 
immediately upon a program of expansion. This was hardly under way when 
the United States entered the war, and all vessels on the ways in American ship- 
yards were commandeered by the newly created Emergency Fleet Corporation. 

Some measure of the task involved will be seen from the following brief record: 
In October, 1917, the Navy Department ordered ten destroyers; three months later 
it ordered an additional twenty destroyers of a slightly larger type, and authorized 
the company to construct on its own property a complete destroyer-building unit 
of six covered ways, four open ways and appurtenance shops. At about the same 
time the Emergency Fleet Corporation ordered three troop-ships of the 535-foot 
type, seven troop-ships of the 522-foot type, and then an additional six ships of the 
535-foot type, and authorized the construction of a plant which is virtually a good- 
sized yard in itself, consisting of four ojjen ways (103 feet broad by 750 feet long) 
and complete shop facilities. 

Illustrative of the speed with which ship construction was maintained, de- 
spite the inevitable dispersion of energy and the confusion occasioned by the plant 
expansion, is the record of the collier Tiirkahoe, 5,500 DWT, which was completed 
thirty-seven days after the laying of her keel, and on the fortieth day was carrying 
coal between Atlantic Coast ports. 

The production record of New York Shipbuilding Corporation for 1917 and 
1918, the years of our active participation in the wai', totalled twenty merchant 

391 




I\ip\rlshl I 



lilpiiiiMliiK rorp. 
ICIeven destroyers- in one iif the irel ilrnkx at lite Ciiimteii iiUiiil. 



ships of ITS.Qh.') |)\\ r, and the I . S. \imi> \liiir I'hiiitrr (triienil Win. \. (inilidni. 
\\u- li->l iri.liKl.'d M\.ii hiiikcis of 78,2:11 I )\N 1. tni (ollicis ol'itl.^^T Ions, and 
tlircc frci^'litcis ol' l(i.r)()7 Ions, and those were llic I \ prs of ships w hich I lie world 
was ci^inf; lor to tuoi Iho ^lav\ ovoisoas and l<i lrans|)(ii'l Ihr cssiMilial supplies lo 
I he \llios. 

Added to thi' tastes of plant expansion and shi|) prodnclion. New ^ ork Ship- 
building' C.oiporation was eonlVonled with the \eiy serious problem of lindinir 
huusing for its conslaiill> incieasinf; slalV. In meet this pnibjitu llie ICinergency 
Fleet (".oipoiati(Hi aiilliori/ed the (',onipan> to put lhrouf;h an exlensi\(- liousinj; 
piojeet. embracinf.' what were known as Motfran \ ilhifre and ^ oikship \ iilafje. 
with a total of 1,600 homes within easy walkm;: distance of the yard. Morjian 
\ illajre, the smaller jjarl of this de\ elupmeiit. consists of 200 brick houses built 
where\(M' vacant lots i-oidd be obtained aldtii: the stteels back of llie jilant. They 
are unpretentious in de.sifrn, but are well built and comfortable, and were quickly 
erected. Yorkship \ illa^'c. which has since been lenamed i'airview. was dc^sijined 
to provide somelhinj: more than mere li\infr acconunodalions modern homes 
in permanently allracti\e suri()undin;.'s. \ 2.50-acre farm within lln' cily limits 
of ("amden was b(>uj:hl and de\elope(l into a self-contained "f^aiclen city." 

The archilecl enliiisled with the |)roject. desif:ned a |)ieasinf,' \ariel\ of brick. 
Iranie and sIuccd iiouse from a basic colonial desiiiii lo form a \illaf,'e of l,!51U) 
houses. .i() aparlmenis and a d<izeii stores. The {.'round plan of llie \ illaj;e comprises 
a central sipiare. from which a lonj; rectangulai' conunon and broad a\ enues radiate 
with smaller squares and ovals between them. Sites were reseiNcd for churches, 
and the nniiiicipal authorities cooperated by buildinj; a school and a lire Iiouse. The 

.T)2 



water system is coiiiiecLed with the artesian wells at Camden, and llie sewerajie. 
built separately with its own disposal plant, has been join(vl with the city's. 

At the same time that the executives of New York Shipbuilding Cori)oration 
were engrossed with their direct contribution to the bridge of ships, and with the 
plant construction to increase their outputs, they were called upon to assist in the 
preliminaiy plans for the (lOvernment's jiroduction of fabricated ships at Hog 
Island; and it can safely be said that American International ( '.orporation under- 
took the construction and operation of Hog Island, the most stujjendous undertak- 
ing in the history of shipbuilding, largely because the Corporation had availal)le 
the skill and experience of so competent a corps of shipbuilders as compose the stall' 
of New York Shijjbuilding Corporation. 

The need for troop-ships having suddenly entled with the signing of the armis- 
tice, the Shipping Board decided to complete these vessels as combination passenger 
and cargo liners, worthy, in their fittings and provisions for the comfort and plea- 
sure of their passengers, and of the highest amljitions that the new American mer- 
chant marine enjoyed. Thus with sixteen of these vessels under construction, New 
York Shipbuilding Corporation was given over night the greatest orflr-r for specialized 
passenger ship ])roduction within the history of shi()l)uilding. Desjjite the inevi- 
table delays incident to the conversion of these transports into luxurious passenger 
liners, and the many changes ordered during the course of their completion. New 
York Slii]) by August 1. 1921. had delixered all seven of the .522-f(>ot class and four 
of the nine ,T!5.5-foot class. 

The signing of the armistice within such a few months after the Emergency 
Fleet Corporation got its shipbuilding program under way, found New York 
Shipbuilding Corporation coming into the full swing of its increased productive 
capacity. The best index as to how the plant grew in answer to the demands put 
upon it by the Covernnient is in the personnel figures at the yard. At the begin- 
ning of 1417 this force consisted of I. .500 men. by the end of that year the number 
had grown to 7, .500. by the end of 1918 it had increased to 12.000, the year 1919 
closed with more than 17, ,500 men employed, and with the end of 1920 the peak 
of nearly 20,000 was reached. The reason for this continued increase in personnel 
after the armistice was largely the immense work involved in completing the troop- 
ships as passenger liners. 

The physical plant of the Corporation, in the mean time, increased ahnost 
threefold, the number of shipbuilding ways having been enlarged to a capacity 
of twenty-eight vessels, and the shop facilities and outfitting basins having been 
correspondingly expanded. 

Thus New York Shipbuilding Corporation now stands as the largest of its 
kind in the Western Hemisphere, and equal to the largest establishments of the 
Old World. 

THE SUN SHIPBITILDINt; COMPANY 

B\ William (i. Daniels, Publicity Manager 

Looking backward but five short years, we see the uninviting Delaware River 
frontage of one-half mile extending eastward to the Ridley Creek, a haven for 
mosquitoes, greenhead flies and frogs — with reed birds in season. 

Development was a stupendous task, due largely to the impending stiife 
when, on August 1 1, 1916, it was apparent that the United States of America would 

393 



I I'lirtuil \ ieif of llie Suit Sliii>huililiiiii ('.iiiiijr 



-.s fnnu. 



lie drawn into the world's greatest conflict. Man-power was at a iircniiuin; the 
voiitli of \nierica. drawn into the vortex to such extent tiial indiislriis. which 
(le\eloped o\ernight. were all'ected by dearth of avaihihle men. 

Necessity brought ideas, and emergency pointed to a sohitimi fur. in due lime. 
sliipl)uilding was under way with hundreds of worliers who liad lac k<'d e\|(erience 
iiiil in \ iew of the spirit of it all. were soon studiously and ent>rgeticall> turning 
out steamships which became factors on the seas, and ultimately merged into the 
composite whole which made possible the turning of the tide of events and the 
emancipation of the world from autoi'ratic rule. 

Kive shipways of concrete were erected uri piling nf cdiu icle and capable of 
building shijis up to 550 feet in length thereon. 

\\ailable for use, almost at the lirst stages of (dn>lruction. was the power- 
house, in which structure, at that lime, were but four air-compre.ssors, capable 
of producing 10,000 cubic feet of compressed air per minute, whereas, shortly 
after the plant was well under way, war-time needs compelled an addition to the 
original structure and five air-compressors, each of 5,000 cubic feet capacity, 
were installed, thus augmenting the original power by 250 per cenl. 

In the powt-r plant, hydraulic energy was created to the exlnil (if l,.")OU pounds 
to the s(]uare inch by means of an accunudator. operated imder 225 tons pressure. 
.Ml of the air-driven and hydraulic machinery throughout the plant was derived 
from this power plant. The capacity of the power |)lant was 8,500 kilowatts. 

I'muucatinc; Plant: The fabricating plant. ;i structuic of steel 160 feet in 
width by 600 feet in length, comprised the laying-out department, the fabricating 
plant, proper, the heavy blacksmith and anglesmith shops, the great bending floor, 
with cranes and mono-rail system to provi<le expeditious handling of steel in 
process, from the pcjints of entry to the inland end of the shipways. 

Boii.F.R Shop: The boiler shop, 160 feet by 100 feet, including blacksmith 
and sheet metal shop. The boiler sho|) made a record umnalched in a building 
of like dimensions and equipmc^it, exceeding its estimated prt)iluction over 200 
per cent in a given year. 

()tiii:h Shops: The pipe and copper shops, each in their sphere, rigging 
department, electrical shop and installation departments, situated at the head 
of the fitting-out dock so as to expedite the work incidental to outfitting the ships 
when in the wet basins adjacent thereto. 

\N i;r Basins: During the period of emergenc> there were two wet basins 
at the Sun Shipbuilding Company's plant, the original one being at the eastern 
end of the area set aside for them. Basin No. 1 is 600 feet long. 

394 



Wet basin No. 2 has an inland depth of 500 feet from the river front and a 
width of 250 feet. 

Wet liasin No. 3, of recent construction and greater ai'ea, is 960 feet in lengtli 
with a width at the river end of 385 feet for a distance irdand of 500 feet; thence 
at right angles to an inland depth of 160 feet for a width of 250 feet. It is of an 
average depth of 10 feet. 

Cranes: Alongside of Wet Basin No. 1 a Hammerhead crane is located. 
This mechanical appliance is 100 feet from the ground (to extreme top 137 feet), 
with a boom 120 feet long with a range of lifts to 120 tons. At a point 60 feet 
from the fulcrum 120 tons may be lifted. 

Lumber Yard and Mill: During the period of emergency, on an area of 
Gve and one-half acres, seasoned lumlier was stored, mainly for construction of the 
staging around and about the shipways and for temporary structures elsewhere. 

The lumber mill was capable of handling everything needed in its particular 
line, as also the joiner shop wherein woods of sundry classes were stored ready 
cut, painted and varnished for installation in cabin furnishings and fittings, or 
shif)"s furniture, etc. 

Paint Shop: The paint shop was the center of the directing energies of its 
foreman with 300 to 400 men, in the many branches ot their work. 

Stork Room: The structure, sul)stantially liuilt of steel and concrete, was 
200 feet by 100 feet, with a mezzanine lloor extentling around the four walls. 
This building had stored within entire outfits for all the vessels built at this yard. 
Outfitting of vessels was done with thoroughness and dispatch. 

Pipe Field: Adjacent to the storeroom and contiguous to the pipe shop, 
an enclosed area of about one acre was given over entirely to the storage of sundry 
classes and sizes of pipe, standard and wrought ircjn, steel and steam, and other 
grades. 

Wetherill Plant: A great factor in attaining and maintaining the Ship- 
building Company's status and invaluable to complete operations, ship and engine 
building, foundry work and repairs, engine boilers, etc., for sundry types of steel 
steamships, cargo, passenger ships and bulk-oil tankers was the Wetherill plant, 
with a prestige earned after sixty years of business and unlimited facilities for 
constructitm work, engines, shafts or duplicate parts, propeller blades, or any 
internal mechanism. 

Summary of the steel ships built. Below is appended a list taken from the 
books of the company: 



CONT. No. 




Name 


CoNT. No. 


Name 


1 


S. S. 


Clwsler Sun 




10 


.S. S. Sol Navis 


2 


s. s. 


Sabine Sun 




11 


S. S. Hanover 


3 


s. s. 


Radnor 




12 


S. S. Dryden 


4 


s. s. 


Lancaster 




13 


S. S. S. B. Hunt 


5 


s. s. 


South Bend 




14 


S. S. Geo. H. Jones 


6 


s. s. 


Marica 




15 


S. S. Conshohocken 


7 


s. s. 


Neponset 




16 


S. S. Cajacel 


8 


s. s. 


Deerfield 




17 


S. S. Sunbeam 


9 


s. s. 


Edellyn 

Ami three 


Mine-Sweepers 


18 


S. S. Sunshine 


22 


s. s. 


Widgeon 




24 


S. S. BranI 


23 


s. s. 


Teal 









395 




Thf "Dnrnni" — Oiu- ul llif Wimdin SItiiis. 



\\\\\ I.OH l\ Till'; W \H 

(\. B. LlVINOOOD* 

Tho Traylor Kngineering & Maruifacturinf; ('oinpany, of Vllentown, Pa., 
and ( '.()iinv(»lls. Pa., was in tlio forefront of the many patrinlic Vnicrican corpora- 
lions to olVcr its facilities in entirety, to lirinj; the (ie\aslatin^' World War to a 
successful conclusion. 

The (irsi expression of ser\ i<'e thirs offered was its entry iirlo a conlraci with 
the Hritish ( Joveriunent. in .laiurary. I')l.'). for sirpplyinj; 1. 0(10. (»(»() :{.2'*-iiic,h 
eiflhteen-pounder, high explosive shells. 

The ener'fry with which tlie wor-k was prosecuted rua\ he a[)pieciated when 
it is noted that within fort\-live days from the sijiriirij; of the coriliacl the Hrsl 
shell was finished, and production thereafter was on such a scale dial shipment 
was completed three days ahead of the stipulated conlra(l lime of lliirlceri 
months. 

This icmaikahle showing, on the |)arl of a shop not orifriiialK or'f,'ani/ed for 
work of this sort, hi'ought insistent demands for other si/.es of shells, notahle 
among llie orders for which were 100.(100 1-inch Hiitish \dnrirall\ high ex- 
plosive shells, and 60.000 .5-inch Jiritish high explosive shells, not to meirtion 
numerous items of army. navy, tai'get and test shells for- I he I nited Slates 
( ioverriment. 

Four contracts, aggregating forty-seven. 1. 100 horse-power, \ertical. triple 
expansiorr iiraririe engines were awarded to the Vllentown plant. WOrk was 
started Sejilenrher. I'MT. with a stipulated delivery of two engines per nrorrllr. 
to start March. 1918. In .lanuary, 1918. the first engine was shipped, aird it was 
also llie first completed by any of the maii\ manul'aclrrrers in the I'rriled Slates 
ha\ing siirrilar contracts. After the first shiprrreni deli\er\ wiis made at lire rate 
of three per mouth until completion of the contracts. 

SimirllaneousK. irr oilier departments of lire plant, there were huill complete. 



* Assistaiil Sales Muiiager, Travlor Enginoerinn \ Maiiufaituring Coinpaiiy. 

396 



fifty 500 horse-power horizontal water-tube boilers, to be used in conjunction 
with the above-mentioned marine engines, two with each engine. Award of the 
contract to the Tray lor Company was made in September, 1917. Delivery was 
started in December, at the rate of three per month, later increased to six 
per month, the contiact being completed at the same time as tiie last of those f'ui- 
engines. 

In addition to building engines on its own contracts, the company supplied 
many engine parts such as cylinders, crankshafts and difficult small parts to other 
contractors engaged in the same work, such parts aggregating perhaps 2.5 per cent 
of the completed work built on its f)wn account. 

Also, during the building of the boilers, the company furnished forged steel 
plugs and dogs foi- closing the clean-out holes of the boiler tubes, to the number 
of 282,000, being the quantity required for fitting one-half, or ?>aO including its 
own, of the total number of boilers of this size purchased by the l']mergency 
Fleet Corporation. These plugs and dogs were shipped to different parts of the 
United States with the exception, of course, of those required for the company's 
own boilers. 

It might be supposed that with the contracts enumerated the plant was 
continually filled to capacity, but such was not the case, and although it was 
always in those days difficult to secure a sufficiency of labor and materials, 
the plant somehow found time to do a little work for other (lOvernTnent 
departments. 

Thus, during a part of the period noted, there were finished 3,000,000 of 
1-inch shell lifting plugs for the \rmy. During another, motor truck manufac- 
turers were hard pressed and called on the company for thousands of small parts. 
Again, there was manufactured a large number of air-drying units and parts thereof 
for the Ignited States Explosive Plant at Nitro, W. Va. 

In addition, there were, hterally, hundreds of other orders, each a mere drib- 
let it is true, but aggregating a large tonnage, for parts of equipment for some war 
activity. Necessarily, particular mention of these must here be omitted, but one 
further contract, almost the last, is worthy of notice. 

In the last Allied otfensive of the war, the troops were handicapped 
by the absence of roads, and it was determined at American headcjuarters 
that suitable ones must be built forthwith. This demanded the ciiiploN inent 
of stone crushing machinery, and the servic(> dictated the use of portable 
equipment. 

A survey of the American market by the Army engineers, speedily demon- 
strated that only the Traylor Company possessed the combinatif)n of experience 
in the manufacture of such crushing machinery and pi()p(»r appreciation of the 
importance of war-time production. 

Accordingly, in mid-October, 1918, a contract was awarded the comjjany for 
eight 11-inch portable gyratory crushers fitted with elevators. 

The conditions of the contract made delivery in sixty days imperative, in 
order tiiat shipment abroad might i)e made by New ^ Car's Day. The fact that 
the work was completed by Deceniher. 10, |9|8. is ample evidence that the con- 
fidence of the engineers was not misplaced. The crushers were of a new and 
improved design upon which the Traylor Company had been working for some 

397 



time beforo, and wpre thus the first to he used of the now world-famous Traylor 
Bulldog gyraton- crusher. 

The Traylor Shipbuilding Corporation was formed in 1917 as a subsi- 
diary' of the Traylor Engineering \ Mamifacturing Company, for the purpose 
of building ships for the United States Shipping Board. Kmergency Fleet 
Corporation. 

\ site was acquired at Cornwells. Pa., in \|>ril. I'HT. and by energetic prose- 
cution of the work of converting an industrial iilaril into a shipyard, it was possible 
to lay the first keel less than five months later, and to lamich the first ship in a 
little le.ss than nine months thereafter, in the face of hearthieaking delays in the 
delivery of machinery and construction material. 

The contract was for ten '^.'■^^)^) ton Ferris design wood cargo-carrying steam- 
ships to be built and completely fitted by the Tiaylor Shi[)building Corporation. 
Delivery to the Government was started in Septembi'r. I'»l!{, and completed in 
June, 1919. at the rate of one ship every thirty days. 

The statistically inclined reader will enjoy a few figures, expressing in some 
measure the vast quantities of material consumed in the company's various war 
activities. 

riie building of the ships reipiired nearly Iwenly millions ol' feet of limber, 
or a sufTicient quantity to cover with 2-incli planking, the right of way of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad between \ew ^ Ork and Philadelphia. 

The boiler tubes, if laid in line, would form a speaking lube from the 
Bronx to the Battery, New York City, and the sheet steel in the boilers would 
cover an a<'re of ground with a ''s-inch thick steel carpet, or form a strip of 
steel, 's-inch thick and I inch wide, of sutlicient length to reach fiom .New ^ ork 
to Buffalo. 

Fifty-two millions of pounds of metal were consumed for all purposes, suflicient 
to build 2.5.000 motor cars, or to form a solid cube liflN feel in each dimension, or to 
gird the earth three times with niimlM r four lrli>;:rapli wii-e. To make .shipment 
of this material would require nearly se\eti Inimheil large si/c freight cars, formini; 
a train nearly six miles long. 

However entertaining figures and comparisons may be, they are likely to pall, 
and they cannot tell the more important story of how \merica, by reason of war- 
lime exigencies, came to realize her woiulerl'ul potentialities. 

The various experiences and the numerous accomplishments of the Traylor 
Kngineeritij; & Mamifacturing Company, may be considered |o be typical of 
.\merican industry as a whole, arul can therefore be used as an illustration of what 
can be accomplished when necessity urges. 

This articl(> is fittingly closed by naming the men whose ability and energy 
made possible what the Traylor Companies were able to accom|)lish. 

Samnpl W. Trnylor, Chairman of ttie Board of Dir<><'tors: W. .1. KoImtI.-s, President; Hnrr> 
HattiTshy, Vice- President and Treasurer; I'. \V. Hopkins. \ ice-Presidiiit and Secretary; H. I. 
-Miller, General .Manager; Riehard Bernhard. Chief i;nv,'ineir. 

Traylor Shipbciluinc; Ct)ReoHATi<)N 

Samuel \V. Traylor, President and General Manager; S. \V. Traylor. Jr.. Vice-President and 
Assistant (ieneral Manager; F. \V. Hopkins, Vice-President and Secretary; Ftarry Battershy. 
Treasurer; B. B. .Shafter, General Superintendent. 

.198 



PENNSYLVANIA'S PART IN THE MANNING OF THE NEW 
MERCHANT MARINE 

Under John Frederick Lewis, Chief of Section No. 2 
By Joseph M. Davis 

Among the pressing problems which the country was obliged to face during 
the war was the building and operating of ocean tonnage in the shortest possible 
time. To this end the United States Shipping Board was organized ostensibly as 
a war organization. The scope of its work, generally speaking, resolved itself into 
three main divisions — construction, (►peration and recruiting officers and crews. 

Edward N. Hurley was made the Chairman of the ITnited States Shipping 
Board during the war. At the head of the Division of Operations was John H. 
Rossiter, formerly of the Pacific Steam Mail Packet Company, and at the head 
of the Recruiting Service was Henry Howard, President of a large Boston chemi- 
cal company, who volunteered to make possible the manning of the American 
Merchant Marine. It is with this particular branch of the Shipping Hoard work 
that this report is concerned, and to show the extent to which Pennsylvania aided 
in it as well as being the leading state in ship construction. 

Mr. Howard, in order to marshal most ed'ectively the full strength of the country 
in supplying men to man the ships, conceived the idea of dividing the country 
into eight sections. Each section was placed in charge of one appointee, who should 
have complete control and be responsible for the supervision of its entire work. 

The Middle Atlantic Section was very fortunate in being able to have as its 
chief John Frederick Lewis of Philadelphia, a well-known admiralty lawyer and 
international law authority. Purely from patriotic motives Mr. L(>wis assumed 
a hard task fraught with difiicult and peculiar questions. 

This section, known as Section No. 2, comprised New York, Brooklyn, Jersey 
City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, and surrounding country, and embraced 
therefore the greater part of the nation's shipping sections. 

The work resolved itself into securing seamen, firemen, coal passers, oilers, 
watertenders, stewards, cooks and messmcMi. Besides this, the ships, because of 
our laws, had to be manned with officers who were LInited States citizens, with 
the exception of such aliens as were able to have their licenses endorsed during the 
period of the war. Therefore, it was highly desirable to have American officers, 
and also from a standpoint of national sentiment, the idea of an American Mer- 
cantile Marine ofiicered by foreigners was intolerable. If one will pause and think 
that added to this nearly all of the m(>n were subject to conscription and had to be 
exempted, when scarcely any provision had been made for it, some idea may he 
had of the magnitude of the work. 

This perplexing problem of the draft through the initiative of Mr. Lewis was 
finally solved for the country, and Mr. Crowder had inserted a section in the 
Draft Law exempting mariners in training. This enabled the Recruiting Service 
to secure men and train them for duty aboard ship. 

A training ship was sent from the Boston headquarters and placed at Mr. 
Lewis's disposal at Philadelphia. Over 500 apprentices were recruited for the 
new merchant marine and sailed away for training. Many hundreds of Pennsyl- 
vania men afterwards went overland to the Boston headquarters. 

399 



l*rohal)ly the must iiiipurtant pari ol' llic work was the tiainiiif; of mm to 
hccoiiie duly lice^nsed navigators and marine engineers. Schools were established 
by Mr. Lewis in all of the before-mentioned cities comprised in Section No. 2 
for engineers and navigators. These schools were schools of a high order, and the 
instructors were university trained astronomers and practical navigators as well 
as mechanical engineers witii marine experience. 

Section No. 2 at the time of this writing has luriicd out i.tt\'.\ navigation 
graduates, of whom l..")0.5 secured navigators" licenses, and 2,1.58 engineering 
graduates, the most of whom now hold marine engineers" licenses. Probably 
two-tliirds of the engineers are natives of i'hiladelphia. and about one-fourth of 
the navigators come from Philadelphia and its vicinity. 

Section \o. 2. unrler the indefatigable efforts of Mr. Lewis, turned out over 
li\e-si.\lhs of the oHicers for llie new mi'rchant marine in the face of llie draft, and 
the great increments of men needed in llic war industries. It is all the more re- 
markable when it is to be remembered that of late years \meiica has not leally 
been a sliii)piiig nation and that practically all deep-sea loimage has been registered 
under alien flags and manned by alien crews. Today, America is in a fair way to 
become the leading maritime nation of the world, and Peiuis\ l\ aula may feel 
justK jiroud of its contribution to that end. 

Mr. Lewis succeeded, as Chief of Section \o. 2, Professor ('.. C. Thomas, of 
,l<ihn> Hopkins I niveisity. who had been ajtpointed ,lun<' 2<i. I')I7. and resigned 
October 2'>th of that year to enter the emplovmenl of the I'imergi'ucy Kleel ("or- 
poration. Mr. Lewis served continuously from the latb-r date until November 1, 
I')l'>. when he was succeeded in turn by his then assistant. .b)sepli M. Davis. 
Till' llcad(iuarters of the Section had bi'cn in Itallimore; but after Mr. Lewis was 
appointed, he moved llif Headquarters to Philadelphia, and his law firm gave to 
the (lovermnent, ficeofrent. the fifth lioor' of the oflice, 108 South Loiulh Street. 

Navigation and l']ngineeririg Schools vveic organized at different places in 
the Section as the need therefor became more urgent. ,\ Navigation School was 
organized in New ^Ork at the Seamen's ( '.huich institute, and another at I I lniark"s 
Nautical Academv. A Navigation School was opened at Urooklvn. anolherat 
Baltimore, Atlantic City, Newport News, Jersey City, lloboken and Norfolk; 
while I'jigineeriiii: Schools were organized in Hrooklyn. New ^ ork. .lersev ("ily, 
iloboki-n. Philad<'lphia and Baltimore, Itiere being at the height of the demand a 
lolal 111' twelve schools in the Section. Ml students who entered the school were 
exempted from draft by the Chief of the Section, and thus competent material was 
obtained for the service, and the power was subscipientU entrusted to the Section 
Chief to reipiisition men actually in tin- \ifnv. provided they possessed (pialilica- 
tions as navigators or marine engineers, which made them more valuable to the 
(iovernment in those capacities than by mere servii-e in the \rmy. 

Pun. \L)i:lpiii \ School or N\\m;\ti()\ 

The U. S. Shipping Board School of Navigation began in Philadelphia. .July 9, 
I'M 7, in charge of Professor Lric Doolittle. Professor Doolittle was taken ill during 
the lirst week anri the school was closed foradav oiso: bulvvas resumed the second 
week under the charge of Professor S. \. Mitchell, of the I niversity of \ irginia, 
assisted by Dr. 11. W. Smith, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

The School lirst held sessions in the Franklin Institute building, but was later 

too 



removed to the Engineering Building (Room 229) of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. The first session of the School had about 25 men enrolled for the morning 
class and about 40 men for the evening class. The last week in July, Dr. Smith 
was sent to Savannah and Professor W. R. Ransom, of Tufts College, took his 
place. Sixty-four men continued throughout the first session of the School. 
There was some uncertainty at the end of the first session as to whether the men 
should take examinations innnediately or not. A supplementary week of forenoon 
work was given to those who felt they were not quite ready for the examination. 
No attempt was made to keep track of these men at first, and many of them may 
have gone to New York or to Baltimore to take their examinations. Up to Sep- 
tember 1, 1917, only twenty-three had received licenses in Philadelphia. A few 
men from the first session applied for re-admission to the second session. 

The general plan of the school work was as follows: 

First week: Correction of compass, use of logarithms, and plain sailing. 

Second week: The other sailings and day's work. 

Third week: Determination of time for a noon sight and working out of 
Meridian altitude. 

The rest of the time the School was divided into two classes: Men eligible 
only for third mate took up chart work and distance from fixed object, with plenty 
of review of former problems. The advance class took up latitude by Polaris 
and Meridian sights with other stars, longitude by the sun, azimuth, and ampUtude. 

During the second session of the School it was found necessary to have evening 
classes only. Only two requests for morning classes were received. 

During the last two weeks of the course arrangements were made by which 
six men at a time were taken to Franklin Field with a sextant apiece and given 
two hours' piactice. from ten until twelve, in handling the instrumiMit. The curve of 
altitude was plotted in advance; and men took longitudes sights for an hour, being 
checked by the instructor's reference to his plotted curve. Some vertical and 
horizontal angles were measured and then a series of sights, like noon sights, were 
taken on signal from the instructor, closing with a genuine latitude sight at noon. 

The Philadelphia School of Navigation was always conducted at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, which allowed its classrooms to be used free of rent, 
and was, from time to time, in ciiarge of the following instructors: 

S. G. Barton, Stanley P. Sliugert, Robert L. Lucas and Karl H. Fussier. Mr. Barton, who 
served as Director from September 17, UM7 to February 1. 1919, was succeeded by Mr. Sbugert. 

Besides instruction in navigation, Mr. Lewis lectured upon the iiules of the 
Road at Sea, as he did in other schools of the section. Lectures were also given 
upon Practical Stevedoring by Daniel (]. Murphy. 

The School was largely attended by students who desired to quahfy to become 
deck officers in the Merchant Marine, and it continued until after the war and 
when the need of navigators for the Merchant Marine had been completely met. 
The school enrolled about 800 students. 

Philadelphia Free School of Marine Engineering 

The Philadelphia Free School of Marine Engineering was stai'ted as a result 

of a conference between Emil P. Albrecht, President of the Philadelphia Bourse, 

and William G. Rice, Chief Engineer, who subsequently became identified with 

the Sea Service Bureau. Correspondence was had with Mr. Howai'd of Boston, 

401 



and the school opened following a visit from Professor Miller of the Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology. An Advisory Committee was appointed, consisting of 
Walton Clark, John M. Lukens, together with Mr. Albrecht and Mr. Rice. 

Clinton E. Shaw was appointed Principal of the School, and the following 
acted from time to time as instructors: 

John Bernard, Walter S. Carman, Earl CoUmer, Wiiliani J. Cotternll, Samuel Crossley, 
John Ebauph, Robert W. Given, Fred P. Hall, John T. Landolt, Robert P. Sanborn, John B. 
Shoe, George H. Smith, \\ . Westley Stevenson and Rodger Taylor. 

Arthur Littleton, William J. Taylor and Anna W hartonby served as Enrolment Secretaries. 

Classes were begim in the public school building at Howard Street and Girard 
Avenue. August 20, 1917, with about twenty-four day students and about seventy 
in the night class. The School was subsequently transferred to one of the city ice- 
boats which was moored at Race Street pier, and about the middle of November, 
when the city prepared to put the ice-boat into service, the classes were moved to 
the Philadelphia Bourse, whose directors allowed free of rental the use of its main 
floor and also a good room on the second floor. The quarters were finally transferred 
to the Buchanan Building, at 120 Sansoni Street, where they remained until 
February 5, 1919. The Federal Board for Vocational Education then took over 
the school, and it ceased to be identified with the Shipping Board. The last day 
class finished in March, 1919, and the last night class in July of that year. 

The Philadelphia Free School for Marine Engineering, as it was called, was 
the largest Marine Engineering School under ( iovernment auspices, in the entire 
section, from Connecticut to Norfolk. Students came to it from all parts of the 
country to obtain instruction in Practical Marine Engineering. About 1,000 
students were graduated. Pliiladclpliia seemed to be pecidiarly advantageous 
as a city for obtaining student* in Marine Engineering; her rail, river and bay lines 
all served as sources of supply, and all the railroads entering Philadelphia were 
especi;illy liclpln! in putting up posters in stations, and by disinterestedly bringing 
to the attention of their employes the urgent necessities of the Merchant Marine, 
and the advantage which accrued from obtaining a marine engineer's license. 

Cradtiates of the school, after being qualified for examination, appeared 
before the local inspectors at Philadelphia, and were then passed and hcensed, 
usually as third engineers, sometimes as second, and sometimes as first. 

The Sea Service Bureau 

The work of placing officers and men on shipboard fell at first upon Mr. 
Lewis as Chief of the Section; but it grew to such enormous proportions that it 
became necessary to organize a separate Bureau to take charge of it, and Sea 
Service Agents were appointed in the larger cities in Section No. 2. These agents 
were delegated to meet the needs of the ships in officers and men. The Agent at 
Philadelphia was Chief Engineer William (i. Bice, who worked for the Covernment 
gratuitously imtil the Recruiting Service determined he should be salaried, when 
he was paid a nominal compensation. 

During ,Mr. Bice's service as Agent at Philadelphia about L.'iOO men were 
shipped during the war period, between February, 1918, and November, 1918; 
but the totals up to August, 1921, show that over 30,000 men were shipped, about 
600 marine engineers and 300 deck officers. The Bureau still continues. 

402 



ARMY ORDNANCE— PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT 

WO billion dollars' worth of ordnance was supplied by 
the Philadelphia District, or one-sixth of the total 
amount produced in the United States. The fact that 
such quantities of supplies could be furnished within 
a limited time is but another conclusive proof of the 
importance of this city as a manufacturing center. 
Although not all of the ordnance of the district was 
actually produced within the territorial limits of the 
city, nevertheless, a high percentage of it was made 
here, and practically all other production was directed 
from Philadelphia offices. 

The committee is indebted to Colonel M. D. King, Ordnance Department, 
Washington, D. C, for permission to reprint certain matter from the handbook 
prepared by Clark B. Firestone, of the Historical Branch, Executive Section, office 
of the Cliief of Ordnance. 

Special acknowledgment is due to Colonel James L. Walsh, Executive Assistant 
to the Chief of Ordnance. The facts dealing exclusively with the Philadelphia Dis- 
trict were supplied to Mr. Firestone by Wm. Bradford Williams. 

The Philadelphia ordnance district reflected to a noteworthy degree activities, 
problems, casualties and militant spirit of the fighting front, with just an echo of 





Plioto by Replogle. 



Seven-inch duns. Murk V.. Calerpillar Mounis, al Navv Yanl. 

103 



its tumults. It was a district in which large tilings were done and large difliculties 
surmounted: a district which started with unusual advantages, many and 
varied, and its contribution to nearly all the major items of the munitions program 
was of the first importance. ^\ ith the exception of artillery carriages and small 
arms ammunition, its ordnance production was almost all-inclusive. It was the 
chief rifle district. It was the chief explosives district, it was the district where 
the Allies obtained most of their American gun forgings. It was the big bolo 
district. In a sense it was the .sole helmet district. It was an immense loading 
district. Incidentally, it was the great influence district. 

This area contained the only two private ordnance plants in the country — 
those of the Bethlehem and Mid vale Steel Companies. It had also several powder 
and high explosive plants wiiich had various shell plants which had learned to 
make munitions under entente tutelage. The Bridgeport and l'liila(lel])hia ord- 
nance districts entered the war to something belter than a standing start. But 
Philadelphia had transportation problems almost equal to New York's and certain 
difliculties that in their magnitude were pecuhar to itself, for it was the theatre of 
a lival governmental ])rogram of equal proportions. More than 10 per cent of all 
America's war shi})buil(ling was in process at the same time in the same area — the 
Hog Island cnteq)ris(-, and new cunstrnction for the navy and emergency fleet, 
which kei)t the riveting machines busy in the shipyards hning both sides of the 
Delaware River for sixty miles and which absorbed the output of .'5,000 plants 
making jiarts in various sections of the country. This ])rogiam made its own 
demands on machinery, labor, fuel, power and transportation. 

In the Restricted Area 

Philadelphia was one of the congested centers in the restricted area, and so 
figured in the maps of 19 IK. It was thought at one time that it was saturated 
with war orders and that it could not do any more work. But this opinion was 
combated by representatives of tiie ordnance district, the Navy, the \\ ar Industries 
Board, the regional Director of Railways, and the Fuel and Food Administrations, 
who held weekly meetings to discuss common objects during the war; and the 
district was permitted to shoulder additional burdens. It received one not in its 
calculations when the great Morgan loading plant at South Amboy, N. J., was 
destroyed by an ex])losion five weeks before the armistice, and immense additional 
requirements were ])ut upon the loading plants near Philadelpliia. At the same 
time the influenza epidemic broke with unusual virulence disabling nearly 10 
per cent of the district oflice force and making ravages among annnunition 
employes. 

The Philad(>lphia district may be described^and therefore exjilained — as 
the on(^ steel region in the country that reaches tide water. It comj)risc(l an area 
of less than 30,000 scpiare miles, including the eastern half of the State ol' Pennsyl- 
vania, the southern half of New Jersey and all of Delaware. Its western boundary 
in Pennsylvania coinciiling roughly with ihi' coiiise of the .limiata «as the eastern 
boundaries of the counties of Franklin, Huntingdon, Center. Clinton and Potter. 
Its New Jersey section covered all counties save those included in the N<>w York 
ordnance district elsewhere enimierated. The Pliiladi'lijliia disliict has a popula- 
tion of about 5,200.000 persons. Among its industrial centers of consequence 
outside the city of Philadelphia aie Wilmington, Del., Camden, Trenton and Bur- 

404 




Mdriiic Boilers maniifarliiml by llic liivlruliiuixi'n BoiIit (ji. 

lington, N. J., and Berwick, Bristol, Ciiestor, Downington, Fraiikluid, llanisburg, 
Plioenixville, Scranton, South Bethleliem and Wilkes-Bano, Pa. 

On March 13, 1918, John C. Jones, President of the Harrison Safety 
Boiler Works was made production manager of the Philadelphia ordnance district, 
later becoming ordnance district chief. The production section ot the old carriage 
division had had an office in Philadelphia .since January 16, 1918. District offices 
were in the ^'ulcanite Building. 1710 Market Street. Philadelphia. The office also 
occupied space in the Middle City Post Office Building, 34 So. 17th Street, 
and further overflow space in a three-story building 1726-1728 Ludlow Stre(>t, 
and one floor of 1712 Ludlow Street. Civilian personnel rose from 2,09.5 in 
June. 1918, to 4,475 in November. The enlisted detachment increased from 144 
men in June to 409 in July. Commissioned personnel had reached 86 in October. 
Allotments to cover payments on contracts placed in the district approximately 
.17.50,000,000. of which about .$250,000,000 was expended between the months of 
April and Decendjcr, 1918. On November 1, 1918, there were 1,196 contracts 
outstanding, calling for .§184,897,000. 



An Ordnance Bourse 

Philadelphia developed an institution which promoted cooperation among 
contractors and accelerated production and which was peculiar to itself. This was 
the Ordnance Manufacturer's Exchange, which may peihaps be better and more 
biiefly styled the Ordnance Bourse. The idea came from Captain F. S. Guerber, 
manager of ammunition, explosives and loading, and he had it from a peace-time 

■105 



commercial experience in Bels;ium, where he found that instead of making repeated 
railroad trips throughout Flanders to see certain producers in the iron trade, he 
could meet these same men by attending a central point where their bourse was 
located. Instead of going after them, they would come to him. This plan was 
appUed in Philadelphia in order to bring contractors into inunediate and intimate 
contact with the men who could supply their necessities, whether tools, materials, 
or components: in order to bring contractor and prospective sub-contractor together. 
The Manufacturers' ("lub provided space, and every Wednesday from 11 a.m. 
to 1 P.M. the Ordnance Bourse had a session. Word was sent to the newspapers, 
letters were sent to contractors, enclosing a season ticket and meetings began with 
an attendance of 300 persons. Six hundred were at the second meeting, and hnally 
attendance reached 1,000. There were placards for the dill'ercnt production sections 
of the ordnance office. A returned soldier was etjuippcd with a megaphone from 
which he issued such messages as "Can any one here furnish box shooks ?" Instead 
of trips taken or letters sent over the 30.000 square miles of the district, or over 
outside industrial areas many times its size, business was done by an informal 
conference under a single ri>of. Meanwhile men in some government capacity, 
competent to discuss fuel, draft problems, priorities, plant protection, labor, 
and various production matters spoke at the formal meetings. 

L.\BOR.\TORY .\iND ScHOOL 

In connection with explosives there was establislicd in this district a super- 
visory and control laboratory which remained uiuicr Washington direction and 
the function of which was to inaugurate control and (heck methods of analysis 
to standardize clicmical e()ui]iment and apparatus, to i)re[)are standard solutions 
and reagenl.s and lo act as referee in case of disputes among chemists. .\ tech- 
nological school for chemists was opened at the Carneys Point plant of the Du 
l'..nl Cu. 

Iran-Nloruiatiuii ot plants in this area included among others the following 
shifts from peace-time to war products: From locomotives to shell, from corks 
to shell, from motors to shell, from (iltiTs to shell, from oilcloth to shell, from steam 
pipes to shell, from piunps to adapters and boosters, from window sash lo trench 
mortars, from tin cans to gas masks, from candy to fuze containers, from pianos 
to guii-^locks. from fruit-jar Ut\)s to explosive bullets, from doll stockings to silk 
anuuunition bags. 

Gun Making 

<^Jun making in the Philadelphia ordnance district is the story of three great 
plants, two of them experienced through prior contracts with the Army and Navy 
and with the Allied governments, the other .swiftly passing through the stages of 
construction and ecpiipmi-nt of a new enterprise on to production. One of the two 
veteran plants furnished to America and the Allies almost as many hnished cannon 
as the entire artillery purchases of this country from France and tireat Britain, 
its output being equivalent to nearly *)9 per cent of all the foreign guns used by 
the American Expeditionary Forces. Counting forgings mainly shipped to France 
for assembly there, its output of hnished and unlinisheil cannon was four times as 
great as General Pershing's entire artillery eiiuipnient. These figures cover also 
the plant's production for ,\llied orders before America entered the war. 

406 




Courtesy of the HiniUey Gear Co. 



Eleoeii-iiu-li Siillon Trench Morliir. 



This plant was the Bethlehem Steel Company, which had 35, 000 men employed 
in its great works at South Bethlehem, Pa., 21,000 on ordnance and AUied contracts, 
the remainder on Navy contracts. 

Teamwork with the French Goverrmient began shortly after the war started 
in Europe. Until near the end of the war it was the sole American producer of 
forgings for French cannon (this does not apply to carriages, recuperators and 
miscellaneous parts). Its output of forgings for French order reached 2,000,000 
pounds a month under the arrangement with the Ordnance Department that 
the production for the French, begun before April 6, 1917, should continue 
thereafter. At the close of the war the shipment of gun forgings to the French, 
who were fmisliing them and assembling them for the American Expeditionary 
Forces was sufficient for about 900 guns per month. Forgings were also made for 
the British and Italians. The war shipment of ammunition to other governments 
by this company reached about 1,000,000 rounds per month. 



Railway Mounts 

Seven companies carried the entire ordnance project to avail of the 
most substantial feature of American miUtary preparedness — the use of the great 
guns and mortars with which the seacoast fortifications were defended and of 
other guns, naval included, that were on hand when war came. The seacoast 
guns were intended for defensive purposes alone and the other guns for the mobility 
that a battleship affords by its own evolutions. The program was to make both 
types of weapons available for off'ensive operations and mobile on land by putting 
carriages under them and car trucks under the carriages and railroad tracks under 
the car wheels. The mounts were of three kinds — the barbette, revolving in 

407 



a complete mount, in wliich the gun can be pointed up and dow ii in a vertical 
plane and traverse, or swing from left to right, must be secured by building curved 
railroad tracks, the recoil being absorbed by the retrograde movement of the car 
along these tracks; and the BatignoUes type, a modification of the Schneider, 
pfirmitting a slight horizontal traverse, and cushioning the reaction of lin^ both by 
the movement of the gun in its cradle and by the use of a special true k to which 
the car is bolted, with spades driven inio the ground to assist in taking up recoil 
the unit remaining stationary in action. 

The Baldwin Locomotive Company, the American Car & Foundry Co. (Ber- 
wick, Pa., plant 1. and the Ilarrisburg Manufaituring and Boiler Co., of llarriburg, 
were in the Philadelphia district. .\s the result of the joint ell'ort of the seven 
companies railway mounts were provided for tw elve 7-inch rifles, eighteen 8-inch 
guns, twenty-two 10-inch suns, twelve 12-inch long-caliber guns, forty-five 12- 
inch mortars, eleven 11-inch guns, the latter under -Navy supervision, of which 
six were turned over to the Army, and one 16-inch howitzer. No more powerful 
guns than the larger of these, and few so powerful, were to bo found on either 
side of the lighting fronts. 

Loading 

With New York and Baltimore, the Philadelphia district carried the loading 
burden for nearly all American shell production, and its operations were of great 
interest and consequence. 

In rifle cartridges and in artillery ammunition up to that for the 1.7-inch gun, 
the projectile is fired by fixed ammunition, the shell being fixed in a metal container 
holding the powder. In guns about t. 7-inch tin- projectiles are fired by unfixed 
ammunition powder loaded in silk bags and placed in the breech of the gun behind 
the projectile. Silk is used because other textiles might leave a smouldering frag- 
ment in the bairel of the gun, causing a premature explosion. 

Munition Workers 

There were about 250,000 ordnance workers in the district. Labor unrest, 
particularly among the machinists, labor itineracy, the scarcity of skilled labor 
and the drafts of the Navy, and emergency fleet building programs on labor sup])h 
were obstacles to fidl production, and housing conditions at points like lOtldystone 
and Chester became so congested that for a time no further contracts were let in 
that area. The latter conditions were eased somewhat by invoking the aid of the 
liiited States Mousing Corporation. Twenty-seven vestibule schools were opened 
to train men and women in mechanical operations. A production engineer, used 
to handling men on a large scale, was appointed by the district to give to wage and 
overtime problems the benefit of skilh^d direction. The propaganda <»f patriotic 
appeal was brought to bear from every angle on war workers. Some ,5„500 .soldiers 
were released on industrial furlough for duty in the new loading plants. In this 
district, as elsewhere, the woman munition worker was a late recruit and proved 
a vastly welcome relief to the employment problem. Women from home condi- 
tions ranging from the simplest to the most luxurious volunteered for shop tasks 
of both drudgery and hazard and performed them with skill and fidelity. Mon> 
than 60,000 women and girls worked on ordnance contracts and it was in the 
planning to double the number and more, if needed. 

408 



The organization of the Philadelphia Ordnance District Office was as follows : 
District Chief, John C. Jones; John Dickey, Jr., Special Assistant to Chief: Execu- 
tive Officer, Captain H. J. Adair; Production Manager, Lieutenant Colonel R. A. 
Green; Inspector Manager, Lieutenant Colonel W. M. Schwartz; Finance Manager, 
Captain Charles McC. Matthias; Stores and Scrap Supervisor, Captain A. G. 
Peter; Property Manager, first: Captain C. N. Jackson, then Captain (later 
Major) M. F. Ewen (who was also Contracting Officer and Acting District Chief), 
and then Lieutenant H. E. Abbott; Procurement Manager, Major R. W. 
Appleby; Personnel Manager, Captain (later Major) Thomas Moore; Engineer- 
ing Manager, Captain (afterwards Major) J. J. Johnson. 




Employes at the Trojan Chemical Works. 



41)9 



THE INDUSTRIES OF PHILADELPHIA DURING THE WAR 



p^^^HE story of Philadelphia's industrial development diirini: 
the ^^"orld War is a record of American invention and 
accomplishment worthy of the city known for so long as 
"The Workshop of the World." 

For many years Piiiladelphia-made products have been 
carried on Philadelphia-built ships to every port. There- 
fore, when the storm of war broke over the Continent of 
Kurope, its nations turned to this city for aid. No call 
was iHiheedcd and no demand too peremptory, nor too 
frreat to be answered. New buildinj^'s were erected, new 
eiiuipinent installed, and contracts were completed in record time. 

In his admirable summary of the accomplisliineiils of tlie Ordnance Depart- 
iiifiit iti Pliiiadelphia. William Uradford Williams. Ilic Historian of tiie Ordnance 
Dt'partnit'iit. likens the ultimate results to the piecing together of an old-fashioned 
picture puzzle. Every part, large and small, had its place, and the perfect whole 
was de])eii(lent upon the proper dovetailing of these countless pieces. 

America had the monev and the men. Ten millions of the latter were ready 





rnurt(^v (tf Wilson H Brown. Tnc. 



Making Hpirai Piilties. 
410 



for any duty. Witliin the territorial limits of the United States were vast stores 
of raw materials. It was American training that made it possilile to develop 
officers and men in record time, and it was American ingenuity, like the wand of 
a genii, that provided the buildings and equipment. Thus was the potential 
mass of raw material transformed into the sinews of war. 

To attempt to tell the complete story of the industrial contribution which 
Philadelphia made would be impossible. However, in the following pages a few 
typical kinds of work are reviewed in order that some idea may be had of the remark- 
able way Philadelphia and her citizens answered the nation's call for industrial aid. 

ALEXANDER BROTHERS 
C. M. Kembrey, Advertising and Sales Promotion Manager 

Up to the time the United States entered the World War, Alexander Brothers 
had never made any harness leather. On the night that diplomatic relations were 
broken off, the Executive Council gathered at the plant and discussed what Alex- 
ander Brothers, as an organization, should do in tlie emergency. 

It was decided that, although they had not manufactured any harness leather, 
that the currying was essentially the same as that of belting leather, and that it 
was the duty of Alexander Brothers to do their part to supply this great essential 
of war work. It was, therefore, determined to start at once to curry harness leather, 
to submit samples for approval, and to proceed with this work in as large a volume 
as possible. 

Samples of russet harness leather backs were |)ut through and submitted to the 
Army Ordnance Department on May 16th. Alexander Brothers received woi'd 
that the four "backs" which they sent out as samples were satisfactory, and it was 
suggested that they make quotation to the Chief of Ordnance for transmittal to the 
Council of National Defense, on the quantity of leather of the difTerent kinds which 
they were able to produce. Two additional backs were submitted to Rock Island 
Arsenal, and on June 13th, the firm of Alexander Brothers received a letter advising 
that this leather w as found to cut very satisfactorily, and the halters made up were 
found to be first class in every respect. 

It had been the plan of Alexander Brothers to finish what leather they might 
be able to handle in their 3d Street plant. They figured they might be able to 
finish 200 backs per day, refitting some of the lofts for hanging backs. When they 
found that the requirements for the first year of the war would be about 65,000,000 
pounds of leather, they reafized that 200 backs a day would not amount to very 
much. 

They began to look around for floor space for rent, or ground for a building. 
It was decided, however, that they would not be abl(> to build a plant (juickly 
enough for the work. They finally secured the sixth floor of the finishing building 
of the Quaker Lace Company, at 22d Street and Lehigh Avenue, with an option 
on yet more space. 

While they had been experimenting on the leather they had tirclercd 
machinery. They had the machinery instaUed and started the wheels turning 
on the 1st of July, and on the 5th of July started work in the 22d Street plant. 

Alexander Brothers had been currying some smaU quantities of leather at 
their 3d Street plant, and had reached production of about fifty backs per day. In 

411 



SoptenibtT tlicy rciilcd the liflh tlocir and took over llio scvoiUh lloor, thus giving 
them three doors of about 100. 000 square feet of floor space. Vlexaiuler Brothers 
received their first contract for harness leather on Jun(> 22. 1017, although the 
formal contract was not received until August 15, 1917. 

The work progressed and other contract.s were added. About the fust of the 
year 1918 it became desirable that the Government work be divorced from Alexander 
Brothers. The Alexander Leather r.omf)any was then formed, which was C. O. 
Alexander trading as the \lexander Leather Company, and all leathers and con- 
tracts with the Government were handled through th(> Alexander Leather Company. 
.\lexander Brothers contracted with the Alexander Leather Company to do all 
its work, both currying and office work. 

The number of employes ran up to 210. The plant was in charge of (i(H)rge 
Glendening. with William Frazer and Joe \'ettcr as curriers. (Jreat credit is due 
to these men for their work. In June. 1918, it became necessary to employ women, 
due to the scarcity of male labor. About sixty woin(>n were hired with great success. 
Production was increased to about twenty-three hundred backs per day during 
the sunnner and fall of 1918. and steps were being taken to increase this production 
si ill furl her. 

On the 16th of November, 1918, five da>s after the armistice was signed, 
Alexander Brothers received telegraphic orders from Washington to stop pro- 
duction. It was impossible to stop the work short, but in two weeks' time they 
stopped entirely working on material, and stopped the work on that in process as 
soon as the leather was in condition where it could be allowed to stand. 

Alexander Brothers were later ordered to resume work and finish the slock 
in process. 

To secure leather for this large (|iiatitil> of work, tliey used belting butts as 
far as possible, and made special arrangi-menls with tainieries lo diaw all iheir 
clear backs in the fifth layer and linish them as near belling butt finish as possible. 
They took the entire product of Armour. Kisller-Lesli Co.. kistler Leather Co. 
and the I nited States Leather Company, which niel the < Joveriuneiil specifications 
for selection. Krom start to linish Alexander Brothers drew from thirty-four 
tanneries. 

THi:oDOBi-: altkm:i)i;h & sons 

Almost up to the lime that the United Stales entered (he World War there 
could be little coiueption of the strain that was soon to lie thrown upon so many 
industries essential to the winning of th(^ war. 

Among the industries that were to be called into recjuisition was the piodiK lion 
of drawing instruments. At first thought, tlu' importance of this indiistrv to ihc 
Goverrmient would quite naturally be underrated; yet a little consideration will 
serve to show how pivotal it is in the general scheme of manufacture. I'or nearly 
all things start on the drafting board. 

This isobviou.sly true of ships, of aircraft, of guns, of munitions, of locomotives. 
It also will be readily understood that in every phase of war activity — such as 
ecpiipment. the construction of cantomnents and cam|)s, the building of means of 
transportation — all start with the employmeiil of drafling instruments. 

In recent years the needs of this country for drafting instnmients have been 
mainly supplied by German manufacturers, more than 7.') per cent of all the 

112 



instruments used in the United States being imported from Germany. In former 
years' Swiss instruments formed an appreciable proportion of the imports, 
but they were steadily crowded out by the lower priced, and generally inferior, 
German product, which later for a time masqueraded as "Swiss Instruments," 
until the facts were advertised and this couise became inadvisable, and, later on. 
impossible, when the "Made in Germany" label was inccjrporated into our tariff 
laws. As a matter of interest, it may be stated that England, France, Italy and 
jiractically every coimtiy in the world obtained a very large proportion of its draft- 
ing instruments from (iermany. 

At the outset of the war, long before the entrance of the United States, there 
was an abundant supply of drawing instruments in this country, either in the hands 
of importers or on the shelves of dealers. L nlike many other lines of merchandise, 
these stocks seemed to have little bearing upon the activities in which they were soon 
to take so fundamental a part. For a considerable period the demand remained 
practically normal, and was only slightly accelerated by the re(juirements of such 
American plants as were engaged in munition work for European governments; 
and there was no ajjpreciable advance in price. With the dwindling of the supply 
from abroad came a loss of confidence in Germany's ability to make deliveries, 
and a "taking of stock" and stiffening of prices ensued; but it was not until the 
entrance of the United States into the war, with the consecpient sudden expansion 
of war industries, that there came the realization that the supply was virtually 
at the point of exhaustion, and the facing of the fact that for any new supply to 
meet the Government's needs there was but one establishment in the United States 
engaged in the manufacture of drawing instiumenls: that of Theodore Alteneder & 
Sons, Philadelphia. 

This industry was established in 18.50 by Theodore Alteneder, a craftsman of 
the highest skill, purposes and standards. It was Theodore Alteneder's conviction 
that instruments for the draftsman should be so perfect in every detail that they 
should become, in fact, a part of the draftsman himself; that in the intricate work 
which the draftsman was called upon to p(Mform, the tools should respond with no 
conscious thought on the part of the user. 

It was indeed fortunate for the industry that Mr. Alteneder's sons so heartily 
imbibed and shared his ideals and knowledge of the craft. In fact, at an extremely 
early age these sons began their apprenticeship and soon became an important 
factor in the new establishment, supplementing their father's skill and knowledge 
of the craft with a new business vision. Their entiance into the enterprise may 
be said to have been its first step, from the stage in which it was the individual 
efl'ort of a master craftsman at the bench, toward the stage in which it became a 
modern business. 

This new blood could perhaps see more readily than the founder the prob- 
lems presented by foreign competition. There was, first of all, the problem as 
to labor. In the manufacture of fine drawing instruments much skilled hand 
work has always been necessary because of the character of the design of the 
various instruments. It was this that made the difficulty in combating foreign 
competition, which had at its command an almost inexhaustible supply of mechan- 
ics, expert in the use of the file and other hand tools. 

The difficulties may be better appreciated from the fact that though a number 

413 



of attempts were made to establish this industry in the United States, the Alteneder 
plant was the sole survivor. 

It was to this plant that the Government turned for many thousands of sets 
of (Iraftinfr inslrunicnts. How suddenly the load fell upon this single modest 
estahlisiuuent. can be realized by the fact that prior tu America's entrance into the 
war. the facilities had been used in part in the making of munitions. 

It was a fortunate fact that prior to this period the factory had been modernized 
b\, the introduction of the highest type of machines tools to take the place of hand 
work wherever this could be done without affecting the efficiency of the instruments. 
\\ liile there were necessary advances in prices, it ma> be safely asserted that the 
percentage of advance was extremely low in consideration of the increased cost 
and general conditions. 

The requirements of the Inited Stat<>s l\ngineer Ocpai Inieiit. the \avy De- 
partment, the Ordnance Department and other ( iovenuiiciil (liparlrncnts greatly 
increased. Indeed, the requisitions that poured in upon iIk^ modest factory from 
every quarter, were in some instances so large as to be \ iewcd by the liriu as being 
due to clerical errors in Washington. 

It will be plain that the physical possibilities were ina(le(|iiali' to (ill the enor- 
mous (lovermncnt orders and those of private concerns. .\ serious problem was 
thus presented. .Should the establishment bi' lurried ov(>r to the making of a 
radically new product that could be turned out in larger quantities.^ It was 
realized that such an attempt under the critical conditions might cripple, rather 
than increase, jiroduction. 

It was therefore determined not to lower the slandaid <<( production, but to 
eliminate private orders, and work for the (loverinnenl alone. The establish- 
ment «as wurked to full capacity, days, nights and Sundays, and so ell'ectively 
tli:il niriely pei' cent of the needs of the ( ioveriuuent were lilled. 

AMERICAN WKVW. WORKS 

III the beginning of ]9Ui. the French were producing an II mm. incendiary 
bullet, turned on lathes from brass rods. 

In February. I'M!!. Cdlonel Clay, of (he Frankford Arsenal, submitted to 
Frederick R. Swope. Ihe President of the company, a French II mm. incendiary 
bullet, with the reiiuesi that the company consider Ihe manufacluring and loading 
of it. This bullet was a lathe product made from brass rdds. 

After experimenting for the Frankford .\rsenal, we produced a bullet from 
sheet brass by a series of press operations. The drawn type of bullet was adopted 
for fiilur-e use by the I nited States Government, iheicfor-e, this gave us two types 
of I I nun. incendiary bullets, one classified as "drawn" and the other as "turned". 
Owing to Ihe necessity of immediate production, we pi-oci'eded with the manu- 
facture of the turned tyi)e. but w(>re given contracts for the pioductiou of 20, 000, 0110 
bullets in all, the majority of which were to be of Ihe "drawn" type. This 1 1 inni. 
bullet was known to the Ordnance Department as "Mark \I." 

The productions of these bullets, which had not been manufactured before 
in this country, necessitated the development of new processes and the changing 
of (lidVj-ent nrachines to make them adaptable to these processes. 

W liile the Frankford Ar.senal was perfecting Ihe incendiary compound for Ihe 
Mark XI bullets, we executed a contract with (hem to load 2,000.000 ;^0-cahber 

4U 



tracer bullets, with the stipulation that we were at any time to change over to the 
loading of Mark XI incendiary bullets. 

The manufacturing and loading of bullets was not a part of our business 
before the war and will not be continued by us. 

The American Metal Works was engaged in general steel stampings and the 
Chelten Electric Company in the manufactiu-ing of electrical wiring specialties. 

The American Metal Works and the Chelten Electric Company are owned 
by the same persons and occupy the same building. The facilities of both plants 
were offered to the ( iovernment. The contract for the Mark XI bullets was taken 
in the name of the American Metal Works, and the contract with the Frankford 
Arsenal for loading 2,000,000 .30-caliber tracers was taken in the name of the Chel- 
ten Electric Company. 

The factory of the American Metal Works and the Chelten Electric Com- 
pany is located in Germantown, Philadelphia. 

It was therefore necessary, for practical reasons, as well as on account of city 
ordinances, to erect a loading plant outside of the city limits. 

A field was leased at Cheltenham and New Second streets. Oak Lane, Pa., 
and a powder and loading building was erected, and roadways and necessary 
facilities installed. 

The powder for both types of bullets mentioned above, retjuired a great deal 
of care in liandling on account of its highly inflammable nature. It was necessary, 
therefore, to build separate buildings and to separate the different processes, such as 
weighing, mixing, baking, blending and storing. Also, before loading, it was neces- 
sary to construct individual two-piece dies in which to hold the bullets while the 
compound was loaded under several pressures. After the bullets were filled with 
incendiary compound and the igniting composition placed on top, the base was 
crimped over on the press, and the bullets were then ready for inspection and load- 
ing into cartridge cases. 

In May, 1918, we started the loading of .30-caliber tracer bullets, and in ,Iune 
and July we also loaded 100,000 Mark XI incendiary bullets — both styles of bullets 
going through the plant at the same time. 

We completed the work of loading 2,000,000 30-caliber tracer bullets in the 
last of December, 1918. 

Immediately after the signing of the armistice the Ordnance Department 
issued a suspension order on the Mark XI contract, reducing the quantity to be 
delivered from 20,000,000 to 500,000. 

Although we had successfully produced the Maik XI incendiary bullet by the 
drawn process, the reduced requirements prevented any quantity production. 

At the time of the signing of the armistice, additional buildings and equip- 
ment were being constructed and were nearly completed. The enlargefl plant would 
have enabled us, within a very short time, to have produced over 300.000 bullets 
per week. 

THE AMERICAN PULLEY COMPANY 

Like most other industrial concerns, the American Pulley Company began 
to feel the result of the demand created by the World War some time about the 
beginning of the year 1915. As business in this country became increasingly 
active, the orders for "American" steel spht pulleys constantly increased in numbers. 

41.5 



Not only was the domestic demand unusual, hut the Alhod countries also needed 
the products of Philadelphia's big pulley factory, lui^land in particular was 
eager for shipments, and for many months, until submarines and dearth of ships 
made it impossible, a steady stream of "American" pulleys cro.ssed the \tlanlic 
(o transmit power in the great munition shops of the British Isles and to assist 
in lurning out the sinews of war for that hard-pressed nation. 

\ little later, from the office of the French Commission in \ew York, came an 
inquirN for 20.000 steel reels upon which to wind telegraph and telephone wire I'm- 
u.se on the battlefields at the front. These reels were Uke big spools, with heads 
about two feet in diameter. It was known that the American Pulley Company 
made other j)ressed steel articles besides pulleys, and they were called in con- 
sultation and asked to design a reel. A design was made and a sample was taken 
to I'rance for inspection. Word came back that the sample* was approved and 
immediately the order was placed with inslruclions lo The American Pulley 
Company lo speed production. The company was already rumiiiig day and night 
making (Milleys. and the factory buildings were filled to overflowing. The question 
was how to obtain space (luickly to |)rovitie for the assembling and linishing opera- 
tions on the thousands of reels which must be completed and shipped in a minimum 
of time. The company owned a vacant lot back of their warehouse, and in short 
order two or three big canvas tents were run up and concrete floors provided, so 
that ample assembling space was obtained at a small cost and in record lime. 
The entire original order for reels was made and another followed. I*]v(>r\ reel 
passed ins|)ection and the French (lovernment accepted the reels, with ap(irccialion 
of the excellence of the work and the speed with which delivery was accomplished. 

When the I nited States joined the \llies an order for 2.'). 000 reels was given 
b\ I he (lovernment. 

A little later the Bureau of Air Craft Production, War Department, plated 
an order for some thousands of antenna? reels to be used in connection with the 
wireless service in the airplanes. These were a new article, devised to fill a need 
created by the war. For the American Pidley Company the job was necessarily 
somewhat exptMimental; but the work was done, the (liffiiiillies wcr(> o\ercome and 
the reels produced and accepted for service. 

One day a representative of the American Pulley Company dropped in at the 
Trench Mortar .Section of the Ordnance Departments Purchasing Office at Wash- 
ington. He was shown a good-sized, heavy, steel-stamped piece called a Livens 
Projector Base Plate, and was asked if he could make it. Th(> answer was "Yes." 
A price was named, an order for something over fifty thousand of these bases 
was given and one thousand of them were shipped within thirty-one days there- 
after. These bases were irregular in contour, and experimental work had lo be done 
on the forming dies before the final working tools could be produced. Drawings 
of these tools had to be made, patterns, castings and forgings obtained, and hun- 
dreds of tons of one-quarter inch special steel plate were needed from which l<i 
manufacture the bases themselves. 

The Alan Wood, Iron & Steel Comparu, i>( (his city, lurn(>d out the one- 
quarter inch plate, the War Industries Board giving an A-l classification The 
company lived up to it^ promises, and a hotter of congratulation from the Ordnance 
Department followed. 

These special \N ar Department orders were interesting and somewhat spec- 

416 



tacular, but the really hi^ job that the Pulley Company did was in its own staple 
Une of pressed steel belt pulleys. During the war period it increased what prior 
to the war appeared to be a maximum production, by one-third, and maintained it 
in spite of difficulties. There were some anxious moments for a time on account 
of the serious shortage of steel in the country, but the company was placed upon 
th(> "Preferred List" of the War Industries Board, and was given the necessary 
priority certificates to make their supply of raw material sure. 

There was hardly an arsenal in the United States but had orders placed for 
"American" pulleys. "American" pulleys went to France to equip a great United 
States Arsenal in that country. Most, if not all, of the great shops from the At- 
lantic to the Pacific used "American" pulleys in considerable quantity. The 
answer was plain: "American" pulleys "had to be made" and they were. 

The number of men who entered the service from the company's employ was 
sixty-four, of whom three lost their lives. 

THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 

The most striking thing about the war activities of The Baldwin Locomotive 
Works is the fact that in si)ite of the enormous work done in the Philach^lphia and 
other plants, the pre-war equipment was so great that not a day was lost in taking 
over governmental contracts. Moreover, a comparison of summaries of personnel, 
buildings, etc., of 191.3 and 1919 shows that in many important ways but little 
increase was made even to meet what to the average mind seemed insurmountable 
difficulties. Of course, there was a big develoi)ment at Eddystone and certain 
additions to the Philadelphia plant but, by and large, it is an amazing connnentary 
upon the wonderful world-wide work of the Baldwin plants that when war came 
they were ready. 

Naturally, when one speaks of "Baldwin's" one thinks of locomotives, but 
" lialdwin's" part in the war was not confined to the making of these iron horses, 
important as they were. It was General JolTre who said, "This is a railway war. 
The battle of the Marne was won by the railways of France. " LIpon second thought 
the above statement is not an exaggeration, for victory or failure depended very 
lai'gely upon the rapidity of mass movements of troops and the way in which ord- 
nance and quartermaster supplies were carried. F'or example, in the attack and 
defense of Verdun, approximately 60,000,000 shells, representing 3,000,000 tons 




fiiiirlrrii-incli i\<iriil (inn, lidilwny Maiinl. 
117 







• • • 



'««)«idi8Jd<^i©.o 




Q^:<3^ee^e&Q 



Fourteen-Ineh Navai Gun, Pailway Mount. Improved Type. 

of steel, were fired in thirty weeks. It was the railroads that moved the greater 
part of this material to the firing; line. Therefore, the story of '" Baldwin's in (lie 
war" is well told In first reviewing the part that locomotives ]iia>('(l in l)rinf:iii.i,' 
to pass a speedy victory. 

In 1914, the pressing need overseas was for ordnance, ammunition and other 
supplies. France and (Ireat Britain were seriously liandicapped in this respect, 
and the way in which The Baldwin Loconioli\(' Wdrks met the need will lie told 
in later paragraphs. At the beginning of the war, Russia, because of its great 
distances and dcs|)erate shortage of motive })ower and ecjniimient. turned to this 
[ilaiit for iiHiiH'diate delivery of locomotives. 

Samuel M. \ anclain, w Im was then Senior Vice-President, visited Russia in the 
autumn of 1914. and also early in 191,'), and secured from Russia and other 
countries large contracts for locomotives and other war material. 

To quote from the interesting and attractive booklet, known as "Record 
No. 93," we read: The first order for locomotives, resulting from Mr. ^ au- 
dain's overseas visit was placed in \()\end)(>r. I*) II, and called fur thirty Mallet 
locomotives of the ()-h-6-()- type, 't'hese were of a gauge of !5 f'ril (> indict. :iiid wcic 




Navat Gun, Calerpillar Mount. 
•118 




For use wilh llic - 1 . /i. F. 




■Diniilii'r fur lirilish Railroad 



rapidly completed and shipped for use 

on the Vologda-Archangel Railway, 

connecting the broad-gauge railways 

of Russia with the port of Archangel 

on the White Sea, the only water outlet 

in the west after the closing of the 

Rlack Sea. This order was followed by others for large numbers of heavy 

Decapod locomotives of a gauge of 5 feet: for gasoline locomotives of a gauge of 

75cm. (2 feet. 5^2 inches); and for gasoline trucks and tractors. As it was impos- 
sible, on account of the Bolshevik 
i revolution, to deliver all of these 

IJ^^* ^ ■■ M a Decapod locomotives to Russia, one 

H(^ ^ '^"^^Ml hundred of them were converted for 

^B '■-'™il temporary use at home and were pur- 

^ ^ chased by the United States Govern- 

ment. The gasoline locomotives, when 
properly used, emit practically no 
smoke, and for this reason are well 
adapted for trench service, as they are 

less conspicuous, especially during the day, than steam locomotives. 

The French Government, late in the summer of 1914, sent a mission to the 

United States to make certain purchases. On November .^d the mission received 

cable instructions to purchase twenty tank loroniotives (if a gauge of 60cm. (1 foot, 

11^ inches), and on November 21st 

they were all completed and shipped. 

Other orders followed in rapid succes- 
sion. 

With the advent of trench warfare, 

during the winter of 1914-15, it became 

necessary to develop a vast system of 

narrow-gauge railways on the west 

front in order to handle troops and 

supplies. These lines were built by 

the French to a gauge of 60cni., which 

was later adopted by the American and 

British armies. The track was so built 

that it could be quickly laid or shifted lo meet sudden re(|uirements. F^or this 

work, the French ( iovernment purchased 2)50 locomotives of a special type known 

as the Pechot. of French design, and built throughout to the metric system. 

Carried on two steam-driven trucks, 
or bogies, these locomotives have 
unusual flexibility and excellent track- 
riding qualities. In addition to the 
above orders, the French tio\ernment 
purchased a large number of gasoline 
locomotives and also several fireless 
steam-storage locomotives. In this 
latter type, the boiler is replaced by 




For III!' Rnxsian Hailivavs 




Buill for the French (iovernnieiil. 



4ly 



a rylindrical roservoir, which is rhargod with hot water and steam at ]iii,'h press- 
ure from a stationary plant. The pressure of steam is reduced before it is used in 
the cylinders, and as the steam is drawn off the water in the reservoir fji<iiina"y 
evaporates until the pressure is lowered to a |)oint wiiere rechar^'ini; is necessary. 
Locomotives of this type are built for us(> about e\|)losive plants and in other 
localities where all fue risks must be entirely eliminated. 

In addilioM to the orders enumerated above. The Baldwin Locoinotivi' Works 
built heavv freijxht locomotives of th<' Mikado (2-8-2) tvpe for the I'aiis. Lyons 
& Mediterranean Railway and for the Nord Railway. These locomotives liavc 
balanced com|)ound cylinders and were di'sifrned and luiilt in accordance with 
French practice. 

At the outbreak of the «ar the l'>iiti>h ( i(i\ criMucnl. in addition lo usiuL: 
French eiiuiprneiil. f(>iried acioss llie Channel several lumdred loconioti\es taken 
from servici' on the Hrilish railwavs. \s the operations of the British armies 
in France increased, however, (Ireat Britain became a heavy buyer of Vmerican 
locomotives, the great majority of which vvei'c ordered from the Baldwin plant. 
The total number contracted for was 960, of which [').■) were of a ,ii;auf;e of (lOcm. 
(type 1-6-0) and the remainder of vaiious types and of standard paufie. 

From the sununer of 1917 until tin- termination of hostilities the I niled 
States (iovernment entrusted The Baldwin l.ociimotivc Works with what were 
probably the larfiesl and most urgent locomotive orders ever placed in the history 
of locomotive building. The first of these ordtM's was received on .luly 17th and 
called for l.'jO standard gauge locomotiv(-s of the C.onsolidation (2-8-0) type. A 
remarkable record was marie in shipping these locomotives, as the liist one was 
completed on August lOlli and the last on October Isl. SubsecpiiMitdrders included 
large numbeis of similar locomotives which became po|)ularly known as "Pershing 
engines," .\ nundier of these were liansferred while undi'r construction to the 
French Government. 

Through the energy and initiative of S. M. I'dton. Diicclor ( leneral of Mil- 
itarv Bailways, and his mechanical aide, Coloiirl Millikcu, an iuleresling method 
was devc^loped of shipping the Peishing locomotives to France, erected comph^te 
with the exception of the smoke-stack, cab and a few other details. The 
locomotives and tenders were placed in the holds of the vessels on their own 
wheels and when miloaded at St. Nazaire. i'rance, were prepared for service with 
l)ut little delay. This was a matter of importance, especially during the last few- 
months of the war; because as the Allied armies advanced and the (iermans re- 
ceded, the transpdilalion recpiirements of the former naturally increased and the 
need for additional locomotives became more and more urgent. Had it been 
necessary to carry active military operations far into Germany, the need of ad- 
ditional locomotives and railway equipment would have become still more (iress- 
ing. \t the conclusion of hostilities, (he building |)rogram of The Baldwin Loco- 
motive Works called for lh(> completion of 300 Pershing engines per month; and 
in consideration of the diflicidties in obtaining materials promptly and ii\ securing 
an adeiiuati' supply of labor, the record made in the construction and delivery of 
these locomotives was unprecedented. In addition to the I'ershing engines, 
orders from the (iovernment included narrow-gauge steam locomotives of the 
2-6-2 type, and three sizes of gasoline locomotives, th(! largest of standard, and the 
other two of narrow gauge, 

120 



Tims Pliiladolpliia-inade locuniotives sorvod on tlie wosUun I'lont. Tlu'rc 
is Iilll(> (l(iiil)( I hat wlicii (iciicral Alk-nhy and his nion frood Palostino from tlic 
'links, it, was a Baldwin cnjiinc that was pnllinii np IVoin Jall'a to Jeiiisaleni, 
bearing not American tourists but American relief supplies as well as ordnance 
and munitions for the Allied forces. 

Summarizing the shipment of locomotives from lialdwin's to all belligerent 
countries, including our own, the following figures are given: 

Broad-gauge steam, various types ;i,246 

Narrow-gauge, steam, various types 1,146 

Broad-gauge, gasoline 20 

Narrow-gauge, gasoline 1,139 .'>,551 

The Baldwin products which were supplied to the Allied governments were 
not confined to locomotives, as orders were taken for the machining of a large 
number of shells, varying in caliber from 4Ko inches to 12 inches. These shells 
were furnished to the British and French governments. They were manufac- 
tured in such of the locomotive shops as were available for the purpose, and also 
in new shops specially built and equipped for this kind of work. 

In connection with the manufacture of shells, mention should be made of the 
construction, in 1915, of two large plants on the Eddystone projjcrty of The Baldwin 
Locomotive Woiks. One of these plants was leased to the Bemington Arms Com- 
pany of Delaware, afterwards acquired by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Com- 
pany (Eddystone Bitle Plant), and was first used for the production of l']nfield 
rifles, model of 1914, for the British Covernment. Subsequently the plant manu- 
factured rifles for the United States Government, .300 caliber, U. S. model 1917. 
The capacity finally reached more than 6,000 rifles per day, and the plant supplied 
nearly two-thirds of all the ritles used in combat by the American Army in Fiance. 
This was a notable achievement, and the capacity of the Eddystone Plant at the 
termination of hostilities exceeded that of any other rifle plant then in operation. 

The total number of rifles manufactured at the Eddystone rifle plant was ap- 
proximately 2,200,000. 

The second plant referred to was erected as a result of the receipt of large 
orders for complete ammunition from the British Government. This ammimi- 
tion was manufactured by the Ivldystone Ammunition Corporation, a company 
organized for th(> purpose by S. M. Vauclain, and owing its existence to his energy 
and directive ability. The operations of this company were satisfactorily termi- 
nated in ] 917. The United States Government requested at this time that the equip- 
ment and machinery of the cf)mpany be kept fully employed in its service. A 
new corporation was accordingly organized under the title of Eddystone Munitions 
Ct)mpany, and to it was leased the propeity formerly occupied by the Eddystone 
Anununition Corporation. The new company manufactured large quantities 
of amnumition for the I inited States Government, and continued in operation 
until after the signing of the armistice. Its entire capital stock was owned by 
The Baldwin Locomotive Works. 

'Jlie plants leased to the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company and the 
Eddystone Munitions Company were so designed that the buildings could, at 
the expiration of the leases, be utilized as locomotive shops. The construction 
of these plants and the results achieved through their operation constitute one of 
the great industrial achievements of the war. 

421 



Shells 

Iiicludiiig those mamifai-tiircd by the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation 
and Ihf Kddyslone Munitions Company: 

3-inch shrapnel 2.:!00,000 

75 mm. shells. . :!. 3,5 1,5.55 

1.7-inch shells 225,399 

5-in(h shells 150,281 

6-incli shells 1 .068,157 

12-inch shells 1 12,.553 

12-inch forninKs 9,000 

220 mm. shells 213.015 

270 mm. shells 13 1,795 

Total number of shells 0.565.355 

Cartridge cases 1,863,900 

Miscellaneous unnnuiiilinn items 1,905,213 



\\ Ml U \1 ( it N Mol NTS 

Among the most inlorcstini.' piuducls dI" The Haldw in l,ciinni()ti\ c \\ orks since 
the entry of the L iiited States into the war, lia\e been the laihvay gun mounts 
for the United States Na^^^ These mounts were buill to carry It-inch rifles, 
50 eahbers in length, wliich liad bei-n furnished by tlie .Navy. The complete de- 
signs of the mount were prepared at the I uited Slates >iaval tiun Factory, Wash- 
ington Nav-y Yard. The mounts were erected and the guns assembled with them 
at the Ividystone Plant of The Baldwin l,ocomotive \\ orks. The (irsi five mounts 
were ordered (m February 18, 1918; the iirst one was completed and shipped to 
Sandy Hook Proving Grounds on April 25th, and the last on May 23, 1918. These 
mounts were shipped to France b\ th(^ \avy, and were effectixely used in action 
against the German lines of communication for several weeks prior to the signing 
of the armistice. 

\\ hen firing at low angles tlie entire weight of the gun is carried by the trucks; 
but when tirmg at angles of from fifteen to forty-five degrees, a structural steel 
foundation surrounding a pit is necessary for the purpose of absorbing a portion 
of the shock, and also providing room for lh(> recoil of the gun. The weight of the 
gun is transferred to the foundation by means of jacks. Tiiese foundations were 
also supplied by The Baldwin Locomotive Works. 

An improved l\pe of moimf for 11-inch guns was built subsecpient to those 
just described, in this type no separate foundation is net-essary, as the gun can 
be fired at angles up to forty-three degrees without relieving the sup|)orting truck 
of its weight. 

The Baldwin Locomotive Works has also been engaged in the construction of 
7-inch "caterpillar" mounts for the United States Navy. These mounts have 
broad caterpillar treads, similar to those used on tractors, which an; designed to 
operate o\er rough roads and soft soil. They were designed at the I nited States 
Naval (inn Factory; and The Baldwin Locomotive Works contracted to furnish 
them complete with the exception of the gun and breech mechanisms, which wen- 
supplied by the gun factory. 

This mount complete with gun weighs about 72,000 pounds, and the bearing 

422 



pressure under the treads is approximately ten pounds per square inch. The guns 
are transported in the field by means of Holt tractors of 120 horsepower. 

In addition to building complete mounts, The Baldwin Locomotive Works 
constructed several styles of railway trucks for gun and howitzer mounts. At 
the time hostilities closed, preparations were being made for the manufacture 
on a large scale of heavy tanks equipped with Liberty motors. These were intended 
to destroy the wire defenses and machine gun nests put up by the Germans in 
their retreat. After the signing of the armistice, however, the order for these tanks 
was canceled. 

14-inch railway mounts 11 

Foundations for 14-inch mounts 20 

14-inch railway mounts, improved type 2 

7-inch caterpillar mounts 38 

Trucks for gun and howitzer moimts, sets 5 

The aggregate value of the war contracts executed and delivered by The 
Baldwin Locomotive Works and its associated companies, the Standard Steel 
Works Company, the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation, and the Eddystone 
Munitions Company, was approximately $250,000,000. 

COMPARATIVE DATA OF THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 

As of September 1, 1919 and 1913 

Based on Capacity of 3,000-3,500 Locomotives per Year, 1919 



Philadelphia 



1919 



Shops 1,975,057 square feet 



Offices... 
Yardage. . 
Gtu'age ... 
Stables ... 
DweUings . 



193,777 square feet 

115,535 square feet 

17,904 square feet 

12,684 square feet 

50.492 square feet 



Totals 2,365,449 square feet 

Increase. 1919 over 1913, of 379.163 square feet. 



1913 
1,699,423 square feet 
138,397 .square feet 
84,990 square feet 
None 

12,684 square feet 
50,492 square feet 

1,985,986 square feet 



1919 1913 

Acres of ground — Philadelphia 19.332 17.812 

Eddystone 596.38 225.59 

Floor space — Philadelphia 54 4 45 . 5 

Eddystone 88 6 18.6 

Number of men employed 21,500 19,000 

Horsepower employed — Steam 16,700 14,890 

Oil 3,400 4,850 

Horsepower electric motors employed for power transmission 57,400 27,624 

Number of electric lamps — Incandescent 14,000 8,900 

Arc None 1,590 

Number of motors in service 3,450 2,355 

Electric power purchased 8,500 b.p 

Consumption of coal in tons, per week 4,200 3,850 

Consumption of fuel oU in gallons, per week 175,000 125,000 

Consumption of iron and steel in tons, per week 6,500 6,000 

Consumption of other materials in tons, per week 3,000 2,500 

Number of machines 12,800 6,829 



423 



KimvsTONE 

Truck .25 miles 1 1 miles 

Buildings (costing $1,000 or more) IS.") 2.5 

Boilerp lants .S (85 Boilers) 2 (21 Boilers) 

Standartl-iiaiige cars 43 16 

Narrow-gauge cars 73 34 

Cranes (power) 117 75 

Standard-gauge locomotives II 4 

Narrow-gauge locomotives t '• ^ 

Ijoconiotive cranes . 2(t i! 

Oil lines 1' > miles None 

THE Bi-:riiij:iii;\i >\\:\:\. ( o. 

The Bethlehem Steel Co.. before its first liiiropcaii order eaine, in the 
autumn of 1914, had been at work for years on gun forgings, gun mounts, 
disappearing-gun carriages, fiuislied gnus, firing mechanisms, shields, lialllcship 
barbettes and turrets, coast-dt'lVnsc moimts. arm<>r-j)ier(ing projectiles. Held 
carriages, limbers, caissons, armor plale for battleships, and battery range finders. 
l'"very process in the production of war inalcrial was inidertalvcn by ils organi/a- 
tion, from tiie mining of the ore in the C.liilcaM liills and its shipment norlhward, 
through the Panama Canal, to the camouflaging of the completed cannon after 
a series of melallnrgical and meciianical operations. In addition to its contract 
engagements it was in eil'ect an immense ordnance college", providing trained men — 
superintendents and foremen — for other gun. -.Iicll. and machine plants. With 
a working force (piadru|)led in four years, it was necessary to house ils m<>n in 
towns from twenty to thirty miles distant and to guarantee railroad trains and 
arrange a .special trolley service to transport them to and I'lom Ihrir tasks. 

For the entire war. including the inter\al before April (), I'HT. the sicel plants 
of the Hetlilelicm ( '.or|)oralion shijjped to the l. S. Army or to the Allies. !5. .")"() 
finished guns, 7,582 finished gun carriages, limbers and caissons, .")')') finished 
naval gun luouuts. about 11.000 forgings for gims. IS. 178.000 roimds of complete 
field-gun anumitiition, 1,710,000 projectiles for amnuinition, 9,.">27,0()0 jioinids 
of air-flasks for torpedoes, 69,110,000 pounds of aiiiior plate, and 897,000 gross 
tons of shell steel. Finished and iinliuishcd. the gun product of this plant amounted 
to about livi'-sixths of the entire artillcrv c(|uipmi'nt of the ( lerinan Arm) at the 
height of its power in the early smnmer of 1918. 

The companv conducted loading at nedinglon. Pa., at New Castle. Del., 
aiKJ at Mays Landing. N.J. The latter plant was built to order for ( Irdnance. 
The other two had been working for the Allied (lovernments. The Bedington plant 
lurni-d out 106.000 shells of 9.2-inch caliber. 1 16,000 shells of 8-inch caliber, and 
1.000 shells of 2 10-millimeter caliber. On the 9.2-incli shell, it reached a capacity 
of 1,000 per day. There was a labor force that reached about 700. The New Castle 
plant made :?.')0.000 pomuls of tetryl and loaded :?.."j00.000 boosters and 8.'),00() 
10-iiich and 12-inch shells. Its maxiuuun mindier of emploves was about 1.100. 
The jilant at Mays Landing was bcgim in liic middle of \pril. 1918. and 
within ten weeks, the first lo.i-millimeler shells were loaded. Two thousand 
workmen were employed and the plant had a dailv loading capacity of 2."). 000 
shells of 75-millimeter caliber, 12,000 shells of 155-millinieler i aliber and 4,000 
of 8-inch or larger caliber. 

421 



15LA1SDELL PENCIL COMPANY* 

Even a lead pencil helped win the war. On the day war was declared in April, 
1917, the Blaisdell Pencil Company of Philadelphia ofl'ered its facilities to the 
Government. The humble lead pencil played a part in munition plants every- 
where in Government offices, where countless thousands plied them daily, and in 
the fast-filling camps and on shipboard for the soldiers who wanted to write home. 
In addition to the ordinary usage of the pencil there were many unusual kinds of 
pencils sought after by the Government; special pencils for many purposes that 
are unknown to the average person. 

At the beginning of the World War certain colors and ingredients necessary 
in the manufacture of pencils, crayons, and marking materials had been imported, 
among them a number from (lermany. In fact, most of the leads used in pencils 
were foreign productions, being placed in the familiar wooden casing in the various 
pencil plants in the United States. 

The Blaisdell Pencil Company has been in business since \Wy.'>, and its pind- 
ucts and its slogan, "Nick and Pull," are familar in every clime. When conditions 
in this particular field of manufacture were chaotic and the need of pencils became 
acute, the Blaisdell Company placed their staff of chemists and experts on their 
hardest task. Suffice it to say that in sixty days' time they were able to declare 
themselves independent of any foreign source of supplies or equipment. Their 
machines were built by their own men, and their colors and raw materials prepared 
in their own laboratories here in Philadelphia. 

One of the first calls on the Blaisdell Pencil Company came from the American 
Red Cross. They wanted pencils for the doctors and surgeons which would mark 
on the skin. Skin-marking pencils are widely used by the medical profession in 
diagnosing, operating, etc. But skin-marking |)encils had never been made in the 
Ifnited States. They had always been a pnxluct of Germany, and since the war 
had been on for nearly three years, the supply of skin-marking pencils was exhausted. 
The need was urgent. The supply was nil. The American Red Cross asked that 
a supply of red and blue skin-marking pencils be defivered at the docks in New York 
City for shipment to France in twenty days' time, and the Blaisdell Company ac- 
comj)lished the task. 

The field medical supply depot icciuisitioned large quantities of Blaisdell 
wax pencils. These pencils are used for marking on china, glass, metal and all 
polished surfaces. 

Later there came a demand for another German product which had never 
been made in the United Slates. And this demand came from the chemists, the 
scientists and the laboratory workers of the United States. They wanted a pencil 
with which they could mark a beaker or retoit or glass, and place it in the laboratory 
fire, and after heating or burning to a high degree, still have the mark remain. 
The Blaisdell Company successfully produced this highly technical article and it, 
too, has already become a staple article in the Blaisdell Company's manufacture. 

So, while many have made their mark in the Great War that is over, the same 
may truly be said of the products of one of Philadelphia's well-known industries, 
the Blaisdell Pencil Company, whose products are not only "Made in America," 
but also one more indispensable article "Made in Philadelphia." 

*Reprinted by permission of William Bradford Williams. 

42.''> 




Ti..' J i: iiri;i i\. 



Eleven-inch Trench Morhir. 



Till-: J. (i. r.iiii.i. (oMi'w^ 

i"(pt n '^i:\H>' W \n I'lioDi ( Ti()\ 

Oni- |)niiiiiiitiit I'liiladclphia (•oiiccrn wliicli t;iil> ili\ cried its faeilitip-s to 
the production of implements of war was the J. (i. Urill (".ompany, whose plant 
Incatcd at 62(1 .'^tn-cl and Woodland Vvciiuc. has been eiifrafied for many years in 
the production of electric railway cars and trucks. It was readily recognized that 
the thirty-acre plant of the Brill Company, and its steel and woodworking machinery, 
necessary for the production of its peace-time products, were admirably adapted 
to the production of a wide range of products essential in the conduct of war. 

Soon after the outbreak of the World War in 1911, and before our Government 
had entered the conflict, the Brill Company c(iiilracti'd with the Bussian Military 
Connnission visiting this country for the construction of various types of auto- 
mobile bodies, including motor lorries, portable machine shops, portable kitchens 
and storage vans. Similar equipment was subsecjucntiy built for the British, 
Krench anil Belgium governments. These, however, took but a portion of the 
facilities of this large car building plant and the company quickly adapted itself 
to the production of three and six-inch high-e.vplosive shell forgings for Bussia and 
(ireat Britain. Subsequently, a large contract was obtained from the Ordnance 
Department of the United States Government for 4.7-inch shell forgings for de- 
livery to the Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia. 

426 



During the year 1916 when our troops were ordered to the Mexican border, 
in view of the disturbance across the Rio Grande, the Brill Company furnished a 
large number of automobile bodies to accompany them. Transport bodies, am- 
bulance and portable machine shop bodies were included in this equipment. 

When the United States Government entered the war in April, 1917, it quickly 
availed itself of the facilities of the Brill Plant for the construction of a very wide 
range of products. Nothing was too large or too small for this company to handle. 
It is, therefore, sufficient to say that included among the vaiious equipments built 
by this company for the United States (iovernment were the following: 

Motor truck bodies of various designs, including repair trucks, hoisting bodies, 
telephone bodies, machine shops, work shop bodies, printing press bodies for carry- 
ing six-color presses for turning out officers" daily maps, radio tractors, service 
trucks, stake bodies, and several designs of ambulance bodies, signal corps wire 
carts, six-horse battery wire reels and carts. 21-inch portable searchlights, a 60- 




Sij-lcrii-incJi Ilmriher Raihriiy Mininl. 



inch portable searchlight mounted on a 30-foot revolving tower on a standard 
railroad flat car, engineers' tool wagons, saddlers' chests, carpenters' chests, meat 
racks, 16-inch howitzer railway car mount, firing platforms, trench mortars, 8-inch 
howitzer limbers. United States Liberty motor cylinder forgings, and 3-inch, 
and 1.7-inch high e\-])losive shell forgings. 

The first contract which the Brill Company received for a 21-inch portable 
searchlight outfit, called for the development of a satisfactory limber for carrying 
the power plant, consisting of a gasoline engine and direct-connected generator 
of about 5-kilowatt capacity, and a caisson for carrying the elevating tower and 
searchlight, as those previously developed did not satisfactorily meet the require- 
ments. 

One of the largest Government contracts executed by this company was for 
some 2,400 six-horse battery wire reels and carts for the Ordnance Department. 
This is another type of equipment which had to be developed and tested out before 

427 



pioduclioii in quantity was stai-ted. These oiildts, in addition to caiiunf; tlic licit! 
telephone wire for use in communication between field halteri(>s, consisted of the 
field l)attery cominiinication, range finding, shot i)lotling, and lire control e(]uip- 
ments. This large contract, in particular, was responsible for the expansion of the 
company's plant in the erection of new buildings in which several thousand men 
were employed, and many new tools and equipment were purchased in (irder to 
properly execute it. 

Early in 1918 the plant of the Brill Company was busily engaged in practically 
100 per cent war material production, including large orders of cars and trucks 
for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, for transportation of employes to and from 
shipyards, and had contracts with practically every bureau of the \\ar Department. 
In fact, the company established an office in Washington which t'U)sely cooperated 
with the tJovernment in connection with the various details pertaining to these 
contracts. This greatly ex-pedited production and enabled the lirill Company to 
complete most of tlie contracts which it had made with the (lovernment for war 
material. Through this close cooperation witii the various departments of the 
service, as its facilities were so varied, the company was asked at various times 
to furnish minor items of equipment which were retjuired for quick deliv(>ry. 
These consisted of carpenters' chests and saddlers' ihests for the Ordnance 
Department, tent squares for the tops of tents for the Quartermaster's Depart- 
ment, sujiply wagons for searchlight troops, repair wagons for the Medical ('orps. 
tent slips, adaptors for 12-inch siiells, heavy tool wagons for Engineers, and 
numerous items of small parts of equipment. 

The executives of the J. (I. Brill Company during the war were: Sanniel M. 
Curwen, President; \\ . li. Heulings, Jr., First \ ice-1'residenl; J. W. Hawle, Second 
Mce-President ; Henry C. Esling, Secretary; Edward P. Rawle, Treasurer; Fred W. 
I^rill. Assistant Treasurer; and \^. B. l.iddill. (ieneral Manager. 

EDWARD C. Bf DD MWI I \CTrBINC, CO. 

The steel liclmcl, or "Doughbov's Irnn Lid" of World War lame, was one of 
the many articles of equipment designed for the American Expeditionary Force 
produced by the Edward G. liudd Manufacturing Cotnpatu. I'liihidrlpliia. Pa. 

In August, 1917, work was begun and the lirsl shipment made within a period 
of four weeks, during which lime the proper grade of sheet steel was purchased, 
and dies designed and built to press the sheets into the proper shapi' to lil over 
the head. 

The material used was a high grade manganese steel, which was received at 
the plant in squan> sheets 16 inches by 16 inches. l*]very sheet was inmiedialcl> 
subjected to a l)reakage test by impressing in one corner a small l)all-sliape(l {)uiich. 
II the metal broke under the punch the sheet was rejected, but if the sheet showed 
a sound cup-shaped depression, it was passed on to a double action |)rcss, in wliicfi 
the punch drew the flat sheet into the die and forniiil the liowl or helmet shape. 

The next step involved the triiiuniiig die, whirh ( iil lln' ritu to proper size 
and shape. A metal edging was then put around tlic rim to coNcr the raw (>dge of 
steel left by the previous trimming operation, and electric welded at the joint. 
The edging was then clinched securely to the helmet under a press. 

Holes were then pierced in the helmet to receive the rivets for holding the 

428 



lining as well as the loops on both sides to receive the chin straps. The loops were 
attached by riveting in a small punch press. After buffing the welded joint of the 
edging to make a smooth finish, the manufacturer's identification number was sten- 
ciled on, and every helmet submitted to the inspector for rigid examination. 

The United States Government maintained a corps of inspectors at the works 
who would pick out a certain number of helmets, approximately one in every 
fifty, for a ballistic test. This was accomplished by attaching the helmet to one 
end of a 10-foot pipe, 6 inches in diameter, in such a position as to receive a blow 
on its convex surface. At the other end of the pipe a 45 caliber army revolver was 
mounted. The bullets would make an indentation in the helmet of from '4 inch 
to 3^ inch deep without breaking the steel, and would often rebound the entire 
length of the lO-foot pipe to the revolver mounting. 

After passing inspection, the helmets were loaded on trucks, and deli\ered to 
the Ford Motor Car Company, Broad Street and Lehigh Avenue, Philadelphia, 
where they were painted, had the linings attached, and were packed for shipment. 

The Budd Company shipped a total of 1,160.829 helmets, and when the war 
operations ceased had orders on their books for approximately a million and a 
quarter more which was subsequently canceled. 

FOBD MOTOR COMPANY* 

From the triangular-shaped, ten-story Ford plant, at the corner of Broad 
Street and Lehigh Avenue, there was shipped every steel helmet sent abroad to 
the American forces. Every doughboy of the millions that helped to hurl back 
the German horde has reason to thank the Philadelpliia branch of the Ford Motor 
Company for whatever portion was allotted to him of the 2,719,600 steel hats 
that deflected many a death-dealing bullet and saved many an American life. 

In the experimental field also, the (,)uaker City plant did its share of the work. 
When the War Department endeavored to produce a fuither safeguard for our 
soldiers abroad, namely, the eye-guards, 35,622 were manufactured at Broad Street 
and Lehigh Avenue. A body armor that recalled bygone martial days, 10,000 suits 
of it were also assembled, enameled and shipped from the local plant of the P^ord 
Company. 

All of the foregoing does not take into account some .'581 Ford machine gun 
trucks that were thoroughly repaired, overhauled and shipped abroad to the 
American fighting forces. 

l\o Phofit to Accbuk 

111 considering the work clone by the Philadelphia branch on its various helmet 
and other contracts, the distinctive fact must be borne in mind that it was all 
accf)m|)lished under Ilem'y Ford's specific instructions that no profit was to accrue 
from any of the work performed. 

Before the Philadelphia Ford branch was approached by the Government 
officials as to its willingness to undertake helmet contracts, the lowest bid tendered 
by other concerns was thirty-one cents per helmet. 

Thf> ccmtract for the first million helmets was drawn with the understanding 
that the maximum price wmild be thirty-one cents per helmet, but that if the 
production cost proved less. \\w dill'erence would be refunded to the (iovernment. 

*Reprintc<l by permission of W iilium liradford Williams. 

429 



Completion of the 1.000.000 helmets showed the cost to he S.10:56 per 
hehnet. a saving of $.2064 per hehnet, or a total saving of over •'$197,000 on 9,j."),jl6 
helmets delivered on the first contract. 

During peace times and previous to America's <>ntry into the war. each 
day at the Philadelphia Ford branch saw the building of lops, bodies and llie paint- 
ing and upholstering operations for the assembling and shipment of 150 complete 
Ford automobiles. 

Among the Ford equipment at the plant was a liighl\ dcM'lopcd special depart- 
ment, where fenders and body stock received treatment that transformed them 
frf>m the raw steel units, such as indi\i(hial fenders and cnmplcted bodies, to 
the enameled and highly polished lltiislied products that enter into completed 
automobiles. In doing this work, among other etiuipment. a battels of the 
largest and most carefully constructed ovens in the Fast figured as most iiiiportanl. 

Plant Investig.\tion 

September. 1917. after an investigation of llie eniuiielini: e(|ui|iiiient in tliis 
s(>ction of the country, by several represi'nlali\ cs of the Ordnance Department, 
had produced no delinite results, the Philadelphia branch of the Ford Motor 
Company was visited and inspected by these same (Government ollicials. 

A (luick sur\e\ of the facilities there prornptK c<>n\iM<cd them lliat llie|)laiil"s 




Fiitisliiiuj Sleet llelmels at tlie hdrd I'laiil. 
430 



enameling equipment and general efficiency methods employed made it by far 
the most likely firm that could entirely fulfill their requirements. 

They accordingly requested the local F\ird Manager, Louis C. Block, to accept 
a contract for the enameling and sanding, the fitting and riveting of the headgear 
inside of the steel helmets. 

They stated their needs called for 7,200 helmets per day, a production, in 
their opinion, that would necessitate two working shifts a day. As a matter of 
history, as soon as production was started, the Ford staiT exceeded this produc- 
tion by a big margin and by working only one shift per day. 

As the armed forces of the country were increasing in excess of 7.200 per day, 
a production of 15,000 helmets per day was soon called for. This production 
was reached, notwithstanding that all such hehnet work was entirely new to this 
country. New methods and equipments had to be developed. 

Under the original specifications, the helmets were first painted, then sprinkled 
with sand and baked, after which they were finally repainted and baked again. 
The reason for this utilizing sand was to prevent the possil)ility of sheen on the 
helmets while worn by soldiers, thereby reducing visibility. 

After numerous experiments, it was suggested that sawdust be substituted 
for the sand, as this substance was not only much more elfective in producing 
the desired result, but when scraped from the helmet did not expose points of shin- 
ing metal. Subsequently, specifications were changed accordingly. 

The steel helmets were arranged in racks of ten, and during the entire operation 
of painting, sawdusting by a specially devised contrivance, repainting and baking, 
this series of ten units was maintained. 

The assembling of the headgear inside the helmet was the next step in their 
production. Owing to the lining requirements, the question of packing the units 
for overseas shipment developed into the greatest obstacle to rapid production. 

It was found that nine minutes were required to pack each box of twenty- 
five helmets. Experimentation again brought startling results. A compressed- 
air packing machine was devised and this same work was now performed in about 
thirty seconds. 

General Pershing was continuously calling fi>r more and more helmets. Offi- 
cers of the Ordnance Department consequently approached the Ford plant, asking 
if it were possible to still further increase production. 

When advised that production had now reached the stage where it was only 
a cjuestion of receiving the necessary material to reach almost any figure necessary, 
they promptly stated they would see to it that the materials were supplied. 

A steady stream of material permitted an increase to 10,000 helmets per day. 
At this stage the local plant, if called upon, could have reached a maximum pro- 
duction of 7.5.000 helmets per day. 

It was just about this time that the armistice was declared. The Ford Com- 
pany still had contracts for the completion of almost 2,000.000 more helmets. 
Notwithstanding this, they immediately informed the Ordnance Department that 
they were willing to release the Government from the contracts, which offer the 
Ordnance Department quickly accepted. 

While engaged on the helmet contracts, the War^Dejjartment. in December, 
1917, collected from all the National Guard regiments, mustered into the regular 
army, 384 Ford machine gun trucks. AH of these trucks were shipped to the local 

431 



plant of the Kord Company and were put into first-rlass condition as speedily as 
received and shipped abroad to the waiting tijiiitiuf: forces. 

r-]YE-fIuARDS AND BoDV \rM()H 

Mioiit this time the Hnjiineerinj; Bureau of the Irench warfare section of the 
Ordnance l)(>partrnent was engaged in experimental work on eye-guards and body 
armor. At the request of the official in charge of this work, a contract was aw arded 
the Ford plant to paint, assemble and pack for shi|)ment over IJ.l.OOO eye-guards. 
.">,()()() suits of front body armor and .'),()()0 suits of back body armor. 

Being work of purely an experimental nature, changes of specifications wer(> 
numerous, causing unforeseen delays. \ evert hi'less. the job was compicli-d In 
the entire satisfaction of the Kngineering Bureau. 

To summarize, the following was the ctrntribiitinn <>{' the Philadelphia I'cml 
plant towards the winning of the world conflict: 

Steel helmets, 2,719,600; eye-guards. I}.'). 622; besides ."i.OOO suits of front 
bo(K armor. .l.OOO suits of back body armor, 381 machine gun trucks repainnl. 

\Bn\M COX STOVF COMl'W^* 

At the time this country entered thi' war in \pril. I'' 1 7. the Abram Cox 
Stove Company was engaged in producing tli(> well-known Novelty lin(> of 
boilers, furnaces, ranges and stoves and Fortune gas ranges and gas water- 
heaters, the only product this Company had manufactured since it was estab- 
lished in 1817. 

The first war-time contract executed was (he su|)pl>ing of room-heaters to the 
various canltmments in the early fall of 1917. Similar heaters were used to heat 
the vai'ious catitniunent buildings and were used iu large nund)ers. They pro- 
vided ample, lieallhl'iil heal for the "bo\s." Ml goods ordered by the (iovernuuMit 
for this purpose were manufactured and shipped on the dates specifled. Shortly 
after suppK iiig the room-heaters to the cantomnents, the Company received orders 
for supplviug luruaces and ranges in the homes, iheii in course of construction 
by the Kmergency Fleet Corporation, and practicallv all of ihejic homes in this local- 
ity and the surrounding section are equipped with "Novelty" apparatus. \l the 
same time main hundreds of heating stoves were being shipped to various ship- 
yards, munitions and ordnance plants in various sections of the country, all de- 
liveries being made on the dates siiecified by the Ciovernment. 

Later, orders began to be received from various shipyards for castings for ship 
parts from anchor works; for chain dies castings to be used in ordnance buildings; 
parts for nautical instruments: ecpiipment for powder mills, and orders from oilier 
shipyards for torpedo-boat fittings. 

Various other manufacturers, having h(\»rd of Ihe exceilenl (|iialil> of Ihe 
Company's casting, sent orders for machinery to pumh ship plates, parts for niliale 
plants, castings to repair Government automobile trucks, ordnance machinery, 
airplane parts. In fact, practically every branch of war-work requiring gray iron 
castings was represented in the orders, 

*Reprinle(l l)y permission of William Bradford Williams 

432 



Many thousand airplane marker bombs were made for a large local concern, 
where they were maihined and furnished for army ordnance. 

An order for a different kind of work was for a number of ethyline tubes to be 
used by one of the arsenals for making "mustard gas. " These tubes weighed about 
1,400 pounds and were nearly 10 feet long, about 14 inches in diameter and 1 inch 
thick. In order that they would properly perform the work required of them it 
was necessary that the castings should be free from all flaws and defects. After 
carefully testing the iron used in the work, the arsenal officers awarded the Com- 
pany the order foi' these castings. In exai'tly one week after receipt of the 
order it had made pattern core boxes, neci^ssary flasks, and produced several 
castings of a piece that it was thought could not be produced in a very much 
longer time. 

Another line of war activity which was also brought to a finish before the 
completion of the signing of the armistice was the preparation to produce Newton- 
Stokes trench-mortar shells in large quantities. 

Much time and effort had been spent, and a very considerable amount of ex- 
pense incurred by this C.onipany, in devising and perfecting a method of producing 
these shells rapidly and accurately, and experiments proved the method a success, 
but the termination of the war rendered further work in this line unnecessary. 

The Abram Cox Stove Company also a,ssisted in jjroducing foodstuffs by 
supplying castings to several manufacturers of agricultural machinery. 

DAY cSi ZIMMERMANN, INC., ENGINEP^RS 

Condensed to few words, the war activities of this large Philadelphia engineer- 
ing organization included work for the Army, Navy, Shipping Board and for the 
Alien Property Custodian, as well as for industrial establishments in various lines 
of industry to enable them to meet the needs of war production. The work em- 
braced a wide range of engineering activity and was carried through at various 
points in the country. 

In quite another connection, this engineering organization contributed direct 
and material aid to war-time industry in the supply of electric power by the many 
public utility properties under Day & Zimmermann management, in some seven 
States. Besides, there was the supply of energy to Army camps. To this should 
be added the large part played by one of these electric generating systems, that of 
the Penn Central Light & Power Company, in the supply of power for Pennsyl- 
vania coal mining, the power generated by this system being responsible for the 
yearly output of about seven million tons of coal. 

Conservation of fuel in New England mills was another line of activity. 
Through the application of engineering betterments in textile plants, radical fuel 
savings were effected. In this particular work the interest of the Federal Fuel 
Administration was secured and favorable priorities obtained for industrial power 
plant apparatus. 

To increase powei- facilities at a time when these plants were hard pressed for 
additional capacity, this engineering organization carried through both expansion 
and development work at various points in public utility power plants. 

In their retained capacity by the War Depaitment, Day & Zimmermann, 
Inc., were the supervising engineers during the construction of the United States 

433 





I . ^- \rrii\ Siipjilv liiisr III I ,rirnirich I'aiiil. 

Army Sii|i|)ly liasc at Pliila(l('li)liia. sitiialfd on llio Delaware River at Greeiiwicb 
Point. 'I'liis port terminal (ieveioiniient, comprising tlie lar{,'esl piers in tlie port 
of Philadelphia, has warehouse storage capacity for 115,000 tons of cargo, or 
the equivalent of the contents of a freight train over fifly-five miles long. 

Along the wharves at the Army base, thi're can he accommo(lal(Hl at one time 
seventeen ocean freighters of the Hog Island type, to load or unload. Some id(>a 
of the scale of this project is gained from the extent of the ("lovernmeiit reserva- 
tion set apart at Greenwich Point during the construction period, a reservation 
roughly twelve city blocks wide by twenty blocks long, enclosing an area to walk 
around which took one a distance of seven miles. Furlhermore. it refjuircd (ifly 
acres of land on which temporarily to stoie the mass of conslruction malcrials. 

Three more examples of war-time construction «ill lie referred to, each 
of a difTerent character of engineering. The first, a forge and steel phnit on a large 
scale; the second, a shi|>building plant; and the third, a modern central station 
for an electric public utility. 

1. A few months aft(>r our entry into the war the V.v'w Forge and Slivl Company 
was awarded a contract for United States Navy gun foigings and destroyer shafts, 
and it was necessary to design and build a plant at Erie, Pa., to produce this ma- 
terial. Day & Zinnnermann. Inc., were engaged to cf)operate with the client's 
officers and chief engineer, and with the representatives of the Navy, in the design 
and supervision of construction including preparation of jjlans and specifications. 
It is noteworthy that work having been begun on November I. 1017, ihe first heat 
of steel was poured in the open-hearth plant on May 17. IOI!{, a <|uile remark- 
able conslruction record, especially in view of the exceptionally severe winter of 
1917-18. 



434 



The project comprises a complete forge and steel plant, including large open- 
hearth plant, forge shop, machine shop, heat treating building, large boiler plant 
and an electric sub-station. OfTice building, commissary, hospital, storehouses, 
police and employment building and tool rooms go to make up the complete phys- 
ical equipment of a large plant. 

2. The Baltimore Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, at the outset of 
the war, had two plants in Baltimore, Md., one an old ship repair yard with 
auxiliary shops, and the other a shipbuilding and repair plant at Locust Point, 
adjoining Fort McHenry. The latter yard had one dry dock and two ship- 
ways, but was not adapted to the construction of the large ships required by 
the Emergency Fleet Corporation at that time. It was, therefore, decided, in 
the spring of 1917, to erect a new shipbuilding plant for the production of the 
standardized cargo carriers up to 500 feet in length and 7()-foot lieam. 

This yard had four concrete shipways and an outfitting dock to accommodate 
four ships at a time, together with a complement of auxiliaiy shops. The site 
selected was a reclaimed marsh, with an area of some twenty-three acres, necessi- 
tating the use of piling under all walls, column footings and heavy machinery 
foundations. 

Day & Zimmermann, Inc., were engaged to develop a layout of the entire 
plant in conjunction with the shipyard's naval architect. The work by the engi- 
neers included also the checking of detailed plans and specifications for the steel 
work, the design of the very complex system of piping for compressed air, fire 
protection, cold water, salt water, etc., heating, storm water, drainage and 
sanitary sewage disposal systems, machinery layout, supervision of construction 
work, etc. 

In addition to shipways, outfitting dock, shipyard buildings of steel frame 
construction and the handling system, including traveling revolving tower-cranes, 
derricks, etc., there are included as a part of the layout a boiler plant of 1,000 horse- 
power capacity, an air compressor plant and an electric transformer substation. 

The project was designed and constructed in less than a year, the first ship 
having been launched on July I, 1918. 

3. After increasing its output at an extraordinary rate for several years, the 
Erie Lighting Company found itself confronted in 1917 with still greater demands 
for electric power from the expanding industries of Erie, Pa. 

An admirable water front site was secured, and Day & Zimmermann, Inc., 
were authorized to proceed with the greatest possible speed to design a 120,000- 
kilowatt plant that could be built in com])lete sections as required. Reliability 
of service was the first consideration in the design of the station, and the second 
was overall operating economy. The latest ideas of tested engineering practice 
were applied throughout. 

The first section of the power plant contains two turbo-generators, one of 
10,000 kilowatts and one of 7,500 kilowatts capacity. Each unit represents prac- 
tically a complete independent power plant in itself from coal bunkers to outgoing 
feeders, but cross connected at vital pf)ints with the adjoining main unit. The 
boiler plant contains large double-end boilers ecjuipped with automatic stokers 
and every modern device for economy of fuel burning. 

43.5 



The operating results at this Front Street plant of the Erie Lighting Company 
have been very gratifying, and have even exceeded the expectations of the engineers. 
The plant was actually put into operation in ten months from the time ground 
was broken. 

The above serves as some indication of the variety of demand for service 
made upon a large engineering organization during war time. 

HELLER & BRKxHTLY* 

When the United States entered the conflict, a problem of great magni- 
tude came up for solution. Our nation had depended upon foreign sources for its 
optical glass and material used in the fabrication of gun-sights, range finders, 
periscopes, panoramic sights, naval gun-sights, telescopes and otiier instruments 
n>quiring lenses and prisms of optical glass. The firms of Krupp of (lermany, 
Scliott & Cenossen and Skoda of Austria, practically controlled tlie mannfactino 
of optical glass, which meant that these glass factories were sulisidi/cd and iiad 
developed, under governmental supervision, to their highest efficiency. 

In the Ignited States no such state of affairs existed, the nearest approach 
being the department for this purpose at the Naval (inn Factory, Washington, 
D. C, and at Frankford Arsenal, Philadelpiiia. If there is one science where all 
tli(^ rules and principles of physics are applied, it is the science of gunnery. With- 
out tlicsc instruments of precision for computing range, vekx-ity, pressures and 
elements governing successful use of artillery, the status of artillery would have 
remained the same as in our Civil War. when sighting or range finding was an 
opeialion depending upon the unaided iuunan eye. 

It can readily be seen that the shot that hits is the one that counts. A large 
caliber projectile and propellant will cost from S500 to SI, 000 or more per shot. 
Tlie sighting mechanism of a large gun may cost from §2,000 to $3,000. Its value 
depends upon its accuracy and size. It must be of absolute perfection, nothing 
nuist be left to chance or taken for granted. 

When the fateful call came, "America to tlie Front," the firm of Heller & 
Brightly, for fifty years makers of optical, engineering, surveying and astronomical 
instruments, was in the first line of volunteers. 

Not only did this firm tender all the experience, technical and professional 
skill which it possessed to the Ordnance Department, as well as its factory and 
laboratory equipment, but it also sent a large number of skilled workmen to the 
Frankford Arsenal to aid in developing a stalT of ex|>erts there. 

Previous to our entry into the World War. Heller & Brightly supplied gun- 
sights for the British 1.7-inch gun which, by reason of taking care of the angle of 
drift or deviation to the right or left of the axis of fire, made for more accuracy 
in fire control of this well-known piece of ordnance. 

Perhaps the most important piece of work turned out by this lirm was the 
designing and making of graduated mirror and window devices for determining 
the range for anti-aircraft guns. 

In determining the ranges, four mirrors. 30 inches by 30 inches and 20 inches 
l)\ I.") iiuhes. are used, two on a horizontal plane at certain distances apart and two 
on a vertical plaMc These are graduated by engraved lines intersecting at right 

•Ht-priritcd l)y permission of William Bradford Williams. 

136 



angles making a series of squares. The relleetion of a range shot at an airplane 
into these mirrors by mathematical computation gives the range and elevation to 
be used. These are used in all high angle fnlng. Our Army experts have pro- 
nounced these superior to any that have come under their observation. 

The deviation of a hair's breadth in any graduation on an Army sighting 
instrument means a rejection. The system of leveling must be accurate, and this 
firm designed and perfected improvements along these lines. 

In order to make the mirrors used in the spotting devices, the surfaces are 
required to be absolutely flat and parallel. Only about seven plates out of 200 
examined fulfilled the severe requirements for accuracy. If the ground plate 
glass is not absolutely perfect, the reflected spot of the range shot wiU appear double. 

Apart from this highly important device. Heller & Brightly also produced pro- 
tractors and pocket extants; large bronze circles for testing gun-sight quadrants 
for ITnited States Army aviation; steel scales for aviation machines and centers 
and handles for United States Navy range finders. About 25,000 pieces were 
produced for the Government. 

Another testing instrument, designed by this firm, registered automatically 
the speed of a projectile in the bore of a gun to the l/5000th part of a second. 

JANNEY, STEINMETZ & CO. 

For twenty-five years the firm of Janney, Steinmetz & Co. has been largely 
identified with the production of drawn, pressed and formed shapes in seamless 
steel, specializing in gasoline tanks for automobiles and drawn cylinders lor trans- 
porting high-pressure gases and explosives. 

From a pre-war experience of furnishing special materials to the Rock Island 
and other arsenals and in the making of drawn steel war heads for Navy torpedoes, 
the firm early took its place in designing and developing the tools of warfare for 
the Ordnance and other branches of the national defense. 

The extensive use of motor trucks and tractors in the war called for designs of 
strong and sturdy shock-proof fuel tanks, and these were furnished of seamless 
drawn steel construction in large numbers for the front line automotive units and 
ammunition motor transport. 

Development of the trench warfare requirements of the Ordnance Department 
quickly determined a very large need for high-test seamless steel leakless con- 
tainers for the toxic gases. 

The whole problem was new and the need was urgent, for without shipping 
cylinders to transport the gases and the smaller portable attack containers for 
field service the poison gases being produced in ever-increasing volume could 
not be cariied against the enemy positions. 

Janney, Steinmetz & Co. discontinued peace-time production and tinned 
their entire capacity over to the needs of the Ordnance for seamless steel poison 
gas portable containers and appointed Samuel Hewes Mattson in charge of the 
procurement. Production was at its peak when the armistice was declared. 

Use of toxic gas in cylinders was one of the new features of modern warfare 
and gave broad opportunity for novel design and special secret features, inspired 
by a knowledge of the enemy's equipment through service reports. 

The Germans moved up their gas cylinders under cover of night to avoid 

4.'57 



aerial observation and to eseape drop-buinh attack, but their opeiations were 
frequently detected by the loud noise of the heavy steel cylinders l)anging together 
and clanking. 

It was necessary for our Ordnance Design Section to solve the problem of 
a cylinder for noiseless approach, and the question was linally answered by Mr. 
Steinrnetz, to whom U. S. patents were granted for noiseless cylinders. 

After the various combinations of poison gases were transported overseas in 
bulk, it later became necessary to distribute the contents in small portable field 
carriers, known as single-man containers, to permit the entire advancing line to 
deliver a gas attack at the favorable moment. 

These single units consisted of seamless steel tanklets. about 8 inches diameter 
b\ 1« inches long, and the total load, including the coutaiiicd liiiuid toxic gas, 
averaged about fifty pounds per man. 

The Jaimey-Steinmetz seamless steel air pressure tanks were used exten- 
sively in the Great War, as compressed air motor starters for various types of 
airplanes, and particularly for starting the motors of the large Navy seaplanes 
that patrolled the submarine infested waters of the North Sea and around the 
British coast. 

The fuin furnished large numbers of seamless drawn steel chambers for the 
explosive charges of the Navy depth mine that so elfectively put a stop to I he 
enemy's submarine activities and assisted in the design and production of similar 
units. 

A new grenade patented by the Company, as to details of liring mechanism, 
fulminate, fuse and bursting charge, was similar to the Mills-liritish but, instead 
of a cast iron or malleable body of limited fragmentation, the outer body shell was 
com|)osed of several layers of sharpened steel wire nails or dowels, greatly increasing 
the luunber of fragments. 

A barb wire shooter cutter was anotlur patent. This was a small crotch shape 
device In (lamp onto the bayonet to biing the stiands of barb wire into direcl line 
with the bullet's course, the tremendous .speed when lired cutting the stec^l wire and 
thus offering the Infantry a possible means of shooting their way through a Held 
(if wire entanglements. 

A soft nose Infantry bullet with solid steel core developed a new practice by 
giving belter penetration through alloy steel .sheets, helmets, light tank armor and 
aiiplane protection plates. 

In the late summer of 1918 there developed a shortage of link chain |)roduction 
in the 1 nited States which threatened to handicap certain branches of Govern- 
mental activities. 

A conference of the War Industries Board Chain Section was called in sessit)n 
with representatives of Ordnance, Kngineers, Navy Shipping Board, Bailroad 
Administration and other chain users, to consider a proposition submitted by .lan- 
ney. Steinrnetz and associates for the making of weldless chains in long lengths 
in link-forming rollers from cruciform hot steel bars. 

The need was urgent and the process then operating in certain Scotch and 
British plants was indorsed as of sufficient importance for investigation, and Mr. 
Steinrnetz was selected to go overseas to transplant the industry to America to 
meet the threatened shortage of link chains. 

13K 



While abroad Mr. Steinmetz was commissioned Major of Ordnance and was 
later assigned to the Ordnance Reserve. 

Duiing 1917 and 1918, Joseph A. Janney, Jr., was Ciiairman of the Industrial 
Section of Eastern Pennsylvania, under appointment by the Treasury Department, 
in the direction of the War Saving Stamp sales. 

S. Hewes Mattson, W. H. McCormick, Jr., N. W. Schlater, of Janney, Stein- 
metz and Company, also served as executives in war work. 

DAVID LUPTON'S SONS CO. 
Trench Mortars 

From ventilation apparatus to the production of trench mortars is the story 
of David Lupton's Sons Co., Allegheny Avenue and Tuhp Street. 

About the time that America entered the war the magazines were telling about 
a "depraved little gun" which was making a fair amount of trouble for the front 
line trenches of both sides, with small expense to the trouljle-makers. 

That gun was the trench mortar. Originally it was just a piece of 3-inch steel 
tube mounted in some crude fashion so that a specially made bomb could be dropped 
into its open mouth. A small detonating charge at the lower end of the bomb 
was exploded when the bomb struck the bottom of the tube, and propelled the 
bomb across "No Man's Land." One man could handle it — all he had to do was 
to drop the bombs into the tube, one by one. 

If 3-in(h bombs could be tossed so easily into the enemy's trenches, why not 




Ainiiiiiiiilion lioi. 
439 



larger ones? Wliy 1)p limited to costiy field pieces several miles behind the lines, 
with airplanes and observation stations and telephones necessary to tell the ^runners 
the range, if the ammunition could be ino\ed up by night to thefroni line henches 
and heaved across by contrivanci-s costing not one-tenth as muchP 

The Germans took all kinds of trouble to prepare three monster guns to drop 
93^-inch shells into Paris at a seventy-five mile range. Reduce the range to a half 
mile or less, and shells of equal size could be made witli much thinner walls and 
with explosives substituted for most of the steel. 

The destructive effect of such shells would be terrific, and the cost of throwing 
them very small. Why not place hundreds — even thousands — of these super- 
l)oinb-throwers in the trenches, and by u simultaneous attack make miles of the 
enemy's line immediately untenable? 

Such were the thoughts of odicers. The people, of course, heard nothing of 
them; but it was not long after w(> entered the war that plans for new trench 
mortars, more powerful than anything yet used, were brought here from I'lance and 
England, and a hunt made for concerns to manufacture them. 

There were two sizes of mortars. on(> of 6-inch bore, the other of 210 mm., or 
approximately 9/2 inches. The 6-in(h mortar was designed for niaximuni porla- 
bility. Portability indeed was essential for both, because they hat! to be moved 
quickly and secretly by small squads of men. It would not do to defend a trench 
simply for the equipment it contained, or to be obhged to abandon equipment 
costly or hard to replace because of a sudden attack. 

The 6-inch mortar, being intended for use in the largest numbers, consisted 
simply of a barrel with a hemispherical seat at one end. This end rested in a 
bowl socket in the base plate, and three stayrods with lurnbuckles tilled the raised 
nmzzle in any direction. 

The 240 mm. mortar, owing to its size and weight, was a more elaborate all'air. 
It consisted first of a sub-base of heavy timbers. On this was mounted the base 
proper, built up from steel plates and structural angles assend)le(l by riveting and 
oxyacetylene welding. On the base was a flat circular steel plate graduated into 
degrees, over which swiveled the framework or "racer" supporting the barrel. 
This allowed the "racer" to be aimed in any horizontal direction. 

Changes in range were provided for by tilting the barrel of the racer. For 
this purpose the barrel was mounted on trunnions, and a pair of g<>ars mounted on 
the barrel caused them to travel o\er stationary gear segments allaclied to the 
"racer." The effect was to elevate or depress the muzzle over the wide range of 
movement required. 

The following is a partial summary of contracts on the war program, all of 
which were outside of normal Lupton production. On normal production the 
company furnished large quantities of steel sash, doors and partitions for build- 
ings in the .\avy Yards, (Jovernmenl warehouses and hangars in Frame. 

Trench .Mort.\r Contracts 

Three hundred and twenty-seven complete units, 210 nun. tn^uh mortars 
(except barrels and carts for transportation). The I^upton contract included steel 
base and racer, firing mechanism, timber base and accessories. Sixty-live units 
210 mm. trench mortars, including the work described above; 546 units 210 mm. 
trench morteu-s, work as described above. Contract suspended after partial com- 

440 




liiivlin;/ Biisr liinf; mid Base Plulc. ?'iO mm. 
Trench Morlar. 



stability. 



pletion; 500 units 6-inch trench mor- 
tars, Mark No. 1 — Mortar, base and 
accessories furnished complete by Lu[)- 
ton's, except barrels. This contract 
was completed. One thousand live 
hundred and seventy-seven units 6- 
iiich trench mortars Mark No. 1. 
Ct)ntract partially completed. 

There were numerous improvements 
in design, particularly on the 210 mm. 
trench mortar. Chaufies were made as 
a result of firing test at Aberdeen on 
the French sample, and later develop- 
ments in testing the lirst production 
from the Lupton plant. Other changes 
were made to improve structural and 
manufacturing conditions, which in- 
cluded making the base ring and plate 
in one sohd rolled section, milled to 
proper dimensions. The absence of 
rivets reduced distortion and increased 
strength of base. Oil the 6-inch there 
were changes in the traversing guys and other improvements for greater 

Ship Accessories Contracts 

One hundred and ten complete uptakes and stacks for 7,500-ton ships 
constructed at Hog Island. The uptakes accommodate three boilers, and weigh 

appioximately 23,000 pounds each. 
The stacks weigh ajjproximately 10. 000 
pounds each. 

Seventy complete stacks and 
uptakes for 9,000-lon ships con- 
structed at Hog Island. The uptakes 
each accommodate six boilers and 
weigh 52,000 pounds each. The stacks 
weigh approximately 16,500 jjounds 
each. 

One hundred and ten water-tight 
(leek hatches, complete with fittings, for 
use on the one hundred and ten 7.500- 
ton ships which were contracted for at 
Hog Island. These hatches weigh ap- 
proximately 1,000 ]K)unds. Also, nine 
hundred and ninety water-tight doors 
and frames, with fittings for booby 
hatches and deck houses, for the same 
ships. These doors and frames weigh 
approximately 450 pounds each. 

441 




L pliihi- null linxr jiir /.fiOU IJ. 
/•'rfiijlil Carrier. 



Ton 



Two hiiiulred steel anti-aircraft ammunitiun boxes for use on the Eagle Ships 
constructed by the Ford Motor Co., Detroit. These boxes were made of 
heavy plate and angle construction and were approximately 2 feet wide, 4 feet 
long and 3i 9 feet deep. They weigh about 800 pounds each, and were galvanized 
after fabrication. 

Complete sets of cowls and ventilators for ten ships built by the Downey 
Shipbuilding Company, ten ships built by the Pensacola Shipbuilding Company 
and fifty ships built by the American International Shipbuilding Company. 

Forty water-tight steel doors for ten ships built by the Federal Shipbuilding 
Company. 

Besides the above, approximately 150 tons of steel shapes and plates were 
fabricated for the superstructures of the first lot of fifty ships built by the 
.'Vmerican International Steamship Company. 

THE W.\R .\CTlVnTES OF JOHN LUCAS & CO., INCORPORATED 

Paint and varnish, and their related products, as agencies for the prosecution 
of the war against the Central Powers, early assiuned importance as war materials, 
equaled only by steel. As a protective coating, paints, varnishes and enamels 
were on every article used by the Army and the Navy. From the most 
advanced outpost in the front battle line to the training camps and war material 
manufacturing plants at the rear, on battleship and transport, on subchaser and 
cargo bctat. paints and varnishes were as necessary to cllicient operation as per- 
sonnel, fuel and plant equipment. Without paint and varnish, motor trucks would 
not have been able to function, and aeroplanes would not have been able to lly. 
Shells, guns, every kind of ammunition, accoutrements and e(jui|)ments needed 
paint and varnish, always as a protective coating, but often as an essential to its 
proper functioning as war material. 

The art of camouflage, developed during the war, required paint and \arnish, 
and many special paints and shades were manufacttued to meet the demand 
for the protection of equipment, ships and men by this uni(]ue method of vision 
deception. 

The experience, skill and manufacturing capacity of .lolm Lucas & Comiiany, 
Incorporated, was early in the war requisitioned by the tiovernment, antl the 
demands made upon the Company for war supplies in the shape of paint, varnishes, 
enamels and dry colors sonn taxed the capacity of the plants so that a large jier- 
centage of the manufacturing facilities were devoted solely to the making of 
materials for war needs. 

When the war created a demand for men of experience to assist in guiding 
the business activities of the (jovernmenl, the services of the Vice-President 
and General Manager, Ernest T. Trigg, were given the Government. His most 
signal service diu'ing the war was as I\egional \(h isor of the War Industries Board 
for the Fourth Region. This duty involved important functions r<'laling to the 
mobilization of the manufacturing capacities of the IMiiladelphia Industrial District. 

Mr. Trigg also served as a meMd)er of the War Service ( '.onunittee of the Cham- 
ber of Commerce of the United States, and was often called into lonfcrence by 
the authorities in Washington as a technical adviser on paints and varnishes, and 
also in matters concerning the Philadelphia Industrial District. 

442 



Other members of the staff of the Company donated their services. 
J. W. Lucas, the President of the Company, served as chairman of important 
committees in connection with all of the Liberty Loan Drives. George Johannes, 
another member of the staff of the Company, devoted all of his time to work in the 
office of the Regional Advisor of the War Industries Board for the Fourth Region. 
E. W. Storey, the Factory Manager, acted as a member of the advisory committee 
which standardized the war paint requirements. 

From time to time, as occasion arose, many of the Company's other technical 
experts served in an advisory capacity to various boards and purchasing depart- 
ments and assisted in the preparation of specifications for paints, varnishes and 
enamels for peculiar war uses. 

In the laboratories of the factories much work was done to assist the War 
and the Navy Departments, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the Housing Cor- 
poration in developing and testing out formulae, making practical tests of mixtures 
prepared according to theoretic specifications, and aiding in the preparation of 
standard specifications and standard samples. This work in collaboration with 
other paint manufacturers finally resulted in the preparation of a set of standard 
paint specifications which governed the buying of paints and varnishes for the 
Government war needs in all its branches. Especially important was the 
cooperative work done in fixing upon standard colors for use in camouflage. 

When the war made it impossible to obtain many products essential to the 
paint industry, the technical departments of the Company concerned themselves 
with the development of products made from raw materials obtainable in the 
United States and thus not only aided war requirements, but also helped industry 
generally. This work related especially to dyes, chemicals and oils. 

In the handling of its labor in the interest of the war work, the Company 
successfully met most adverse conditions in keeping a factory organization in 
workable shape in the most congested war material producing district in the United 
States. 

Through the skill and resources of the management of the Company, the 
financing of all its war work was done without calling for Governmental aid in the 
way of advances of public funds. In meeting the needs for increased production 
the Company did not increase its building or machinery capacity, but met the 
increased production by a more intense use of existing facilities. In this it recog- 
nized the need of the Government for every possible facility for production of 
maciiinery and buildings in other war industries. 

As an aid to the war finances of the tiovernment, the Company and its em- 
ployes subscribed liberally to the various Liberty Loans, the War Chest Fund 
of the City of Philadelphia, the War Fund of the Red Cross and other Special 
War Service bodies. The Company aided employes in financing their payment 
for war purposes, where necessary. 

Employes and officers of the Company were represented in the Home De- 
fense League and the American Protective League, both of which rendered meri- 
torious service as auxiliaries to Governmental agencies in prosecuting the war, 
protecting property, especially war plants, and aiding in the ferreting out and 
suppression of persons not loyal to the American cause. 

The Government's demand for men to join the colors was met by the Com- 
pany in a spirit of hearty cooperation with the men who desired to enlist for service. 

443 



All siuh were given leave of absence, and the Company continued paying such 
sums, wlieie they had dependents, to equal with war pay their salaries, and also 
continued paying the premiums on tlie life insurance policies carried for them by 
the Company. Similar action was taken with regard to those who answered the 
country's call through the draft. Korty-five members of the 0)mpany staff an- 
swered the call to the colors, and of this number two paid the supreme sacrifice. 

During the entire war period the Company faithfully carried out its pohcy. 
adopted at the beginning of the war, to aid the (iovernment to the fullest e.xlent; 
to shirk no sacrifice in men, profits, material or service, and to support the (govern- 
ment's war activities. Its war record is regarded as a bright page in the history 
of the Company. 

FAYETTE R. PLUMB, INC.* 
Manuf.\ctl'rers of Trench Tools, Bold Knives, Etc. 

An instance showing the way in which Philadelphia factories made a (juick 
turn-over from a peace to a war basis is that of the plant of Fayette R. Plumb. 
Inc.. at Bridesburg. which firm, for over sixty years, had been manufacturing 
luunmers. hatchets, picks, sledges and axes. While all of these were required 
for the American Army, there were other articles of which the Government stood 
in more vital need. These the Plumb Company were able to manufacture by mak- 
ing certain cliaiigcs in their plant, and as the result of experience in the maiuifac- 
ture of certain trench tools, etc., fur llir \llicd gii\erinniMits. during llie period 
of I'll 1-17. 

W ilhin two months after the declaration of war by the liiited States, inlrcncli- 
ing pick mattocks and intrenching hand axes were shipjjed to mobilization points. 





llmul At. 



Enlreiiching Pick Malluck. yj^^^y 

iiulwithslanding the exacting requirements of the Coverinnent and the fact thai 
this concern had never previously made any of these particular items. Additional 
shipments followed rapidly and 1.200.000 were furnished by November, 1918. 

Mnely-live per cent of all the intrenching pick mattocks, hand axes, bolo 
knives and picket pins that were furnished during the war to the A. E. F. and to 
the men in training in this country were made by Fayette R. Plumb. Inc.. of 
Philadelphia. 

Previous to the war, the Covernment itself had i)een making bold knives, 

*Heprint«l by permission of VVilliani Bradford Williaius. 

444 



both for the artillery and the infantry. This knife had been evolved from the old 
Philippine bolo, and in France it proved to be not only a very handy camp and 
trench tool but also a very effective weapon of defense. During the summer of 
1917, the Plumb concern was ordered to make 20,000 bolos of the artillery model. 
While these were being manufactured, changes in design suggested themselves 
that would lower the manufacturing cost and speed up production. One of the 
principal defects of the old model bolo was the catch which was used for locking it 
in its scabbard. This catch was not only difficult to make but it proved very 
impractical in use, and it was later eliminated from the bolo itself and a spring was 
placed in the scabbard which solved the difficulty. This was called the 1917 bolo. 
All of these changes, suggested by the Plumb engineers, were worked out by the 
engineering staff of the Ordnance Department, which, making actual tests in the 
field, could decide in a few days whether or not the changes were practical. 

While the Plumb concern was furnishing bolos as fast as the (iovernment 
required them, the Ordnance Department was experiencing considerable difficulty 
in obtaining a satisfactory scabbard for them. ,\ bolo scabbard is a sheath fastened 
to the soldier's belt and made of wood and leather with a metal mouthpiece. The 
wood and leather parts of the scabbard could be easily obtained, but the metal 
mouthpiece had to be made with precision in order that the liolo would fit snugly 
and not rattle. The success of the Plumb concern in turning out in volume bolos 
made to close measurements resulted in orders for the metal mouthpieces, 121,000 
of which were furnished by Plumb before other manufacturers were ready to take 
over this work. 

Production of intrenching picks and camp axes had also been speeded up and 
the monthly production of these items in November, 1918, was 10,000 f)f the picks 
and 4.5,000 of the hand axes. This volume of tools was obtained with only a 70 
per cent increase in the working force, and of this increase approximately 50 per 
cent were women. Such work as drop forging, the drop hammers giving 1.500- 
pound blow, and working on a furnace with a heat of 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, 
are examples of the work that was done by women during the latter part of the war. 

Among other problems given to the Engineering Division of the Ordnance 
Department to solve was that of wire-cutters. It developed early in the war that 
when our troops advanced under cover of darkness and attempted to cut the 
German wires they had invariably to turn back and let the artillery open the way, 
as the wire-cutters with which they were equipped would either break or the edges 
would turn and dull. Samples of the German wire were obtained and found to con- 
tain an alloy which made it harder and tougher than any of the wire-cutters that the 
Allies used. A wire-cutter was developed over there in the field and sent to Amer- 
ica to be reproduced in quantity. Manufacturers who had been making wire-cutters 
rejected this new model as being too diffuMilt to produce from a commercial stand- 
point. Again the Ordnance Department turned to the Plumb Company and 
placed the proposition before them. It was accepted and complete wire-cutters 
exactly like the model were ready for shipment to France when the armistice came. 
From 1914 to 1918 the Plumb plants turned out considerably over 5,000,000 
different tools directly for the Allied governments, this quantity being over and 
above any of the articles which they regularly manufactured and which later found 
their way to the battle front of Europe. The following list shows not only the 
volume, but also the diversity of the items maufactured: 

445 



SUMMARY OF ORDERS 



191 1 — France. . . 
1915 — Franco 

Great Britain 

Serbia . . 

Russia 



1916— Belniiim 

Initetl States. 
1917— I'niled Stales 



191T-18— I nil.'.! Slat. 



ToT.\L. . 



60,000 trench tools 
2.600 trench tools 
l.iiOO engineer tools 
160.()()0 bayonets 
l.iO.dOO bayonets 
1.000.000 trench tools 
l.>0,000 bayonet-s 
2.000 trench tools 
l.029,7.'50 trench tools 
180,750 infantry equipnienl 
160,160 cavalry equipnienl 
20.000 artillery equipment 
188,150 infantry IkjIos 
200,000 wire cullers 
. 1,43.3,190 miscellaneous tools 



..338,900 



Till-: w AK \(ri\nii> oi .iacub rkkds s()\>, \\c. 

On April .), 1917. when it was known that a dorlaiation of war was a inatler 
of only a few hours, Irving L. Wilson, President of the (irni of Jacob Reed's Sons, 
calicd uiion the Army Dejiot (Jiiart(>rmaster, at the S<hii\lkill \isenal, to learn what 
lliis linii could manufacture which would be most needed to equip the Army. He 
mot Major H. J. Ilirsch of the Quartermaster's Corps, who was in charge of all 
piirchasiiif.' there, and was informed that uniforms were badly needed. .\ trial 
contract was then and there awarded the lirni, calling for 10,000 uniforms. 

From that time on until the armistice was signed, this firm was continuously 
engage*! in the manufacture of uniforms, overcoats and other ecpiipment for the 
Army. Dining this period, seventeen contracts were awarded, under which the 
following articles were delivered to the Government, viz.: 

389,655 blouses, olive drab, wool. 

3t0, I8:i pairs breeches, olive drab, wool. 

88.501 pairs trou.sers (long) olive drab, wool. 
128,876 overcoats. 

15,981 music pouches. 

The total contractual value of these articles amounted to .?1,2.jO,,'$:50.:5H. 
.\fter the signing of the armistice, cancelations were accej)ted by this firm of all 
articles contracted for which were not in process of manufacture at the time orders 
were received from the Government to suspend operations. These orders were 
received November 19, 1918. Five contracts were thus alfected, the total con- 
tractual value of cancelations being .$163.9.31.62. 

The production of the above-mentioned articles was not without its difii- 
culties and problems. Chief among these w as the procuring of labor and machinery. 
Many extensive additions and enlargements were necessary in manufactuiing 
facilities. .\t a great e.xpenditure of both ed'ort and money, seven large factories 
wen- organized, equipped and operated. Much of the e(]uipment could be obtained 
only through jiriority permits of the War Industries Hoard. The greater portion 
of the help had to be train(Hl, as they were not familial- w ith this class of work. It was 
even necessary to employ workers who had never operated any kind of machine 

446 



before. At times there was a scarcity of those materials suppHed by the Govern- 
ment, causing interruptions in manufacturing operations and increased costs of 
production. In the mean time, forty-two of our experienced and permanent male 
employes laid down their work with us, to answer the call to the colors. 

Notwithstanding these handicaps, our factories, at the time of the armistice 
signing, were producing an average of .3,283 garments per day, an<l employed 
673 hands. When the canceling orders came, there were in all our factories 116,871 
garments in course of manufacture, in varying stages of completion. These were 
flnished and delivered. The unused Government-owned materials had to be in- 
ventoried, packed up, and returned to the Government. All of the factories were 
closed up, dismantled and the equipment disposed of. All this was accomplished 
within three months from the date cancelation orders were received, and mai'ked 
the final chapter in the war-time activities of the corporation of Jacob Reed's Sons. 

SHOEMAKER & RUSCH 

A partnership consisting of Clayton F. Shoemaker and IMiers Rusch, whole- 
sale druggists and manufacturing pharmacists, was organized in its present form 
on April 13, 1892, and succeeded a series of firms which for thirty years had 
carried on a jobbing drug business. 

The buildings occupied during the war period at 511-515 Arch Street had a total 
floor space of about 47,000 square feet, but practically all of the war work was done 
within an area of about 8,000 square feet. 

The total number of employes never exceeded 130, exclusive of salesmen, 
teamsters and others whose duties were entirely outside the premises. Exclusive 
of the shipping and some of the packing, the war work was done by about forty 
employes. 

During the three years 1917-19 the money value of the shipments was 

War Department $97,462.39 

Navy Department 416,080.37 

Other Military and Naval Departments 89,242.39 

$602,785.15 

If the sales to the Civil Departments of the National Government and Na- 
tional Homes were added, the total would probably be $1,500,000. 

For many years the firm had furnished pharmaceutical supplies to the Army, 
Navy and Civil Departments of the Government and was familiar with their 
requirements. Orders during the war were greatly increased, especially those 
for medical supplies for the Navy. 

Much of the work was the repacking of goods in small containers suitable 
for transportation and distribution. This operation would appear to be very 
simple, but it required the assembling of a large variety of material, much of it 
secured after many difficulties and delays, the handling, weighing or measuring 
of portions to be filled into bottles or cans; corking, soldering, labeling and packing. 
Each article required special consideration; there were liquids, solids, dry powders, 
crystals, pastv masses, etc., to he filled into narrow mouth, wide mouth, or glass 
stoppered bottles of sizes from one ountc to one quart, also cans of various shapes 
and sizes, to be sealed or soldered. The variety of items and packages precluded 

447 



the use of machines, as few existed adapted to such purposes. Department 
organizations held together although the turn-over in the working force was as 
hif.'h as 60 per cent in a single month and of the special war workers even higher. 
Overtime three nights a week was the regular schedule. 

The money value of much of the material handled was not large but Ihr hulk 
was very great, and great skill was shown in arranging llie regular receipt and sliip- 
ment of goods so as to keep space available for actual work. 

For example, during the period stated 200,000 pounds of ointment bases, bi ii- 
zoinated lard, lanolin, etc.. were made, put up in one-pound cans, soldennl, labeled 
and packed. Klectric soldering irons were provided, and tinsniilhs and plundicrs 
were paid by the piece to work at hours convenient to them. This was later 
abandoned for specially devised soldering irons which could be worked satisfac- 
torily l)y unskilled labor. 

On the usual basis of one ounce issued on a prescription th(> above represents 
3,200,000 prescriptions. In a similar way many other staple articles were sujiplied, 
such as: Silver nitrate solution, soap liniment powder, castor oil. saiulalwudd 
oil, cod liver oil, cresol, guaiacol, boric acid. etc. The total of these items in I'M!! 
alone was over 80.000 packages of various kinds. 

The dilTerent operations were not intricate nor especially dilTicull fur Ihe 
laborers, but continuous supervision was necessary. Vdditional e(iiiipineiil of 
various kinds was ordered, some was installed but much could not bi" delixered. 
Actual mamifacturing was done by men and boys. Weighing, filling, corking 
and labeling by girls and women. Active, capable girls found more renumer- 
ative work elsewhere, but the pay ofl'ered attracted older women. th(> wdrk being 
suite<l to their abilities. 

Considering the space available, and labor and working conditions, this small 
organization made a very considerable contribution to the (Ireat l\atif)nal IllVort. 
and. to its credit, not a shipment was rejected. 

From the organization as a whole, eleven out of sixty-five male euiplci\es 
entered the service. One of these men, (!ran\ille T. Talem. died in camp. 

Mxeuijjtion was requested for l)ul one man. the assistant foreman in llie lab- 
oratory. 

Women and girls were employed to fill the places of the men. but were re- 
placed as soon as possible, as lliey were not physically ecpial to the work. 

The men and women who continued with the firm throughout Ihe war all 
subscribed to bonds to the limit of their means, and in addition to their daily 
work served on Draft Boards and engaged in various patriotic activities. 

Thost> in charge of the work included: Henry Paul Busch, tieorge E. Spanglcr, 
.lohn Devitt. Henry B. Williams, (leorge Smyrl. 

The changes of the war periwl showed little permanent iiillueu<'e on Ihe or- 
ganization, which quickly resumed its regular activities as soon as it*; war contracts 
were completed. 

SMITH. KT.IM: & FBFNCll C.OMI'WV 

The activities of any American business house in the great World War natu- 
rally fall into two classifications, the war work doni- b> the concern ilself, and the 
indiv idual efforts of the various men and women in its employ. 

Under both these classifications Smith, Kline & French (.onipany, wholesale 

44K 



druggists and manufacturing pharmacists, can justly point with pride to its war 
record. One of the largest houses of its kind in the United States, it devoted 
much of its energy to Government work, and was able to ship thousands upon thou- 
sands of pounds of medical supplies to the various Army and Navy depots through- 
out the country. 

Some of the chief items of the company's manufacture were lanum, extract of 
licorice, aiid, chief of all, aromatic spirits of ammonia. Of the latter, the company 
shipped almost one million bottles, one of the largest amounts supplied by any 
house in the country. Many shipments of drugs and similar supplies were also 
made to the American Red Cross in F'rance and Italy. From president to office 
boy the whole force threw themselves heart and soul into this governmental work, 
and all that was necessary to increase production and quicken spirits was to pass 
the word along, "It is a war order!" 

As a firm, Smith, Kline & French did this splendid service, and the record of 
its employes as individuals does not suffer by comparison. No less than fifty-six 
enterefi the service of their country in the Army or Navy, and of these two were 
wounded, and two others, Nathan Shute and Tunothy Haw, met their death. 

Those who still carried on in civil life did their full part to back their comrades 
in the service, and this desire to do their bit was responsible for a rather unique 
organization, "The Soldiers Club." This was founded by one of the employes, 
who was himself a veteran of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, and 
who therefore knew the needs of the fighting man. The club kept in constant 
touch with those who had left in response to the call to arms, and made them feel 
that their one-time comrades were backing them to the limit. 

Thousands of newspapers, magazines and books were mailed to the men at 
the front and in the camps at home, and throughout the year gift-packages, 
"smokes," and the candy, so loved by the American soldier, were constantly for- 
warded. A regular secretary was also appointed to keep up a constant correspon- 
dence with the company's service men. 

The final work of the Soldiers Club was the erecting of a bronze tablet, " In 
Honor of Our Associates Who Left Their Daily Tasks and Entered the Naval or Mili- 
tary Service of the United Slates in the World War." This tablet is now placed by 
the 5th Street entrance of the company's general offices. 

The company and its employes did their full part in the Liberty Loan 
campaign, the War Chest drive, the Victory Loan and the Salvation Army drive. 
Many patriotic meetings were held, sometimes with outside speakers and sometimes 
led by the officers of the company themselves, for these latter were always behind 
every patriotic drive with a 100 per cent Americanism, and gave of their time and 
money to the utmost. 

SUMMERILL TUBING COMPANY 
By S. L. Gabel 

The Summerill Tubing Company was started in a very small way in Phila- 
delphia in 1899. The only space needed for machinery was one room about 20 
by 30 feet on the third floor of a building on North Broad Street. 

As a partnership the business made substantial progress as a redrawing mill. 
It made a specialty of precision tubing in steel, and its reputation as a manufacturer 

449 



in this field brought to it much business in other metals — brass, copper, alumi- 
num, nickel-silver, etc. 

In 1910, the company was incorporated, and its business moved to Bridgeport, 
jNIontgomerj- County, Pa., where a suitable site had been obtained. This move 
brought about rapid development. Much additional machinery' was immediately 
installed and new lines of business in the regular commercial field wne entered 
upon. 

In l')12, the company started to make tubing for the Remington Arms Com- 
pany, and through this connection it was prepared to swing right into heavy 
production when the war broke out in lOli. 

In 1916, an additional building was erected which more than doubled the draw- 
ing capacity in what is known as \ho Small Tui)o Department. Tliis is tlie line in 
which the company made its reputation. Tubing is made in various shapes and 
in various walls. It can be made so tliin that it must be packed in boxes for 
shipment to customers, yet it has pliysical (jualities that to the layman simmu 
impossible of attainment. 

At a meeting in Washington, November 5, 1917, called by Government officials, 
tubing manufacturers were told of the nniuirements in seamless tubing for 1918. 
These figures were far beyond the capacity of tlie mills as tlien ei]uippe(i. 1'lie 
shortage was particularly serious in the "small tube" capacity, tlic line in wliii li 
this company is engaged. 

The president and vice-president of the company were both at this meeting, 
and they were urged to take immediate steps to increase their output and not wail 
for (lovernment a.ssistance. On the return from Wasliington tliat day tentative 
plans were made, and on November lOtli. five days after the meeting, ground was 
broken for an additional unit. 

Applications for priority certificates were sent in to the fiovernment, and at 
the same time oilicials of the company traveled to ditrerenl places to make per- 
sonal pleas for haste. As a result some of the machines were dehvered before the 
priorities came through from the Covernment. 

To start on their schedule of e(iuipinent of this unit, one draw-bench was 
started about 5 p.m., December 31st. It may be recalled by our readers that the 
winter of 1917-18 was one of the most severe in the memory of our oldest citizens. 
This severe weather was a serious handicap. Ctmcrete mixers sometimes nearly 
froze up and men at times were unable to work more than twenty or thirty 
minutes. Fires were built in places around the new building to provide relief. The 
contractor in charge and all his force deserve great credit for their cooperation. 

The new unit was completed and in full operation on February 1, 1918. 
From that time on until December 1, 1918, a period of ten months, the company 
furnished to the Iniled States (iovernment 3.;{.V?,:582 feet of light gauge tubing. 
The reader cannot well realize what 1. ()()(), 000 feet of tul)ing means. It means 200 
miles, half the distance between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. 

The quantity above does not tell the extent of the company's work. Most 
of it was drawn to a variation of two one-thousandths of an inch. This accuracy 
was necessary, inasmuch as the tubing was used in connection with inter- 
changeable parts of rifles and thereby eliminated machining. Much of this was 
used for magazines on rifles and bombs that were dropped from aeroplanes. In one 
month alone the out))ut was 128.329 feet, most of this on the so-called smoke bombs. 



This accuracy ctmld be only attained by a skilled force of men. expert in this 
line of tube drawing. These same skilled men. besides speeding up production, 
had to train green hands to man the additional machines. 

The output of this company would mean more to the reader if it is recorded 
that it delivered to the (iovernment in ten months of 1918, when its entire plant 
was in operation, 665 miles of tubing. 

Reference was made early in this article to smoke bombs. They were drojjped 
from the aeroplanes, and big orders were allocated to this company, and the orders 
carried with them high priorities. The contractor who made these bombs for the 
Government asked for delivery of so many thousand feet of this tubing per week. 
Notwithstanding the fact that the company was up to its capacity, it speeded up 
production in this department and the first week of November it furnished 20 per 
cent more tubing on this contract than was asked for by the contractor, so that 
there would be no delay in delivery. The contractor, located in Brooklyn, sent 
over his own trucks and on one of these trips took 45,000 feet of tubing on one truck. 

The company was fortunate in having at the beginning of the war a good 
working organization of trained men. It encouraged enlistments by oU'ering to its 
men payment of their full wages while in the Army. This enabled some to respond 
at once, and the company carried out its promise to them. Otherwise its working 
organization was maintained and perfected continually. While 150 men was 
the regidar complement, 100 were added and trained in with the crew, so that two 
shifts were operating at full capacity most of the time. 

The company is also to be given credit for its foresight in the war in providing 
a large stock of raw material. Notwithstanding the great increase in manufac- 
turing capacity, it was able at all times to deliver the kind of material that was 
asked for by the Government. 

J. S. THORN COMPANY 

J. S. Thorn Company, before the war. was engaged in the manufacture of 
fireproof doors and windows, steel sashes and architectural sheet metal work, the 
equipment consisting of light and heavy power presses, punches, shears, forming 
and bending presses, rolls, flanging and seaming machines, and a complete machine 
shop e(]uipment for the manufacture of stamping and forming dies, special tools, 
jigs and templates. 

Upon America's entrance into the World War, the firm found that nearly 
all its equipment was adapted to produce war material of some kind, so that after 
the war was under way, it practically turned its entire works at the request of the 
Government, into the production of war material. The following is a list of the 
principal articles manufactured for Government use: 

For the cantonment at Wrightstown, N. J.: Smoke stacks, floor plates, 
ventilators, etc. This was a large proposition, amounting to many tons of material, 
and was completed in the extremely short time of fifteen days. 

For the Cramp Ship and Engine Building Company — For vessels and de- 
stroyers: Thousands of forged straps for hulls of destroyers Nos. 450, 452, 45.3, 
454 and 455; and 1,500 fireproof doors for vessels, together with hardware; 100 
special vegetable lockers for use on shipboard, with hardware for same; 100 plate- 
iron ammunition boxes for carrying large size shells on shipboard. 

451 



For the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, N. J.: All the corrugated 
iron covering on their destroyer ways was furnished and erected. 

For the Sun Shipbuilding Company, Chester, Pa.: Fireproof doors and 
skylights. 

For the Merchant Sliipbuilding Corporation, Bristol. Pa.: 600 radiator 
shields. 

For the American International Shipbuilding Company: All the structural 
and plate-iron work entering the lamp and paint rooms and carpenter shop, for 
sixty ships: also the plate-iron conduits with covering for the electric light wires 
for sixty ships. 

For the Commissary Department: 8.000 soup kettles, coffee kettles, frying 
pans, water jackets and kettle lids. These were all large in size. 

For the Navy Department, League Island Yard: 2,700 sets of plate baskets, 
cup baskets and bowl baskets, used in dish-washing machines on .shipboard. 

Navy Department: A large number of Tlierinofan Casings and linjiellers, 
used in the ventilating system on shipboard, and V)b pole props for gun carriages. 

For the Quartermaster Department. United States Marine Corps: 500 sets 
of tin cooking boilers. 

For Schuylkill Arsenal: 100.000 lent pole plates; 1.000 tent pt>le sleeves. 

For Frankford Arsenal: All the roofing, sheet metal work, fireproof doors and 
windows for six buildings, and erected same, and 2.000 sheet metal packing boxes. 

For Navy Yard Storehouse at Newport News. \a.: Fireproof doors. 

For Philadelphia Warehouses at 22d Street and Oregon Avenue: 231 large 
fireproof doors, twelve feet high by ten feet wide. 

For Yorktown, \ a: Gas plant and all the corrugated iron roofing and siding 
and metal work for three heater houses and one boiler room, and erected same. 

For the \Vest \'irginia Pulp i*i: Pajier Company: Provided and erected all the 
corrugated iron roofing and siding, fireproof windows and doors for its new chemical 
plants at Tyrone, Pa., and Mechanicville, N. Y. 

For a Coverntnent Building at Fort Monroe, Virginia: All corrugated iron 
work and steel sasli and fire doors, and erecting same. 

For Several Government Buildings at Washington, D. C: All corrugated iron 
work and the steel sash and fire doors, and erecting same. 

JOHN WOOD MWIFACTURING COMPW^ 
H. Lee Koenig, .\ssistant Manager 

Chief among munition plants in efficiency, and one which merited the com- 
mendation of the War Department on many occasions, was the John Wood Manu- 
facturing Company of Conshohocken. Pa. 

This plant, their peace-time operation being the manufacture of range boilers 
and tanks, successfully completed contracts aggregating •? L.'SOO.OOO. consisting of 
steel powder cases for the 8-inch, 10-incli. 12-inch, 1 1-inch and 16-inch guns, both 
for our seacoast defense and for our mobile artillery. 

To provide steel containers for powder charges for our large seacoast guns 
at all forts alr<'ady established along our coasts, and in our insular possessions, it 
was necessary very early in 1917 to make a contract with sonic |)lant engaged in 
somewhat similar manufacture. 

452 



Therefore, early in April, 1917, as the John Wood Manufacturing Company of 
Conshohocken, Pa., had offered (heir plant to the (iovernment some time previously, 
it was decided, after a tiiorou^di in\('stifiatioii of the held had heen made, to place 
a contract with this firm for approximately ."J^.OOO steel jjowder containers, ranging 
in size from 10 inches in diameter to approximately 4 feet long, I8J2 inches in 
diameter to 9 feet long, equipped with a quick-closing device, cover and gasket so 
formed as to provide an absolutely air-tight receptacle. 

The contract called for steel powder containers for the 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, 
14-inch and 16-inch seacoast defense guns, and these cases form a container for 
the powder charges of these guns until such time as they are rolled from the maga- 
zine, opened, and the charge drawn for use. 

Every fort in the country on all tlu-ee coasts, and in our possessions, were 
shipped a full complement of these cases in sizes corresponding to their armament 
until sufficient storage capacity for our powder at various points was secured to 
provide for any emergency. 

The regular business of the John Wood Manufacturing Company, prior to the 
war, comprised the manufacture of galvanized range boilers, pressure tanks of all 
descriptions up to 5,000 gallons, and in pressure to 500 pounds, either black or 
galvanized, also a large number of special welded shapes. Their former peace- 
time production was about 1,000 boilers per day. The company had been very 
successful in their peace-time business and were foremost among the manufactm'ers 
of this country engaged in the same Une. 

The company realized that it was up to them to help out In the great emer- 
gency, and they felt that there was some paiticular line of manufacture that would 
best suit their own shop. Therefore, when it was found by the Government that 
the facilities for the proper storage of the gun charges were inadequate for the 
emergency, this plant decided that to provide the necessary facilities for this pur- 
pose was not only their desire but also their patriotic duty. 

It was a big task to tiu-n over the working personnel and the plant from its 
peace-time line to the quick action activity of a war plant engaged on tremendous 
production, and much energy and time were devoted to the consummation of just 
such a feat. 

The active heads of the organization were Victor Mauck, Chairman of the 
Board, H. S. Mauck, Vice-President, and Frank Sutcliffe, President, men 
who had made a success for many years in range boiler manufacture, and 
who were well equipped, mentally and financially, for the task at hand. These 
executives at once realized that a reorganization of their methods, their labor and 
the plant equipment was absolutely necessary if they were to produce in such 
quantities as the urgency of the case demanded. 

Acting on this realization, new machinery was at once installed, and a sys- 
tematic eflbrt was made in each department to educate the plant labor up to a 
full realization of just what was demanded, in order to produce under the extremely 
"high pressure" everything that was recjuired. In this, the men responded to the 
fullest extent, so that the production of steel cartridge cases gradually increased 
from an initial production of 500 cases at the beginning of the contract, to over 
70,000 per month, all within a period of approximately a yeai- and a half. 

The Government placed as their representative in the plant in charge of pro- 
duction and inspection, an ordnance officer, Captain H. Lee Koenig, of Birmingham, 

453 



Ala., wliu I'oi' iiiariN Noais had been connoctcd wilti llic Uiiitod States Steel Cor- 
pftratiuii in tlicii- l^iislcy plants. A force of thirl \ inspcctor.s was ijuickiy organized, 
and every possible method for the im r<-a>e of production was tried out. 

The working hours of the plant were clianged until all available hours in the 
week were occupied. Three eight-hour shifts, seven days a week, were at once 
inaugurated, and the plant employes increased in number until over three times 
the normal force were employed. The loyal response from the various labor organi- 
zations in the plant was such that inunediate success was at once assured. 

The Engineering Department of the plant did remarkable work, not only in 
designing new machinery to expedite their own manufacture, but also in placing 
the service of theii' designers at the (lispt)sal of the (iovernment. 

President Sutcliife spent a great deal of his time in \\ashington, conferring 
with the Ordnance Department engineers on the design of niclal powder conlaiiiers 
best suited to the Government requirements. 

\ ictor Mauck. the chairman of tlie l)oard. well known as one of llie indus- 
trial engineers of the district, worked out in his own plant nian> of llie designs 
for powder containers that were finally adopted by the (loNcrnmenl. 

So eflicient was the service rendered along (his line, thai this coinpaiu was 
able to change llie original design toone whith was not onl> a betlei- nianul'acluting 
possibility, but which functioned much more elliciently in the service for which it 
was intended. 

This concern can well point with pride to its war record as attested by War 
Depart ment liles, and the rapidit> witii which the plant was turned to the ser'\ ice 
of the cf)untrv is a witness to the loyalty and ability of its entire organization. 




Pbolo Ijy H. Parker Kolte 



Boring 240 mm. Howitzer lube, at the Tacony Ordnance Co. 
454 



OTHER PRODUCTION 



The Tacony Steel Company, before the war, manufactured side rods and 
propeller shaftings for railroads and shipyards. Fiom this organization, the 
Tacony Ordnance Company was formed and, as an agent for the Government, 
constructed a steel plant, covering twenty-five acres, adjoining its original plant. 
May 15, 1918, seven months after construction began, the buildings, costing 
$3,000,000, were complete and ready for operation. One month later, the first 
carload of gun forgings was shipped. By December, 1918, seventy-five forgings 
for the 155-miUimeter guns and thirty-four forgings for the 240-millinieter howitzer 
had been made. 



to 1914. 

had been 

Enfields 



The a. H. Fox Gun Company' manufactured shotguns previous 
In 1915, it made Mauser rifle barrels for the Serbian Army, which, earlier, 
supplied by Germany. Later, the Serbians were armed with English 
and then the firm made over 100,000 
magazines for Russian rifles, before 
the Russian war effort collapsed. It 
then received American contracts for .^—^^tm 

parts for Colt automatic pistols and ^ .^■^^■flM mL-^-^ 
was prepared to produce 2,500 sets per 
day when the armistice was signed. 
By that date the fiiin had also reached 
a daily production of 500 Very signal 
pistols. 

The Taylor- Wharton Iron and 
Steel Company, successors to a firm 
that dated back to 1742, executed 
contracts for the AUies and received 
from the American Government orders 
for over a million forgings for 155-milli- 
meter shrapnel, 6-inch high explosive 
shells and 9.2-inch shells. Half of the 
requirements had been met when the 
orders were canceled, following the 

termination of the war. Taylnr-Wl^non iron ar,d steel Co 

Four-inch jiirkel, fnmi biUell to Jinished gun. 

The Hale andKilburn Company 
made all-steel reconnaissance and machine gun truck bodies. The truck equip- 
ment, complete, contained seating space for sixteen men with compartments 
for machine guns and field instruments, with rifle racks and entrenching tool 
equipment. This Company also produced bodies for 60,000 Mark II drop bombs 
and 50,000 Mark III drop bombs for use in air raids. It also did experimental 
work on helmets. 

The E. I. duPont de Nemours Company is one of the best known manu- 
facturers of explosives in the world. In 1914, the Carneys Point, N. J., 
plant produced 12,000 pounds per day. This amount was increased to 900,000 
pounds. 

455 




The Carneys Point plant and the one at Deepwater. now used for niakinp 
dyes, comprised over 3,300 acres and nearly a tliousand buildings. T\vent\-ti\(' 
thousand men and women were employed to accommodate whom an industrial 
town was l)uilt. Forty different kinds of powder wimc made at ('.arne>s Point 
to meet Allied specifications and the American orders more than douliled thai 
number. The smaller kinds of powder ran to about 12,000 pieces to the pound, 
each piece a minute cyhnder containing from one to seven longitudinal perforations. 

The Hercv i.ks Powder C.ompany had plants in Philadelphia and in lour 
other Ordnance Districts. This company supplied smoki'less |)owder, T. N. !'.. 
nitrate of ammonia, and black powder, and it developed from kelp a suflicienl 
amount of potash to meet the natioiuil black powder nHpiiremenls. At the 
maxinuim of production, this company produced 2 !."),()()() [lountls of smokeless 
powder and 280,000 pounds of T. IN'.T. per da>. It also developed a new pyro 
powder for the Army pistol, an improved stitched powder tube to contain the pro- 
pelling charge for the Stokes trench motors, and a smokeless ignition powder 
to replace black powder as a priming charge for large caliber rifles. 

The Midv.\le Steel and Ordnance Company, for over thirty-fi\e years 
has worked on Ciovernment contracts at its !\icetown plant. In October. 1')!.^, 
it began work for the British, Canadian and Krencli govermnents. providing 
shells, howitzers, and steel for bayonets, rifle barn'ls, etc. I^ater it made steel 
for American small arms and furnished more than 1,'),000 gross tons for war auto- 
mobiles and motor trucks. It also forged and finished P)l 8-inch howitzers l)y 
the end of 1918, and forged guns of the largest caliber, which were linished later 
at the Watervliet Arsenal. 

The total steel output of this plant between April b. P'lT. and Novcriilici 1 i, 
1918. was over 300.000,000 pounds. For the entire i)eriod of the war il eiuplosed 
11,500 persons, an increase from 3,300. the number which il employed before the 
war. 

At its Coatesville, Pa,, plant, the Midvale Company had a contract 
foi- 110,000 shells of 8-inch caliber and 250,000 shells of 155-millimeter 
caliber. To meet this contract, it obtained some of the shells from its subsidiary, 
the Cambria Steel Company, at Johnstown, Pa. lietween Octobei-. 1915. 
and December 31, 1918, the Coatesville plant shipped 853,000 gross tons of 
steel plates. It also made for the Navy, caps for about 15,000 12-inch shells, 
20,000 ll-inch shells and 11.000 16-inch shells, lis labor force of 2,500 was 
doubled in order to carry on the work. 

The Niles-Bement-Pond Company was assoiiatcd with .Mid\ulc in liie 
manufacture of 16-inch howitzers, sixty-two of which were ordered to be finished 
within twenty-one months after the order was given in .luly. 1918. No tools 
to machine the forgings were available, and the Niles-Bement-Pond Company 
agreed to furnish engineers, make designs for the tools — which would cost 
$100,000 apiece — to locate the necessary plants for lluir maiujfacture and to 
take no profit. This was the first time that an attempt was made to fabricate 
major machine tools in more than one place and to assemble them. The signing 
of the armistice altered the arrangements but Ihei-e was every indication of com- 
plete success had they been carried out. 

456 



ACTIVITIES OF THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY OF 
PENNSYLVANIA IN THE PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT 

By p. L. Schauble 

Before America's entry into the war, the teleplione service in this country was 
taken for granted. The service was of a cjuality unknown in other countries. 
FaciUties were such that, almost regardless of location, an application for service 
was met with a prompt installation. Those outside of the business gave no 
thought to the foresight, engineering and study necessaiy to a maintenance of 
this "readiness-to-serve" poUcy. When it is understood that every telephone 
must have direct connection by a pair of wires to a central office, a better idea 
may be had of what this pohcy of always keeping ahead of the demand involved. 

Development studies, as they ai'e called, were projected for every exchange of 
appreciable size. These may be well explained by a specific illustration. The city 
of Chester, south of Philadelphia, had, prior to the war, enjoyed a certain normal 
growth. Studies based on this growth and the business activities of Chester showed 
that certain telephone plants within the city and certain toll line facilities to outside 
points were necessai-y at fixed periods, in order that expected growth might be met, 
and also that a reserve might be available at all times to meet the unexpected. 

With the beginning of the wai', a condition absolutely unforeseen and which, 
by no rule of thumb, could have been foretold, caused such a rapid development 
that all fundamental plans were entirely upset. Chester became one of the most 
important centers in the State for shipbuilding and for the manufacture of wai' 
materials. The telephone traffic and the demand for service became so great that 
not only were reserve facifities entirely used up, but the tremendous increase in 
toll service made the existing toll lines entirely inadequate. Under the circum- 
stances it was necessary to rush the building of additional plants within Chester, 
and also to string circuits wholesale for toll service. 

No commercial organization could be prepared for what happened in 1917 
and 1918. True, during 1914, 1915 and 1916, due to war work for the Allies, 
there had been an unprecedented demand for telephone service. But because our 
country had not yet entered the conflict, and om- Government had taken no hand 
in production control, the Telephone Company was able to get the necessary 
materials to keep safely ahead of the demands. 

With America's entry into the war a new condition arose. Now it was a case 
of "win the war." An army is absolutely dependent on its communication facili- 
ties. Immediately there was a demand for men and material for telephone and 
telegraph service in France. The demand for war materials caused an embargo 
to be placed on many of the elements that go into the construction of telephone 
plant. Worse still, freight embargoes made it almost impossible to move sup- 
plies. As a result, the normal growth of the plant ceased. Fortunate indeed 
was this country that its telephone plant was so constructed that there was a 
large amount of reserve plant ready in place. 

Practically every plant in and around Philadelphia began to demand additional 
service. New plants were opened and switchboards had to be provided to give 
them adequate service. As the spare facifities became more and more nearly 
exhausted, it became necessary to question all demands for service, to be certain 

457 



that only .such telephones were installed as were actually necessary in the w iiininf^ 
of the war. This caused some unavoidable inconvenience and ciiticisni. 

All Government toll calls, including all departments and ofTicials, were given 
precedence over commercial business, the giving of this special service requiring 
extraordinary action on the part of the telephone officials e\cr> where, which 
included the special drilling of some 12,000 long-distance operators all over the 
country. 

Rush In.stai.i.ations 

To attempt, in ihc space allotted hcie, to cover the "rush"' jobs lur new i)iants 
which were opened for Ihc manufacture of war materials wdiilil be imf)ossible. 
I'ractically every established factory in the cil\ «as (Migaged in some form of war 
work, and nearly every one of them demanded additional ti'lephone facilities Add 
to this situation the new factories and their demands for complete new telephone 
systems, and some idea of the situation confronling Ihc company may be had. 

The result was a scouring of the entire teriitory for every bil of ('(iiiipment 
which was not of immediate use in the place where it was located. Switchboard 
('(luipment, which had been ordered for enlarging central oflices and which had 
been shi|)ped, or even in some cases deli\('i<Ml, was (ii\erted to give private branch 
exchange service to war in(liislri<'s. rrecpiently detnands for service had to be 
met in hours, where normally weeks and e\en months were re(|uired to do the work 
in peace times. A section of switchboard in one cilN . a (list libii ling ftanie. in anolher 
cily. cable some other place — all would be rushed to the new plant and assembled. 

Ajiprnxiinalely one-sixth of the war material of the conntiy was produced in 
the Philadelphia district. The importance of the shipbuilding induslr\ in the war. 
and the part the Philadelphia district played in this industry, are well known. With 
munitions, clothing, food, aeroplanes, guns, locomotives and the like, the Phila- 
delphia district was a real center of war activities. .No industry could get along 
without the extensive use of the telephone. In many new' industries, before the 
buildings were erected, tele[)h()nes were installed in ti'inporarv shacks and tents 
in order that the work might be directed eHjciiMillN. 

.V Wuiuj 1 oit riii; \1i:n 

The story of the lOOth Telegraph Battalion, originally the First Telegraph 
Battalion, appears in another place. This battalion was recruited entirely from em- 
ployes of the licll Telephone r.onn)any of Peimsylvania and associated cum- 
panies. ('.t)mpany D consisted of eastern Peimsylvania men, and about half of them 
were Philadelphia boys. In addition to this signal unit, many employes entered 
the service by enlistments and through the diaft. ^\hl'n the war ended, some 
1,300 from the Bell Company of Pennsylvania and its associated companies 
had entered the service. 

It nnist be borne in mind that of the 17,000 emi)loyes of the company at 
that time, about 11,000 were women, so that this lo.ss of 1,300 men was 
out of a force of but 6,000. Telephone workers are trained specialists in thi-ir 
profession. A loss of nearly 2.5 per cent from a trained organization was a 
serious handicap to the handling of the business during these years. It nnist also 
be considered that war industries were offering very high wages at this time, wages 
so high, in fad. that a public utility corporation such as the Telephone Company, 
with rales limited by law. could not hope to compete with them. It nuist be 

458 



rcfoitlf'd licro. luiwevor. tliat tlie vast iiiajorily of tliose wlio did not enter tlie 
service remained at their work, realizing the necessity of maintaining an efTicient 
means of coinnnmication as an important faitor toward winning tlie war. 

In an account of this kind, there is always a tendency to give a great deal of 
credit to the young women whose work brings them into close contact with 
the actual users of the service. The work done by the men of the installation and 
maintenance forces cannot be praised too highly. No hours were too long, no 
hardships too great, to daunt them. 

At Camp Dix. wliere a comprehensive telephone installation was made in 
recoi'd tim(\ all of the men on the job seemed to be imbued with even more than 
the usual esprit de corps. This was a Philadelphia job handled largely by Phila- 
delphia men. They were working not only for their cjrganization, they were toiling 
for their country. Their labors, far removed from the din of bloody battle, were 
just as necessary, just as patriotic, as those of the men with the gun and bayonet. 
For weeks these Bell men saw nothing of their homes and loved ones. From early 
morning till late in the evening they labored, irrespective of Sunday or holiday. 
They cheerfully bore the inconveniences of crowded country boarding houses and 
ate with a hearty relish the plain, coarse food served him. Tiie big job over, they 
returned, not to rest on laurels deservedly won. but to enter eagerly on other 
important jobs. 

The hardships undergone through the winter of 1917 at Hog Island are almost 
beyond description. In a very few months a telephone plant consisting of cable, 
open wire, poles and conduit, such as would be sufficient for many cities, was built 
under practically blizzard conditions. Only men who have worked in the open, 
digging trenches where dynamite is necessary because of the frozen ground, climb- 
ing poles in blinding snow-storms, hauling equipment over almost impassable 
roads, digging out trucks — only men who have gone through this actual experience 
can appreciate what that strenuous winter meant. 

During the war, regular hours meant nothing to the men in the telephone 
organization. Each individual job was scheduled for completion by a certain fixed 
date. The idea in every man's mind was not to meet that date but rather to beat 
it. The record of accomplishment shows that in practically every one of the scores 
and scores of special installations made in this city the telephone equipment was 
ready and working before the completion date set in the schedule. 

The men — and the women, too — in the Engineering Department had no easy 
time of it. Every installation had to be engineered before materials could be 
gathered and installation work started. Seldom was there a night when the offices 
of the Engineering Department were not working with feverish activity getting 
ready for the placing of some new equipment which must needs be completed in 
hours where normally weeks or even months would be required. 

Influenza Epidemic of 1918 

It was about the end of September, 1918, that the influenza epidemic was felt 
in and around Philadelphia. By October 1st, absentees in Philadelphia telephone 
offices had increased tremendously, and plans were laid at once to cope with the 
serious conditions. 

The natural result of the epidemic was a great increase in calls. Every- 
one was anxious to know about friends or relatives who were iU, and the calls for 
hospitals, nurses and doctors were numberless. It was these calls — calls that 

459 



often held an awful import to those who made them and those who answered 
alike: pleas, demands, entreaties for medical assistance and nurses, and messages 
shocking in their sum of human desolation and despair — which, it was felt, must 
be answered. As never before, telephone service had to be kept going for the 
connnunity weal, for the sick and for Governmental work. 

While all the Philadelphia central offices suffered, they were not all affected 
by the epidemic to the same extent. It was therefore found helpful at times to 
transfer operators from one office to another, and for several days motor buses 
were operated for this purpose. 

A few days after the epidemic had grow n to formidable proportions, the operator 
absentee list, having grown until it approached 38 per cent of the force in Phila- 
delphia, or about 1,050 operators, the Traffic Department initiated the practice 
of questioning each call to determine its absolute necessity. " Is this a very im- 
portant call?" was the formula adopted. The question seemed to recall the seri- 
ousness of the situation to those who, possibly, had turned to the telephone out of 
habit, when the call was not so important but that it might be canceled. 

Besides the questioning of the importance of calls, newspaper publicity was 
used, and cards were placed at public telephones, to call attention to the serious 
situation. Despite aU this, mighty strenuous days and evenings were experienced 
at the various offices. With from 30 to 38 per cent of the operating force absent, 
with many or all of the supervisory forces ill. the handling of th(> traffic became a 
matter of the most serious proportions. But the task was accomplished. No 
girl despaired, no one lost heart or nerve, but all worked together; although not 
shoulder to shoulder, for there were many empty positions. In the I'venings there 
came the office and stall people of the Traffic Department to help. Tiiey did 
anything — clerical work, desk work; they even supervised, and sometimes they 
operated. The em|)loyment manager sat again at the switchboard. She had not 
operated for years, and soon realized that it is easier to teach than to practice. 
The same experience came to others who so readily volunteered their help. They 
may have blundered at first, but soon, with a little practice, they were helping 
mightily. 

It was indeed an inspiration to observe the volunteers, private branch 
exchange opcralors, luauN of them former employes, who pitched in to do what 
they could while the epidemic raged; office and staff' people, instructors from the 
operators' school, and even volunteers from the general public, all gave of their 
best. Several school teachers, actuated by a fine public spirit, proffered their 
services and worked in some of the offii-es. 

The Philadelphia Toll Central office felt the strain of the epidemic, too. 
Whh a great inmiber of the operating force absent, the supervisors were busy 
all along the board. .\o sooner would signal lights disappear in one section than 
another part of the board would be ablaze. Particularly heavy was the traffic 
to and from Camp Dix. Anxious parents were calling to learn how their soldier 
sons were; ofltimes the news was disheartening, and yet the girls kept on plugging 
just as fast as they could — and as long as they could. 

That the public's response saved the situation there is no (juestion. With 
abnormal traffic and the force depleted so far bek>w normal it would have been ex- 
tremely difficult, if not impossible, to keep things going at some points. The 
public generally was q\iick to realize that the emergency was unusual. Never 

460 



before had the Telephone Company, nn matter what confronted it, departed one 
whit from its avowed purpose of giving service to all whether the calls were of a 
business or social nature, important or unimportant. But it readily understood, 
first and for all, that the needs of the sick must be served and that if there must 
be a sacrifice of normal service it should not be by those who suffer. 

The Operating Force 

The services of the women of this country during the war were of the most 
signal distinction, and with the women whose activities were among the foremost 
in usefulness stood the telephone operators. 

During the dark period in the early part of 1918, when the news each day 
indicated that the enemy was pressing back the armies of the Allies, when each 
day the casualty Ust showed an ever increasing number of our boys slain or 
wounded, it was no easy task for the telephone girls to come to work each day, 
answering calls with a cheerful "Number, please," at the same time wondering 
if anything had happened to the husband, brother, sweetheart or other loved ones 
and during relief periods scanning each bit of news from the front, for information. 

The service rendered by the telephone operators was the more genuine because 
of its lack of the spectacular. The work was not recorded in big headlines in the 
newspapers. It was not accompanied by brass bands. Nor were there uniforms 
for the "soldiers of the switchboard." 

There were many organizations (organizations whose work was invaluable 
to the war) which were making every effort to recruit women from all walks of life. 
The telephone operators received so many requests to enlist in service other than 
telephone operating that a doubt was created in their minds as to their duty. 
They were in doubt as to whether their present duties as telephone operators were 
as urgent as Red Cross work. Land Army work. Liberty Loan campaigns and the 
like. When they raised the questit)n of the way they could best serve their country 
it was gratifying to see most of them decide that they would continue telephone 
operating. They were satisfied that their duty lay in "plugging up calls" rather 
them doing other work in which they were possibly less experienced. 

Everyone was anxious about our boys and the length and outcome of tlie 
war. Telephone operators were not immune to this nervous tension. A need 
was felt for something that would give the operators relief from the strain under 
which they were laboring. The Telephone Company, therefore, provided a phono- 
graph in each of the rest rooms in the larger central offices. Records were care- 
fully chosen so that only the more cheery selections would be heard. At 12 o'clock 
noon each day the "Star-Spangled Banner" was played, which was foUowerl by a 
minute of silence, at which time everyone in the rest room stood at attention and 
thought of the loved ones who were "Over There" fighting for their country, their 
homes, and every institution held dear by all Americans. This minute of silence 
was very impressive, and few were the eyes that were dry. It gave an outlet to 
the pent-up emotions that were held in check at other times. 

As the summer wore on and reports from the front became more optimistic, 
even those in the operating force who had received word of the death or wounding 
of some one held dear, were buoyed up by the knowledge that our boys were fighting 
a winning battle, and that the end of the war was a matter of months and not years. 

461 



It was 2 o'clock in the morning when the report of the armistice was received. 
The telephone "soldiers" did not join the merr>^ throng to celebrate the happy 
event. They rushed to their respective oflices as fast as they could, knowing the 
tremendous number of telephone calls that would be made as soon as it was learned 
generally that the war was over. Seventy-five per cent of the operators' positions 
were occupied by 5 \.m. They came to work unsolicited, while everybody else 
was on the streets celebrating. It was a great demonstration of the spirit and 
loyalty of the operating force — a demonstration that could only be made at a time 
such as this. An enormous number of calls was handled on that never-to-be-for- 
gotten day. And it was "'voice with the smile" service indeed! 

In summing up the work of the operating force, it may be said that in spite 
(jf their trials, they handled the trafTic and handled it well, with loyalty and cheer- 
fulness. It is a matter of record that telephone performance including the efli- 
ciency, technical .service, tone and courtesy did not go back during the war. 

PHILADKLPHIA BOARD OF TRADE 
By W. B. TicKKH 

The transition of business from a war to a peace basis brought into play all 
of the American genius for expanded enterprise, patient endurance and successful 
achievement. 

Discerning the ultimate demands that would be made upon the city, the 
Philadelphia Board of Trade shaped its activities during the five years of hostilities 
with (iermany and the Central Powers in accordance with a policy which would 
first and most cvpeditiously induce a victorious peace for the Entente Allies and. 
that having been accomplished, find the industries of the United States in the best 
possible position to meet elfeclively and successfully the culminating strain of 
a peace-lime readjustment. 

Realizing that in the membership of the Board of Trade was represented 
those iiidnstri(\s most efficiently developed in the Philadelphia district, and which 
were sup|>l\iiig direct to tli(> battlclVoiits of Europe those sinews of war prirnaiily 
and imperatively needed in the successful prosecution of the conflict, it should be 
also understood that the functions of such a trade organization are of necessity 
more or less confined to the dissemination of opinions and llie slia})ing of national 
legislation. 

Therefore national, state and niuiiicipal records show that the Board of 
Trade was most aggressive in performing its usual functions. As the whirl- 
wind Argonne campaign progressed it became more than ever obvious that peace 
was in the near foreground, and thereupon the Board of Trade concentrated the 
wisdom and experience of its wise councilors in the direction of a reconstruction 
program. Huge plants, which had been engaged in the manufacturing of war 
materials had tf) be turned over to the products needed in the ordinary counse of 
business and industry. This transformation had to be made as (piickly as possible 
to prevent idleness and unre.st which was — and still is — threatening a large part 
of Europe. Thousands of men who had been under arms had to be given speedy 
and profitable employment, (ioveriuiK'nl regulations which had interfered with 
a normal course of commerce and business had to be so modified as to give the 
greatest freedom to individual and corporate initiative, .so that business might 

462 



again be placed on a sound footing and be in a position to grasp the opportunities 
which were offering for foreign trade. For the previous three years our commercial 
life had been diverted from the natural channels of supply and demand, and 
artificial conditions created by legislative authority had prevailed. Under normal 
conditions business camiot thrive with such restrictions. 

Liberty Loans: The Board of Trade used every means available to aid in 
the successful flotation of Liberty Loans during the war. 

Stickers and stamps were used on its literature, and noliws put in all corres- 
pondence urging citizens to "Buy Bonds." 

While the Revenue Bill was under discussion, the attention of the Board of 
Trade was called to the fact that several clauses were contained therein that 
would adversely affect the flotation of the Fourth Liberty Loan, which was then 
about to be put on the market. 

A meeting of the Committee on National and State Revenue and Taxation 
was called, and the Secretary was authorized to write the two Senators from Peim- 
sylvania and the Congressmen from Philadelphia, opposing the incorporation in 
this bill of measures restricting the sale of Liberty Loan bonds, and to favor tiiat 
portion which allowed an exemption from taxation up to a certain amount. 

The restriction on the sale of bonds was eliminated and the exemption provision 
retained. 

Early in the year, when there were frequent reports of outrages committed in 
this country by spies or enemy agents, the Special Emergency Committee made 
a report which was endorsed by the Board of Tiad«>, which urged publicly that 
industrial necessity demanded that the death penalty be meted out to spies and 
that alien sympathizers be strenuously dealt with, in order to stem the tide of 
treason and sedition that was spreading throughout the country. 

War Contracts: Llnder stress of war conditions when time was essential, 
many Inisiness men enteretl into contracts with the Government without contracts 
being formally signed, so that the materials needed in the speedy prosecution of 
the war could be had without undue delay. 

Believing that the business men, who through patriotic and unselfish motives 
were willing to make their interests subordinate to the public good, shoidd be 
protected, the Board of Trade, in conjunction with other trade organizations, 
urged upon Congress the passage of the Hitchcock Bill. 

This l)ill provided for the legalization of informal defective orders for war 
supplies and materials, for the Ccmcelation of orders and contracts, for the re- 
imbursement of contractors and manufacturers, for the adjustment of claims on 
canceled or partly filled contracts and orders, antl provided relief for contractors 
pending final determination. 

Reconstruction Commission: As all of the nations engaged in the war, with 
the exception of the United States, had appointed commissions to study after-war 
problems as they related to business, so that the transition from war to peace 
trade would be accomplished with the minimum of distiui)ance, the Board of 
Trade urged upon Congress the necessity of the establishment of such a commission 
in the LInited States. On September 25th, a memorial was sent to Congress urging it 
"To create a commission and to investigate the problems of reconstruction." 

On Referendum No. 23 of the Linited States Chamber of Commerce, a pro- 
posal to discriminate against Germany in trade after the war, if necessary for self- 

463 



defense, the Board of Trade declined to vote on this referendum, considering 
the time inopportune to pass on a proposition involving a question of policy, 
which might ultimately conflict with that of the government of tlic T'nited States 
in reaching terms as a basis for peace negotiations. 

Federal Trade Commission Law: In 1915 the Board of Trade opposed the 
passage of the bill providing for the creation of a trade commission for reasons set 
forth, stating in conclusion, that "wisdom and sound judgment requinni that the 
I'lfcct upon the country of commission supervision of the public service corporations 
be carefully noted over a series of years before any attempt should be made to 
extend that system in any degree beyond its present limits .... In the mean- 
time both public and private rights are amply guarded by existing law," and 
respectfully submitted that "The Interstate Trade r.ouunission Bill siiould not 
receive favorable consideration.' 

The bill became a law by the signature of the President, September 2(). I'M I. 

\\(ir Risk Insurance: During the consideration of the bill aiitiiorizing the 
establishment of a Bureau of War Risk Insurance, the following telegiam was sent 
to the President of the United States: 

"Pliiia(iel|)liia Board of Trade believes the present emergeiu-y justifies tiie 
goNeriimi'tit of the I nited States assuming premiiun of insurance on war risks on 
American hulls and cargoes bound to European and other ports where such lisk 
has not been already covered by the countries of destination, and trusts your 
inlluence will be exerted to that end." 

Seamen's Bill: The Board again placed itself in opposition to the passage 
of the bill known as the Seamen's Bill, believing that its provisions would work 
additional hardships upon the owners of oin- merchant marine and still furthei- 
cripple this service. 

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: The Board gave its endorsement of tiie 
movement for the purchase of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal by the I iiiled 
States, in a memorial sent to Congress in May, 191,5, aft<^r the House iiad passed 
the Bivers and Harbors Bill, provided in the bill. 

Frunkford Arsenal: The Board of Trade a(ti\el\ pailicipated in a delegation 
to Washington on April 17, 1915, which appeared before the Senate Committee 
on Pidilic (iroimds and Buildings and the House Conunitlee on Appropriations, 
to urge the favorable adoption of bill appropriating $15 1.000 for tli(> |>urriiase of 
additional land for the Frankford .\rsenal and in advocacy of appropriations for the 
construction of additional buildings, which were greatly neederl for the economical 
and proper conduct of the business of the arsenal. 

United States Armor Plate Plant: The Board at its May, 1917, meeting ordered 
transmitted to Congress a protest against the establishment of a (iovernment 
armor plate plant, arguing that existing armor plate plants of the coinUry are fully 
eijuipped to supply the immediate and future demands of the (iovernment; that 
there is believed to be a moral obligation on the part of the I'nited States Govern- 
ment to utilize the private armor plate plants, as they were virtually brought 
into existence on the demand of the (iovernment, and to serve it alone. 

Threatened Railroad Strike: (;)n August 22. 1917, in view of the conditions 
then existing between the railroads and their employes, the President of the 
iioard again addressed a connnunication to the President of the I nited States, 
urging that the dilferences which had arisen between the management and 

101 



employes of the railroads be arbitrated either by the "Interstate Commerce 
Commission or under the Newlands Act, thereby maintaining and promoting the 
principle of arbitration and preventing a disaster, which seems to be menaced by 
a refusal to arbitrate," 

National Preparedness: At the .lune, 1917. meeting the following action was 
taken by a unanimous vote: 

"Ftesolvpcl. That the Philadelphia Board of Trade, fully cognizant and approving 
of the splendid spirit shown for jireparedness, not for war but against it, by assisting 
our country in preparing against war to thereby insure peace, do endorse as a body 
all that is being sincerely done in this great movement, and in the hope that all 
business men will encourage their employes to join the National Guard of Penn- 
sylvania, or to attend military or naval training camps or schools, under the auspices 
of the T'nited States (iovernment, as in the Board's opinion the experience, health, 
general information, and especially the discipline thus oljtained, all work for greater 
efficiency, for promotion and success." 

PHILADELPHIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

During the progress of the war the various bureaus of the Chamber of Com- 
merce kept in close touch with the Government, and on many occasions were able 
to furnish information to the War Department concerning the industries of Phil- 
adelphia, terminal facilities, warehouse space, sources of needed supplies, etc. 

The War Shipping Committee, of which Howard B. French was chairman, 
was especially active among the shipyards, and was able to perform effective work 
in helping thi> (iovernment to handle the labor situation. When the great need 
foi' labor in the shipbuilding industry made itself felt in the early days of the war, 
employers of labor, whose training made them useful in the shipyard work, were 
appealed to to loan their employees to the (iovernment during the period of the 
war. 

The connnittee ke|)t in intimate touch with the shipyards along the Delaware, 
holding numerous meetings at which the representatives of the shipyards were 
present, which enabled the ciunniittee to discuss intelligently, the problems con- 
fronting each establishment. In addition, the shipyards were visited by the com- 
mittee in order that all data possil)le might be in their hands. 

A campaign of education was carried on through the nio\ing picture houses 
to awaken a realization by the general public of the need of giving whole-hearted 
support to the shipbuilding industry. Special films were prepared; the first 
showing of which was made at a mass meeting held in the Academy of Music, 
which was attended by many prominent government officials, the Hon. Bainbridge 
Colby being the piincipal speaker. 

The connnittee took up the housing situation and cooperated with the various 
agencies of the (iovernment in securing lists of available vacant houses then ex- 
isting in Philadel|)hia. as well as suggesting the erection of additional houses, 
especially in the \ icinity of Hog Island. In this connection the following resolution 
was adopted 1)> the committee at its meeting held on December 26, 1917: 

\\ liereas. The Government of tlie United States, througti the American International Ship- 
huitfling Corporation is constrncting a large shipbuilding plant at Hog Island, located upon the 
Delaware Hiver, immediately adjoining the city of Philadelphia; and 

165 



Whereas, Said plant to be effective must have a roqiiisilc aniounl of iiicu cmpldyod and said 
men should ha\e proper li\ing facilities: and 

Whereas. Allhoufih suflicient houses are not available in Ihat iuuiicdiale seition of Phila- 
delphia, near-by land with street improvements larficly made is available: and 

Whereas, Some of the operative builders of I'hiladelphia hM\e a^'ree<l to take charge of. and 
push forward the c<mstniction of said houses. jiractiialK without prolil. and to complete same 
within ninety working days from date of contract, providing the goxernment will take possession 
of the land and requisition and deliver the material necessary for completion: and 

Whereas, Said properties could be built so as to net an adequate return to the (JovernnienI 
as interest upon their investment, and would gi\e a reasonable assurance of the Government 
recei\iiig back the cost of the houses, besides assuring the Cioxernment a greater value to the 
Hog Islaml Plant itself, by reason of the permanent availability of the houses so constructefl in 
proximity to the plant and the resultant value of the plant as a shipbuilding operation after the 
present emergency: therefore be it 

Resohu'it. That the War Shipping Conin\ittee of the Philadelphia Chamber of ("ommerce 
strongly urge the (io\ eminent to inunediatidy enter into a cotitract with proper parties to con- 
struct houses in Philadelphia, adjacent to the aforesaid Hog Ishuid shipbuilding plant, so that 
the houses can be ready for occupancy by not later than \pril 1st; and be it further 

Resolred. That said committee strongly opposes tlie proposition of building frame structures 
at a great distance from the jilant and separated by natural barriers for the reason that such 
structuri's would give little or no salvage to the Government after the present exigency and re- 
(piire dillicull and expensive trans{Kjrtation by water, of workmen, and would also leave the 
Ifog Island plant standing alone and not in itself ,so valuable as a workable plant bixause of 
the absence of proper and convenient housing facilities after the war. and when the Government 
will desire to turn over the proiK'rIy to private enterprise. 

liesohed. That copies of these preambles and resolutions be imiuedialely forwarded to those 
in charge of the Emergency Fleet Corporation. 

\ll of lite ofliccis and diiTotnis t>f tlic riiamher of Coiimicice, and many 
iucihIh'is of llu' .stall' took an active part in the various Liberty Loan Canipaigns. 

THE (.(niMKRCIAL MUSEUMS 

I?\ l)n. \\ . I'. Wll.XPN, DlttKCTOR 

Tiie Pliiladelphia Museum, coiniiKHiK known as the C.oininercial Miiseiiin 
of Pliiladelphia. is an institution established by ordinance of City Couneils, 
January 1.'), 18') 1. to operate under a board of truste(>s consisting; of twenty mem- 
bers, eight of whom aie City and State oilicials and Ihr balance leading citizens 
appointed for life. 

This board administers the property of the iiisiliulion \\hii h. al present, has 
a plant of live large buildings with surrounding gardens, located at IVlth Street 
below Spruce. 

The buildings house the extensive exhibits of law prodiicls fiom all parts of 
the world: the industrial exhibits: the lecture room, in wliicli illuslialed lectines 
are given to school chiklren, students of higher schools and imi\ersiti(^s, and the 
general public: the administration oflices; the workrooms; print shop; power 
house; large exhibition hall for conventions and leniporary exhibitions; and the 
free reference library of commerce and trav(>l. 

Ihe olTicers of the institution are: Sydney L. \\ right, I'rcsident: Howard B. 
French, Vice-President and Treasurer: Wilficd II. Scholl', Secretary and Assistant 
Treasurer; Director of the .Museum, Dr. W . 1'. W ilson, who originated the idea of 
the Museum and under whose direction it has been developed to the present time. 

The work of the institution falls naturally into three principal lines: The 

4<i(> 




Enyineers in (Jump ul llie Comnim'ial Miisfuru. 



exhibitions, or the imiseuni proper; the cdueational work; and the Foreifin Trade 
Bureau — the free reference Hbrary being an adjunct to all three hues of work. 
From the foregoing, it may readily be seen that the institution was fitted to give 
aid in a variety of ways during the World War. 

First: The Commercial Museum was 100 per cent in all Liberty loans. It 
organized and maintained a War Saving Stamps Society. Four of its young men 
served in the army, three of them in service abroad. 

At the beginning of the war its large temporary exhibition hall. <i\er 350 feet 
square, was given up without rental tor the purpose of r(H'ruiting and training the 
19th Regiment of Engineers (Railway) who occupied it until their departure for 
France. 

The same building was later given over without cost to the Quartermaster's 
Department for the storage of material. The commanding officer stated that the 
department was paying, at the time, as high as $40,000 for similar space elsewhere. 

During the drive for the Victory Liberty Loan, the same building was used 
without cost for the Naval Aircraft Exhibition, showing various forms of aircraft, 
observation balloons, and other (Hjuipment, wireless telephones and a line exhibi- 
tion of carriei' pigeons, having war records in France. 

At the time of the return of the 28th Division from France, this building was 
used to accommodate part of the men the night before tliey jjaraded. 

Space and power were given in the power house of the institution for the pur- 

4.67 



pose of establishing, under the Emergency Fleet Corporation, a school for electric 
welding for the benefit of shipbuilding, also without charge. This school organized 
and set up several thousand dollars' worth of apparatus and was active for several 
months, up to the declaration of the armistice. 

\ large section of the Museum (second floor, Central Building) was dismantled 
and used for a couple of years for a temporary exhibit of Tniled States Army 
uniforms, thus relieving space in Ciovemniont buildings badly needed for oflice use. 

Exhibits of foods were made, especially to show substitutes for wheal and 
meat. 

Information, suggestions and samples of fruits and nuts of many kinds were 
given to the (iovernment Research Committee to aid in the problem of gas masks 
for the army. 

Frequent reference was made to the (>xhibits of raw products from all parts of 
the world in f)rder to answer inquiries or help business men to lind necessary ma- 
terials to carry on our industries. \ aluable help was obtained from such exhibits 
as those of coco fiber, flax, brush fiber, gums, etc. 

.Motion pictures showing war activities were lent friM-. These films, placed 
in the Museum by the Bureau of luhication. are still in frc(jiicnt use, esjM'cially 
by schools in Pennsylvania. 

Sets o( lantern slides and lectures showing the building of ships, airplanes. 
trench warfare and many other war subjects were loaned free, and were greatly 
in demand. 

Ilxhibition was made of a large collection of coal tar products showing the 
dcNelopment of American industry in the manufacture of dyes, medicines, ex- 
plosives, etc.. as influenced by our needs in the war. 

In the line of the Foreign Trade Bureau, during the war, the Commercial 
Museum was actively engaged in helping to maintain the exports of the country 
in so far as it was possible to do so without \iolalioii of the rules and regulations 
of the War Trade Board. It also worked actively with a view to the further develop- 
ment of export trade after the n>moval of such restrictions— a work universally 
acknowledged to be extremely important in its effect upon the welfare of the 
country at large. 

In dircH't war work it olfeicd its facilities fVe(>l\ Id the (iovernment and co- 
operated especialK with the \\ ar Tiade Bureau in identifying enemy firms abroad. 

It dcNnted. without charge, the outside cover page of its Weekly Export Bulletin 
during the lime of the war to the advertising of l^iberty Loans. War Saving Stamps, 
etc. 

It also cari'ied (iii. tlnougli its |iul>liiations doninirrridl Aniericd and Anieriru 
domrrridl (Spanish), a continuous projiaganda in foreign couiiliies li\ [>ublishing 
the various messages of the President and of articles designed to counteract 
( ierman propaganda. 

The curators and others of the staff of the Museum were fretpiently called 
upon for lectures to aid in the entertainment of the soldiers and sailors in camps 
iiearbv, and to act as four-mimite speakers at public enli'riainments. 

In geneial, the institution and its employees stood read\ to aid in all possible 
ways during and after the war. 

•16H 



WAR INDUSTRIES ROARD FOR REGION No. 4 

(( '.ompiising the Philadelphia Industrial District) 

By Geor(;e Johannes 

The Resources and Conversion Section of the War Industries Board, of which 
the work of the regional advisor in Region No. I was a part, was organized under 
the direction of the Chairman of the War Industries Boaixl, and exercised functions 
as delegated to it by the Chairman in accordance with the instructions of the Presi- 
dent of the United States in a letter dated March 4, 1918, in which the functions 
and duties of the War Industries Board were briefly stated. The work of the 
Board as specifically outlined by the President consisted of the following : 

1. The creation of new facilities and the disclosure of new or additional sources of suiiply. 

2. The conversion of (listing facilities, where necessary, to new uses; 

3. The studious conversion of resources and facilities by scienlilic, coniniercial, and indus- 
trial economies; 

4. Advice to the several purchasing agencies of the Government with regard to the prices 
to be paid; 

.'>. The determination, wherever necessary, of priorities of production and of delivery and 
of the proportions of any given article to be made inuuediately accessible to the several purchas- 
ing agencies when the supply of that article is insullicient, either temporarily or permanently. 

6. The making of purchases for the Allies. 

Under this authority of the President, the Resources and Conversion Section 
of the War Industries Board was organized with Charles A. Otis of Cleveland, 
Ohio, as chief. In a coninumication dated .lune .3, 1918. addressed to the President 
of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, the chief of the Resources and Con- 
version Section advised the organization of that section and detailed a plan l)y 
which the Government should receive in its activities the cooperation of the various 
regions and industries throughout the United States, and requested the perfeitinn 
in the territory outlined in the letter of a business men's organization to aid the 
War Industries Board in its work. The headquarters of the regicjn were fixed in 
Philadelphia. The letter also instructed the nomination of some one to represent 
the War Industries Board in the Philadelphia region, who was to be formally 
appointed and whose title was to be Regional Advisor. 

The territory designated above by the Wai' Industries Board was to be known 
as Region No. 4, and was composed of the eastern section of the State of Pennsyl- 
vania, the southern section of the State of New Jersey, and the whole of the State 
of Delaware. 

A conference was immediately called of men thoroughly representative not 
only of the industrial activities of the Philadelphia region, but also of its territorial 
divisions. Tliis conference met on June 14, 1918, and recommended that Ernest 
T. Trigg, Vice-President and General Manager of the John Lucas & Co., Inc., be 
appointed Regional Advisor for the Philadelpliia District, and he was authorized 
to proceed with the organization of the War Resources Committee of the Philadel- 
phia District, the division of the territory into sub-regions emd to make all other 
necessary arrangements for the speedy beginning of the work, which this organi- 
zation was to undertake as an auxiliary in Philadelphia of the War Industries 
Board in Washington. A formal appointment as Regional Advisor was issued to 
Mr. Trigg by the War Industries Board and he took the oath of office prescribed 
by law for officers of the Government. 

469 



The organization ol' the Philadclpiiia War Kosourccs Committee proceeded 
on the following plan: The menihership ol' the committee was composed of one 
representative of each of the eleven sub-regions into which the region was divided, 
in addition to one representative of each of seventeen major industrial groups repre- 
sented in this region. A further detailed organization was provided for by the 
appointment by each member of tiie \\ ai" Resources Committee of a committee 
to assist in his work, of which he then became the chairman. Members of the War 
Resources Committee, to act as chairmen of sub-regions, were selected at a meeting 
called for that j)urpose in each sub-region to which representatives of each com- 
mercial and civic organization in the sub-region were invited. The industrial chair- 
men were selected after a most careful consultation willi representative men in 
the various industries. 

The Fourth Region was divided into eleven sub-ri'gions. for each of which 
a sub-regional chairman was appointed. The Philadelphia sub-region included 
the counties of Philadelphia, MontgomcMji . Delaware and Bucks. 

The industrial at'tivities of the region were divided into seventeen groups, 
the names of the chairmen of w hich are given below- in conncvtitm w ith the names 
of the industrial groups which they represented: 

("a.s7iVif/.< — HodiH'v Tiiylor, President. P<'iiii Seal)i>aril Steel ("i)r|Kiration. 

(Uiemicats, Oils. Paints — Milton li. Caniphell. President, il. K. .Mulford Company. 

Clay, Slone and Brick Products — O. W. Kelchani, President, Builders' Exchange. 

Copper, Brass. Tin and .Similar Metals — \\ . M. Weaver. 

Electrical — II. 11. Seabrook. District Manager, Westinghonse Electrical and Maimlac lining' 
(Company. 

Engineering and Professional — John 11 /iiiiiiiiTiiian. of Day \ Zininierinan. Inc. 

Erplosires — Frank H. McC^orniick. of Iv I. dn Pont de \einonrs Co. 

h'unjinfis and Stampings — C^harles C. t)a\is. President. Peiuisylvania Forge Co. 

Finance and Insurance — \V. A. Ijiw, President. First National Bank. Philadelphia. 

Iron and .Steel I'roilucis — Horace A. Beale, ,Ir., President, Parkershiirg Iron Co. 

I.eatlier Products — Spencer K. Mnlford, President. England, Walton & Co. 

Lundter Prinlucls — W. II. Lear. 

Machinery and Machine Products — W . II llirman. Presi<lent, Soulhwark Foundry and 
Machine Company. 

M iscellaneous — Charles W. Necld. 

liul>lH'r I'rmlucis — J. .\. Lambert, (^leiieral Manager, .\cnie Rnbber Mfg. Co. 

Textiles and Clothing — Da\i<l Kirschbanm, President, .\. B. Kirschbauni Co. 

Transporldliiin and Power — David S. Ludlam. President. Aniocar Co.; George Dallas Dixon. 
Vice-President, Pi-nnsyUania Railroad Company. 

\t a meeting held August 9. 1918, ,1. Howell Cinnmings, President of lhi> 
.lolin M. Stetson Company, was elected Chairman, and N. B. Kelly. (i(>n(Mal Secre- 
tary of the I'hiladelphia Chamber of ConuiKnce, was elected Secretary. The 
work, not having any financial support from the Government, was financed by the 
industries of the region, under a plan worked out and perfected by a fmaiK'e com- 
mittee of which Samuel M. Curwen was temporary chairman, and Frank II. 
McCoritiii k permanent chairman. In addition to the committee organization 
outlined aho\c the Regional Advisor on \ugust 12, 1018, organized the Philadelphia 
War ( 'abinet. This cabinet consisted of the chief of each L iiitcd States (iovern- 
ment War Activity in the Philadelphia region, and its chairman was the regional 
iidvisor for the region. Its organization gi'ew out of the realization that all of 
the ( io\ erninenl's activities in the Philadelphia region coukl not be I'oordiuatiul 
into an ellicient well working whole, unless there could be frequent meetings for 

170 



the discussion oC varying prolilenis of those interested in the governmental activi- 
ties in the region. Without such discussion of the Governiuent's problems in tlieir 
larger aspect, there was grave danger that the zeal of one branch of the Government 
in carrying out its functions might seriously handicap another branch in its work, 
and that actual competition between two or more brani'hes f>f the government 
might seriously interfere with the general war program. The Philadelphia War 
Cabinet provided a place where each member by understanding the other's problem 
could so arrange his activities as not to interfere with other gf)vernmental opera- 
tions in the region, prevent competition between different l)ranches of the Govern- 
ment and aid in furthering the general program. 

The membeiship of the Philadelphia War Cabinet consisted of the following: 

Enienjcncy Flcel Corpurulion. — ('.linrlt's M. Schwali. Director-General; Charles Piez, Viee- 
President, Howard Coonley, Vice-President; J. L. Ackerson, Vice-President. 

Federal Reserve System. — E. P. Passmore. Governor. Third Federal Heserve District. 

F(umI Adniiiiislraliori. — Howard Heinz, Federal Food .\dniinistrator for Pennsylvania; 
C. J. Criitchfield, Assistant. 

Fuel Adniinislration. — Joseph W. Wear, Assistant Federal l''uel Administrator for Penn- 
sylvania. 

Labor Adminislralion. — E. C. Fellon, Federal Labor Administration for Pennsylvania; 
John C. Frazee, Assistant. 

Navy Deparlmenl.—Bim']am'm Tappin, Pear Admiral II. S. Navy, Connnandant U. S. Navy 
Yard, League Island; Charles Frederick Hughes. Rear Admiral LI. S. Navy, Commandant U. S. 
Navy Yard. League Island. 

Ordnance Department, U. S. Army. — John C. Jones, Chief, Production Division, Philadelphia 
District; John Dickey, Jr., Special Assistant. 

Pennsylmnia Council of National Dejense. — George Wharton Pepper, (Chairman; Lewis 
S. Sadler, Executive Manager. 

Navy Department. — Benjamin Ta|)p!n. Rear \dmiral U. S. Navy, Commandant U. S. Navy 
Yard. 

Quartermaster's Department, U. S. Army. — B. j\l. Holden, Depot Quartermaster. 

Huitroad .\dministration. — C. H. Markham, Regional Director; C. R. Capps, Traffic Assis- 
tant to Regional Director. 

Regional Adviwr's Office. — Ernest T. Trigg, Regional Advisor; Powell Evans, Chief, Di^ ision 
of Industrial Stinuilation; Percival E. Foerderer, ChicL Priorities Division; George Johannes. 
Oflice Manager. 

War Resources Committee. — J. Howell ('.unuviings. Chairman: B. N. Kelly, Secretary. 

The plan of having an organization in each region like the Pliiladelphia War 
Cabinet was so well thought of by the War Industries Board that the other regional 
advisors were instructed to organize similar bodies. 

To facilitate further the operation of the office, the Regional Director, with 
the approval of the War Industries Board, made appointments for special duties 
to be confirmed l)y formal appointments issued l)y the War Industries Board. These 
appointments provided for the establishment of bureaus in the office of the Regional 
Advisor with specialists at the head of each. In the selection of chiefs of these 
bureaus, the Regional Advisor was fortunate in obtaining men to serve who were 
particularly qualified hy reason of previous business experience and training 
effectively to carry on tli(^ duties of their positions, and who were able to give a 
large part of their time to the work. Powell Evans and Percival M Foerderer, 
as noted before, were appointed Chief of the Division of Industrial Stimulation and 
Chief of the Priorities Division respectively. W. H. Harman became Chief of the 
Division of Plant Facilities and Charles W. Neeld acted as Chief of Industrial 

471 



Statistics. These men worked without sahiry. jrave freely of their time, ami Itieir 
services in many cases were coiitimiouslx used for long periods. 

Tiie regional advisor commenced active work upon his appoinlnienl. V 
separate oflice was estabhshed July 1. 1918. to do such work as was necessary 
for the War Resources (Committee and the ^^ar Industries Board. The oflice 
staff was moved three times to different offices, each time taking larger quarters, 
the size in each instance necessitated by the <;rowth of Ihe work and tiie stall" 
necessary for its performance. 

Two important surveys were laid out under the supervision of the Hegional 
Advisor: one was completed and a report sent to Washington, and the other hail 
been well started when the signing of the armistice put an I'lid to its activities, 
and made unnecessary its completion. The lirsl nl' the sin\eys was the War 
Production Sur\e\. whi<h had for its purpose the listing of all of the war material 
producing plants, and the gathering of information whicii woidd enable a closer 
and more efficient use of their facilities. This survey was completed in ten days 
and the result reported to the War Industries Board in Washington. The suincn 
covered over nine lumdretl plants, and the report was supported by detailed 
tabulations of all the information contained in the (piesliomiaires tilled out by Ihe 
manufacturers. The (piestionnaires covered information relali\i' to ( i()\ ernnient 
contracts in hand and their slate of completion, facilities not being used l)y the 
Government, number of employes engaged in Government work, lime worked per 
shift and tnnnber of shifts, labor turnover and absenteeism, shortage of labor and 
class of shortage, training plans for developing unskilled labor, possibility of 
substituting women for men, labor disturbances, power produced, used and pur- 
chased, surplus or shortage of (xtwer. adeijuacy of water supply, transporlaliun 
situation with regard both to employes and materials, possibilities of taking on 
more Government woik and what additional facilities would be recpiired. 

The second sm\ey. on w Inch wiirk wa^ in progress at Ihe lime Ihe aiinistice was 
signed, was made at the direction of the \\ ar liidiislties Hoard, and < ollccled infor- 
mation desired b\ ihc War Industries Board, llic War I )(|i;u hinnl, Ihe Navy 
Depailmenl. the Ijnergcncy Meet Corporal ion. Ihc Haiiroad \dminislralion. the 
I nited Slates DeparlnienI of Labor, the fuel \dmini>ltalion and Ihe I nited Slates 
Housing ( Corporation. Ihe sur\ey was designed to cover all producing plants in 
the I'hiladelphia region, and was also designed to develop all facts relati\e to Ihe 
labor situation in the plants. 

The di\ersit\ of information required to be developed by the oflice is best 
illustrated by a few typical cases showing spei'ial investigations made. .\ survey 
was mad(> to determine what locomotive cranes were available in the regitm for 
supplying a shortage of such cranes at war producing plants; steps were taken 
to develop information as to the capacity in the region for the manufacture of 
semi-steel shells for the Ordnance Department of the .\rmy (this included 
consultation with manufacturers antl advising with lh(>m with a view of having 
them coiimmI |)ii'senl facilities lo the making of semi-sleel shells): manufacturing 
capacity was di'\ eloped for marine boilers, ci'ulches. klaxon horns and caterpillar 
tractors; a member of the olVwf of the Hegional \dvisor made a very cotnprehensive 
report of possible electrical water [)ower sit(>s on the Atlantic coast available for 
the establishment of a Goverimient nitrate plant (this report involved a thorough 

472 



knowledge of eleiliical enniiieeriiig. in addition lo transportation (acilities both 
water and rail). 

Many in\('stif;ati()ns wcie niatle of tiic hiiildinf; n'(|nir('nicnts of the war pro- 
(hicing plants in the region with a view of aiding tlie Faeilities Section of the War 
Industries Board in the work of deciding properly on api>lications for permission 
to construct huiidiiigs at war plants. At tiie reciuest of the ( hiartermaster's Depart- 
ment, investigation was made for the purpose of developing suitable candidates for 
commissions as officers in the Quartermaster's Department of the Army. Much 
help was alforded manufacturers in getting proper information to the Draft Boards 
to exempt key-men, especially efTicient in certain industries. Property was ap- 
]5raised under the supervision of the Regional Advisor for thi^ Housing Corporation, 
to enable them to form an (estimate of real estate values for construction jnnposes. 
Available storage facilities were listed to give information to militai'y authorities 
as to possibilities of assembling war material here. 

During the war the Fourth Retjiviial Advisor was published daily. This 
gave prompt and authoritative information to business men on all phases of activity 
of the Government in whicii they might be interested and advised them of lulings 
and decisions all'ecting their w(jrk anti relations to the Government. 





rcnirti'sv of tlie riiiladelpliia 



W (iiiu'ii \\ orktrs J'ruiii llic Fninkfnrd Arseniil. 



473 




THE FEDERAL RESERVE RANK OF PHILADELPHIA 

By William G. McCreedy, Acting ConlioUfT* 

HE Federal Reserve Act. under which the Third District 
was organized, was approved on December 23, \'->\'.'>. 
"to provide for the estabUshinent of Federal Reserve 
banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of 
rediscounting commiMcial paper, to cstablishaniorecnectiM' 
supervision of banking in the United States, and for other 
purposes." The country was divided into twelve districts. 
The Third Pliiladclpliia District originally inchidcd: 
All of New Jersey, all of Delaware, all of Pennsylvania 
east of the western boundries of McKean. i'^lk, Clearlicid, 
Cambria and Bedford counties. Later, the district iiu'Iuded tiie same territory 
in Pennsylvania, all of Delaware, and all of New Jersey south of the norlhein 
boundaries of Mercer and Ocean counties. 

The "Reserve Bank Organization Committee," consisting of the Secretary of 
the Treasury, the Secreteiry of Agriculture and the Comptroller of the Currency, 
took preliminary steps resulting in the election of thr(>e Class A and three Class B 
directors by the qualified banks in District No. 3. The first active steps looking to 
the organization of a Federal Beserve bank in (lach district were taken on August 
10. 1911, when the members of the Federal Reserve Board took oath of ofiice. 
'I'he boaid then appointed three Class C directors for each distiict, naming Richard 
L. Austin as Chairman of the Board and Federal Beserve Agent, George M. 
LaMonte as Deputy Beserve Agent and Vice-Chairman. and George W. Norris as 
third member of that class for this district. 

On October 8, 191 1, the Directors of the Third Federal Beserve District met to 
organize the Board and elected as Governor Charles J. Bhoads, Director of group 
one. Class A. 

On October 26th the Federal Beserve Board issued notice to the ini-iubcr 
banks of the Federal Beserve system, calling upon them to pay in their first instal- 
ment of capital stock, as of November 2d, and, at the same time, the Secretary of 
the Treasury fixed November 16, 1914. as the date for opening the Federal Beserve 
banks and for readjusting the reserves of member banks to tlu; basis required by 
the Federal Beserve Act. 

in 1917 the real test came. The first three months of the year were com- 
monplace, excepting that discount operations had gradually increased through the 
lightening of money rates, brought about by the demand for funds to finance 
foreign loans. The bank had been acting as fiscal agent for the I iiited States 
tjovernnient, having been so designated as of January 1, 1916, but tlie extent of 
its services was the payment of checks. However, after the state of war with 
(^lermany had been declared, conditions were entirely changed. The batik was 
notified of the part it was to lake in the prosecution of the war. This district was 

*The final paragrapli of ttiis article, on Certilicates of Indel)le(lnps.s, was written by W. J. 
Davis, Assi.slanl (Cashier, Fe<leral Reserve Bank. 



474 




Kail Alt Studios. Inc. 

William G. McAilvij <// Ihc ilntcilinij of lln- LUmtIv Stahw, 'Sd Liberly Ijmii. 

given a definite quota in the first Liberty Loan drive, and a committee to adver- 
tise the loan and solicit subscriptions was organized, with (lovernor l^hoads at 
its head. Upon the Federal Reserve Bank devolved the duty of handling all of the 
accounting work incident thereto, and of distributing the interim certificates and 
definitive bonds, as well as making disbursements on behalf of the (iovernm(>nt 
covering campaign expenses. The bank, in common with the rest of the nation, 
was thoroughly unprepared to handle the work (>fficipntly. The bank's quarters 
at 108 Chestnut Street, then almost unbearably overcrowded, were entirely inade- 
quate. In the Lehigh Building, 108 South Fourth Street, where the fourtii lloor 

475 



had hccii leased for Iransil work, the first and second floors were rented for duties 
in coiHiection witli the Liberty Loan work. The vohime of the regular business of 
the bank began to expand, partly as an indirect result of the Liberty Loan, so that 
it became necessary to increase the clerical force in all departments, the number 
of em[)loyi's at tlie end of the year being 186. The loan work had grown so over- 
whelmingK that it became necessary to call upon -Messrs. Lybrand, Ross Brothers 
& MontgomerN. certified public accountants, for assistance. 

The most pronounced changes occurred in 1918. The building occupied at 
present, 925 Chestnut Street, was acquired, and extensive alterations were made 
preparatory to its occupation on March I."!!!!. Much to the regret of those asso- 
ciated with him. (iovernor Rlioads teuden^d his resignation in order that he might 
take up war woik with the ^ . M. ('.. \.. and on February 8, 1918, the board accepted 
his resignation with great reluctance and elected 1-]. P. Passmore to succeed him. 

The year 1919 brought forth a marked change in conditions. The armistice 
had been signed and the war. with its attendant doubts and uncertainties, was a 
thing of the past. Preparations looking to llie llnlalion of ihe \ ictoiN Loan 
were in progress. 

The whole financial system of the nation had become more and more de- 
pendent upon the Federal Reserve system. The Reserve bank, as a part of that 
sNstem. acciimulaled by September .'JOth about SI 28. 0(10. ()()() in gold, which, 
logethii willi Ihe gold held by the other Reserve banks, was the basis for piaclically 
all of Ihe counliv's circulation and the entire credit structure. 




Cjiiirtpsv nf Krnnl< \V. Tttilitcr. Stanley Co. of America. 

.1 n Emerijency A id A iite does Iter pari. 
476 



In the five loan campaigns the bank was given a total quota of SI. 515. 000. ()()() 
of bonds to be sold and turned in subscriptions aggregating •'^1, 996.112, 750, gt)ing 
"over the top" each time. The total amount of the First Liberty L(jan was 
$2,000,000,000. and with the thought in mind that the entire subscriptions re- 
ceived by this bank were only a Irille short of that sum, the value of the bank to 
the entire nation can be appreciated. 

The use of Certificatesof indebtedness played a very important part in ( lovern- 
ment financing. Preceding each Liberty Loan, the Treasury Department issued 
Certificates of Indebtedness, which are short-term obligations, running for a period 
of three to five months. These certificates were always issued in anticipation of 
a Loan and provided a method by which a bank could invest its funds picparatory 
to the Loan. A more important reason for issuing these Certificates of Indebted- 
ness was that they supplied the Covernment with credit to conduct its o]i(Mations 
between Liberty Loans. The Fourth Liberty Loan was practically spent before 
received, as it was from the proceeds of the Fourth Liberty Loan that Treasury 
Certificates of Indebtedness issued in anticipation of the Loan were redeemed. 
Prior to the Fourth Liberty Loan approximately .$4,000,000,000 of certificates 
of indebtedness were issued, which gave the Government the net proceeds of 
about .*i;5. 000.000.000 from the Fourth Liberty Loan. During the first three 
Liberty Loans there was no set basis or quota on which the banks wei'e to purchase 
certificates, but preparatory to the advent of the Fourth and Victory Loans the 
Treasury Department fixed a certain basis or quota for which banks should 
subscribe; as, for example, the Secretary of the Treasury notified all banks and 
trust companies that they were expected to take 2 per cent of their resources fort- 
nightly in Certificates of Indebtedness to be issued in anticipation of the Fourth 
Liberty Loan. The same procedure was followed relative to certificates issued 
in anticipation of the Victory Liberty Loan. 

THE WAR SAVINtiS DIVISION OF THE WAR LOAN ORGANIZATION 
THIRD FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT 
Casimir a. Sienkievvk.z 

Under authority of an Act of Congress, approved Septemljer 21, I') 17. the 
Secretary of the Treasury ofi'ered for sale •S2. 000. 000. 000 worth (uiaturil> \alue) 
of War Savings Stamps. This amount was later raised to $ 1,000,000,000. 

As provided by the first Treasury Department circular letter, dated November 
15, 1917, ''the United States War Savings Certificate, series of 1918, is an obliga- 
tion of the Llnited States when and only when one or more United States War 
Savings Stamps, series of 1918, is affixed thereto." Each of these certificates had 
space for twenty War Savings .Stamps of the same issue, and each of these stauq>s 
so affixed had a maturity value of $5 on January 1, 192.'5, which accordingly gave 
to each certificate a maturity value of $100, each stamp bearing interest at 4 per 
cent per annum compounded quarterly if held until matuiity. 

No one person was aUowed to hold at any time stamps of any one issue of an 
aggregate maturity value of more than $1,000. 

In case of redem[)tion prior to maturity the holder was i'e(|uired to give ten 
days' notice to any money-order post-office where th(> surrender of stamps was to be 
effected. It was possible to register these stamps, but such registration was optional. 

477 




I'h.ll., .., 1. 



School Children in Liberty Loan Pwjrdiil. 



The Stamps were not transferable, and were not to be reeeixcd as security 
for (lej)osits of public money. They did not bear the circulation privilege. They 
were tax exempt both as to principal and interest except frt>m estate or inheritance 
lax, surtaxes and excess profit and war profit taxes then or thereafter imposed 
by the I nited States upon the income of individuals, partnerships, associations or 
corpoi-ations. 

To make easier the jiaynients on account of War Savings Stamps, Thrift 
Stamps were adopted. These stamps had a value of twenty-five cents, but bore 
no interest. They were not redeemable directly, but each Thrift Card, with six- 
teen Thiift Stamps allixed thereto, was converted into a War Savings Stamp 
upon payment of the dill'erence between the actual value of the sixteen Thrift 
Stamps and the then current price of the Wai" Savings Stamp. 

Mi;riior» ok Distribution and S.\le 

The War Savings Stamps and Thrift Stamps were on sale in all Post Offices 
:ui(l federal Reserve Banks. There were also other agencies divided into two 
classes : 

1. Those especially authorized b> the Savings Division of liie Treasury 
Depaitmcnt. who were permitted t<) buy stamps for re-sale to an amount iml 
exceeding $1. ()()(). 

2. Incorporated banks and trust companies who obtained their stamps from 
the federal Reserve Bank for sale to the public in excess of .?1.000 at any one lime 
of one issue. This second class was reiiuirrd lo put up collateral security or 
actual cash in order to qualify. 

3. District and local committees were ellrcicd lor llic purpose of extending 
a campaign, a National (^.ommittee being formed uruli'r the cliairniaiisliif) of Frank 
A. ^ anderlip. with head([uarters at Washington. Kor easlein Prims\lvania 
Robert K. Cassatt was appointed Slate Director on November 20. 1917. The 
Director for western Pennsylvania was James Francis Murke. of Pittsburgh. 

47K 



On November 26. 1917, the eastern Pennsylvania headquarters were opened 
at 1321 Walnut Street, and within a week the campaign was actively inaugurated. 

Messrs. Cassatt and ]>urke created a State C.ouncil, with the assistance of 
which a chairman was appointed in every county, who, in turn, organized such 
committees as were necessary to carry on the campaign in their several counties. 

Meetings were held, sjieakers were sent to theaters and other public places, 
parades were arranged and personal solicitors sent out. War savings societies 
were formed, particularly in schools and industries. On November 11, 1918, 
eastern Pennsylvania led the I nited States in the number of such societies, having 
a total of 2,094. The school children in Philadelphia were organized in 817 of 
these societies, and were urged to convert their pennies into "baby bonds," as 
the Thrift Stamps were called. 

Associated with Mr. Cassatt were Joseph A. Janney, Jr., Chairman of the 
Industrial Committee and afterward assistant state director; William West, 
Philadelpliia County Chairman, later acting state director; J. Curtis Patterson, 
who had charge of the War Savings Societies; and Benjamin H. Ludlow, state 
director of the speakers' bureau. 

The allotment of sales for Philadelphia County for 1918 was $35,000,000, 
and for eastern Pennsylvania district $116,000,000. 

By the end of 1918 the forty-eight counties of the eastern Pennsylvania Dis- 
trict had piactically met their assigned f(uota of $20 per capita. 

At the close of 1918 Carter Glass, the Secretary of Treasury, announced 
that the savings stamps movement would continue indefinitely. Substantially 
the same securities were od'ered in 1919. The same kind of Thrift Stamps were 
used, but the War Savings Stamps bore the head of Benjamin Franklin instead of 
George Washington, and were smaller in size than those of the 1918 issue. 

As the campaign progressed, it was found that some one certificate to take 
the place of a collection of stamps was in demand. Therefore, on July 1, 1919, 
War Savings Certificates, designated as Treasury Savings Certificates, in denom- 
inations of $100 and $1,000 were i.ssued. Their terms as to the price, rate of 
interest, marketability, redemption, tax exemption, etc., were substantially the 
same as the War Savings Stamps. They were issued in book form, and were auto- 
matically registered at the time of purchase. This protected the holder against 
loss by theft, fire, etc. 

In the beginning of 1919, the work of the Savings Division, in each Federal 
Reserve district was placed under a more direct control of the governor of each 
of th(^ F'cderal Reserve banks. Fl Pusey Passmore was in charge of the movement 
in the Third Federal Reserve District, and together with his co-workers established 
an admirable record in the district. He worked jointly with John H. Mason, 
who later became the National Director of the War Loan Organization. 

On January 1, 1919, Governor Passmore appointed E. McLain Walters (State 
Chairman of Pennsylvania Committees of the various Liberty Loans) as director 
of the War Savings Division. 

J. Curtis Patterson was appointed as associate director, in charge of savings 
societies in industries, schools, etc. 

Casimir A. Sienkiewicz, who had been E.xecutive Secrt>tary of the Foreign 
Language Division for the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans, and 
who was then associate member of the Legal Advisory Board for Draft District 9, 

479 



l'liila(l('l|)liia. likewise became associate director, in cliaiire of sales and orjianiza- 
tion as well as ficneral executive. 

William II. P. McCoy was appointed chaiirnan nj' the Saviiifjs \\ork in Ihr 
ci(\ of Pliiladelpliia. 

I ndcr the new arrangement the Icniloix was ciianged. The grouping was 
made by the Federal Reserve districts instead <if b> States as before. The Third 
Kederal l^eserve District comprised forty-eight counties of eastern l^'imsyivania. 
nine counties of southern New Jersey and the Stale of l>elaware. This territory 
was divided into six groups. 

After the armistice it was found that the redeinplion of stanijis swelled to a 
great Nolume. This, of course, was explained parllv bv the fact that peuple had 
f)urchased stamps to help win the wai-. and partly by the fact liial willi Ihi' cessa- 
tion of hostilities, and as a result nf iiuiuslrial n-aclion. nianv wi-ie cotnprllrd 
to couNcrt their savings into cash. 

Therclorc during the campaign nl I'M'' emphasis was placed upim llic d 

and value of a continued movement for thrift and econonu. 

In conclusion, it may be interesting to note that from December. I''I7. to the 
end of 1914 approximately seven milhon people in eastern Pennsylvania, southern 
.\e» .lersev and Delaware bought altogether a total of about -S-'iT. ()(•(». (KM) \\in[\\ 
of the Thrift Stamps. War Savings Stamps and Treasury Savings ( '.crlilicales. 

The national sales during the same period were $1,126, 180,7.51. The expenses 
of o|)eration in the I"]aslern District in connection with the selling of the slanips 
during Ihis period did not exceed ..'58 of I per cent of lhemoiie\ boirowcd. As 




Mrs. Woodniir Wilson and prominrnt I'liilwlrliiliiniis <il a l.ilicrly l.dini Iliilly 

480 



many purchasers of Thrift Stamps have lost them, it has been estimated that this 
loss covers in great part the expenses of the campaign. 

Comparing the Third Federal Reserve District with the New York District, 
it is interesting to note that it sold during JiHQ within a million dollars' worth as 
many stamps as iVew York at a cost of 1.5 per dollar raise, while the New York 
costs were 3.6. 

The redemption nf stanips decreased greatly during 1910. it being estimated 
that the rediMuption of all issues did not exceed 10 per cent in the Tliird District. 

FINANCINti THK WAR BY THE LIBERTY LOANS 
Bv Lo(;an M. Bullitt, Jr.* 

The flotation of live successful Liberty Loans, with subscriptions totaling 
nearly $24,000,000,000, in twenty weeks of actual campaigning was not the 
least of the war achievements in this country. The necessity and importance of 
this financing needs no comment. 

When, on May 3, 1917, in answer to the summons of William McAdoo, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, the l)ankers of America launched the First Loan with a 
goal of $2,000,000,000, there was no organization capable of adequately handling 
the tasks to follow. The only agency simulating such an organization was the 
Federal Reserve System. Consequently, the work was handed over to the twelve 
Reserve Banks into which the country was divided. 

Not only was there no organization, there was no precedent for the building 
of the requisite machine. No one knew just what lay ahead or what obstacles 
would have to be overcome. The entire proposition was new, tremendous and 
unlike anything before it. The Liberty Loan campaigns were history and precedent 
in the making — and were so stupendous they left behind but a faint trace of the 
theory and practice underlying their successful llotation. The average American 
citizen knows little of them except the blare of the trumpet and the smile of the 
good looking woman who buttonholed him on the street. 

The country was allame with the war spirit at the time of the First Loan and 
purse strings had been loosened by the first exuberance of a deeper meaning to 
the word "Patriotism." The people were ready to subscribe. There appeared no 
necessity for a large organization. 

Thus the burden of the First Loan rested on the finani'ial institutions of the 
country. However, it soon became apparent that if other Loans, larger Loans, 
were to follow there must be an adecjuate machine. The First Loan was over- 
subscribed in virtually all sections, but it dragged along for six weeks. 

The ever-growing need was for a vehicle through which to carry propaganda 
to the people in every way — through reason, ambition, sentiment and self-love, 
as well as through pure patriotic idealism. 

The Third Federal Beserve District, comprising Philadelphia, eastern Penn- 
sylvania, southern New Jersey and Delaware, was only one of the twelve districts 
which had such a problem — and it was one of the twelve that solved it. 

As an evidence of the wisdom with which the Liberty Loan Committees were 
built, there was planted in the First Loan the seed which later grew into such a 
large and smoothly running organization. Each successive Loan was a develop- 

*Associate iManaj,'er, DeparlmenI of News, Victory Ijil)erty Loan Committee. 

481 




Courtesy ol fr^rank \V. Uuliler, Stankey Co. ill America. 

Liberty Loan Officials. 



nioiil of prcxioiis Loans — an expansion or rcarraiitrcnicnl in orirani/aliun. 'I'hc 
(ixc Loans iniisl be considered as one niovenieiil. willi I lie "l inishiiij; I'il'lli." the 
Victory Liberty Loan, as the fruition of the seed planted in the First Ijoaii. 

The rirst l,oan in the Phini Federal Reserve District. Alay 3 June If). 1917, 
was dir(>cte(i by a ("entral (".oniinittec composed of sixl(!en members, as follows: 

Ctiarlcs J. Hlionds. Cluiirniiin; Hichard I-. Austin, Vice-Chairman; E. T. Stotesbury, George 
II. Frn/ior. K. W . ('lark. Levi L. Rue, K. V. .Slianbackcr, FITiti);liiim B. Morris. W. D. Cirange, 
Frederick T. Cluindler, Edward B. Smith, Hichard Y. C.ook, William I', (lest, .lohii II. Mason, 
Frank M. Ilardl, Waller ('.. Janney. 

This bod\ acted as a Roard of Directors. Mr. .Tanney. as its representative, 
assuminj; active control of the details, assisted b; the (icneral Committee. Mr. 
Janney was a member of this latter body, ex-oHicio. The other members were: 

l.ewi^ II. Parsons, ('hairnian; T. .Johnson Ward. \ice-C.hairmaii; J. Ooshy l$ro«n. Percy 
.M. Chandler. Philemon Dickin.son, C. C. llarri.son. Jr.. John J. Henderson, (ieorge \\ . Kendriek, 
3d, Grenville D. Montgomery, Caspar W. Morris, nichard E. Norton. George K. Reilly. 

In the Second Loan, October 1-October 27, 1917, the first expansion of 
the ori.'anization occurred. Mr. Janney became Ciiairman of the I'^xecutive Com- 
mittee, wiiicli t<K)k the place of the (icneral Coimniltce. The membership was re- 
duced to five, the following, in addition to Mr. Janney, servinj;: Messrs. Parsons, 
Ward, .Mason and Joseph Wayne. Jr. The Central Coimiiittce remained the same, 
except that Mr. Janney was no longer a member of it. 

Two of the most successful branches of the Liberty Loan (.'.ommiltee were 
brought into being in this campaign. One, the Industrial Committee, under C. N. 

482 



Lauer, assisted by J. M. Blankenburg ; the other, the Publicity Divisi((n, under 
Richard ?]. Norton. 

The PubHcity Division was spUt into nine units in the Second Loan. News- 
paper advertising was in charge of A. K. Higgins, Thomas Mulvey, Irvin Paschall, 
and PhiHp C. Staples. To Bart Andress was given the preparation of material for 
the newspapers. Gilbert E. Gable was placed in charge of electric signs and Fred- 
erick G. Pierce, of special articles for distribution. Ordering and shipping fell to 
Paul D. Howe; advertising floats were arranged l)y Charles H. Baruch; the dis- 
tribution of posters, by Boy Scouts, was directed by George I. Bodine, and the 
auditing department was turned over to Malcolm Huey. 

Grenville D. Montgomery, a.ssisted by William S. Evans, established the In- 
vestment Bankers Committee in this Loan. 

The expansion, begun in the Second Loan, was carried further in the Third 
Loan, which opened April 6, 1918, and closed May 4th. 

Probably the most radical departure in the Third Loan was the recognition 
of sections outside Philadelphia by appointing representatives to the Central 
Committee. E. Pusey Passniore, Governor of the Third Federal Reserve Bank, 
assumed the chairmanship of the Committee, and the entire personnel was changed 
with the exception of Messrs. Austin, Hardt, Morris, Rue and Stotesbury. The 
new members were: 

Alva ('.. Dinkey, Samuel Rea, Ernest T. TriRg and John Wananiaker, of Philadelphia; J. B. 
Dinmiick, Scranton; W. W. Griest, Lancaster; M. C. Kennedy, Chambersburg; F. M. Kirby, 
Wilkes-Barre; William C. Sproul and Vance McCormick, Ilarrisbiirg; C. I^aRue Mimson, Wil- 
liamsport and Charles M. Schwab, Bethlehem. David Baird, of Camden and Washington K. 




Courtesy of Fraiili \V. Buliltr. .Slanlfy Co. of America. 

Members of Ihc Women's Coinniillee, Victory Liberly Loan. 
483 



Hoi'hliriff. of Tronton. were the New Jersey members. Pierre S. du Pont, of W ilminpton. was the 
representative from Delaware. 

Another (lc[)aitiire. shown Ijy tlie personnel of the above Committee, was the 
choosing ot incn other than hankers and brokers. For instanre. Messrs. Dinkey and 
Scliwab were steel men: Mr. Rea. a railroad man; Mr. Trigg, a paint manui'aclurer: 
Mr. Wanamaker. a merchant. 

In the Third Loan, the Executive Committee became the .\dvisory Committee 
and the |)ersomiel was changed by the withdrawal of Messrs. Ward and Par.sons, 
the latter to assume the title of Director of the l.,iberty Loan Committee. George 
Wharton Pepper. Chairman of the IVnnsylvania (^.ouncil of National Defense, and 
Horatio (iaies Lloyd weie ap|)ointed members. Ilowaril F. Ilansell, ,Jr., was ap- 
pointed assistant to Mr. Parsons. 

The \dvisory Committees for Peimsylvania. New Jersey and Delaware came 
into being, and were und(>r the res})ectiv(> leadership of Ceorge K. Reilly, Philemon 
Dickinson, and Levis I^. Mann. Ivxecutive secretaries were appointed for these ( ".om- 
mittees and bore the brunt of the work. These Secretaries were : K. McLain Watters 
for Pemisylvania. and Howard S. Kinney for New Jersey and Delaware. Messrs. 
Watters and kinney became the Chairmen of these Committees in the N ictory Loan. 

One of the most important factors in the following campaigns was started under 
Carl N. Martin in the Third Loan. This was the Citizens' Conmiittee. which 
carried the campaign to the homes of the pi'ople. 

The Clearing House Committee, under Jo.seph C. Wickham. was formed to 
collect and tabulate subscriptions. The (juarters in the Lincoln Building were not 
adecjiiale. so this (^.ommittee was housed at 13th and Cherry streets. 

The j-'oreign Language Division was brought to a high d(>gree of organization 
in this Loan imder John J. Henderson, with the assistance of Casimir \. Sienkiewicz, 
and just prior to the opening of the Loan, a house organ, known as The IJherly Line, 
was started. ( leorge H. Hynson was Lditor-in-Chief. Mr. Bodine assisted in 
collecting and editing the material, as well as directing the activities of the Boy 
Scouts. This organ continued a successful existence tludiigh thirty-eight numbers 
to the cl(tse of the \ ictory Liberty Loan. 

The Publii'ity Division was also more highly organized in this campaign, under 
the din-clion of Mi-. Norton, with the establishment of the following subdivisions 
and bureaus: 

News, Thomas .1. Muixey and \\ illi:iiii \'. O'Donnell; (.il\ IVoriiol ion. Ihonias, I. Warren; 
(lonnly Promotion. Irvin I'". Paschall: Par.idi' l?iin'au. 10. .). Herlet: I'ealnre. (iill)ert K. (Jable; 
Motion Pictures, Lawrence D, Beggs and Frank \V. Huhler; .Service, J. Howe Stewart; Business, 
Lewis It. Gwyn. 

Other committees formed for this drive, the greatest up to this time, and 
second only to the Victory Liberty Loan, were: 

('.lul)s. li. M. Slinson; DepartnK'nl and Ctiain Stores, P. _\L (!liaiidler; tire Insurance 
Brokers and Agent-s, C. V\ . Churchman; Fire Insurance ("onipanies, Benjamin Hush; Information, 
.\. B. iMiller; Investment Bankers, (ieorge If. Fra/ier; Life Insurance Companies. George K. 
Johnson; Life Insurance Llnderwriters, Thomas L. Fansler; Mass Meetings, G. E. Nitzche; 
Miscellaneous, Thomas Duncan Whelan: Partial Payments, C. C. Harrison, Jr.; Professions, 
Tristram C. Colket; Hailroad and Public Utilities. Caspar \V. .Morris; Savings Fund, G. C. 
Purves; ISuilding and \jtan Associations, C. .\. .Simpler; Schools, \. G. Neary; Speakers. John 
M. Denison; Slock Kxchange, William D. Grange; Transportation, Lewis l\ Gwyn; Trust 
Companies, Kflinghani B. Morris. 

484 




C'>nrlPsv (if F-nnlt ^^■ 



lliililer. Slanley Co. of America. 

Wo'iifri in rlidnii' of [jhrrlv Loiiii IUkiIIi 



Organizations were also formed in all the counties of the thr<'e states, with 
chairnien and secretaries for each. These leaders in the outlying; secti((ns k(>pt in 
toucli with headquarters through th(>ir respective Advisory Coniniittees. 

The Fourth Loan, which opened September 28th and closed October 19th, was 
the first to be floated in three weeks. This campaign brought fuither expansion of 
the committees, but addetl few new ones. Where one person had attended to the 
work in the Third Loan there now sprung up, in many cases, a force of men. The 
quarters in the Lincoln Building became inadequate, and the oveillow went into the 
Liberty Building next door, where the Philadelphia Council of National Defense 
had ofTices. 

(iovernor Passmore became a member of the Executive Committee, which 
otherwise remained the same. Four new members were added to the Central 
Committee, and three dropped out. The new members were: William A. Dy(<r, 
Secretary; William H. Hutt, George H. Stewart, of Shiiipensburg, Pa.: and l^ouis 
A. Watres, of Scranton, Pa. 

Under the leadership of W. Morgan Churchman and Carroll J. Waddell. the 
Industrial Committee became a real force, with twenty-two groups reaching every 
industry in the city. The Citizens Committee, with Warren A. l\eed as assistant 
to Mr. Martin, also developed remarkably. 

Mr. Norton became Director of Publicity, and virtually every department 
under him enlarged its activities. Mr. Cable was made assistant to Mr. Norton. 
and J. E. Bacon took charge of the Supply Department. 

485 



The Speakers" IJun-aii. whieli pieviously liad cooperated with the Cunimittee, 
now becamo an integral part of it. with Henry S. Drinker, Jr.. and William J. 
WTieatley directing the work in Philadelphia. Benjamin H. Ludlow and J. W. 
Rhine were in charge of activities outside the city. 

The Fourth Loan, September 28 October 19, 1918, was the most dillicult 
because of the influenza epidemic. Every day additional members of the various 
commit tees were missing from their desks. Nevertheless, in face of all discourage- 
ments, the leaders retained their confidence and with those who were unallected 
by the epidemic did double duty. Both Philadelphia and Ihc distiict overscribed 
their respecti\(' quota. 

riie fourth Loan was the last while the war was in progiess. The armistice 
was signed before the Victory campaign began and the war spirit had begun to wane. 

The War Loan Organization was formed soon after the Fourth Loan, combining 
the Liberty Loan Committee and the War Savings (".onnnittee under the same 
head, though the organizations remained intact and separate. .Mr. Mason was 
appointed Director of the War Loan Organization for the Third District. 

The \ ictory Liberty Loan. April 2\ May 10. 1")I9. nec(>ssitated the expan- 
sion of practically every committee. 

Hichard Iv Norton. W. Morgan C.hunliinan and 
a|i|)<iiiitc(l Associate Directors. Mr. W addell taking Mi' 
Industrial C.ommittee. 

The I'.xecutive ("onnnittee was reorganized as follows: 



Mbert I']. Berry, were 
Morgan's jjlace on the 



K. I'lisey I'assiiiore, Cluiirnmn; John H. Mason, Vico-ChairMian. Publicity Division. 
HiclianI K. Norton, WaUi'r C. Janney and (icornc Wharton PcpptT. Imhistrial l)i\ision. \\ . 
Morgan (llmnhnian. Horatio G. I^loyd and Joseph \\a\ni'. .Ir. City \(li\ilii's Division, MIhtI 
K. Ucrry. Lewis H. Parsons and John IF. .Mason. 

Tlie Central ("onnnittee was enlarged, with the following new members: 




Courtesy (^f I'l'"" Phll.idolphlft "Press." 

Gernmn Fiikker til Liberty Loan lially. 

486 



T. DeWitt Cuyler, Edwin S. Stuart, Governor Walter E. Edge and Charles K. Haddon, 
New Jersey; Colonel M. C. Kennedy, Chambersburg, Pa.; A. Mitchell Palmer, Chester, Pa.; 
Governor J. G. Townsend. Delaware; and J. P. Winchester, Wilmington. Delaware. 

To describe in detail the changes that took place prior to tliis campaign would 
require many pages. Let a single exam])le suffice. 

In the first two Loans, publicity was handled almost entirely by persons not 
officially connected with the Loan Organization. 

In the Third Loan a Press Bureau was started. William F. O'Donnell, 
assisted by one stenographer, sent out material to the newspapers. In the Fourth 
Loan, there were three men and two stenographers in what was then known as the 
News Biueau. In the Victory Loan, the Department of News included fifteen 
newsjjajK'r men, three stenographers and three messengers, covering virtually every 
field, t'rom the few hundred words sent out each day in the Third Loan, the pub- 
licity matter reached tens of thousands of words every day in the Fifth Loan. 

This example has been selected because it was the one with which the writer 
was most familiar. However, it is typical of what was done throughout the Victory 
Liberty Loan by every department. No chance of reaching every person living in 
the Third Federal Reserve District was overlooked. 

Among the committees with new leaders in the Victory Liberty Loan were: 

Banks, J. R. McAllister; Clubs, Charles A. Porter, ,rr. ; Foreign Language, Judge Joseph 
Builington; Professions, Owen J. Roberts; Stock E.xchange, Charles H. Bean. 

Among the committees added to those previously mentioned were: 

Artists, H. Devitt Welsh; Civics, Thomas B. Smith, Mayor of Philadelphia; Federal 
Government Organizations, W. H. Padgett; Honor Flag, James D. Winsor, Jr.; Labor, Frank 
Feeney; Newspaper Publicity Fimd, A. A. Jackson; Photographers, R. A. Phillips; Depart- 
ment of Features. Colonel L. J. Magill, U. S. M. C; Singing, John F. Braun; Real Estate, 
Robert J. Nash; Theatres, Harry C. Jordan. 

It is a matter of regret it is not possible to pay tribute to all who aided in the 
successful flotation of these Five Loans. But the work was so vast, and so many 
people had a share in it, that many of the most deserving must go their way 
without reward other than tlie satisfaction of duty and work well done. 

A SUMMARY OF THE FIVE LIBERTY LOAN ISSUES IN PHILADELPHIA 







Total 








Number 


Per 

Cent of 


Per 




Popula- 


Banking 




SuLscrij)- 




of 


Popula- 


Canila 




llOQ 


Resources 


Quota 


tion 


Allolnient 


Subscrib- 
ers 


tion 
Subscrib- 
ing 


Sub- 
scrip- 
tion 


FIRST LOAN 


1,800,000 


No record 


$94,964,750 


$145,172,950 


$96,809,650 


1 No 
1 record 


No \ 
record ( 


$54 , 00 


SECOND LOAN .. 


1.800.000 


$1,385,117,118 


139,409.950 


234,901,000 


148,327,350 


245.126 


l:i.62 


82 . 00 


THIRD LOAN . 


1,800.000 


1,240,133.000 


136.499,9.M 


169,350.600 


159.350,600 


653.182 


36.28 


91 , 00 


FOURTH LOAN... 


1,800,000 


863.994,000 


259,198,000 


311,306,250 


311,306,250 


502.864 


27.93 


173,00 


FIFTH LOAN 


1,800,000 


1,074,488.676 


186,209.450 


208,482,200 


174..591.350 


350,903 


19.49 


116.00 



FOREIGN LANGUAGE DIVISION, LIBERTY LOAN COMMITTEE 

Casimir a. Sienkiewicz 
In connection with the Second Liberty Loan, a Foreign Language Division 
was organized in the Third Federal Reserve District to take the message of Ameri- 
canism to the foreign born and foreign speaking members of the community. 
The greatest work was accomplished during the Fourth Loan. 

487 




IMioto Iiy I,. U. Snow. 



Dance of llic Attics — Lilx'rly Loan Pageant. 



Tho cliairmaii of this division was tin- Hon. .loscpli Hiiirnif;toii. jndp^ of liio 
Initod Slad's (iicuit (loiiil of Appeals; l-ldward 'I'. SlolcshiiiN was \ icc-cliairnian 
and Casimir \. Sieni^iewicz, execiitivi' sccrclarN. .lolm .1. Ilondorson was an 
ox-ofTicio niciniici' of the conimitlci'. 

ISinclt'cti coniiniltcfs were forint-d al the iK'frinniiifr of Ihc lomlli Loan 
for w(>ii\ anion;: lliat luimbor of nationalities roprcscnli'd in Ihc city, and a \riy 
l)rief stalcincnl of carli committee is lierel)\ ^'i\en. 

Ai.baman: The I{ev. Mark Kondoli i-eporti(l Ihal I he 70(1 Mhanians in 
Philadelphia liad contributed S13.:5.')0. 

Akmkman: \ram K. Jerreliian liniied (i\ei- siiliscriplions amounting to 
S46,75() for the Kourlh Liberty J>oan. This amount does not include subscrip- 
tions made to other agencies which amounted to SUH). ()()(). It is interestinj; to 
note that in the Third IJberty Loan the \rmenians of Philadelphia led in the per 
<'a()ita subscription. 

Chinese: I nder the dii-ecli(jn nl' ihe He\ . I lon^' i^ee. Ilie ( Chinese subscribed 
$8,000. 

Czecho-Slovak: About 10.000 Czecho-Slovaks are residents of this cil\ and 
the committee sold l>.iberty bonds to the amount of SiJO.Ji.iO. and an additional 
amount of about §170.000 was purchased b> Ihe ( .zecho-Slovaks in factories, 
shops and other places. 

French: Professor P. F. (iiroud, with the coopeialion of a very ell'ective 
women's conniu'llee. reported a total sale of §89.000. 

(Ii:i\m\n: Vtnong the men in charge of the Liberty Loan Camf)ai^'n for 
w^ork with Americans of German birth or descent, were John B. Mayer, Chairman; 
Louis \. .Schmidt. Treasurer: Franz b^hrlich, ,Ir.. Secretary. In the amount of 
subscriptions this conuniltee led the division: their linal report showing that they 
raised directly or indirectly, §20,600.000. 

ti!H 



Greek: The (irock colonv of about 2,000. uiulii- llw (liicctidii ul' Or. S. 
Vilaras and C Sl('|)liaii() punhaspcl $135,000 of hoiids and llms led in tlic pec 
capita subsciiptioii fur tlic Knutlli Loan. 

Hungarian: Among the officers of the Hungarian ('.ornniittce were Samuel 
Folkman, wlio organized a committee with the Rt. Rev. lulwin F. Neuriher 
as chairman, and iMigene ,1. Ilandelsniann as secretar.y. 'Pliis conunittee raised 
du'ectly $31,000 and was instrumental in raising $175,000 adchtional in coopera- 
tion with other agencies. At a single meeting held on the first Sunday of the 
campaign. Septendier 2'*. 1918. bonds worth $5,000 were sold. Most of the sub- 
scriptions were f(jr $50 bonds, 

Italian: Frank Roma was chairman and R. ,1. Neri. Secretary, of the com- 
mittee which carried on a very active and successful work. The conunittee [aised 
directly $5,636,450 and the total amount which could be credited to the 70,000 
Italians subscriptions to the Fourth Liberty Loan is over eleven and a half million 
dollars. 

Japanese: Doctor Shinkishi Hatai, as chairman of this committee, assisted 
by Mr. Seno, sold $10,000 worth of the Fourth Liberty Loan bonds. Many of 
the subscribers were Japanese students. 

Lettish : The officers of the men's conunittee were Andrew Werbel. Chairman, 
and K. A. Rahwin, Secretary. Of the women's committee. Augusta Hausman. was 
Chairman, and Betty Pelitt, Secretary. The 2,500 Letts exceeded their (juota 
in the Third Loan by $3,950, and in the Fourth Loan tlieii- direct subscriptions 
amounted to $26,700 through the 
men's committee, and $11,500 through 
the women's committee, making a 
total of $41,200. 

Lithuanian: The Lithuanians 
of Philadelphia, about 8,000, are 
chiefly located in two sections of the 
city, and two Liberty Loan commit- 
tees were formed. Charles Miklas 
reported for the two conunittees that 
$50,000 was secured directly, and 
$50,000 additional indirectly. In 
checking up the subscriptions for the 
Fourth Liberty Loan, the committee 
discovered that the Lithuanians 
should be credited with the purchase 
of $400,000 worth of bonds. 

Polish: This committee coordi- 
nated the efl'orts of seven Polish 
churches, and over 186 fraternal and 
social organizations. The Chairman 
was Joseph Slomkowski, and the other 
officers were A, Ziernicki, Vice-Chaii'- 
man; Leo Alexander, First Secretary: 
and E. Schurgt)t, Second Secretary. 
There were nine subcommittees, 




1.1. Flaclun 



III' h'riiiiir (iihI his Sl'AI) in Liljcrly 
Loan Canipiiiijn. 



489 



which turned in total subscriptions of •?."). 801. 000. The devoted response of the 
P((lt's was exemplified by the widow of the first IMiiladelpiiia i\ile who was killed 
while serving with the American Army in France. Tliis woman. , Mrs. Maiy 
Trojan, subscribed $550 to the Fourth Liberty T-oan. which icpresenled the full 
amount reieived by her as an insurance preniiuui after the death of her hushand. 

Hoimanian: John A. Petku was the Chairman of a committee representinfj 
the 1.000 Roumanians in this city who subscribed directly or indirectly S 15.000, 

Hissian: The work in the Russian colony was directiHi by Nicholas Kwsh- 
nirolf. and raised S25.000 directly, and an additional sum of S82.000 indirectly. 

Scandinavian : This committee included people of Danish. Swedish and 
Norwegian birth, or descent. C. A. .Moldrup was Chairman, and Anna Peteisen 
Secretary. As a result of 8.000 personal appeals they secured §15,'5,900. 

Serbian: lovan Stamoyev. Chairman, organized committees and addressed 
mass meetings among th<' Serbians of Philadelphia and \iciiiit\. who raised directly 
$8,000. 

Syrian: There were about 800 to 1.000 Syrians in this city and under the 
leadership of the Rt. Rev. Joseph Kazbek. Risliop (if the Syrian Cliunli, sub- 
scriptions to the amount of $10,000. \\lii<h itu ludid tlie icturns made by tlie 
women's committee, were received. 

I kraiman: Kight meetings were held during the first five days of the Fourth 
Liberty Loan Drive, and at the end of the campaign. T. (I. Ilrycey. Chairman, 
and Roman Slobodian. Secretary, reported sales to the amount of $80,000. 

In making this report the ollicers of the Division paid special tribute to the 
splendid work doni* by the various women's committees. 

The .South Philadelphia Women's Committee, of which Mrs. Waller .1. 
Freeman, was Chairman, is an example of the ell'ecli\e woik accomplished, lu 
this section of the city the Italian. I^ettish, Syrian, FrcMich and Czecho-Slovak 
residents bought a total of over $180,000 worth of Fomth Liberty bonds. 

Among those who acted as speakers and interpreters were: 

Jose|)h Jacolucci, Alex. Rerkowitz. M. Malcolm Slikas. Leo Vlexander. 
Samuel Folkman, Andrew Slabey, Charles Miklas, Jo.seph DeNilo, J. Pizzaguo. 
C. C. A. Baldi, John DiSilvestro. Jo.seph Slomkowski, John B. Kliniew.ski. .biseph 
DiSilvestro and the Rev. A. D. Domenica. 

Organized work was carried out in cities neai i'liiladelphia. incluilirig Mien- 
town, Scranton, Reading. Johnstown, Phillipsburg, Lebanon, Rethleliem. Wilkes- 
Rarre, Shamokin. Clearfield. Moutzdale. Easton. Norristown, Alloona, DuRois, 
Chester and Harrisburg: also in New Jersey, at Camden, and 1'renton. and at 
Wilmington, Del. 

A total of over $100,000,000 of Liberty Bonds wen- sold h\ llic various com- 
mittees during their tenure of ollice. 

FOIR-MIM Ti; MI!:N 

Jacob Warnkr Rhine 

No one questions but that the morale (if the American ser\ i((> men in the 
trenches and on the seas, which amazed all I'lurope, was k(>pt up by the almost 
equally amazing morale of the people home. How they were kept in line, and 
how their- determination and sacrifices in men and money and conveniences were 

t<)(( 




courtesy of Frank W. Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. 

Douijliis Fairhdiiks, Miiry Pickford (mil Clinrlic Clinpliii al Libi'riy Loan Ittilly. 

(■(loidiiiatfd to assist the Government in carrying on the war. were features of 
tiie eonflicl tiiat cannot be told too mucli in detail. 

Foreign oiiservers wiio were in America at tiiis time were almost as much 
impressed by what the citizen body volunteered to do and did do to gain the 
desired end, as they were by what the fighting forces were doing on the other side. 
Suffice it to say, that in all this civilian work the public and professional men of 
Philadelphia acquitted themselves in no uncertain manner. What they 
did was done, not from mere loose enthusiasm for the cause but through 
an organization perfectly equipped as a whole and intact in all its parts. In 
Pennsylvania the task of keeping the public informed and securing their whole- 
hearted and unquestioning support for all the projects of the Government, financially 
and otheiwise, fell upon the Pennsylvania Four-Minute Men, which was officially 
organized by the Committee on Public Information, with the appointment of Owen 
,1. Roberts as State Director on December 1, 1917. Henry B. Hodge, who had 
previously been appointed by the I'reasury Department as Chairman of the Liberty 
Loan Speakers' Bureau for the Third Federal Reserve District, was appointed 
Chairman of the Philadelphia Four-Minute Men. 

On January 1, 1918, Henry B. Hodge succeeded Mr. Roberts as State Director 
and appointed the following staff assistants: 

Benjamin H. Ludlow, Vice-Chairman; Jacob Warner Rtiine, Executive Secretary; 
Harry D. Wescott. Chairman for Philadelphia; HaR>ld H. Heitler, Chairman of Committee on 
Enrolment of Speakers; EUiott \V'. Stin.son, E.xecutive .Secretary of Philadelphia Branch; E. C. _ 
Morey, Chairman of Pittsburgh Branch. 

The Four-Minute Men was from the beginning a voluntary organization 

4'n 



rcroivirif,' no appropriations whatever from the Federal (ioverinnent. IJcaiizint,' 
the importance oC the spoiien word and tlie fireat nsel'iiiness to which the Four- 
Minute Men could he put. and knowing that an eflicient organization ct)uld not 
be ellected without funds with which to pay oHice and administration expenses, 
the Committee of I'uhlic Safel\ offered to take the Four-Minute Men into its 
organization as one of its correlated branches of war activities, placing at the dis- 
posal of the State Director of the Four-Minute Men an appropriation from the 
Pennsylvania Defense Fund, which was to pay the office expenses of the organiza- 
tion and traveling expenses of the speakers. With this necessary aid from the 
("ommittee of Public Safety. Mr. Hodge and Mr. Ludlow immediately organized 
a branch of the Four-Minute Men in every county in Peimsyhania. appointing 
county chairmen to act in cooperation with the chairman of the county branches 
of the Committee of Public Safety in their respective counties. They then en- 
deavored to establish local branches of the organization in eviMy city and town 
in the State. In April. 1<)18. sixt\ counl\ branches and o\('r lOO local braiulies 
were well establislied. 

In Philadelphia. Mi-. WcscDtt and Mr. Beitlcr had succeeded li\ the brginiiiiig 
of the Third Liberty Loan Campaign, April (). 1918. in perfecting an oiganizalion 
of 200 Four- -Minute Men who were trained speakers. The entire burden of suj)- 
plying Liberty Loan Speakers during the Third Liberty Loan Campaign fell upon 
the F(jur-Minute Men. Their activities were not limited to the theatres. They 
were sent to all kinds of public and private meetings, to industrial plants, 
churches, schools, open-air mass meetings and, in fad. to every ready-made 
audience thai could be utilized. 

During the Third Liberty Loan Campaign llii' Philadelphia branch of the 
I'our-Mimile Men furnished speakers for over 1.200 meetings, including theaters. 
During this I'ampaign. the State headipiarlers of the Foui-Minute Men supplied 
speakers of national prominence for over one hundred nia.ss meetings in 
Pennsylvania outside of I'hiladelphia. 

The effectiveness of the work done by the P(Mmsylvania Four-Mitnile Men as 
a speakers' bureau was recognized by those in charge of the war acti\ ities within 
the State, and consecjuently. at the close of the Third Libeily Loan Campaign, 
all speaking activities in the Slate of Pennsyhania were jilaced uneh-r the dircrlion 
of the Peims>lvania Four- .Minute Men. 

The work done by the Four-Minute Men acting as the speakers' bineau of I he 
Pem)s\lv;niia Council of National Defense, formerly the ConMiiillec of Public 
.Safety of I'eimsylvania, in the speed-up production work in annnunition plants 
and coal mines, was a particularly valuable one. During the War Chest Cam- 
paign held in ^hly. PM8. llarr\ I). Wescott. chairman for Philadelphia Count >. 
perlected what was known as the Mien Squad, composed of a detail of I niled 
Stales soldiers in full e(]uipment. all being of foreign birth representing different 
nations engaged to some degree in the war. The value of this Sfpiad of soldiers 
for Americanization purposes was inestimable. After having been used with 
splendid results in the Philadelf)hia district, the stpiad was sent to the Pittsburgh 
dislrici under Ihe direction of .lohn II. t)weii. and a two weeks' tour made through- 
out th(! Pittsburgh coal and industrial section. Actual increase in production was 
shown both at the coal mines and industrial plants after a visit of the Alien S(juad. 

The work done by the Four-Minute -Men in connection with this speed-up 

492 




CoTirtosy of Frank W. Buhler, Slanlt y Cn nf Amerira. 

Pliiladeljjlua "Mumnwrs" parade for llie Lihcriy Loan. 



production work was coinniPiKlcd in a special Icttcc from (he I iiitcd States 
Or(lnanc(> De|)aitni<'nt. 

In AufTiist. 1018. Henry B. Hodge, havinji combined practically all of the war 
activities of the speakers' bureau into the one organization. namel>. the Pennsyl- 
vania Four-Minute Men. resigned as State Director to take uj) a connnission as 
Major in the United States Army. At the time of his resignation, the Pennsyl- 
vania Four-Minute Men was the largest and most effectively organized State 
branch of the Four-Minute Men in the Fnited States. The organization was 
composed of approximately (i()() local liranches throughout the State and over 
4.000 speakers. 

Benjamin H. Ludlow was appointed to sncceed Mr. Hodge as State Director 
of the Pennsylvania Four-Minute Men. and the speakers" bureau of the Pemisyl- 
vania ( 4)uncil of National Defense, by the joint appointment of the Pennsylvania 
Council of National Defense and Committee on Public Information. 

Mr. Ludlow began immediately to extend further the activities of the Four- 
Minute Men and to increase the organization. He a]i|)ointed the following asso- 
ciate directors to assist him: Harold B. Beitler. Philadelphia; Henry S. DrinkcT'. 
Jr., Philadelphia; (ieorge S. Lloyd. Carlisle; Harrison H Nesbit, Pittsburgh; .lohn 
M. Harris, Scranton; Harry D. Wescott. I'liiladeljihia. 

On the first of September. 1918. the Philadelphia Division of the Four-Minute 
Men was separated from the State Headquarters. The Philadelphia Head- 

49:i 



(luaiiors were thereafter made at the Liberty Building, and the entire Philadelphia 
l)i\isi(m was reorganized and the personnel doubled by Henry S. Drinker. .Jr.. 
tlie Associate Director in charge of the Philadelphia district. 

Although the Four-lNIinute Men were j>atiently tolerated by the audiencf-s of 
the theatres during the first two or three months of their activities, the interest of 
t lie people steadily increased in what these men had to say, and the abiUty of the 
men to make good speeches increased by leaps and bounds on account of their 
special training, so that by the latter part of the summer of 1918 the Four-Minute 
Men were regarded as a feature at the local moving-pictme houses and eagerly 
welcomed by the theatrical managers. T'nder Mr. Drinker's persistent efforts, the 
per.somiel of the Philadelphia organization was increased to about three hundred 
and fifty speakers. These speakers were classed according to their respective 
abilities and used for the particular kind of work for which they were best adapted. 
A mnnber of the men. while unable to make a good four-minute speech on account 
of the briefness of the time, were able to make splendid speeches of a lialf-hour"s 
duration. Some men were particularly adapted to speaking at industrial plants, 
while others were })articularly adapted to speaking in churches and schools. A 
system of criticism was also instituted in order to increase the efliciency and worth 
of the speakers. The aid of a number of prominent men was enlisted to hear the 
speeches and to constructively criticise them. .Several men volunteered their 
services as critics and faithfully attended the Iheatic^s and moving-picture houses 




Courtesy of Frank W. Riihlor. Stanley Co. of America. 

Girl Scouls Lead Lil>erly Imuii Parade. 
491 



to which they were assigned to listen to four-minute speakers. In this way the 
faults into which some of the speakers had drifted were brought to the attention of 
the speaker and (eliminated, and the entire body of Four-Minute Men were given 
the view point of the audiences by means of these critics. 

By the beginning of the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign, every theatre and 
moving-picture house in I'hiladeiphia was enthusiastically cooperating with the 
Four-Minute Men in all speaking campaigns which came under our direction. A 
committee of leading theatrical managers of Philadelphia was appointed with 
Harry Jordan of Keith"s Theatie acting as Chairman. Tuesday and Friday nights 
were set aside as Four-Minute nights at theatres and moving-picture houses, and 
every theatre and moving-picture house in the City was covered each of these 
nights by four-minute speakeis assigned to the respective theatres. 

In addition to the work in theatres, the Philadelphia Four-Minute Men were 
called upon to send speakers to practically every meeting which was held in the 
City, for any purpose, dining the period of the war. At times as many as two 
hundred speakers were assigned for a given day. 

Immediately prior to the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign, an educational cam- 
paign was carried on by the Four-Minute Men to show people the many concrete 
reasons why it was necessary for them to support the Loan to the extreme of their 
ability, so that, by the time the campaign opened, the Four-Minute Men 
changed their tactics and began to actually sell the bonds in the theatres. In the 
last week of the campaign every theatre and moving-picture house in the city 
conducted a nightly drive for bonds, these drives sometimes taking up thirty to 
forty-five minutes. The theatrical managers kept an eagle eye on the audience 
and the drive closed as soon as the interest began to wane, but the remarkable 
feature was that the audience seemed to enjoy these drives as nmch as the show 
itself. At the end of the first week of the Fourth Loan Campaign the pubUc health 
authorities banned all meetings, Ijoth indoor and outdoor, on account of the 
influenza epidemic. Many features that had been airanged for Philadelphia, such 
as the concerts of the Great Lakes Naval Band, mass meetings with moving- 
picture stars, including Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart and 
Charfie Chaplin, had to be omitted. Sousa's Great Lakes Naval Band was 
assigned to Philadelphia during the first week of the campaign and contributed 
a great service to the drive. On account of the ban on meetings and 
the fatal character of the epidemic, it was found in the last week of the drive that 
Philadelphia was far behind its quota, and the Four-Minute Men were called in to 
devise some means to reach the people in an appeal for support. Mr. Ludlow 
and Mr. Drinker devised and carried out a scheme of sending around the city 
upwards of two hundred speakers, armed with megaphones and cow-bells who were 
to go as "town criers." These "town criers" walked or drove slowly through 
every street in the City during early and late evening hours, and talked to the people 
at their homes. The results following the efforts of the "town criers " were marvelous. 
People, knowing through them that Philadelphia was in danger of losing her 
prestige of being first in aU patriotic endeavors, journeyed to the nearest bank 
or Liberty Loan Headquarters and placed their subscriptions, so that in a brief 
space of three or four days the entire quota for Philadelphia was subscribed. 

The national emergency being over. President Wilson ordered the Four- 
Minute Men to demobiUze on December .31, 1918, and requested that they at no 

49.5 



future timo reoifianize. nor porinit tlio namo ■"Four-Minuto Mon" to be used for 
any purpose other than goveriiuieutal assistance in a national emergency. 

There is not suflicient space in this short sketch to give (hie iiuiividual credit 
to the great number- of professional and business men of Phihideiphia who served 
as four-minute speakers. .Snllice it to say. that at the close of the year 1^)18 the 
Philadelphia Four-Minute Men was recognized b> the authorities at Washington 
as the most complete and eflicient spiviking organizaliun in tlu" 1 nited States. 




Bo(i(h at WesI Philadelphia Slalioii in chan/e of P. H. Ft. \\ (mien's Dirision for War Belief. 



496 



THE FEDERAL FUEL ADMINISTRATION 




N August 10, 1917, President Wilson approved the law 
passed by Congress, known as the Lever Act, which con- 
ferred upon him the power to deal with the fuel situation. 
Administrators were appointed throughout the United 
States and the work in Philadelphia was placed in charge 
of Francis A. Lewis. 

(ieneral plans, dealing with the conservatit)n of fuel — 
coal, oil, wood or any other substance producing heat — 
were formulated and cairied into effect. 

First was the order for "Heatless Days," which 
directed that on Mondays of each week, from January 21 to March 25, 1918, all 
use of fuel, except by consumers classed as absolutely necessary, was prohibited. 
This order was revoked after the observance of the third Monday, except in New 
England, where fom- "Heatless Days" were observed. 

The voluntary obedience of motorists to the Fuel Administrator's request to 
conserve gasoline on Sundays, in the summer of 1918, is one of the most outstand- 
ing contributions by patriotic Americans in the vicinity of Philadelphia to the 
psychology of patriotic suggestion. 

In Philadelphia a Skip Slop system was adopted as a war measure by the 
Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company. 

It was ordered by the Fuel Administration that from .Tune 1. 1918 to May 
21, 1919, no fuel of any kind could be used on a private yacht for any purpose 
save galley fuel. 

In order to save coal in ofiice l)uildings, no passengers were carried on elevators, 
during a certain period, from any one floor to the floor immediately above or 
below. 

"Lightless Nights" were inaugurated by the Fuel Administration, November 
15, 1917, for the purpose of conserving the fuel supply of the nation. On December 
11, lightless nights were restricted to Sundays and Thursdays. On April 22, 1918, 
this order was temporarily suspended. On July 20, 1918, a new order was issued, 
effective July 24, which stipulated that the use of light produced by the use of 
coal, gas, oil or other fuel for iUuminating or displaying advertisements, announce- 
ments or signs, or for the external ornamentation of any building would be dis- 
continued entirely on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday of each 
week within New England and the states of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia; and, on Monday, and Tuesday 
of each week in aU the remainder of the LTnited States. The order excepted 
bona-fide roof gardens and outdoor restaurants and outdoor moving-picture 
theatres. The use of light for illumination for display in shop windows, store 
windows, or in signs in show windows was discontinued from sunrise to sunset, 
and discontinued entirely on the "lightless nights" designated by the order. 

Street illumination in all cities was restricted to the hours between sunset 
and sunrise, and the amount of public hghting in any city reduced to that necessary 

497 



for safety. Th(> order rharpod loral V\w\ Arlministration ofTirials with llie duty 
of arranging willi niuiiicipal authorities for the regulation of public hghtiug. in 
accordance with the provisions of the order. 

Mr. Lewis, as local \dniinistrator, organized three Bureaus in I'hiladelpliia. 

^'he Bureau of l)istril)ution. under Harry !'. Sheldon, helped to sol\e the proli- 
lenis of dealers who found it diflicult to secure coal and of houschnldiMs. and nllicis, 
wlio had little or no coal on hand. 

"The deteiniination of a proper allotment to buildings, such as chuiches. 
theatres, oflice buildings, etc., was referred to the Conservation Division, where it 
was acted upon by a ( "ommittee of Fuel [engineers and others thoroughly conversant 
with heating apparatus and heating problems. Thc^ intention was to apportion 
to each building, and particularly to each dwelling, a suiheient amount of coal for 
its usual reiiuirements to maintain a temperatmc of sixty-eight degrees and to 
provide necessary coal for cooking and other domestic uses, louring the period 
of March 2\, 1918 to February 1. 1919, when this Bureau was discontinued, 
800.(100 orders for coal, for more than ;5:»i.000 buildings williiii llii' limits of the 
city, were passed upon." 

TiiK Bi REAi; OF lloi siNC. of which l)a\ id Wallerstein was Counsel, and 
Thomas M. Jlyndman. Associate Counsel, was established in ,Iune. 1918, and up 
to December ."51, 1918, handled 1,12.? recorded cases of what was [)opuIarly known 
as "rent profiteering." Because of war-lime conditions, rents were almost every- 
where raised, houses, usually for rent, were taken olf the market and held for sale 
only — at greatly increased prices — and old tenants were ordered to vacate in 
order that higher rates might be put into ellect, or the hous<> held for sale. In 
some cases juslifial)le increases were made but the Bureau W'as able to prevent 
much injustice. The activities of the Bureau were so well known by the general 
public, that a large nund)er of cases were settled among llir persons in\ol\e(l with- 
out appeal to the Bureau for aid. 

The Bureau received active cooperation IVorii llie IMiiladelphia Real Estate 
Boaid of wliicli I Milliard B. Wdtiell was Pr-esident. from .John Ihlder. Secretary 
of the IMiiladelpliia Housing Association and from many other similar organiza- 
tions. 

Tmi; Bi hi.m (IK Bi:t\il Disriuiu i kin. was in charge of lloraci' II. Fiitz, 
who organized this department in August. I*)I8. The pmpose of this Bureau 
"was to exercise a general supervision over all who sold coal in quantities below 
(piarler-ton lots and these distributors represented three distinct cla.sses: j)ed(llers, 
store-keepers and baggers." 

In September, 1918, the heads of the \aiious Bineans of Weights and ]VIe;isures, 
in Pennsylvania, met and decided that all dry products, should be sold by weight 
only. A brief (>xperiment proved this impracticable in r(^gard to coal and a ten- 
quart, galvanized iron bucket was adopted as a standard unit of measure. These 
buckets held a mathematical (piarter bushel of coal. 

The City was (ii\ided into eight dislriits, which aided the inspectors lo carry 
out the xarious regulations. 

The Biueau I'ornndaled the sinipl(>st plans of o|)eration. issued placards 
giving gi'ueral information and inserted a number of ad\ eriisements of its work 
in the English, "^ iddish and Italian newspapers of the <il\. \fter Novendiei' I. 
1918, and until the dosing of th(> Bureau, licenses — issued free — were reipiired 

498 



of all peddlers, store-keepers and baggers. Thus a check was had on those dealing 
in these capacities. Licensees were given posters wliich wer<> ordered placed on 
each side of a cart or wagon. Prices were fixed which allowed a reasonable profit 
to the vendor. A charge of sixteen cents was permitted for a ten-quart bucket 
of nut coal or thirty-one cents for two buckets. The cost of pea coal was fixed 
at fourteen cents for one bucket or twenty-seven cents for two buckets. 

Thirteen hundred and thirty-one licenses were issucfl t-o store-keepers and 
359 to peddlers. Only five licenses were revoked and but nine violators of reg 
ulations fined, a total of less than one per cent of the entire number of licenses. 

The Federal Fuel Administration rendered an important service at a time 
when the general public was willing to cooperate in every plan to win the war 
but when some suggestion and supervision were needed. 

THE FEDERAL FOOD ADMINISTRATION FOR PENNSYLVANIA 

The Federal Food Administration for Pennsylvania, of which Howard Heinz 
was Administrator and J. S. Crutchfield. Vice Administrator, began its work in 
August, 1917, and closed on February 1.). 1919. The Executive Secretary was 
Harry C. Hall. It was created under Act of Congress, August 10, 1917, although, 
in Pennsylvania, a somewhat similar work had been started under the ('.onmiittee 
of Public Safety, appointed by the Governor, in March, 1917. 

Headquarters were establislied in the Finance Ruilding and Jay C.ooke was 
appointed Administrator for Philadelphia, and a niembci' of the Executive Council. 




Bulilor. Stanley Co 



of Aineriea, 
Signing Lpjur Siiyiir. 

t99 



The following Divisions were created, the chiefs ol' which, as well as nieiiilx^rs, 
were largely drawn from this city. 

Law and Kiiforccnient — Chief Counsel. (Charles .1. llepliurn. Xssoeiales: Slacv B. Lloyd. 
John A. Naiiman. Rej-nolds D. Brown, F. Markoe Hivinus. Balph C. Stewart. \\ illiaiii Barclay 
Lex, Henry Pepper NorrLs. 

Distribution and Market.* — Chief. J. S. Crulclifield. Assoeialos: R. P. Sniilh, Josepli 
P. Brown. K. H. Bellis. A. B. Ross. 

Conservation —Chief. Thomas Shalleross, .Ir.. succeeded li\ Thomas R. I'^icock. .Ir. 

C'ounly Administrator — Chief. Harry H. Willock. 

County Inspector — Chief. Houston Duim. 

Press \ews -Director, (-ol. Ceorge \ox Met'ain. News Ivhlor. II. \l. ICalon, succeeded 
l)\ S. I.. Laciur. 

Lducation — Director. Mont^'omery II. \\rij,'hl. \ssociates: I.. \\ . Wheclock. Miss I'lori-uci' 
Hulini^s. K. J. \octon. 

Hotels. Eating Houses and Clubs — Chairman: J. Miller IVa/iiT. 

\\onien's Division — Cliief. Mrs. Charles M. l.,oa. 

Licenses. Reports and OITiee Management — Chief, W . ('. MncMriile. succeeded li\ .1. \. 
Finley. Chief Clerk, Martha L. Poulton. 

Bakeries — Chief. Fred C. Haller. 

Farmers' Inlerest.s — C. J. Tyson and M. 1.. Philips. 

(irain Threshinp — Representative, ("harles (iarlier. 

Dairy Interests — Milk Conuuissioner. Dr. Clyde 1.. King; Dair\ llusliaridr\, Prof. Fred. 
Rasnius,sen. 

.\uditing — (^hief, Herbert C .Slockwell. 

Sugar Distribution — Secretary. J. E. Bacon. 

Price Interpretation — Cllicf. A. F. Geling. .sueceede<l by .1. II. BeiTits. 

Conuuercial l'^<ononiy — Director. K. Lawrence Fell. 

F2\lension Department — County Farm .\gent.s- -Prof. M. S. McDowell. 

State Sabbath Schools — Representative. W. (i. Lamles. 

Coordinated Ediicalional Aitivities — Director, Dr. \\ illiam .McClellan. 

Home I-lconomics — Pearl MacDonald. 

U. S. E.MPLOVMRNT SKIWICK, l)i;i>\K ^MK^T Ol" LABOR 

\llhoiigh no report of the general acli\ itics of Ihe I . S. |-;in|)loynient Service, 
in reniisylvania, has been prepared, the following Ijrief statenii-nl is given in order 
that mention may be made of this Federal agency. 

The afhninislrative unit of the iMnployinent Service was Ihe Slate. In Penn- 
sylvania, E. C Fellon was appointcxl Federal Director and ollices were opened in 
the Finance Building on August 1, 1918. Mr. Felton was succeeded on December 
1, IQIR, by Charles K. Stokes, who continued in charge of the Service, as State 
Director, initil .Mar( h 22, 1919, when the oflice was closed. 

During the less than eight months that the Kniployinent Service functioned. 
360,000 men and women -were placed in positions. 

WOMEN'S DIVISION 

EUGEPOE OeLHAF 

I'rior to 1911 verv little had been done to find work lor unemployed women 
in Philadelphia, except through private agencii's. In the lalter part of 1911. how- 
ever, when iimnigration from foreign ports had almost ceased, and many men and 
women were out of work in this coimtry, Secretary Wilson of the United States 
Department of Labor, directed the Commissioner (ieneral of Lnmigralion to 

500 



iiistriic't tht^ roiiiinissioncis of inmiij^raLioii al tlic \at'i(iiis |kiiIs uf ciilrv in this 
foiintry. to open cniployinciil oilic(^s and assign certain eniployecs of (lie Uuieau 
of Immigration to that work. 

On February 17, 1915, Commissioner KImer E. Greenawalt and Assistant 
Connnissioner James L. Hughes opened an employment oflice at 135 South 2d 
Street, with Henry A. Gehringer in charge of the Men's Division and Mrs. E. G. 
Oelhaf in charge of the Women's Division. There was no special appropriation by 
Congress for this worli, so in one small office with very meager e(|nipment, the 
United States Employment Service was launched. 

The service was free, no charge to employers or employees, and circular letters 
were sent to all employers throughout the city, advising them of the new service, and 
then the advertising cokunns of the newspapers were scanned for work and 
workers. 

The women's division grew slowly, for the textile mills usually employ those 
residing in the immediate neighl)orh(H)d, a board hung out on the l)uilding with 
the words "weavers wanted" or "spoolers wanted," etc., being usually sufficient 
to meet their needs. There were many applications from clerks, stenographeis and 
office workers and we were very successful in placing them; also domestics, both 
white and colored. So we plodded on until April, 1918, when war was declared 
and our big job was on. 

Congress appropriated a large sum out of the war i)udget for the JMuploy- 
ment Service and President Wilson added still another sum for the furtherance of 
the work. James L. Hughes was appointed assistant to the Director Cleneral 
for this district, including i'eimsyhania. New Jersey, southern part, and D(>laware. 
Mrs. Ethel S. Slater was sent uj) from Washington to assist Mrs. Oelhaf and to 
establish a school for training workers in the new service. Advertisements were 
inserted in the newspapers and Mrs. Slater selected for training a very fme group 
of women, many of whom were afterwards assigned to special work in our central 
office in Philadelj)hia and some of them were put in charge of the local offices 
opened in various districts of the city. 

When the first call for needle-women to make shirts for th(> Army came from 
the Schuylkill Arsenal in April, a pi-om|)t response was made by the women of 
Philadelphia. This work was to be done at home and that appeaW-d to the mothers 
whose sons would enlist, and also to those women who wished to help Nohintarily, 
but were unable to do so. Nearly all those who applied first, told us that they 
took pride and interest in the work because their fathers, grandfatluMS and great 
grandfathers had fought in the wars of the United States. 

The central office, women's division, was located at 1.51 S. M Street, where 
many women were registered and through tlie courtesy of the Emergency Aid, 
its offices at 1128 Walnut Street were thrown open and large numlx-rs registered 
there. 

In May and June teachers fiom public and private schools, graduates and 
undergraduates from the coUeges nearby cam(>, and with splendid spirit took jobs 
in the National Biscuit Company, the candy factories, wrapping chocolate, and 
large groups went to Carney's Point, N. J., to make smokeless powder in one 
of the DuPont plants. Other girls and women from the towns nearby were sent 
to the Bethlehem Loading plant below Wilmington. Del.; to the bag loading 
plant at Woodbury. N. J.; many clerks and stenographers were directed to the 

501 



Shipping Board of tlie Emergency Fleet: to the bag loachng plant al \iikiIoI. 
]\. .)., and to numberless other plants that had Govermiient contracts. 

The situatit)n in Philadelphia was the same as it was in Reading. Allentown, 
Easlon and other points in the eastern part of the State, also in the Pittsburgh 
district from luie on the north to Washington, Pa., on the south, so that each city 
and town had a sulTuient number of women for its needs in the factories and 
plants that had taken (iovernment contracts. At the Frankford Arsenal, where 
the making of munitions was greatly increased, several large buildings w(M'e erected 
temporarily to accommodate the large number of women workers, the latter 
recruited from Philadelphia and surrounding towns. Schuylkill Arsenal did th(> 
same, so that at no time iluring the period was the transportation of women 
workers from one county to another necessary. 

To register and place women applicants for war work, however, required a 
greatly increased force of paid workers, so from an oflice force of two women we 
grew to the number of sixty-one in the main and local offices throughout the city. 
The main office of the I'nited States Employment Service, Women's Division, was 
located at 1311 1:513 Arch Street. This was headcjuarters of the state stall', of 
the training school for workers, and was the principal point for registration of 
women workers. 

The slate staff included: Eugenie G. Oelhaf. Emily Leonhardt, Elizabeth 
Davies, Beatrice Millhouser, Marie B. llaughey. Grace I']. Keenan, Anna L. Kerwin. 
Jessie L. Peters. Mary \. Brosnahan. Margaret Durr. Irene (ireenawalt. I'^lizabeth 
Falotico. M. liatigiiani. Marion Sindler. Edilli .lelden. L. (".. \ andegrifl. I'^lhel S. 
Slater. 

M;uu women registered at the local offices, but the heaviest registration 
was made at the central office, 1311-1313 Arch Street, reaching its peak with 
l.()()» applicants on September 9, 1918. 

We had a large corps of recruiters, who, in booths at Willow Grove, in the 
Fair (Jrounds at Trenton and elsewhere, by speeches and literature, advised women 
of the need of their country for them, and of the Iniled Slates b]mplo>ment Ser- 
vii-e. which could place them in immediate touch with all kinds of war work. One 
of our recruiters. Mrs. Roberta K. Tubman, was particularly .successful in per- 
suading women not only to do war wt)rk of any kind, but also to stay on their 
jobs, when nearby munilions plants beckoned them with the lure of higher 
pay. 

\\V made a complele survey of the woman labor of the Slate by Movember 
Isl. and weic preparing to use the information thus obtained to improve the ser- 
vice, when, on November 11th. the armistice was signed, hnmediately after- 
wards, when the need for women and girls in the arsenals, the \avy Yard and the 
large nnmilions plants was over, we obtained information as to the time of the 
lay-oil's, and sent some of our best examiners to these plants, to sit in with llic 
(Mnployment managers, and as the girls were dismissed, to direct them to oilier 
places where work was still to be ftiiind. 

Our workers were also sent to Allentown, l^aston, Reading, Wilkes-Baire and 
Sci-antori in an endeavor to show the women of these cities the value th(> I'^mploy- 
ment Sei'\ ice would be to them in the future. They spoke before clubs, churches. 
and in special meetings and much enthusiasm was aroused. The need of the 
service as a place of registry for trained nurses was especially stressed, when it was 

502 



discovered that in a town of 60.000 inhabitants, one druggist would rail up a 
nurse when he heard of a case and charge her $1 for it! 

The women's division had heen, up to this time, under tlie special direction 
of James L. Hughes, who. in December, was assigned to the (Conciliation 
Bureau of the Department of Labor by Secretary Wilson, and E. (".. Felton, 
Federal Director of the I nited States J^lmployment Service for Pennsylvania took 
charge of the women's division. In January, 1919, he appointed Miss Juliet 
Stackhouse Assistant to the Fed<>ral Director of Pennsylvania for women's work. 
Instructions from Washington were being received to reduce the force and curtail 
expenses, and it was seen in February that Congress would not appropriate any 
money for the continuation of the Employment Service, although the women's 
divisitm had many splendid letters of commendation on their work dining the 
war time by foms to whom we had supplied workers. 

Acting under orders from J. B. Densmore, Director General of the T'nited 
States Employment Service, Miss Stackhouse obtained funds from the National 
War Work Council of the Young Women's Christian Association and from one 
of the clubs of Philadelphia to continue the service for a few months longer. In 
November, 1919, the whole service ceased to exist, with the exception of a small 
(jflice force in Wasliington, D. C. 

We had not only a corps of very efficient paid workers, but during the "rush" 
period of the war, we had also many able volunteer woikers, among whom may be 
mentioned Miss Edith T. Fisher and Miss Alice lungerich. who registered women 
applicants. We were also aided in reaching factories and plants in remote places 
in the suburbs by the Motor Messenger Service of the Emergency Aid, occasion- 
ally, and by the use every week during the whole period of the wai' of the cars of 
Mrs. Franklin Spencer Edmonds and Mrs. FCredeiick M. Shepard, who drove their 
own cars, and aided us very greatly in reaching the mills of Frankford, Torresdale, 
Manyunk, Falls of Schuylkill, Darby, etc. 

The social welfare of the women workers in the arsenals was well taken care 
of by a bureau of trained workers in the War Depaitment, sponsored by Secretary 
Baker. In the DuPont plants, where thousands of women were employed, dormi- 
tories, dining halls and recreation rooms were built for the comfort and enter- 
tainment of the girls. In our plants in Philadelpliia, especially those employing 
large numbers of women and girls, an employment manager and welfare woiker 
seems t(j be an absolute necessity. The war emphasized the need ot such an official 
and, since its close, several of the women workers of the Philadelphia branch of 
the United States Employment Service have been offered sucli positions and have 
accepted them. 

True to its tradition and history, Philadelphia gave a splendid report of itself 
in its women workers, and the part they jjlayed in the great World War. Whether 
in the ether-laden atmosphere of the smokeless powder room; in the dangerous 
priming of the huge shells in the arsenal; in the hot rooms of the Biscuit Company 
packing cakes ; by the close application of eye and lingers to t he assembling oi the 
delicate electric instruments; or, in the unaccustomed work of electric welding, 
all acquitted themselves s(ilendidly. 

Out of appit)ximately 150,000 applicants from April t(j November in the 
Philadelphia offices, probably 60 per cent of whom were placed, very few 

503 



returued to iind any faidt, and then it was usually because the spirit was willing, but 
the body not strong enough. The spirit was that of true Americanism everywhere, 
a fine willingness to "tackle the job and put it across" to the best of her abihty. 

FEDEIL\L RAILROAD ADMINISTI1\TI0N 
E. J. Cleave 

The need for the utmost utilization of railroad facilities to handle the extraor- 
dinary tiadic imposed by war conditions was esp(>cially applicable to tcM'tninnls at 
large cities. Because of the high value of properly, and other dillicultics, terminal 
facilities generally have not expanded in the same proportion as other railroad 
facilili(>s. with the result that the capacities of our railroads are in many cases 
limited by inadequate terminals. 

I'nder date of December 26, 1917. President Woodiow Wilson issued his 
famous jiroclamation. taking possession and assiuning control DecemlxM' 28. 1917, 
of every system of tran.sportation within the boundaries of the United .States, 
and appointing William G. McAdoo as Director-General of Railroads. 

The railroads of the I nited States were first divided into three regions, but 
this was later changed, and live regions created. On June 1, 1918. ('.. 11. Markhani, 
formerly president of the Illinois Central Railroad, was appointed Regional Director 
of the \llegheny region, with headfjuarlers at Broad Street Staliiiii. Philadelphia. 
The railroads serving Philadelphia were included in this region. 

Philadelphia was no exception to the general rule, with respect to inadequacy 
of terminal facilities. With its important export trade in provisions, munitions 
of war, coal, grain, etc.. together with the need of adequately su|)plying the ex- 
tensive manufacturing district, the necessity of coordinating existing facilities was 
recognized, and on Septendier 1. 1918. Ernest ,1. Cleave, foiinerly siiperinlendi'iit 
of the iMiiladelpliia Terminal Division of the Peimsylvania Railroad, was appoitiird 
Terminal Manager, with headquarters in the Reading Terminal Building, ami 
in charge of all railroad facilities within the eidarged terminal liriiils. including 
the Pemisylvania Railroad, Philadelphia \; iieading Railway, I'lallimoic tV Ohio 
Railroad, and Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad. .1. M. Jones, formerly assistant 
superintendent of the Philadelphia MtMininal l")i\ ision of Ihe Pennsylvania Railroad, 
was appointed Assistant io the Terminal Manager. Robert \i. Nace, formerh 
agent at Mantua Transfer Station, Pennsylvania Railroad, was made Freight 
Supervisor in the new organization, and J. A. Wicketihaver was appointed Chief Clerk. 

The duties of the terminal manager were administrativ(> rather than super- 
visory. His chief function was to weld the terminal facilities of all I lie railroads 
involved into a unit, and to see that each facility was so used as to most benefit 
the whole. 

Weekly meetings were held by the terminal manager with lixal operating 
officials of the different railroads, including Ihe following: 

.\. M. I'lirkcr, Sii]i<Tinti-mlont, Phil:iili-I|iliiii I'lTiiiiniil l)i\isi(in, l'i'iins\l\aiiia Hailnjad. 

\. H. Mars, Freight Train Master, I'hiladeipliia rcniiinal l)i\isi(>ii. Pennsylvania Kailroail. 

C H. McCracken, Supervising Agent , Pliiladelphia TiTininal I>i\ isidn. Pennsylvania Kailroail. 

J. C. Peters, Superintendent, Pliiladelphia Division, I'liiladelpliia \ Mi^ading Hallway. 

A. T. Owen, Supervising .Vgent, Pliiladelphia Division, Philadelphia \ Hcsiding Hailway. 

l\. B. White, Superintendent, Pliiladelphia Division, liallirnore tV Ohio Hailroad. 

J. D. Gallery, Train Master, Philadelpliia Division, Baltimore & Ohio liailroad. 

504 



Numerous other officers of the respective raUroads occasionally attended 
these conferences. P. H. Haiinum, assistant freight train master of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad, in charge of their exi)ort traffic, and 0. H. liegeman, who had 
charge of floating equipment and Port Richmond operations of the Philadelphia 
& Reading Railway, were particularly in touch with the terminal manager's 
organization, and were especially helpful. 

These meetings provided opportunity to consider and give such relief from one 
railroad to another as was found practicable. They furnished a medium for dis- 
cussing matters of general interest, and aided in disseminating information as to 
advantageous practices on one road, which could profitably be adopted on another. 
They also brought the local operating people of all the railroads into close harmony. 

Meetings were held by the Terminal Manager at frequent intervals with 
the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, Regional Committee of the National 
Industrial Traffic League, Commercial Traffic Managers, Team Owners' Asso- 
ciation, etc., as questions arose interesting patrons of the railroads in Philadelphia. 
No action was taken during this time, affecting the interest of the city, without 
the full support of these bodies thus obtained. 

Daily detailed reports were maintained in the office of the Terminal Manager, 
showing the traffic conditions at each point within the terminal, and these, together 
with daily inspections made of all yards, piers, stations, engine houses, etc., placed 
the terminal manager in position to divert trtiffic from congested points on one 
road to convenient stations or piers on another, which were able to expeditiously 
handle the business, and also to place at the service of one road needing the same 
such facilities as were available on other roads. 

In addition to the beneflts thus obtained, substantial savings were effected by 
consolidating duplicate facilities. 

Export 

With the prevailing shortage of vessels and railroad equipment, it was of 
prime importance to have proper cargoes available at piers when steamships 
arrived, and at the same time avoid undue delay to cars. As the terminal facilities 
were limited, this subject necessarily received most careful attention. Close 
cooperation was maintained with steamship agencies, representatives of Allied 
governments, and Fnited States Army and Navy officers, which, together with 
close supervision, occasional exercise of embargoes, and storage of inactive freight, 
made it possible always to have desired freight available, and prevented unchie 
accumulation and consequent delay to cars. 

Free usage of joint facihties was of marked advantage in handling export 
freight. Among the many coordinate activities, special benefits were obtained 
by the movement of freight between Pennsylvania and Philadelphia and Reading 
Piers via Philadelphia Belt Line ami River Front Railroad in lieu of the former 
method of hghterage ; and also by the utihzation of Pennsylvania Railroad ground 
storage facilities for Philadelphia & Reading inactive freight, and Philadelphia & 
Reading pier space for Pennsylvania i^ailroad freight. 

(^iRATN 

On account of the two grain elevators, one located at Port Richmond, on the 
Philadelphia & Reading Railway, and one at Girard Point, on the Pennsylvania 

505 



Railroad, tin' volume of grain moved thioiifih the port of Philadelpliia for export 
was very heavy. Night shifts were arranged at both Port Richmond and (iirard 
Point when justified. Close cooperation with the (Irain Corporation of the Ignited 
States Food Administration insured advance information of the arrival of vessels, 
making it possible to assist the situation by holding grain out on the lines at times, 
other times expediting its mo\ ement to the port. Incoming vessels wore in some 
cases relieved of sand ballast by the railioad people, who made good use of the 
same in connection with their .South Pliiladelphia improvements, and made the ves- 
sels more (juickly available for their cargoes. \ es.sels were also occasionally trans- 
ferred from one eU;vator to another, thus providing greater elasticity of service. 
.\t no time was the operation of the elevators or railroad facilities inadequate to 
meet the prompt disposal of grain to vessels. 

Gener.\l 

Large bodies of troops were constantly moving through the district, and passen- 
ger business was heavy at all times, due to the abnormal stiumlalion of business 
activities, troop movements to and from camps, etc. Coal, grain, foodstulTs, 
shells, trucks and all kinds of munitions of war moved through as fast as vessel 
capacity was provided. There were no serious wrecks or accidents within the 
district, nor aM\ labor troubles of consequence, with the excepticm of temporary 
shortage of men. Pri(jrity was given to war trallic. which was properly accepted by 
local business interests, and with reasonable allowance, therefore, the domestic 
demands were satisfactorily met. 

Unstinted ell'orl on the part of railroad employes generally, ellicient super- 
vision, and splendid cooperation of all hands enabled Pliiladelphia to meet the 
extraordinary war demands. 

Tin; i',\i,riM()Hi; \ oiiio iuilhom) compw'i 

I5y .1. \\. Teal, Special l^ngineei- 

By reason of the territory traversed b.\ tlu' Baltimore iV>. Ohio it w;is <'niineiitl\ 
capable of serving the country throughout the period of the World Wai'. 

It handli'd coal from the great coal fields of West \ iiginia and Peimsylxania 
to tidewater, for transport overseas or to the many hundreds of industries located 
in the Pittsburgh district and east, at Baltimore and Philadelphia, where thousands 
of tons of war materials and supplies were being turned out daiK. 

It served as one of the great east and west tnmk lines in com eying troo|)s to 
points of embarkation. Two of the largest cantonments in the I nited States 
were located on the Baltimore & Ohio. Canq) Meade. Maryland and ( .ain|) Sherman. 
Ohio, where as many as 100,000 young men were in training at one time for service 
overseas. .\ number of other smaller camps were located near the Baltimore 
& Ohio lines in the vicinity of Baltimore, Washington, and at other points, 
such as Camp (!rant, in Illinois, etc. 

The Baltimore & Ohio lines served the great steel industries in llic Pittsl)urgh 
district, as W(>11 as the valley districts in northern Ohio. It transported millions 
of tons of iron ore from the lake ports, Fairporl, Cleveland, Lorain and Toledo, 
to the furnace districts in southern Ohio, Kentucky and Virginia, as well as the 
above-mentioned districts. 

506 



Finished war ])roducts were hurried to seaboard, and other manufactured 
products were taken to jioints where they were assembltMl or icqnired in other war 
inchistry activities. 

Many industries located in the vicinity of I'hiladelpliia met the great emergency 
brouglit on by the World War, and were turning out thousands of tons of war 
materials and munitions long before the I iiited States (Jovi^inment entered the 
conflict. 

The record made by the Baltimore & Ohio in handling trf)ops in and out of 
Philadelphia is an enviable one. During the period of the war, from July, 
1917, to November, 1918, a total of l,8Ki troop trains, consisting of 23,117 cars, 
and carrying 715,203 soldiers and sailors, were handled without a mishap. 

To bear this burden of humanity safely and expeditiously through the Philadel- 
jjhia Terminals, it was necessary to have a well regulated and efficient working 
force. Unless this force had been trained and made competent to tackle any 
problem, no matter how large, the wheels woukl have ixvome clogged when the 
extraordinary pressure was brought to bear. 

The movement of troops began in July, 1917, when thirteen trains, carry- 
ing 3,237 men, passed through the Philadelphia Terminals. There was no 
confusion among the Baltimore & Ohio officers, as the extra trains were handled, 
and it was realized that there would be an increase, which came like an avalanche 
until it reached the peak in September, 1918, when 272 troop trains passed through 
Philach'lphia carrying a total of 120,281 men on their way to ports of embarkation. 

Practically the first of the troo]i mov(>ments from Philadelphia was the hand- 
ling of the regiment of the 27th Pennsylvanians, who were moved from Philadelphia 
to Camp Hancock, over the Baltimore & Ohio. 

Facilities were provided and cooperation extended to the Red Cross workers 
who met all trains with sandwiches, reficshments, tobacco and other articles of 
the like for the soldier boys. 

Conditions were somewhat complicated by the great movement of drafted 
men from East Pennsylvania and Philadel])hia to the Maryland camps, but so 
smoothly did the wheels move that not an accident occurred. The greater part of 
this movement was handled over a two-track railroad, and druing the time when 
extensive improvenrents in the vicinity of the Chestnut Street Station in Philadel- 
phia wei-e under way. 

A sununary of the movement of troop trains by the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road, fr-om the begiiming of the war rmtil the armistice came, November II, 1918, 
is shown in the following tabulation: 

Month Trains Cars Men 

Jiily, 1917 

August, 1917. . . 
September, 1917 

October. 1917 

November. 1917 

December, 1917 

January. 1918 
February. 1918 
Marcli, 1918 

April, 1918 

Mav, 1918 



i:i 


121 


:i.237 


12 


r>:!7 


9,630 


t .") 


1.28(1 


23.816 


:i9 


m:-, 


12,89.) 


(lO 


777 


21.568 


:.i 


.)6(1 


20,810 


.")2 


686 


1 1.707 


:m 


.'■i28 


17,183 


89 


i,(:ir,(i 


33,565 


I2:i 


1,181 


16,163 


172 


2,260 


88,324 



507 



Monlli Truin.s Cars Men 

June, 1918 I'M) 2.290 78.599 

July, 1918 187 2,101 87,0.-):i 

August. 1918 Ui.'> 2,:510 8.V090 

Scpteiuber, 1918 272 3,173 120,281 

October, 1918 197 2.321 f).->,801 

November, 1918 19 .V.l 16,178 

Total... 1,816 23.117 715.203 

There were many heavy days in the handling of troops, such as Thanksgiving 
Day, 1917, when a lioliday was given to the Pennsylvania iioys who were 
at ("amp .Meade, Mar>land. These boys moved lo I'iiiladelpiiia on special 
trains, and it was in the evening, when they assembled at the 21th and Chestnut 
Street Station, that the crowd b(>catne so enormous that it was practically impossible 
to handle it. For every soldier returning )o the camp thi're were one-haH' dozen 
or more of his friends at the station to bid him Inrewi'll. and llic gnat iiiirulin 
of people assembled can easily be imagined. 

In addition to the handling of lioops through tlie I'liiladclphia Terminal, the 
lialtiniore <& Ohio was required to give special passenger service in the handling 
of workmen to and from the Baldwin Locomotive Works (Remington \rms ("om- 
pany) plant at luidystone. Fiv(> passenger trains were operated dail\ each way. 
having an average of from nine to ten cars in each train li> handle the workmen 
aggregating 2.000 men to and from this |)lant. 

Independent of the heavy movement handled 1)\ the Haltiinorei& Ohio between 
IMiiladi'Iphia and luldystone, the Philadelphia <Jv: Heading ran an average of five 
liains each way daily, between Park .limction and Mastwick, in connection with 
handling labor to Hog Island Shipbuilding Plant and iMldyslone Works. All 
this was handled over a two-track railroad. 

.\s stated above, the Baltimore & Ohio freight business w-as extremely heavy 
in serving the war industries located adjacent to its lines: the lunergency Fleet 
Corporations" activities at Hog Island and in iho vicinity of Chester, Pa., where 
homes were constructed for housing an army of wcnkmen aggregating ."50, 0(10 people, 
are examples. 

The Baltimore \ Ohio operated daily, through tVi-iglit train service from 
Wilsmere to Ihig Island via the PermsyK ania and Philadelphia & Beading 
Bailroads for handling material originated in the wrsl. direct to points needed. 

The Baldwin Locomotive \\ oiks during the period of the war was operating 
lull time in handling the large orders for new locomotives for the 1 nited States 
Bailroad \dministration and the Bussian Coverniiicnt. 

Other items of interest include the movement of ihe first large gun assend)led 
for the I nited States (jovernment at the Baldwin Works, and handled by IIk^ 
Baltimore & Ohio en route to Sandy Hook, where it was tested, and later for- 
warded to France. 

All these various activities were carried on undci- great handicap. First the 
requirements of the Army and \avy called on approximately 260 J'hiladelpliia 
District Baltimore i^ Ohio men for active service, of which a|)pro\imately 7.) per 
cent were IMiiladelphia boys. Then with the great demand for labor, which was 
influenced to leave the railroad ranks by reason of the attractive wages paid by 
war-time industries, and later during September, Octobei and November, 19lf{, 

508 



when the "flu epidemic" further crippled the force, it can readily be seen that the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad met the war needs of Philadeipina anfl vicinity in a very 
creditable manner. 

PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM 

llvsTKRN Region, Philadelphia TERMI^AL Division 

A. M. Parker, Superintendent 

Prior to the declaration of war by the United States a larj^e number of indus- 
tries in Philadelphia were engaged in the manufacture of munitions for the Allied 
powers. A great many of these industries had already enlarged their plants to 
meet the demand for increased production, also, new industries had been estab- 
lished. This required the construction of additional sidings to serve the plants, as 
well as increased railroad facilities, in order to provide adequate service. After 
war was declared by the ITnited States, the demand upon the industries for mu- 
nitions of war was greatly increased, and additional industries engaged in the 
manufacture of munitions of war until about 90 per cent of the industries in Phila- 
delphia were so engaged. This, of course, further increased the demands upon the 
railroads. In order to meet the emergency, the method of operating the various 
freight yards was revised so as to provide additional classifications of freight for the 
various industries and to operate the yards to the maximum capacity. One 
hundred additional shifting locomotives were placed in service and the organization 
increased to provide suilit'ient employes and supervisory forces to handle the 
increased business. An embargo bureau was established for the purpose of regu- 
lating the freight movement so as to expedite the shipments of materials recpiired 
for winning the war and avoid congestion in the freight yards; further, this bureau 
regulated the delivery of all export shipments to vessels at the port of Philadelphia 
in order to avoid delays. The Pennsylvania Railroad joined with the other lail- 
roads in Philadelphia in coordinating the facilities of the several railroads to avoid 
duplication of service, thus deriving the maximum efiiciency from the facihties. 

With the increased number of locomotives in service and the necessity of 
keeping all locomotives in proper working condition for operation at maximum 
efiiciency, it was necessary to enlarge and improve the engine houses. A new 
eight-stall engine house and shops and appurtenances were constructed in South 
Philadelphia: and the engine houses at West Philadelphia Shops, 46th Street and 
Gray's Feriy, were enlarged and improved. A new railroad was constructed 
along the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Chester to serve the Hog 
Island Ship Yard, as well as other industries along the Delaware River from Fort 
Mifflin to Chester. 

In addition to the measures taken to insure the maximum service to the 
various industries in Philadelphia and the freight movement to the piers, as well as 
the through freight movement to other jjoints, the railroad was called upon to 
handle large numbers of troops, Philadelphia being so situated that the major 
portion of the troops moved via the Pennsylvania Railroad passed through Phila- 
delphia. From the date on which war was declared until the armistice was signed 
1,333,191 troops were moved via the Pennsylvania Railroad. Of this number 
1,054,352 or 79 per cent of the total was moved through Philadelphia. The 

509 



number of coaches used in transporting troops moved through Philadelphia was 
31,896. 

THE PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY 
J. C. Peters. Superintendrut. Philadelphia Division 

Philadelphia, a great center of industrial activities, was one of the 
first localities to f(>('l the pressuii' of business which followed the outbreak of 
the World War. and natural!) the railroads, which served the \arious interests of 
this great city, were early ralird u|i(i[i to assume responsiiiilil > in the matter of 
handling IralTic. 

The construction of Hog Island Ship Yard added greatK to the responsibilities 
of the Philadelphia Division, and this, in connection with other large shipbuilding 
plants at Chester, together with many othiM- industries located at that point, 
increased the activities of the di\ision to the limit. At that time Hog Island and 
Chester were reached by a single track line, fourteen miles in length, and the 
enormity of the task in handling traflic to and from these busy centers may be 
estimated when the fact is considered that for two years or more, the average 
munber of freight cars moved over this single track line was 700 per day. This 
ic(]uired from fifteen to eighteen freight trains each day, with a passenger schedule 
of not less than thirty trains daily. The passiMiger trains were operated for the 
accommodation of workmen to and from the Hog Island and (^.hester plants, and 
carried passengers to the nu?nber of a|)pro\iinately 10.000 every working day. 

It was of the utmost importance to deliver these trains at their destination 
on time each morning, and this was accomplished almo.st to 100 per cent efriciency 
during the entire busy period, while not one passenger was killed or injured through 
any neglect of the company or its employes. 

\a.sl quantities of raw material inuuediati'ly began to flow in from all direc- 
tions -all of which had to be assend)le(l in the classification yards al Helmont. 
and from there dispatched to their destinations. 

Belmont was s(H)n buried beneath this avalanche of traflic. and its facilities 
were inadequate to meet the re(]uirem(>nls. which necessitated the inauguration 
of oilier and newer methods of handling the liallic. oueof which was to conunandeer 
all of the available space on the division, including the large storage yard at Wcjod- 
lane. for the purpose of holding cars consigned to the various establishments and 
then move them as facilities would permit. 

llowc\er. Hog Island and the Chester concerns were but a single item in the 
operation of the division during the war-time period for. aside from these, a large 
t<Mritory had to be served. 

Port Michmond. with a \ard <'apacit> of 1,700 cars, at which point are located 
great piers for the export of freight and coal: Willow and Noble streets, one of 
the largest freight stations and points of import on the system, and the ever in- 
creasing movement of troops, taxed the organi/ation to it-s utmost. 

Traflic to the Port Richmond Terminal flowed with great volume, and the 
.same may be said of the entire division, .so that the gateways to the ports became 
congested, and every manner of inventive idea and constructive plarming liecame 
necessary to f)rovide means by which the numerous channels of trans[)ortation 
might be kept open and free for successful operation. 

Then came the troops to be moved with safety and expcrdition, and their 

.510 



presence upon the line increased, not only the responsibilities, but also the difTi- 
culties. During the entire progress of the war, no less than two thousand trains 
with at least one million, one hundred thousand troops passed over the Philadel|)hia 
Division, and as each train moved, it meant a temporary halt in the movement 
of freight. Sometimes for hours, freight traffic was kept at a standstill, which in 
the end concentrated so much business at certain given points as to seriously 
handicap the dispatch of commodities which were often as badly needed for the 
manufacture of munitions as were the troops to use them. This can be readily 
understood when it is noted that at the height of the troop movement as many 
as twenty trains, with ten or more cars each, were dispatched within the hour at 
certain periods, during which a daily regular passenger schedule of no less than 
three hundred and twenty-live trains was operated. 

The division is divided into five districts, and in order to handle the traffic 
it was necessary to have each district function in such a manner as to provide 
harmony and cooperation throughout. The task was made more or less difficult 
by reason of the ranks being depleted — after our entry into the war — by those 
who enlisted and those who were called by the tlraft. 

A feature which entered largely into the operation was that of motive power. 
The winter of 1917-18 was of such severity as to be exceedingly hard on locomotives 
on account of frequent prolonged spells of freezing temperature, and with the 
enormous number of cars necessary to handle daily, the engine factor became a 
serious one. This can be better understood when one reah'zes that for many months 
the averge niunber of heavy freight and coal trains handled over the division was 
about one hundred each day, totaling about 6,000 cars, but the daily performance 
often ran up tfi 8.000 cars and more. Trains came in one after the other, each to 
its own assigned terminal, and the amount of work that was required to break up 
these trains, switch, and deliver the cars to their final destinations would be hard 
to estimate, yet it was the daily program and, juflging from the voliune of material 
that was being conveyed, it was not easy to understand how the centers of con- 
sumption managed to dispose of it. 

The Philadelphia Division is fed by five rail connections, viz.: the Reading 
Division, from which comes all of the coal and freight; the New York Division, 
which consists of two main branches, one reaching to Bethlehem, connecting with 
the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the other reaching to Jersey City and New York, 
where direct connections are made with the New York Central and New Haven 
systems; then the Pennsylvania Railroad, connecting at Belmont; and the Balti- 
more & Ohio at Park ,1 unction, not mentioning the water routes with their docking 
piers at Port Richmond and Noble Street. 

AMERICAN RAILWAY EXPRESS 
Stanley W. Todd* 

If a complete record of the part which th(> railroads and transportation 
companies, which served Pennsylvania's greatest metropolis during the war, could 
be written it would occupy many volumes. Unfortunately, however, the record is 
necessarily incomplete, as every transportation man was devoting his attention 

*Director, Educational Service Bureau, American Railway Express. 

511 



to the task of helping to win tho war rather than that of noting what was going 
on at the time. 

No period in the history of American railroads and of the express companies, 
whicli have been operating upon them for nearly three-cpiarters of a century, has 
had compressed in it the many instances of patriotic service thai came when the 
(ireat War started in 191 1 and threw this country into a fever of war-time prepa- 
ration. >\ hil(> the T iiited States was not immediately involved, nninition making 
hecamc its chief industry, and transportation, both railroad and express, was 
depended upon to carry the supplies so greatly needed to the Allies. 

Philadelphia became the center of the most important munition plants and 
shipyards iu the Mast. In April. 1917. numerous training camps sprang up in 
the environs and they. too. required the daily service of the transportation 
lines, and all the carriers responded without reserve. The railroad freight 
service was called upon to handle the bulk shipments: the express service was 
required to expedite the movement of the small(>r and more urgent conmiodities, 
both for the (Jovernment and for the private plants engaged in manufacturing 
war supplies. 

Among the principal war depots in Philadelphia was. fur instance, the head- 
quarters of the Depot Quartermaster. This branch of tlu- \riny had tli<> 
task of supplying the training camps and the many companies of troops getting 
ready for embarkation to France. The very exigencies of the limes required that 
no moment be lost in transportation. Kxpress service was constantly used to move 
food and emergency supplies to the camps and the express people were kept 
busy responding to the demiuids of the .Vrmy oflicials. It was at a lime when 
there was a serious shortage of cars on the railroads and the express people were 
often at their wits' end to prevent the clogging of express terminals and keep 
the freight moving. 

Hundreds of "through cars." carried in speiial trains or in regularly scheduled 
passenger trains, transported out of Philadelphia tons of war material. Thousands 
of cars, soUdly loaded, passed through the city on the way to the seaboard. What 
was in these cars was not always known. In one instance an express car train 
loaded with depth bombs, on its way to the seaboard, pa.ssed through Philadi'li)hia. 
It carried a load of ammunition for an outgoing destroyer that was wailing in New 
York Bay for it. It was to convoy several transports across IIk; dangerous seas 
infested by (lerman submaiines. The I)ond)s went through safely, although they 
kept the express olTicials up nights worrying about ihem. 

Steel rods went to the mills by express; percussion caps to I he stci'l plants; 
acids, gas appliances — these and almost everything else traveled by express some 
time during ihe war period. In every case the expn'ssmeii realized their resi)oii- 
sibililies and took pride in the pari which they played to help the nation mobilize 
its forces and equipment, so that .\merican soldiers could take their places on the 
battle fronts in France in the shortest possible lime. The training camps sjirang 
u|) in all parts of the country and became military cities, requiring a constant How 
of food and oilier supplies, while the enlisted and selective service men were stream- 
ing into them by the thousands. These men retpiired clothing: the baggage which 
they had brought with them had to be returned; the commissaries and camp 
kitchens need(>d perishable food. All of these commodities required the swiftest 
nKncment and the express service was relied upon to furnish it. 

512 



The Philadelphia Navy Yard, more familiarly known as League Island, was 
also a heavy user of express, hoth inbound and outbound, and for a considerable 
period averaged from five t(j ten cars of express matter a week. Carloads of 
clothing were required for the sailors on warships getting ready to sail under orders. 
The Navy Yai-d required thousands of articles in a hurry and the express wagons 
and motor trucks deliveied tons of matter every month. 

At the office of the Depot Quartermaster, the American Railway Express 
Company, the unified organization which took over the express business for the 
Government soon after the Federal authoiilies took charge of the railroads, was 
one of the chief agents of transportation. Officials of the carrier placed themselves 
at the beck and call of the Army and approximately four hundred cars were sent 
from Philadelphia, by express, each UKinth. loaded to capacity with Army supplies 
destined to various points throughout the country, where Army camps were located. 

Countless special express trains slipped out of the city with cars consigned to 
points as far west as San Francisco. The principal special trains were "made up 
on" Camp Sevier, Camp Humphreys and Camp Greeideaf located in the South. 
Hog Island, the great .shipbuilding plant, used vast quantities of articles in fabri- 
cating the ships which were on the ways — and as a railway had extended its lines to 
the yard, express service was readily available emd constantly used. In fact, 
the yards received several carloads of express matter each day, via the Philadelphia 
Gateway. 

Philadelpliia was one of the centers of the production of gas masks. The 
Hero Manufacturing Company, a war-time organization, had its principal plant 
in the city and turned out the bulk of the gas masks for the troops serving in 
France and even for those in Siberia. There were, at times, thirty to forty car- 
loads of these gas masks for Hoboken, Newport News, and other ports and also 
a solid train-load of six cars for San Francisco, shipped to the American troops in 
Siberia. 

How the express served the munition plants was shown in the case of the 
Eddystone Plant of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, where large guns were 
manufactured for the Government. The large naval guns mounted on railway 
cai'riages were made here, and it is interesting to note that most of the material 
used in their manufacture had to be forwarded by ex^iress, in order to expedite 
the completion of the guns, so that they could be transported to France forthwith 
and be used to batter down the German offensive. 

With this epitome of the part which the express service of Philadelpliia played 
during the wai' it is interesting to review briefly the history of the various carriers 
during the conflict. Up to the first of 1918, when the Ciovernment took over 
control of the railroads, Philadelphia was served by three of the large express 
companies. There was the Adams Express Company, operating express business 
on the Pennsylvania Railroad; the Wells Fai'go Company operated on the 
Baltimore & Ohio system; the American Express Company had its relationships 
with the Pliiladelphia & Beading and Central Bailroad of New Jersey system. 
Thus, Philadelphia was an important "common point" for all of these companies, 
and they maintained large operating organizations, had big terminals and offices 
and transported vast quantities of express matter on the roads with which they 
had contracts. 

But when the Director-General of Railroads assumed control of the rail carriers 

513 



of the country, the express contracts with the roads were made inoperative ami 
the express companies were instructed to form a single unified organization which 
could handle the express business of the entire country and act as the agent of the 
Director-General. In this way was brought into existence the American Railway 
Ex-press Company, and the day when this event took place, July 1, 1918, will long 
be a memorable one in the express business, as it brought together 135,000 express- 
men under one banner, ready for a big patriotic task. 

\\ lien the new express company began, it announced its official organization 
thus: George C. Taylor, president of the American I'^xpress Company, became 
president of the American Railway Express Company, while R. D. Caldwell, 
president of Wells Fargo & Company, was elected chairman of t he Roard of Directors 
of the new company, and W . \I. Rarrett, president of the Adams Expn>ss, retired 
from active participation in the express business. All of these officials continued 
as presidents of their companies, in most cases largely holding companies, except 
the American Express Company, which proceeded to (li'\r|ii|i and expand its large 
foreign, financial and travel business. 

Speaking of Pennsylvania generally, the express business catne undrr tiie 
jurisdiction of Holiert E. AI. Cowie. who, as vice-president and general manager 
of the new company, assumed control of the express business in the i>ast. Mr. 
Cowie had held a similar position with the American Express Compaiu. II. E. 
Huff, who had been vice-president and general manager of the b'ast for the Adams 
Express Company, was made assistant to Mce-Presidenl Cowie, while V. J. Mickey, 
formerly general superintendent for Wells Fargo & Company Express, at New York, 
became general manager of the Anx-rican Railway Express Company's Alleghany 
department, with his headquarters in Philadelpiiia. 

In the City proper, A. G. Gurney, formerly of the American l']xpress, was 
appointed Cilv Manager for the new company, while 11. G. Ransbiirg. formerly 
with the American Express at llarrisburg, continued as superintendent for the 
American Railway Express Company of its l^^astern Pennsylvania Division. 

The expressmen of Phila(l(^lphia did theii' part in llie war as soldiers or sailors 
of the I nited Stales. Hundreds volunteered for tiie Army, many werecali(>il into 
the selective draft camps, and others went into various war industry plants. d( - 
pleling the express ranks to such an extent that their loss was keenly felt. The 
men wiio remained, many of them veterans of the business for twenty-live years 
or more, stood by their posts and participated to the full in Ihr I jlnrly i.uan drives 
and various patriotic movements. 

While the records are meagre, it is known thai the express ranks in Phila- 
delphia sent many men to France. Several of them saw active service and received 
Distinguished Service crosses. Exjiressmen were represented in llie American 
Army in tin- Argonne Forest, at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel. and oilier famous 
battles in whirh the American troops were engaged. 

Tlic war period will never be forgotten by express officials and express veterans 
in Philadelphia. Tliey are i)roud of the record of thi> express carriers and iia\e 
welcomed back to their ranks the men who carried the express spirit into liii-ii- 
fighting in France. , 



514 



'COLUMN. RIGHT" 



The Philadelphia Newspapers and the War 
John L. Murray 




fHETHl']H niiiTfir or mould of jnihlic opinion, liic jurss of 
Pliila(l(>li)hia so wrote itself into the city's record of the 
years of lonllict that Philadelphia's part in the World 
War gains no little honcjr from her newspapers, l)oth 
English and foreign language. 

Evim t he { lerman language journals spoke the ct)nunun 
th((uglil of undivided patriotism once the United States 
had entered the war. Scorning that subterfuge, noted 
elsewhere, of only reluctant and passive compliance with 
laws made to cinb the recalcitrant of their kind, they 
made a positive stand for America and American arms, with only one seeming 
exception, for the Tugeblatl, which was put out of existence and its Cflitors jailed, 
was in reality the propagandic mouth of rabid socialism. The real newspapers, with 
no exception, helped to silence that single alien and seditious voice. 

Getting the news and telling the news with no distortion of coloring, no hall 
truths of sinister suppressions, none of the skulking, covert misuse of journalism 
that, coiled in the flag, hissed and struck at our Allies, Philadelphia's newspapers 
upheld the best traditions of the Fourtli Estate. 

But getting and telHng the truth was only their old function, and keeping 
their integrity only their old duty performed more carefully to meet the demands 
of a nation at war. They did nK)re than mere duty. 

In standing staunchly behind the men overseas. Allies and Americans alike, 
they carried the flag of Philadelphia into the foremost rank of all the big American 
cities in zealous patriotism, for tlie editorial record of the press of no other commun- 
ity shows more conspicuously all those fine, new functions that journalism achieved 
for itself in the war. 

Advocates of sound preparedness, even when preparedness was not a po[)ular 
cry, counselors of forbearance as long as tolerance of attack was honorable, 
the press of the city went into the war with the ri'al s]iirit of Americanism, 
and became something vastly greater than news tellers or editorial mirror-nioukls. 
The immense sums of money raised b\ Lilicrly Loan campaigns, the relief funds, 
the welfare work at home and at the front, the food and fuel conservation, all the 
public inteUigence machinery that required (|uick and extensive and simultaneous 
utterance and reiteration of Government edict or plea, all the means of America's 
rapid cooperation and concentration on the work of war, even and especially the 
selective service that gathered together her armies, would have been impossible 
without the functions of journalism, so admirably performed by America's 
newspapers and nowhere exceeding Philadelithia's. 

The war value of the sustained enthusiasm of the newspapers to make successful 
every war move of the (Jovernment could not be computed in any terms, not even 

51.5 



in terms of money, for the extra space dtnoted to systematic aid of tlie execution of 
war measures, beyond the dictates of news values that ordinarily would govern 
newspaper practice, runs into incalculable millions of dollars. 

Perhaps the most difficult task of all, the task that meant for the first time in 
American history the stifling almost of the very breath of native journalism, the 
suppression of the journalistic instinct and purpose to criticise, was performed the 
more signally because of it,s contrast to journalism's wonted rights to the 
exercise of such liberty. All through the time of great promises that lingered on 
obscured by secrecy and mifulfilled, that still were receding hopes when the armistice 
came, all through the weeks and months of ineptitude that the sudden plunging of 
a peaceful {)eople into conflict finds in any war, the press of Philadelphia forebore 
the comment and censure that might haw. discouraged its own citizens and given 
comfort to the enemy. 

Never a line or word from this city in editorial observation of the American 
participation in the war impaired an administration in Washington particularly 
and remarkably intolerant of criticism. 

American papers, freer than any press of liurupe liefore the war. were as re- 
stricted in the war days as the most surveilled, with the great difference that the 
American press was its own censor, not only for the suppression of military infor- 
mation that might ha\e helped the enemy, which was an obvious duty, but for the 
restraint from any animadversion against the censure-deserving that might be con- 
strued as partisan attack and national rift at a lime when all the world must see 
America united in every sense and part. 

The columns of Philadelphia's press marched as truly and as courageously 
against the enemy hordes as those columns of khaki that baptized France and 
Flanders with American blood. If doubt or misgivings ever seized the hearts of 
those who wrote her counsel and comment. Pliiladelphia's press never showed it. 
or failed in that greatest of wartime press functions to hold Ihe morale of the 
pe(»ple high and unwavering. 



516 



THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS 




EFORE the United States entered the war an interesting 
incident occurred in connection with a portrait of George 
Washington, painted by Rembrandt Peale. Tt was brought 
to this country by James Stuart Sloan, from whom the 
Academy purchased it, Mr. Sloan intending to devote the 
proceeds in the defense of France, his adopted country. 
It seems that the portrait had been presented to Lafayette 
as a token of gratitude for what he had done in the defense 
of America, and after Lafayette's death tiie portrait passed 
to 1\L Roux de Rochelle, at one time Minister from France 
to tlie Lhiited States, and from wiiom the porti'ait descended to Mr. Sloan, Mr. 
Sloan's grandmother ujxm his mother's side being the niece of M. Roux de Ro- 
chelle. It is significant tiiat this portrait, presented to Lafayette in tokcMi of grat- 
itude for his services to America, should finally be sold and its proceeds devoted 
to the service of France. 

The corporate action of the Academy's management in the nuttter of war work 
was chiefly confined to subscriptions to Liberty Loans. The activity of the officers 
and flirectors was varied, and is more or less referred to in other places in this book. 
President Lewis was appointed by Mayor Smith a member of the Fxecutive 
Committee on Home Defense on March 23, 1917, and Chairman of the Committee 
on Posters and Decorations. Ry reason of the duties this work entailed ujion him, 
the directors of the Academy, at a meeting April 2, 1917, authorized the employ- 
ment of an assistant to the President to act as Executive SecretEiry. 

On October 26, 1917, Mr. Lewis was placed in charge by the United States 
Shipping Roaid of the Government Schools of Navigation and Marine Engineering, 
established by the Roaid between the Connecticut River and Norfolk, \a., his 
headquarters being in Philadelphia. A Navigation and a Marine Engineering 
School were organized in Brooklyn, two Navigation Schools and one of Marine 
Engineering in New York, one Navigation School and a Marine F^ngineering School 
in Jersey City, similar organizations in Philadelphia and in fialtimore, and a 
Navigation School in Norfolk. There were twelve schools in this section and 
they required much of Mr. Lewis's time. 

The effect of the war on the schools of the Academy was necessarily dis- 
organizing. About sixty per cent of the young men enlisted or entered Govern- 
ment service, and probably all of the young women and all the rest of the young 
men were directly or indirectly engaged in war work. 

All students in (iovernment service who applied for free tuition were given 
scholarships, and the service flag which was hung in front of the building contained 
ninety red stars and, alas, one gold one. The exact number of students in the 
service was probably greater than the flag recorded. 

The galleries of the Academy were thrown open at all times free of charge to 
soldiers and sailors in uniform, and free admission granted them to all entertain- 
ments. 



517 



At the Academy's Summer School at Chester Springs entertaiiiin(>iils wen' 
given for the ambulance fund and war purposes, and instruction imparted in 
camouflage, the class being greatly stimulated by personal visits I'roni representa- 
tives of the Camouflage Department of the I nitcd Stales Shipping Board. 

More detailed information is included in the ri'port of the Academy's Fellow- 
shij). 

War Work of the Academy FELi.owsiiif 

\inety-five members of the Fellowship were in acli\e (iovernnienl scrxice in 
the army, navy, marine corps, air ser\ ice and the medical corps. Of this nund)er 
many were officers, and a large nundiei- ser\cd «illi llic (aiiadian oi- Hiitish forces 
before the T'nited Slates entered the war. Most of the nicmbiMs scr\ed overseas 
and were in action at Chateau-Thierry, in the Arguiine and other well-i^nown 
battles. 

Alfred Smalley was killed in action at Sedan and Halpli \lrl\ illc died of disease. 

(Icoige Harding was one of the ollicial artists loi- thi' 1 nitcd Slates (iovcrn- 
menl. sharing the hardships and dangers of those in acliial sei\ice, lie was later 
(oininissioned Captain and was the Philadelpiiia representatixc of the eight Amer- 
ican artists who were selected lo make ollicial sketches for the \nierican {'Expe- 
ditionary Forces. 

The Fellowship kept in touch wilh its mendiers in the service: sending them 
packages of chocolate, maple sugar, tobacco and knilled garments. Lelleis were 
also wiitten to llieni and special remembrances were sent at Chrislmas and 
Ivisler time. 




Col-vrlRlil.-.l 



i;.nrc.' Uirun^ 



First Day of the SI. Mtliivl Offensive. 
.->18 



The civilian members of the association also made a good showing, many of 
them organizing and conducting Red Cross units. They taught French classes 
for soldiers and sailors, studied to teach the blind and acted as assistants to nurses 
in the hospitals. A number worked as farmers and '" farmerettes, " while some of the 
girls acted as mechanics' apprentices in motor shops, {preparatory for overseas 
service. Men and women drove ambulances in this country and abroad — in 
fact, aknost every kind of war work was done by members of the Fellowship. 

Soldiers and sailors were entertained at the Academy on several occasions and 
entertainments were given at League Island Navy Yard and individual members 
also arranged parties for the soldier's and sailors in Philadelphia. 

To meet the expenses of the Fellowship Ambulance Fund, three entertainments 
were given. The first, "Masks'" by Miss Blanche Dillaye, was given at the Academy 
by "Plays and Players"; the second was "A War Benefit" by the students of 
the Academy, and the third was a nmsicale and auction of aml)ulance ])arts. As a 
result of these entertainments four ambulances were presented to the Red Cross 
for overseas service. These were known as: The Henry J. Thouron, the Thomas 
Eakins, the Thomas P. Anschulz and the William M. Chase Ambulances. A 
fifth, the (ieneral Pershing Ambulance, was later given to the Italian-British 
Hospital Unit on the Italian frtmt. 

Artists of Philadelphia, most of them members of the Fellowship, painted 
portraits for the Third, Four and Fifth Liberty Loans and many of them made 
posters. For the Victory Liberty Loan, the Philadelphia artists were given the 
use of "The Biggest Little Street in the World" — South Camac Street, between 
Locust and Spruce streets. They were given a quota of $50,000, but as a result of 
their efTorts over $3,700,000 worth of bonds were sold. Among those who assisted 
were: H. Devitt Welsh, Joseph Pennell, Herbert Pullinger, Charles Paul, Florence 
W. Fulton and Virginia Wright (iarber. 

Twelve large sighting canvases were painted under the auspices of the Fellow- 
ship and presented to Camp Dix. A number of other similar canvases were 
painted by individual artists and forwarded to Camp Dix. 

French and Belgium orphans were adopted and contributions made and 
solicited for various war relief funds. 

The students of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts formed a war 
service club. They published monthly The Academy Fling, which was sent regu- 
larly to all members in the service. The students also supplied various packets 
for the men and knitted a large number of supplies, the wool being furnished by 
Mrs. John Frederick Lewis. 

In conclusion, it can be confidently stated that the members of the Fellowship 
of the Academy and the students there, unitedly and individually, rendered fine 
service during the entire period of Wcir. 

WAR WORK OF PHILADELPHIA ARTISTS* 

In connection with war work, an appeal was made for posters, and among 
the Philadelphians who contributed their work, were the following: 

Joseph Pennell — Third Liberty Loan — Battleship I'oster — '"Provide 
the Sinews of War." 



*Note: Summarized by the Secretary of llie Philadelphia War History Committee from 
the records of 11. Devitt Welsh. 

519 



Fourth Liberty Loan — Statue of Lilx-rls Poster — "Thiit Liberty Sliall 

not Perish from the Earth." 
Three (wisters for the War Fihns: oni- 1-slieet poster; one 3-sheet jmster and 

one 8-sheet poster. 

.Mr. PciiiH'll ;iJs() provided a nianiiiiutli poster lor the I iiiU'd States Shipping 
Board, as well as a number of other posters. 

\V.\i,TER H. Everett — The jxjster "Mother and Children," for the Fourlli 
Liberty Loan. 

F. W.VLTER Taylor — Committee on Public Information — po.ster "America 
Gave You All That You Have to Give. Give It — She \eeds N'ow." 

M. L. Blumenthai. — \\ ork with tlie Wut Savings Conmiittce. 

(iF.oRCE GiBBs AND JosEPH CoLL — Both made drawings for I nited States 
Sliipping Board. 

H. Devitt \\ Ei.sH — Among the jxisters for llu" Four-Minute Men, by Mr.Welsh, 
was the one used in front of all theatres authorized to rineive ollicial mes- 
sages from the Committee on Information. Mr. Welsh also sujjplied 
[Histers for till- Deparlnient of \gricullure. Tlu' War Savings ('onunitti'c and 
The (^onunittee of Training C.auip Vctivities. 

In thi- First Liberty Loan. Phiiadoipliia artists under the direction of Charles H. 
Paul, jiainted a number of bill lioards. eiglit feet by twenty feet, in front of the 
Liberty i^uildiiif.'. Among the artists were (ieorge Harding, Frederick \N agner. 
\L L. Hliimenthai. John Dnli. Herliert Piillinger. Charles 11. Sykes and li. Devitt 
Welsh. 

In the Foiirtii Liberty Loan a number of [lorlrait painters, unih'r tlie direction 
of Theodore Weidersheim, made paintings of all who bougiil $10,000 or more 
i-iberty Bonds. Among the artists were: Leopold Seyifert, .Joseph Sacks. Lazar 
Maditz and \dolph Bori(>. 

In the Fifth Liberty Loan drive the artists of IMtiladeipiiia put on a show in 
Camac Street under the caption of "The Biggest Little Street in tiie World." 

Cooperating with Mr. Welsh were Charles B. Paul and Herbert Piillinger. 
The committe(> in charge included: Mr. and Mrs. Joseph IVnnell, Mr. and Mrs. 
F. Walter Taylor. Mrs. Charles R. Wood, Bichard J. Beamish. .lohn .Sinberg, 
Harry T. .Ionian. Piof. William (iray. Judge John M. Patter.son. 

The artists of the city alst) arranged for the decorating of the streets sur- 
rounding City Hall, the general scheme being known as the "Court of the Allies." 
In planning for their work the artists took as their motto the words: "Con- 
ceived in \ ictory and Dedicated to the Proposition that all Men are Created with 
an Appreciation of the Beautiful." 

'i'his wiirk was under a subcommittee of the Advisory Council and iiicliided : 
Thornton Oakley. Chairman; Joseph Pennell, \ iolet Oakley, Charles (irally, .John 
McClure Hamilton, INicola DAscenzo, Charles Z. Klauder, J. Frank Copeland. 
Wilson l*;yre. 

This connnittee was seriously handicapped b_\ the l)rief time in which it was 
necessary to finish the work, and it seemed as if this lack of time, coupled with the 
insullii'iency of funds, would be insurmountable. However, the results were so 
picturesque thai tens of thousands of men, women and children passed through 
the "Court of the Allies" and the adjacent streets from early morning until late 
at night. A description of the decorations is in order: 

.520 



"'The Court of the AlHes" with its Statue of Winged Victory was the radiating 
center of the Victory Loaii decorations. 

"Looking up Broad Street from tlie I inion League the eye was caught by the 
central figure of the Victory Statue framed by the great sunburst on the City Hall 
fagade. This background was shaded to produce ilaini^ color in daylight. The 
statue, which was tiie design of Albert Laessif, wiio also designed the ( iolden Eagle 
over the speaker's stand, was not white as many people seemed to think. Init was 
a shade of cream wliicli ajjpeared dazzling in tlie daylight. This was one of the 




Cuiirti'sy of Ihe i'liiiadelphia "Press." 

Decorations for Ihe Victory Liberty Loan — looking nurtti an Broad Street to tlie \ ictury Statue. 

521 



color motifs which had to be studied out and various shades were tried before the 
correct one was found. 

"Special note should be made in regard to the base on which was mounted 
the French airplane in S. Broad Street. This was the work of Nicola D'Ascenzo. 

"The committee first outlined a plan to have Broad Street at the statue 
ceilinged with enormous colored canopies, but this plan had to be aliaiuidiied as 
wind ^)r(^ssure would have been too great. 

"The committee was also confronted with the problem of safety and the liual 
solution decided upon was to place poles on bolh sides of Broad Street carrying 
the flags of the Allies. These poles, fifty feet in height, were sunk eight feet in 
steel sleeves and permitted a sway of at least six inches in any direction. 

"The coiimiittee which had charge of this particular part of the decorations 
were: Bichard K. Norton, Chairman; John B. (ianlz. (i. K. Liable, and Richard A. 
Humphreys. 

"The national flags as they appeared in "The Court of tiie \llies' were 
arranged as follows: 

"Around the City Hall Plaza— the flags of the United States; from Cliistinil 
Street south on Broad Street to Walnut Street the Hags of France; from Wahiiil 
Street to Locust Street on Broad Street — the flags of Italy; from Broad Street to 
Juniper Street on Chestnut Street — the flags of Great Britain; from Juniper Street 
to i;5tii Street on Market Street— the flags of Belgium; fn.rn i:?th Street to 12th 
Street on Market Street the flags of Italy; from the North Plaza to .\rch Street 
on Broad Street — the flags of France; from Arch Street to Race Street on Broad 
Street — the flags of Great Britain; and from Broad Street to ir)lh Street on 
Chestnut Street — the flags of Japan. 

"It is interesting to note that the number of flags used in these decorations 
amounted to I7..')00. which, if placed i^nd to end would make a streamer of inter- 
national colors reaching fifty-live miles. 

"All the decorations, including the Victory Statue, were placed in fourteen 
(lays, re(iuiring the labor of l.")() men, some nf wliniii were hrought from cities as 
far distant as Chicago. 

"These men worked for tift>-fnur hours without sleep, so that the decorations 
might be s|»rung as a surprise on the city, in the painting of the great "N ' on 
iiroad Street in the 'Court of the Allies," fifty men worked from midnigiit until 
seven o'clock the next morning." 



522 



AMERICAN RED CROSS 
PENNSYLVANIA-DELAWARK DIVISION 




URING the sunimer of 1917, National Headciuarters of 
tlie American Red Cross decided to divide the coinitry into 
divisions for the purpose of taking care of tiie great voUinie 
of Red Cross woriv which had resulted from the entry of 
this country into the war 

Late in August, 1917, Charles Scott, Jr., of Philadel- 
phia, was appointed manager of the proposed Pennsylvania 
Division which had for its territory the States of Pennsyl- 
vania and Delaware, and the county of Camden, N. J. 
The cfuinty of Camden was attached to the Atlantic 
Division about October 1, 1917. 

On October 1, 1917, the Division began its ofTicial existence with hi>ad- 
quarters in fourteen rooms of the Medical Arts Building, 134 S. 16th Street, Phila- 
delphia, and 15,000 square feet of warehouse space at 1015 Filbert Street. 

Tiie first piece of constiuctive work was the issuance of a chart and [jamphlet 
to the chapters within the jurisdiction of the Division, outUning to them the new 
plan for organization and operation. Field secretaries were at once appointed 
and during the last three months of 1917 did Tnost intensive work, educating the 
chapters to the necessity for an adequate organization, both chapter and divisional, 
properly to meet the demands being made on the Red Cross. 

Two institutes for the instruction and training of home service workers were 
at once opened, one in Philadelphia and one in Pittsburgh. 

Immediately upon the organization of the Division and the establishment of 
headquarters the following departments were organized: 

Division Manager, Ctiarles Scott. Jr. Assistant to Manager, Alan D. Wilson. 
Bureau of Development. — Director, Stephen Fuguet; Assistant, Rictiarti E. Wilson. 
Woman's Bureau. — Director, Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Surgical Dressings, Superintendent, 
Mrs. E. Walter Clark; Hospital Garments and Supplies, Superintendent, Mrs. James C. Newlin; 
Knitted Articles, Su[)erintendent, Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. 
Bureau of Nursini). — Director, Susan C. Francis. 
Bureau of Civilian Relief. — Director, J. Byron Deacon. 
Bureau of Supplies. — Director, Frederick H. Strawbridge. 

Bureau of .Accounting. — Director, Jf)hn V. Porter; Assistant, Chester T. Da\ is. 
Bureau of Junior Membership. — Director. F. CorUes Morgan. 
Bureau of Canteen Serpice. — Director, Mrs. G. \\. C. Drexel. 

In December of 1917, a committee was appointed to have charge of the Christ- 
mas Membership Campaign, which was to be held by the Red Cross throughout 
all divisions. J. Heron Crosman, Jr., was the Acting Chairman of this Committee. 

In January of 1918 a Bureau of Camp Service was organized with J. Hartley 
Merrick in charge. 

In February of 1918 a Bureau of Personnel was estabUshed to take care o( the 
enrolments for overseas service with the Red Cross. H. W. Moore was Director 
and Mary A. L. Neilson was Asscjciate Director, in charge of female personnel. 

The warehousing space had now increased from 15,000 to 65,000 square feet 

.523 



and supplies were moved to 253 N. Inroad Street, a separate bureau being formed 
to take charge of this work, under WilHam M. Field as Director. 

In March of 1918 a sciiool for instruction of division field instructors in surgical 
dressings, etc., was formed, and a Bureau of First Aid established with Dr. Hairry 
Toulmin as Director. 

A Division Committee was appointed to handle the Second War Fund Drive 
of the Red Crf)ss, Major Edgar Munson acting as Executive Secretary. 

In May, 1918, in recognition of the splendid work done by the people of the 
State of Delaware for the Red Cross, it was determined to change the name from 
the Pennsylvania Division to the Pennsyh ania-Delaware Division. 

In June, 1918, a divisional medical director. Dr. John H. Ciiapman, was 
appointed in connection with the work of the Bureau of Personnel. At the same 
time the Bureau of Chapter Production was established with T. Williams Roberts 
as Director. 

W. W. Hepbuin was appointed Director of the Speakers' Bureau, under the 
Department of Publicity, with Harry A. Thompson as Director of the Publicity 
Department. 

In June, 1918, the Department of Military ReHef was formed, to have under 
it and reporting to it the Bureaus of Camp Service, Canteen, First Aid and Motor 
Corps. The director of this department was apijointed later. 

The Bureau of Communications and Prisoners Rehef was formed in 1918, with 
Richard E. Wilson as Director. 

The following chart of the organization on June 30, 1918, shows the many 
changes which were made owing to the increased activity. The personnel increased 
from 46 in October, 1917. to .'52.5 in .lune, 1918, of whom 112 were paid and 213 were 
volunteers. The payroll had grown from $2,218.57 to $8,832.41; the office space 
had increased from 3,762 square feet to 5,434 square feet and warehouse space from 
15,000 to 65,000 square feet during the same peritid of time. 

To distinguish between those units reporting directly to the management, 
and those reporting to other units of the organization, it was decided to call the 
first "departments" and the latter "bureaus." The services of the executive 
heads of ail d(>partments and bureaus were without ex-pense to the division, exclud- 
ing the two technical departments of Nursing and Civilian Relief. 

Organization — June 30, 1918. 

Division Mniuiger. Charles Stott, Jr.; Assistant Di\ ision Manager, Alan D. Wilson; Coun- 
selor, F. Corlie.s Morgan; Medical Dirertor, Dr. .Tolin tl. Chapman. 

DeparlmenI of Development. — Director, F. Corlies Morgan; Associate, J. Barton Towiiscnd. 

Bureau Chapter Organization. — Director, Richard E. Wilson. 

Bureau Cliapler Production. — Director, T. W. Roberts; Executive Secretary, Mrs. II. A. 
Dresser. Surgical Dressings — Superintendent, Mrs. E. W. Clark. Hospital Garments and 
Supplies — .Superintendent. Mrs. Benjamin Rush. Knitted Articles — Superintendent, Mrs. 
Henry B. Coxe. School of Instruction — Superintendent, Mrs. A. H. Reeve. Model Work 
Room — Director. Mrs. Charles .Scott, Jr. 

Bureau of Junior Memhersliip — Director, Louis Nusbaum. Boys" Work — Superinteiulent, 
Millard D. King. Girls' Work — Superintendent, Mrs. Anna C. Green. 

Department Civilian Relief. — Director, Cheney C. Jones; Associate, John S. Newbold; 
Assistant, Mrs. Martha J. Megee. 

Department of Supplies. — Director, James Hancock. 

Bureau Transportation and Warehouse. — Director, William M. Field. 

525 



Department oj Xcnmrds. — Director, John V. Porter; Vssoiiale. Henry (J. C.owKill; Vssistanl. 
Chester T. Davis. 

Department of Publicity. — Director, Harry A. Thompson. 

Speakers' Bureau. — Director. \\'. \V. Hepburn. 

Department of !\'ur.^in)). — Director, Mis,s Susan C. Francis. Insinic licm (Masses — Assistant, 
-Mrs. Klizahcth H. .Schnabel. Nurses' Aid — .\ssistant. Miss Letitia \\ iri(ll<-. 

Department of Military Relief. — Awaiting appoinlnieiit of Director. 

liurean of Camp Serrice. — Director. J. Hartley Merrick: Field Director. Hanilolph F. 
Justice; Field Director. John K. Laniond; Field Director, Hobert (".. Brooks. 

Bureau of Canteen Service. — Director. Mrs. G. W. C. Drexcl. 

liureau of Motor Corps. — .\cting Director, J. Hartley Merrick. 

liurean of First Aid. — Director. Dr. Harry Touhnin. 

Department of Personnel. — Director, H. W. Moore; Associate, Miss Mary .\. I., \cilson, 

liureau Communications and Prisoners' Relief. — Director, Richard Iv \\ ilson. 

Second War Fund Campaiijn. — Executive Secretary, Major lOdgar Munson. Speakers' 
Bureau, \V. \\ . Hepburn. Publicity. John C. Gilbert. 

Finance Committee. — Chairman, K. T. Stotesbnry; Nance McCorniick, A. \\ . Mellon. 
Pierre S. Du[)ont. Cuhi. \\. F'epper. J. Benj. Dinmiick. 

Christmas Mernhersliip Campaign. -Chairman. \\ . II. ( .onyngham; \ ice-( 'hairnian. J. Heron 
Crosman; Major IMmuml Mile lull. W . II. Foster. 

DiifiiiL; the nine iiioiillis IVdiii Octcilicr. I''17. In .liiiir .'!(). I')|!!, il is ohvioiis 
that a frrcat dral of conslriiclivc ()rf.Miii/alii)ii wuik «as done. Slaitiiig in with 
l(l."> cliaplcis. and h\ a pioct'ss of coiiiliiniiif: small ones add I'stalilisliiiij; new ones, 
llic same mimlicr was maintained. This icquired hard win k and nmcli tiaveling. 
I he teal pictiiic is shown in llie ^rrowlli of llie blanches and aiixiliaiies, \\/..: Ffoin 
1. 101 to IMIT; in the f:fowth of llie adidi mendieisliip I'loin .')I.'),«I2 lo l,82:5,()(i:5 
and in Ihe junior niembrrship from iiolliiiif: to 'l.~?)'.\ aii.xiiiai'ies with 782,221 
mcmheis. This made a total ni\ision inemheiship on .June iJOlli or2.f)(ir),2J! I. Dnr- 
ing Ihe Chiislmas Campaign of I')1T Iheie were cmiilli-d I.!i7:!.2:{| and duriiif; the 
Second War Kimd Campaign §20,89 1, 126.26 was raised. 

Tlie I?e|i,'ian clothiiif: campaign in March, 1018, resiilled in Ihe collection of 
l.'M.O.jO prnnids of clolliing. 'I'he total (jrodiuiion for niiii' moidhs was as follows: 

.Surt;i<al dressings, I.'), tW.d.i I : hospital garments and supplies. I ,()fill.>* I.i; knitted articles. 
727,922; refugee garments, 21.710; miscellaneous articles, 7'>.'W(). C.niiid total. 1 7. ')9 1. ()!<). 

The sale of raw materials to chapters for October, I'MT. and June, 1018, gi\es 
some idea of the growlli in acti\ilN. 

OctolMT, 1917 .'>l».I%..il 

June, I9I« 2f>.'>.Ji7.'...'.l 

The [{mean of Camp Service distribiilcd 2,112 sweaters in October, 1017, 
and I.'). I 1 1 sweaters in December of the same year. The work of this Hiireaii also 
inchided conliniioiis activity among the men at the Navy Yard here and at the 
\arioiis camps and hospitals throughout Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

The liureau of Canteen Service started in with six canteen stations in October 
and by .Itine the ntnnber had increased to sixty-two. In Philadelphia alone there 
were nearly 3,0(10 women active in canteen work. During the nine months' period 
mentioned the Canteen fed .501,139 men. 

The hincau of Motor (^.orps was not established until some time after October, 
but in .lune they reported four chapters organized for the work. 

526 



The Bureau of First Aid reported for the nine months' period: 156 classes 
formed; 2,676 students enrolled; 978 students examined; 1,171 certificates issued; 
sixty-five instructors appointed; fifty-four examiners appointed. 

The Department of Civilian Relief was the only one in tlie country able to 
report all chapters in the Division organized for home service. During this nine 
months' period, a fiood at Lock Haven and a fire at Loganton, Pa., were both han- 
dled by the Department of ('i^ilian Relief. In October. 1917, there were ten 
cases cleared through the Department of CiviHan Relief and no families dealt 
with. In June of 1918 there were 431 cases cleared through the Division office 
and 7,2.52 home service families dealt with. 

The Department of Pubhcity began with the irregular pul)licati(ni of a four- 
page Division paper and grew to a twelve-page edition published twice a month 
with a circulation of about 9. 000. Motion-picture service has also been added to 
the work of the Department. 

The Department of Personnel up to June 30 had completed forty-three files 
for male personnel and thirty-nine files for female personnel for overseas service. 
This Bureau was rated by the National Director in Washmgton as being the 
best organized and operated in the country. 

The Department of Nursing organized eight eiuolment conunittees throughout 
the State, established instruction classes and organized a department for Nurses 
Aids. There were 800 nurses enrolled in this nine months' period. 

The Department of Accounts reported total expenses for the Division for the 
first nine months of $152,526.01, and total sales of raw materials for the same 
period of $1,159,446.83. 

From July 1, 1918, when the organization was as shown above, until Decem- 
ber 31, 1918, the following important changes were made: 

The Division now had two warehouses, one for finished products and one for 
raw materials. 

George W. Childs Drexel accepted the position of Directoi' of Military Relief 
in September, 1918. Anita Phipps accepted the position of Director of Motor Corps 
Service at the same time. 

In October, 1918, at the request of Washington a nursing survey was insti- 
tuted. 

The influenza epidemic in Philadelphia first broke out in the Navy Yard 
and, realizing the seriousness of its (>H'ect on the civilian population, a Connnittee 
on Influenza was appointed composed of representatives of the various Division 
departments concerned, with Joseph W. Sharp. Jr.. as Chairman. This connnittee 
gathered together the resources of the Division and arranged for the distribution 
of supiplies. 

A number of Professors were appointed Temporary State Directors to look 
after the men in the S. A. T. C. at various I'olleges and schools. 

A Division cutting plant was instituted in October, 1918. 

In November, 1918. after the signing of the armistice, the Rureau of Conserva- 
tion, which had been formed to take charge of the collection and conserving of 
articles wanted by the ( Jovernement, was no longer needed and so was at once 
disbanded. 

A school of instruction foi' Division field instructors in hospital garments and 
knitted articles was established at 1512 Spruce Street, under Miss Girvin. 

527 



The work of the Department of Personnel was now over with lh(> exception 
of completing their records, the Director and his associates resigned and the per- 
sonnel was reduced from fourteen to four. 

The Department of Nursing, preparing for future peace aclivit,\. formeil the 
Bureau of Public Health Nursing, with Mrs. F. B. Downing as Director. Miss 
Flora Bradford was made Field Instructor in Home Hygiene and care of the sick. 

Francis Farquhar, of \ork. Pa., was aiipointed Division (".liairman for the 
Christmas Boll (]all of 1918, which he directf^d from York. 

Owing to the complete cessation of surgical dressings wdik. T. WilUams 
Boherts, Director of Chapter Production, resigned. 

After the signing of the armistice the Manager of the Division felt that he 
was not justified in asking those associated witii hitn as volunteers to disregard 
their personal affairs for the Bed Cross and adjuslmctils were made as (]uickly 
as possible to enable them to return l<i Ihrir businesses. 

The Bureau of Communications was eliminated and all production ended. 

The model workroom was abandoned in Decembei', I')!)!, making in all 
the ehmination of the following departments: 

Di^piirlmi'iU of Personnel. 

Bureau of f'onsorvation. 

liureau of Communications .iiid Prisoners" Itelief. 

Bureau of Camp Service. 

Bureau of Hospital Service. 

This left the Division with the following organization on Deceniiicr '.W. [•Jlii: 

Manager, Ctiarles Scott. Jr.; Assistant to Mana>;er, Alan 1). Wilson; Assistant Division 
^[anaRer. I"". Corlies Morgan: Counselor, K. Corlies Morgan: Medical Advisor, I^r. .lohn l\. 
Chapman. 

Drpnrlnirnl of Develoimiviil. — Director, F. ("orlies Morgan; Asso(;iale, ,1. liarlon Townsenil. 

Bumiii Chapter Organization. — Director, Uichard \\. W ilson. 

liiircnii C.liaptrr Production. — Secretary, Mrs. II. \. Dresser, 

StiniirnI />c,s-,s-iVi(/.v. -Superintendent, Mrs. Beujaiiiin Busli: Chief Inspector, Mrs. Harry 
Bailey. 

Ilo.spildl (iarnicnts and Suptilies. — Su|)erinleudeut, Mrs. Benjaniiu Bush; .\ssistaiit Super- 
intendent, I jla Fisher; Chief In.speclor, Mrs. M. B. Fine. 

Knillt'd Arliclr.^. — .Superintendent, Mrs, Henry B. Coxe; Assistant Superintendent, Mrs. 
Charles Scott, Jr.; Inspector. Mrs. (ieorBe Frazier; Chief Inspector, Constance I,eo, 

School of In.itrnrtion. — Mary Girvin, 

Bureau Junior Membership. — Director. I.ouis \us1phuiii. 1!o\s' Work. — Millard D. kin^;. 
Girls' Work. — Mrs. Anna C. Green. 

DeparlinenI Cirilian Itelief. — Director, Cheney C. Jones; Associate, John S. NCwlxjId; As- 
sistant. Mrs. Martha J. Megee; Case Supervisor. Helen V. White; Field Superv isor, Helen Bliuitoii. 

Department of Supplies. — Director, Jamc-s M, Beed; Associate, J. G, Bittenliou.se; A.ssistanl, 
1. C. McLaunhlin. 

liepartment of .\erounts. — Director. Henry G. Cowgill; Assistant, Chester T. Davi.s. 

Department of Puhlicity. — Director. Henry .\. Thoinpson. 

Speakers' Bureau. — Director, \V. W. Hepburn. 

Department of Nursing. — Dire<-tor. .Susan C. Francis. 

Bureau Pul>lic Health .\ursing. — Director. Mrs. Florence Downing. 

Instruction Classes. — .\ssislant. Mrs. l-lli/.abeth Schnahel. 

Nurses' .Aides. — Assistant. R. l>. llirsli. 

Deparlment Mililary Relief. — Director, G. W . C Drc.vel. 

Bureau Canteen Service. — Director, Mrs. G. \V. C. Drexel. 

Bureau Motor Corps. — Director. Anita Phipps. 

528 



Bureau First Aid. — Director, Dr. Harry Toulmin; Field Directors. — John K. T.amonfl, 
Robert G. Brooks, J. V. S. Bishop. 

Division Chairman Chrislnias Hall Call, December. 1918. — Francis H. Farquhar. 
Division Supervisor Nursinn Survey. — William (). Easton. 

During the six months covered by the period of July 1st to December ^l. 
1918, the development of Red Cross service and operation was at its height. A 
number of campaigns were held, including the campaign for graduate nurses, in 
which 1,023 nurses were enrolled, the Belgian Clothing Campaign, in which 6.52 
Ions of clothing were actually shipped by the chapters of this Division, the Linen 
Shower, during which, in spite of t\w fact that the influenza epidemic hampered 
all activities throughout the chapters, there were nevertheless 57,4.32 pieces col- 
lected; Red Cross Calendar Campaign, when 1,042 Red Cross calendars were sold; 
the Christmas Roll Call Campaign, with a total enrolment of 1.670,860; the 
Nursing Siu'vey in 45 chapters and the Christmas Carton Campaign, during which 
there were fdled, inspected and sent overseas by this Division 173,672 cartons. 

The Bureau of Chapter Organization, etc., accurately defined the territory 
of seventy-one out of the 105 chapters. This necessitated much field work and 
personal adjustment. 

A statistical department was organized for the purpose of accurately deter- 
mining the productive capacity of each chapter. The school for division instruc- 
tion in hospital garments and knitted articles was instituted in order to improve 
the general standard of the chapter work. 

The production of the Bureau for this six months was as follows: 

Surgical dressings, 7,303,067; hospital garments and supplies, 1.060,914; 
knitted articles, 668,797; repaired garments, 227,912; miscellaneous articles, 
12,566. The estimated value of this production was .$2,855,065.11. 

The Bureau of Junior Membership rendered invaluable service in all campaigns 
held during the six months' period. 

The Bureau of Conservation was formed in an effort to have the chapters 
help in the conservation of articles desired by the Government. Affairs were 
progressing most satisfactorily when the armistice was signed. 

The Bureau of Communications handled 11,871 communications regarding 
prisoners and wounded men, as well as soldiers who neglected to write home. 
They also handled 454 A. E. F. inquiries and 339 letters from foreign territory. 

The Department of Supplies had, in August. 1918. about 90.000 square feet 
of warehouse space in each of two warehouses, making a total of about 180.000 
square feet. Total sales to chapters by the Department of Supplies amounted to 
$1,521,968.46. Total shipments were: Export, 7,438 cases; domestic, 2.976 cases; 
Government, 1,854 cases. 

The following is a summary of the Military Relief Department activities for 
these six months: 

First Aid classes held 83 

Attendance 1.756 

Number canteens organized ^2 

Number motor corps organized 27 

Number military estal)lishmenls in tiTritory 5 

Number naval estal)Iislimenls in Icrrilnry 4 

Number military hospitals in dix isiim 4 

Number naval hospitals in di\ ision 3. 

529 



Number articles distributed in camp service 156,320 

Value of these articles $320,867.50 

Number nurses homes None 

Number convalescent houses None 

Value hospital suppliis dislributrd §23,819.13 

The Bureau of Canteen Service summary : 

Canteens organized 62 

Canteen workers in division 4,039 

Canteen huts 11 

Shower baths 14 

Information and rest rooms at 32 stHtimis 

Numl)er men served 9 11,103 

Sick men removed to hospital 20 

Sick men aided 16.,i86 

The Bureau of Motor Corps reported an increase from four orfianized corps 
to twenty-eight, with a total of 496 active workers. Durinj; tlic epidemic they 
rendered most vahiable and ellicient service. 

Influenza l-^pidemic. — The care of this situation was probahh the best piece 
of work done in the Division during these six months. All possible resources were 
gathered and the chapters wer(> instructed to render every possible aid along 
general lines. .\t the request of the Acting Commissioner of Health in the State, 
the .\,ssislant Manager went to liarrisburg, and either he or some on(> else from 
the Division lonstantly occupied a desk there until the epidemic was over. The 
chapters did excellent work, numbers of emergency hospitals were equii)ped and 
opened at short notice and great quantities of supplies w(>re given to all existing 
hospitals. The medical supplies were in great demand and volunteers travelled 
througiioul the Division and made prompt deli\("ry of them. The Department 
of .Niusing allotted the nurses on hand and also enrolled man^ w lio had retired. In 
addition, a large number of nurses' aids were sent out und(>r the graduate nurses. 
Great praise was given the chapters for their help in all local emergencies and a 
very appreciative letter was sent the Division by the Acting Conunissioncr of 
Health. 

The Department of Civilian Relief cared for 8.8!{.{ families during the month 
of July and 21,338 in December, thus showing the growth in activity. During the 
six months they organized in all 105 chapters for home service. The total ex- 
penditures for home service cases were .?21 l.0Ui.()6: '*'),610 families were helped. 

The Department of PubUcity issued fortnightly Clippings, the Division paper, 
with a circulation of 10,729, together with special editions in connection with vari- 
ous campaigns, etc. Four hundred newspapers throughout the Division were 
regularly supplied with news by this department. 

The Speakers' Bureau supplied speakers for all campaigns, meetings, etc. 

Thi- Department of Accounts, in addition to its regular work, made system- 
atic ell'orts to get financial statements from chapters and their branches; also 
statement of the raw materials on hand in the chapter territory. 

The total receipts in the Division for these six months were $1,557,130.94. 
The total expenditmes for all purposes of Administration were: §289,673.09. 

Following the period of time covered by the above history, the Division 
Organization concerned itself with the finishing up of the war work and the carrying 

530 



out of the peace program of the Red Cross. The former, of course, was a dimin- 
ishing activity, while the latter was a most constructive piece of work, including 
the working out of cooperative arrangements with the State Department of Health 
and its various sub-departments, the estabUshment of public health nursing 
services, baby clinics, health centers, etc., throughout the State of Pennsylvania. 
On April 1, 1921, as part of a nation-wide plan to return the Red Cross organ- 
ization to a pre-war basis, the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division was abolished and 
the supervision of all Red Cross activities in Pennsylvania and Delaware trans- 
ferred to the Atlantic Division, with headquarters in New York City. 

SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA CHAPTER AMERICAN RED CROSS 

The organized life of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter American Red 
Cross dates from March i. 1916, when approval of its organization was received 
from National Headcjuarters in Washington. 

A meeting was held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. C-harles C. Harrison, 1618 
Locust Street. Philadelphia, on January 22, 1916. At this time efforts were being 
made throughout the country to arouse interest in the reorganized and enlarged 
American Red Cross. The Hon. William Howard Taft, Chairman of the Central 
Committee, Eirnest Bicknell, Director of Civilian Relief, and Colonel Jefferson 
Kean, Director of Military Relief, of the National Red Cross, were present at the 
meeting and, following their suggestions, a temporary executive committee was 
elected with Dr. Richard H. Harte as Chairman. 

Negotiations for the recognition of the Chapter and the adjustment of its 
relations to the National Organization were carried on and brought to a successful 
conclusion through the efforts of a conunittee consisting of Di'. Alfred Stengel, 
Chairman, Dr. D. J. McCarthy and Colonel Samuel D. Lit. 

The territory assigned to the Chapter included Bucks, Chester, Delaware, 
Montgomery and Philadelphia counties. 

Public attention was turned toward the proposed activities of the Chapter by 
an exhibit, which was held during the month of April, 1916, in the Widener Ruilding, 
a part of which was afterward transferred to the Connnercial Museum in con- 
nection with a civic exposition called "Philadelphia Today and Tomorrow." Further 
publicity was secured through a leaflet printed at the expense of Mrs. Arthur H. 
Lea. Out of the Widener Building exhibit grew the establishment of the instruc- 
tion classes in first aid, elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, and dietetics. 

Shortly after this, the first membership campaign was undertaken by a com- 
mittee under direction of Colonel Samuel D. Lit. This drive brought the member- 
ship up to 16,000 by the end of July, 1916. 

The organization of a base hospital in Philadelphia claimed attention in June, 
1916, and subsequently Dr. Harte reported that he had received from the Women's 
Committee on Preparedness the sum of $25,000 to be used for such a hospital. 
Out of this grew Base Hospital No. 10, with which Dr. Harte later went abroad as 
director. The personnel of this hospital was drawn from the Pennsylvania Hospital. 
Other base hospitals were formed in the University of Pennsylvania, Jefferson and 
Episcopal hospitals, with a naval base in the Methodist Hospital and a field 
hospital unit in tiie Presbyterian Hospital. All of these were later called into 
service, and while the chapter was in no sense directly responsible for them, it 

531 



acted as custodian for some of tlieir funds and cheerfully supplied whatever ma- 
terial was requested. 

Until October 31. 19 16. the alfairs of the chapter were managed by the executive 
committee as originally appointed, with additions from time to time. \ arious 
committees of this body were entrusted with specific duties as the needs arose. 
But in the fall of 1916 a more definite plan was adopted, under which a board of 
directors was elected and its Chairman authorized to appoint the necessary com- 
mittees in order to secure proper division of labor. The key to the structure was 
the Kxecutive Committee, on which Dr. Ilarte. the Chapter Chairman, appointed 
the following members: Dr. Charles J. llatlield. Chairman. C. W. C. Drexel, 
C. J. lUioads. Colonel S. D. Lit and Dr. Alfred Stengel. This conunittee. changed 
somewhat in its personnel by resignations and appointm(>nts. served until October 
15. 1917. when its functions were tak(>u over in large part by the Executive 
Director and the Special, afterward (ieneral. Committee. 

A noteworthy achievement of the j-]xecutive Conunittee was the creation and 
installation of a carefully wrought out scheme of departnu'ntal organization and 
business management. This was the work in the main of Captain J. Franklin 
McKaddeii. whosi' business acumen was a most \aliialile asset to the Cha])tf'r dur- 
ing this year of intense activity and rapid growth. 

The first oHice of the Chapter was at 608 Chestnut Street, afterward transferred 
to 1119 Walnut Strc<-t. and later to 221 S. i«th Street, until removal to 161,') 
Chestnut Street in the summer of 1918. Nutwithstanding tiie size of the liUh 
Stn-et house, loaned to the chapter b> Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury in most 
generous fashion, and the larger i|uarters on Chestmit Street, it was at no lime pos- 
sible to put all the departments of the Chapter under one roof. 

At the high tide of work, seven buildings were in use, 221 S. 18th Street, 218 S. 
19th Street, southwest corner 18th and Locust streets. 1607 Walnut Street. 170.3 
Walnut Street, 1609 Walmit Street and 1.3 1.') Market Street. 

The active participation of women in the chapter work is marked by the 
appoiiituienl. on .luiie 27. 1916. of Mrs. \rthur II. Lea as Chairman of a Woman's 
.\uxiliary Conunittee. with authorilv to select other members. .\t no time since 
have Red Cross women failed in llnir marki'd devotion to the cause. Unstinted 
praise is due the uuillilude of women \olunteers who served in the Chapter depart- 
ments and iti the branches and auxiliaries. uund)ering at least ,')0,0()() iti all. 

As the scope of the Chapter's activities enlarged, it was found advisable to 
adopt a policy for subsidiary organization throughout the five counties. In the 
sumnu-r of 1916 it was therefore agreed that the term " Branch " should be us(>d 
geographically, and membership in such branches was made inclusive of all in each 
particular localil> who wished to become inendiers: and that the term " \uxiliary" 
be used as an administrative delinition to apply to groups of individuals only, 
subject to I lie direction of the Chapter. 

Si\t\ branches, some with dependent auxiliaries and others with sectional or 
group subdixisions. were organized. The ruunber of auxiliaries identified with 
branches was lO.'i. In Philadelphia 32 6 auxiliaries were recognized, with five 
auxiliaries at large in as many outlying districts. 

Of vital importance to the Bed Cross was the inauguration of the First War 
Fund, for which it was proposed to raise throughout the country $100,000,000, the 
Chapters share being !? 1.1 2.5. 000. The week of .lime 18 to 2.5. 1917. was designated 

SA2 



as the period of the drive. Interest in this campaign was aroused by the visit to 
Philadelphia of H. P. l^avison, C.iiairman of the Red Cross War Council. 
E. T. Stotesbury was elected Chairman of the Chapter on May 31, 1917, in succes- 
sion to Dr. Ridiard H. Harte, resigned. Mr. Stotesbury served as Chairman for 
the War Fund Campaign. The sum finally raised in the Chapter amounted to 
$2,800,000. 

Prior to the launching of tiie Second Red Cross War Fuufl, a War Welfare 
Council was organized in the territory of the Chapter for the purpose of making a 
concerted effort to secure the funtls for war relief work apportioned to Philadelphia 
and vicinity through the national relief organization, including the American Red 
Cross. The War Chest movement relieved the organizations of the Chapter from 
any active participation in securing contributions. It resulted in the raising of 
over .$6,000,000 for the Second Red Cross War Fund. 

By the time of the anmial election of officers in October, 1Q17. the Chapter was 
in the full swing of its war relief work. There was a great increase in activities 
and two important steps directed toward a closer coordination of departments 
and a greater degree of efficiency were taken. 

A special connnittee of the board, later known as the general committee, 
authorized on October 15, 1917, and consisting of Randal Morgan, Chairman, 
Mrs. Arthur H. Lea. Dr. Charles J. Hatfield, Mrs. Thomas Robbins anfl John 
B. Townsend, Secretary, was appointed. It was made the duty of this connnittee 
"to review the work of the chapter and report to the board." A series of con- 
ferences with the heads of the fourteen departments of the chapter was arranged. 
The amount of information brought to the bt)ard by the committee and its authori- 
tative character were of inestimable value in guiding the work of the Chapter 
through all that period. No reconnnendation of the committi'e, which altogether 
held thirty -six meetings, ever failed of adoption by the board. The (luiet, strong 
leadership of Randal Morgan, the Chairman, deserves far more than the single 
sentence here written in its recf)gnition. 

The other important action in the autumn of 1917 was the appointment of 
the recently elected Secretary of the Chapter, John Barnes Townsend, to the 
position of Executive Director, in which he served with rare skill and energy until 
January, 1919. The Red Cross owes its success to such volunt(H>r workers as Mr. 
Townsend and his colleagues in the direction of the Chapter activities. When the 
war-time leaders, Mr. Stotesbury and Mr. Townsend, relintpiished theii' official 
positions they left a Red Cross organization in every way equipped and nicely 
adjusted to carry on the less strenuous, though equally important, peace program. 

Department of Membership.s. Branches and Auxiliaries 

Prior to July 1. 1917. the solicitation of memberships, apart from the special 
campaigns, was in the hands of a Committee on Memberships. Paralleling the 
increase of memberships, the development of branches and auxiliaries went on 
throughout the chapter under the direction of the executive connnittee. On July 
1, 1917, these two phases of extension work were united in the Deitartment of 
Memberships, Branches and Auxiliaries. The committee consisted of Dr. Charles 
D. Hart, Chairman; Mrs. John White (ieary. \ ice-Chairman of Memberships, and 
Mrs. Joseph Leidy, Vice-Chairman of Branches and Auxiliaries, who later resigned. 

533 




\v. Iliihlor. ' 

An Irresisliijlc 



\ppciit. 



Howard Wayne Sinilli. laler Execu- 
tive Secretary of the Chapter, was 
appointed Extension Manager in 
May, 1917. 

On Januan. 1, 1917. there were 
18.000 members in the Chapter. A 
small campaign conducted in the 
spring increased the nuinhi^- to 100,- 
000. Tiie first roll call, held from 
December 17th to 2lth. raised the 
total to 125.000 members. 

The 1918 Christmas roll call was 
held from December 16th to 23d, 
directed by tiic following committee: 
Dr. Charles D. Hart, Chairman; 
Marshall S. Morgan. Treasurer: W. 
llinckle Smith. Colonel Samuel D. 
Ml. James M. Willcox. 

Early in the sunnner of 1918 
the Committee on MendxMships was 
placed in charge of a campaign for 
the enrolment of nurses for service in 
the Army and Navy. Although this 
campaign was begun at an unseasim- 
ablc time of year, after most of the 
nurses' training schools had held their 
commoncements, meetings were held, 
iilcrature was distributed, personal 
appeals were sent to all nurses whose 
names could be secured, and every 
available prospect was solicited to 
I'liiol! for service. 

Appeals for help were sent to 



the various nurses' training schools in tiiis vicinity. The cjuota assigned to th(> 
Chapter was 100. and 262 were finally seciu'cd. This ecpialed the av(>rage through- 
out the Inited States, where 20. 191 were enrolled out of a national (pu)ta of .50.000. 

The outbreak of influenza in the city prevented a vigorous prosecution of the 
campaign, as even,' available nurse was drafted for service in the battle against the 
epidemic. 

Dr. Hart having resigned in the early part of i'*l'>. Mrs. .lohu While (leary 
became Chairman of the department. 

Department of WOhkhooms 

In .lanuarN. 1917, Mrs. Thomas Potter, .Jr.. was appoiulcd Chairtuan of llic 
Women's Working Committee. Oth(>r members of the committee were: Mrs. 
Charles C. Harrison. Mrs. Alfred Stengel. Mrs. \rthur H. Lea. Mrs. Charles W. 
Nevin. Mrs. William R. Mercer, Mrs. Charles .1. Hiioads. Mrs. Horace Binney 
Hare, Miss Emilv U. Smith, Miss Henrietta Ely. Mr>. H. W. I'orter Bradford, 



534 



Miss Emily B. Fox, Miss Susan C Francis, Mrs. Richard H. Harte, Miss Hannah 
Wright and Mrs. John W. Geary. 

On February 12, 1917, the Working Committee opened rooms on the street 
floor of 221 S. 18th Street. At that time there were no auxiUaries or Inanches, 
and the Committee was obHged to do the work as well as finance itself. This was 
done by generous contributions of $1,000 each from Mrs. Harrison and Mrs. Lea, 
to wliich others added some $3,000 during the following two months. 

The first work undertaken was the equipment, wholly or in part, of the five 
base hospitals whicii went from Philadelphia. In March, 1917, the board of 
directors authorized the financing of the Committee from the general Red Cross 
funds. 

The Committee, in the early days, did its own buying and its own cutting and, 
aided by friends, undertook all sewing. 

In the beginning the Working Committee made surgical dressings, the Surgical 
Dressings Committee making sample boxes and inspecting the work of the auxili- 
aries and branches. 

Four rooms were set aside for surgical dressing use on the second floor of 221 
S. 18th Street, where classes were conducted for four months under the supervision 
of Mrs. Charles W. Nevin. 

The Workrooms Department was then asked to add to its other work a class 
of instruttion in surgical dressings. This work was promptly got under way witii 
two classes daily, numbering twenty members each. 

On July 12, 1917, the surgical dressings rooms were turned over to the Surgical 
Dressings Department, and the instruction classes were, about the same time, 
transferred to the Department of Instruction. 

As the work increased the department moved twice, in each case to larger 
quarters; first to rooms at 1417 Walnut Street and then to Chapter Headquarters, 
1615 Chestnut Street. 

In July, 1917, came the fust demands for larger quantities of knitted articles. 
Wool was sold at cost to those who would return the finished products to the Red 
Cross. Within a few months it was determined to distribute wool without charge, 
and a time limit was set for the return of the completed articles. 

Mrs. WiUiam Henry Trotter, Chairman of the Wool Committee, assisted by 
Mrs. J. Rutherford McAUister and Mrs. Walter Ross, Vice-Chairmen, did splendid 
and generous service in this department. 

Early in the fall of 1917 a MisceUaneous Supply Department was established 
under Mrs. Albert Fink Smith, to cai'e for the accumulation of articles wiiich were 
not authorized by the Red Cross nor made from accepted Red Cross patterns. 
This department was housed at 1419 Spruce Street, and the articles handled by it 
were primarily for the use of the Home Service Section, although thousands of articles 
were given to other relief committees and to the Red Cross Bmeau of Camp Service. 

Through the summer of 1917 the thousands of garments needed in the work 
were cut free of charge through the courtesy of the tailors of Philadelphia and of 
the Snellenburg Company. Soon the work assumed such proportions that it was 
necessary to establish a separate cutting department. This was done in December, 
1917, at 1419 Spruce Street, the house being loaned for that purpose by Mr. Francis 
A. Lewis. Mrs. John HaUowell was placed in charge of this work, which was con- 
tinued with great success and economy until October, 1918, when National Head- 

.535 



quarters arranged that all cutting: be done by the various divisions, and the ("utting 
Deparlinenl was then transferred to the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division. 

In December, 1917, the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division found itself witii 
thousands of garments in its warehouse which, on account of some minor defect, 
could not be shipped. Transportation dilliculties made it impossible to return 
these garnient.s to the chapters by which they had been made. On this account 
the Department of \^orkroonls opened a Correction Department at 1119 Spruce 
Street, to assist the division. Mrs. Henry D. Paxstm was placed in charge of the 
work, to which was added the making of model garments for the division, 't'his 
work was discontinued in October. 1918. During that month the workrooms 
began making refugee garments. 

On several occasions the department faced situations demanding swift action. 
During the influenza epidemic 500 chihlren's night dresses were made one Sunday 
and were ready for distribution Monday morning. Later, 3,000 knitted undervcst 
sweaters were supplied within twenty-one days for the use of nurses serving in 
MorthiMn France. .\t another time 9,000 w ind-proof paper-lined vests were needed 
for shipment to Siberia within three weeks. 

\n interesting variation in the work was a linen shower for France held during 
October and -November, 1918, in order to replenish depleted lu)spitals. The call 
was for 350,000 sheets, towels, napkins and handkerchiefs. The response from 
the auxiliaries and branches was generous and gratifying. 

\ paid force facilitated the system of supply at the workrooms, but liic burden 
of the work was assumed by volunteer workers, some fifty in all. whose promptness, 
elliiiencN and tireless devotion made it possible to nieel the constantly increasing 
ileniands of the work. 

The following figures do not include the 75,000 knitted articles and comfort 
kits which were distributed indi\i<iualK l>\ Ihc branches and auxiliaries In the 
local Draft Boards, or the French linen shower: 

Chapter Production 

From l)ianili(>s and auxiUaries: 

Hospital garments , 16.670 

Knitted garments 252.529 

liefugee garments 9 1.817 

.Miscellaneous supplies 8,105 

1,002,121 

^ olunteer factory 22,933 

Junior Hed Cross . 25.135 



1,050,489 



Mrs. Thomas Potter. Jr.. as executive head of the departnieiil and \ i( i-( 'hair- 
man, was actively in charge of its work from the beginning. The depaitmenl had 
four chairmen: Charles J. Mhoads. Charles F. McKeehan. Leonard P. Beale and 
Mrs. Thomas Potter, Jr. 

DEPARTMK^T OF In.sTRI I :TIO^ 

This department had charge of the education activities of the Chapter, and be- 
gan operations July 1. 1916. when it was established in the temporary headcjuarters 

336 



at 1417 Walnut Street, under direction of the Activities Committee, consisting 
of Dr. Alfred Stengel. Dr. C. H. Frazier, Dr. C. L. Furhush and Dr. R. H. Harte. 

In the fall of 19L6 the work of the department was divided. Dr. H. M. R. 
Landis becoming chairman of the ('ommittee on Instruction for Women, while 
Dr. Stengel, i-emained chairman of the First Aid (^.ommittee. Later the whole work 
of instruction in the Chapter was consolidated at the Teaching Center under the 
chairmanship of Dr. Joseph S. Netf. 

The department grew rapidly after it moved with headcjuarters to 221 S. 18th 
Street and in June, 1917, was installed in the Teaching Center, at 218 S. 19th Street. 

The first classes took up the study of elementary hygiene, home care of the sick 
and first aid. Later classes were formed in surgical dressings instruction, dietetics, 
with an ecjuipped kitchen, the making of hospital garments and the inspection of 
hosjjital and refugee garments. The records show that 426 classes were formed with 
an enrolment of 3,183. 

The course for Nurses' Aides, designed to teach prompt and intelligent action 
in emergencies, was given to 185 classes. The proof of its efficiency appears in 
connection with the remau'kable work done at the time of the influenza epidemic. 

Surgical Dressings Department 

This department was organized in April. 1917. In eighteen months of work, 
9,267,380 surgical dressings were made. These were packed and sent to all branches 
of the service, including battleships, destroyers, base hospital units, army camps 
and evacuation hospitals. 

During the influenza epidemic the department made 55,000 face masks and 
500 pneumonia jackets. 

At the close of hostilities, when the department ceased work, the balance of 
dressings on hand was distributed among the locid hospitals, a portion, however, 
being reserved for use in disaster reUef. 

The splendid record of the dejiartment was achieved through the cooperation 
of women workers in the Surgical Dressings Departments of the branches and 
auxiliaries. 

Constant changes in the types of dressings were made necessary by the character 
of the wounds inflicted by modern warfaie and the dill'erent kinds of treatment. 
The navy sent many requests for shell-wound dressings, which were promptly filled. 

When the Allied medical officers in France ordered the standardization of all 
dressings it necessitated the j)roduction of the larger types. 

The committee included Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Chairman; Mrs. John H. 
Gibbon, vice-chairman; Mrs. Francis R. Packard, Secretary, and Mrs. J. Alison 
Scott, in charge of inspection and packing. 

Home Service Section 

At the meeting of the board of directors, held March 28, 1917, plans for a 
depaitment of soldiers" and sailors" famihes were presented by Stevens Heckscher. 
The name of the depai'tment, of which Mr. Hecksher became chairman, was after- 
ward changed to Department of Civilian Relief. A sub-committee for the care of 
the families of the soldiers, sailors and marines was formed, of which Mrs. Henry 
C. Royer was made chairman. This committee became known as the Home 

537 




Tn the office of the Home ■'ierrire ^rrlinn. 



Service Departmeiil uf ihc Chapter, and pcrfoi'ined llir rmictions originally assigned 
to the Deparlnienl of Civilian nelief. 

Karly in April, 1917, the Home Service l)ej)artiiient started work in two small 
rooms at 1119 Spruce Street, given the Red Cross by Francis A. Lewis. The 
cf)mmittee, two or three volunteers, one stenographer and one social service worker 
were thought suJlicient to do the work, hut the department became one of the 
largest in the Chapter and was of incalculabli^ importance in maintaining the morale 
iif the soldiers in the trenches and camps by giving Ihcm Ihe assurance tlial their 
families received every care and consideration. 

Instead of two rooms, the Home Service used the very large house, 1607 Walnut 
Street, generously donated by Mrs. Campbell Harris, as an adniinislialive office, 
the ollice for the After Care of the Discharged Soldier and also for the Information 
Service. In various parts of the city eleven district oflices were opened. The 
Clothing Committee was housed at 218 S. 19th Street and the committ(>e in charge 
of the Home Service work of the branches at the same place. From 109 applica- 
tions and 97 families under care during April, 1917, the work increased to 6, .5 15 
applications during the niontli of March, 1919, and 10,. 'JO.') families under care on 
\pril 1, 1919, a total of 38,112 applications having been received from families 
during these two years. The stall' of workers increased correspondingly to a total 
of 170 |)aid clerical workers and 162 volunteers. 

The work of the Home Service was "everything"' linancial aid, health, em- 
ployment, education and recreation. When a soldier left home it sometimes took 
from six weeks to two months before his family received his first pay and govern- 

.i:w 



ment allowance. The Home Service saw that the family was given enough money 
to live on. When the allotment and allowance reached the family, it was not always 
enough to cover expenses unless fuither assistance was given by the Home Service. 
\ loan was sometimes needed to pay interest on the mortgage or insurance and to 
tide over a bad time. Bad housing conditions must be reported; medical and 
hospital service often had to be secured; someone in the family might be ill, con- 
valescent care was needed, an operation necessary, or tuberculosis suspected. 

In the matter of health the Home Service was ably assisted by Dr. Edward 
Parker Davis and a committee of volunteer physicians. The hospitals and dis- 
pensaries were most cooperative. Dr. R. Hamill Swing helped the Home Service 
frequently with advice and service whenever dental work was necessary. Summer 
outings were arranged for, and in the summer of 1918, 750 women and children 
were sent to the country or seashore for a two weeks' vacation. Whenever it 
seemed likely that, because of the absence of the man in the service, a child would 
be compelled to leave school and go to work to help support the family, the Home 
Service Section gave a scholarship and arranged for vocational guidance through 
the White-Williams Foundation so that the child's education need not be inter- 
rupted. 

Clothing for the family was a big problem. After the family was able to 
manage its finances a clothing allowance was given. Before that time the 
Clothing Committee undertook the work of supplying the family with neces- 
sary garments. From September, IQIT, when this department was started, 
.'M,168 garments were distributed. Providing coal for the famiUes of soldiers was 
a necessary service, particularly in the severe winter of 1917-1918. In two years 
$17,778.07 was spent for coal. Of this amount, .$1,287.80 was refunded by the 
families. 

The Information Service gave information in regard to allowance and allot- 
ment, casualties, the location of men in the service and application for the bonus 
allowed dischai'ged men. In this department, besides the superintendent, ten 
interviewers and eighteen clerks, there were a notary public and a lawyer, the last 
two donating their services daily. For about six months a worker was on duty at 
Broad Street Station seven nights a week, giving information and assistance to 
enlisted and discharged men applying to the Canteen Workers. 

The officers of the executive committee were: Mrs. Henry C. Boyer. ( "liaiiiiiaH; 
Mrs. Gibson Bell, Treasurer; Henry H. Bonnell, Secretary. 

Canteen Department 

The Canteen Department, organized in the fall of 1917 by Mrs. G. W. C. 
Drexel, was composed of seventy-eight auxiliaries and branches, 2,700 workers, 
fifty-seven captains and fifty-four lieutenants. Two million, thirty-three thousand, 
three hundred and seventy-five men were cared for from September 20, 1917, when 
activities began, until November 1, 1919, when the Canteen went on reserve. 
Of tliis number 1,718.260 were cared for at railroad stations. The captains and 
lieutenants with their workers were in charge of the various services from 6 a.m. 
to 9 P.M., serving light refreshments, which consisted of fruit, chocolate, cigarettes 
and ice cream, or sandwiches and coffee, often providing lunches or dinners at 
the request of commanding officers. 

The Motor Truck Transportation Service began January 1, 1918, with Mrs. 

539 



J. SoniPis Rhodes, captain in charjip. Motor inpssengers met convoys at llic 
city line and learned their requiremenLs from the commanding officer, eilhi'i' 
taking the men to Broad Street Station and i:i\iiif.' liiem a hot meal or sending 
jam and jellies, fruit and cigarettes to City Hall, where the men were billeted. 
During the period of service 30.000 men were served. 

The first transport sailed from the port of Philadelphia May 6, 1918, which 
marked the beginning of the Embarkation Ser\ ice. with Mrs. Henry Pepper Vaux. 
laplain in charge: 29.602 men were served with colfee. rolls and cigarettes, and 
were pro\ ided with books, papers, magazines and games. 

Debarkation began January 19. 1919, with Mrs. Henry Pepper Yaux. captain 
in charge: .53.825 men were returned to this port and were served ice cream, I'ake 
and cod'ee. The wounded and sick men were transferred from the ships to the 
various hospitals throughout the city by the Canteen Motor Corps. 

Iluspital trains began to pass through the city in August. 1918. Mrs. George B. 
Kvans, \ ice-Commandant, in charge. Hot meals, consisting of roast beef or chicken, 
{)otatoes. peas, colfee. rolls and des.sert. were serv(>d to the men at the request of 
the commanding officer. These meals were served for a period of three months, 
imlil the government sent out fully equipped trains. The nw-n were then given 
fruit, milk, ice cream and cake, reading matter and games. One hmidred and 
fifty-six thousand and eighty men were taken care of on hospital trains by a 
specially trained corps of workers. 

The Hospital Train Kscort Service, with Mrs. ( ieorge \\ . Hovd. \ ice-Command- 
ant, in charge, took up its duties on Novendier 1. I'M8. Twenlv-six thousand 
five hundred and thirty-one .sick and wounded men weic cared for b\ the escorts 
on hospital trains throughout this division. 

The information booths at railroad stations were opened on NuNcinber 1. 1018, 
Mrs. (ieorge W. Boyd. ^ ice-Conunandant. in charge. This conunitle(> cared for 
baggage and gave aid and information to 173.212 men. Twelve thousand four 
Inindred and forty-six men were sent by the Canteen Department to the (.it\ 
Council Barracks" sleeping quarliis at 1721 \rrli Striel, ftdui .laiiuarv. I0|9. 
to .November. 1919. 

On May 15, 1919, at the request of the city of Philadelphia. 16.000 men of the 
28lli Division were given a hot dinncT at Shibe I'aik after their- parade, the service 
bi'ing performed by 300 women in 110 minutes. 

During the period of activity 17.956 hot meals and 25.181 luiu lies were served 
on troop trains at the re([uest of conunanding officers, and dr-aftees leaving Phila- 
delphia were provided with a box luncheon at the recpiest of the (^ity Council. 

The donations to the service from the auxiliaries and branches in the South- 
eastern Pennsyhania Chapter amounted to ^20.192.68. I'ersonal cash donations 
amounted to SPJ, 101.72. Donations of salaries and wages of employee's, telephones, 
and part equipment for piers and railroad stations amounted to S3 1.622.62. 

The special donations were head(|uarters for offices, workr'ooms. and store- 
rooms, fully ('(piipped, k)cated at southeast corner of 18th and Locust streets, 
Philadelphia, three information booths at railroad stations, two canteen huts, 
and two canteen kitchens. 

The Canteen Motor Transportation Corps. .Miss Marian K. Johnson, captain 
in charge, donated the use of cais and services of drivers for the transportation 
of wounded men, canteen workers and supplies. 

5 to 




511 



On November 1, 1919, fifty-four auxiliaries and branches, and 1,555 workers 
of the Canteen Department, went on the reserve to be called out in case of emer- 
gency or disaster of any kind. 

Shipping Department 

The duties of this department were to coUect and ship all articles and to 
take care of all transportation required by the Chapter. 

The committee had charge of receiving, sorting, packing and shipping 
clolhiiig for the Belgian relief drive, in March. 1918. and the transportation of 
the clothing received during tlie second Belgian relief drive, in October, 1918. 

The committee arranged for the collection and shipping of all goods received 
li\ lilt" Conservation Committee. 

The \ olunteer Factorv" received from the Junior RihI Cross, 25,135 refugee 
garments, and made themselves 18,42.3 refugee garments, and 4,510 articles of 
hospital supplies, all of which were transportivl by the shipping committee. 

The Shipping Department took charge of the storing of the equipments of the 
following base hospitals: Pennsylvania, No. 10; University, No. 20; Jefferson, 
No. !?8; l-]i)isc<)i)al. No. 34; and a part of the eciuipment for Methodist, No. 5; 
and the Presbyterian Unit. The equipment consisted of 30,000 crates, some of 
the crates weighing from one to two tons; in all, there were approximately Ufty 
carloads of material, weighing about 300 tons. Tiie equipments were storc^d. 
checked anil in\entoried and turned over to the United Slates Covernment when 
re(]uired. 

The Shipping Department received, inspected and placed in cases for ship- 
ment, 19,723 Christmas packages, to be sent to the troops abroad and at the 
various cantonments in the United States, during the Christmas season of 1917. 

The surgical dressings were packed by the Surgical Dressings Conuniltee, 
the boxes being transported by the Ship})ing Committee as directed. The number 
of surgical dre.ssings forwarded was 6,318.809 in 5,897 boxes. 

The Shipping ("i)inmittee was also charged with the duly of storing and i)ack- 
ing all the hus[)ital supplies and knitted goods produced by the Chapter, and for 
their distribution. This committee also arranged to have in stock at all times 
suflicient articles readily obtainable for emergencies. 

The quantity of hospital gaiments, supplies and knitted goods received, stored 
and packed amounted to 1,094,369, divided as follows: Hospital supplies, 444,054; 
hosj)ital garments, 393.574; and knitted goods, 256.611, shipped in 3.295 cases. 

That the Chapter was able to forward all articles promptly after being made 
and inspected, and that the great work for which the articles were intended, of 
furnishing relii^f t<i our wounded soldiers, was not delayed, was due to the eflicient 
woik of the following: Paul Thompson, Chairman, -Mrs. J. (iardner Cassatt, 
Mce-Chairman, Mrs. Albert Lucas, Mrs. William J. Willcox, Miss Gertrude McCall, 
Mrs. P'rank Thorne Patterson. ]\Irs. Samuel Bispham, Mrs. Kdward T. Stotes- 
bury Lewis. Mrs. Howard W . Lewis. Miss l^lizabeth N. Cooke, Mrs. William 
i;iiis Scull and Stockton Townsend. 

Supply Depart.ment 

This depailment, under the direction of Colonel Samuel D. Lit as Chairman, 
with Mrs. Alfred Stengel as Vice-Chairman. accomplished the following tasks: 

512 



Furnished and equipped the liead(juarteis and various departments: piuchased 
stationery. snp})lies. eoal, and superintended all repair wf)rk. 

Supplied to the auxiliaries, Junior Red Cross. Workrooms and Volunteer 
Factory, wool, needles, raw materials, cotton for making surgical dressings, hospital 
and refugee garments, and comfort kits with their contents. 

Provided the Motor Corps, Christmas Parcels Committee and Instruction 
Department with necessary equipment, supplies and insignia. 

Furnished with full equiiim(>nt all emergency hosjjitals during the influenza 
epidemic, and disposed of this equipment at its termination. 

Sold a large numher of Red Cross Chiistmas calendars. 

Ordered all service badges. 

Arranged for paiking and storing of surplus stock of materials and wool, 
without charge to the Chapter. 

Obtained from the department stores the use of motor trucks for deUvery. 

Maintained a small force of paid and volunteer workers who were constantly 
at llir service of auxiliaries and others interested in Red Cross activities. 



Dkpartmeat of Mending Soldiers' Clothes 

When the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army asked the 
Red Cross to help with reclamation work — namely, the patching of soldiers' gar- 
ments, and the sewing on of buttons — a department for mending soldiers" clothes 
was organized on September 12. 1918, Mrs. Henry D. Paxson. Chairman. This 
was located at 1122 Walnut Street, where the entire building was taken over for 
offices, a distributing depot and central workrooms for volunteer laljor. 

These rooms, under the management of Mrs. Franklin Bache, i)roved a re- 
markable success, and thiity women worked there daily. They were also used 
as an instruction center for the chairmen of branches and auxiliaries. Soldiers 
who passed and saw the sign came in to have small repairs made, and officers 
dropped in to have chevrons or service stripes sewed on. 

From the Schuylkill Arsenal the department collected all soldiers" clothing 
which needed mending. The articles were distributed to the branches and auxili- 
aries and, when finished, were returned again to the arsenal. From Septemlicr 
15th to February 15th the department received and mended 292,169 garments. 
In addition to these, the arsenal received and delivered several thousand garments 
du'ectly to auxiliaries. 

An artistic postei-, made especially for the department b> Miss Edilh.Emerson. 
was widely distributed through the State in response to requests received from 
pul)lic libraries and schools. 

Transportation was an important part of the work, and was hantllcd liy 
volunteer private cars and trucks from the arsenal and Red Cross. 

Navy Auxiliary 

At the request of the Secretary of the Navy, the Navy Auxiliary of the South- 
eastern Pennsylvania Chapter, American Red Cross, was organized by Mrs. Edward 
T. Stotesbury in October, 1917 to make knitted garments and supplies for men in 
the navy and to safeguard their interests in every possible way. 

Headquarters were opened at 221 S. 18th Street, and the policy of the 

513 




Ojjicers and Members of the Navy Auxiliary on Parade. 

oifiani/alion was shaped by the oHiceis and cxmitivc l)(iai<l. Mrs. MIV.mI M. 
(iray. the \ ico-Ciiairman, actively diietled the work. 

On the first day of its existence a commillpe of nu'ii reprcscnlirij: .').()()(» civ ili:iii 
employees of Leajriie Island came to heachpiarters with a donation of Si. ()()() to 
provide a tobacco fund that would supply "smokes" to American men in foreifin 
waters. Later contributions totaled S<).600, which fund was administered by As- 
sistant l'aymast(Ms Hembert and kehoe. of the League Island Navy Yard. 

(ii'oups of peojile wishiiifr to work for the navy were formed into sections of 
llic auxiliary. W Inn the armistice was si};ned the auxiliary included loO sections, 
repres(>ntinfr Ui.OOO workers drawn from all sections covered by the ("hapler. 

The Navy Auxiliary Motor Corps was formed in March. I")I7. with thirty-live 
members under the command of Mrs. Milton llerold. I'.ai li member owned and 
drove her own car and paid the cost of op(>ration. 

The chief duty of the corps was the delivery of supplies, but the cars wen> also 
placed at the disposal of naval officers for urgent ofTicial calls and. whenever pos- 
sible, cars were supplied to the Home Service Department of the Red Cross, and 
all the allied war orjzanizations. During; the inlluenza epidemic the mendiers often 
served fourteen hours a day. The Stonemen's Fellowship offered the use of one of 
their ambulances to the corps, and this was used to transfer sick men from th(> ships 
and Navy \ ard to the hospital. The corps likewise trans|)orled physicians and 
nurses and carried food from a district center to families of inllu(>nza victims in 
sections where the epidemic was especially severe. 

One motor tar was used as a liearse, when none could be procured, and on two 
occasions, a detail of cars carried soldiers from their barracks to the funeral of a 
comrade, who otherwise could not haN e been buried with military honors. 

.514 



During the epidemic the auxiliary cooperated with the Medical Corps of the 
Fourth NaveJ District in opening two emergency hospitals at 48 S. 22d Street 
and the adjoining building, which were cleaned, renovated and made ready for use 
in two days. 

The Country Club for enlisted men at Fox Chase was opened as a convalescent 
hospital. The auxiliary supervised the work, and the section of Fox Chase, under 
Mrs. F. H. Argo, constituted itself the Hospitality Committee. 

A Hospital Committee was formed which provided comforts for sick men in 
all naval hospitals in Philadelphia. Crates of oranges, jellies and ice cream were 
sent to these hospitals. In addition. 150 daily newspapers were distributed to the 
patients, and the men were provided with games, victrolas, magazines and picture 
puzzles. 

Coincident with the organization of the auxiliary, workrooms were opened at 
headquarters, and were maintained under the direction of Mrs. William A. Piatt. 
The wool room, in charge of Mrs. .lules Mastbaum, supervised an output of 73,000 
knitted garments, which were made by the sections. 

The knitted garments, when inspected, under the direction of Mrs. William 
Ridpath, were sent direct to Assistant Paymasters Rembert and Ivehoe, at the Red 
Cross Supply Station at League Island Navy Yard. All requests from individuals, 
from ships, or from adjacent training stations, were promptly fdled by these 
officers. The method of distril)ution insured prompt acticju and eliminated 
duplication. 

A Reclamation Department, opened later under Mrs. Joseph Israel for the 
repair of clothing, reclaimed more than 1,000 garments for the government. 

In May a sewing room, under the direction of the Navy section, was opened 
at headquarters, and 2,538 hospital garments were made. In October a surgical 
dressings room was opened; 6,589 miscellaneous articles were made. A. special 
department for comfort kits turned out 1,000 completed bags and "housewives." 

The armistice found the auxiliary members preparing Christmas packages 
for men in foreign waters. Mt)re than 7.800 boxes were shipped to Rrest, France, 
Guatanamo Ray and Cuba, filled with socks, candy, tobacco and Christmas cards. 

The Navy Auxiliary was the only organization of this character in Philadel- 
phia, where some 50,000 sailors were continuously located. In fulfilling its pur- 
pose to safeguard the navy interests, it constantly gave advice and assistance to the 
sailors in their personal affairs. 

The personnel of the auxiliary included the following members: Mrs. E. T. 
Stotesbury, Chairman; Mrs. Alfred M. Gray, Vice-Chairman; Mrs. John Gribbel, 
treasurer, and Miss Julia Rush, secretary. The committee chairmen were; Mrs. 
George Fales Raker, Miss Julia Rerwind, Mrs. Kllis (iimbel. Mrs. Milton Herold, 
Mrs. Samuel Lit, Mrs. Jules Mastbaum, Mrs. William A. Piatt, Miss Caroline 
Sinkler, Mrs. Joseph Snellenburg and Mrs. George W. Urcpihart. Lieutenant- 
Commander F. R. Payne was the naval aide. 

Volunteer Factory 

On February 28, 1918, Red Cross Factory Service No. 1 came into existence. 
A two months' test was ordered by the Chapter to determine whether the pro- 
duction of refugee garments on a factory basis was entirely satisfactory. Recog- 
nition and approval were accorded before the eight weeks expired. The enormous 

54,5 



gain in prf)duction and the saxing in time and labor proved the advantages of the 
factory method and the power machines. 

The factory was estabhshed at 1315 Market Street, with Mrs. Grenville D. 
Montgomery in charge. The leading merchants and manufacturers of the city 
donated the entire equipment, furniture, madiinery. motor power, Ught. and even 
the time clock. John Wanamaker gave the floor space for the factory, rent free. 
Two floors were used. Thirty-eight electrical power machines lined the center of 
one floor. 

Shelves and bins were provided for work in different stages of completion. 
There were long tables for cutting and assembhng gtirments, and storage closets 
were loaded with bales of uncut material. 

The women came in hundreds. The factory opened with two shifts daily, 
lasting three hours each. During the next week evening shifts were arranged on 
Tuesdays and Tluusdays to accommodate experiimced operators, who volunteered 
their services, despite a day's driving work in their own factories. 

Originally it was planned to handle refugee garments only, but in ,Iuly tiiese 
were laid aside because of the inuncdiate need for surgeons" operating gowns. 
In response to this "hurry call" 4.510 were made. 

From the opening day until January 9. 1919. the factory production, including 
the operating gowns, totaled 22.933 completed garments. 

Twenty-four thousand six hundred and twenty garments were cut for the 
factory and an additional 650 for the division. 

The work was augmented by the opening of a receiving station for the work 
of the Junior Red Cross, which was added to the above production. Many of 
thes(> articles were sent by various high schools, where the students responded 
euthusiasticaily to the call for volunteers. From this .source alone a total of 25,135 
garments was received up to January 1st. Of this number 22,288 were inspected, 
packed and shipped. 

Mrs. Montgomery was aided in iier work by many efficient helpers, who 
acted as assemblers, instructors and inspectors. Among them were Mrs. James 
Newlin, Mrs. K. S. IViggs, Miss Frances Crawford and Mrs. I'^avenson. 

Motor Cohivs 

Tlie Motor Corps of the Chapter began work on June 25. 1918, at the time 
the rusii of government production was at its height. There were 103 women 
volunteers in the corps, all owning and operating their own cars. Primarily, the 
corps had been taken over to facilitate Hed Cross work by quick and economical 
transportation. Special service was rendered to the Canteen Department, which 
handled wounded soldiers returning from overseas. 

.\t the outset. lK)wever, the cars were placed at the disposal of goviMiuuenl 
ofiicials. to whom time was valuable, and the corps members acted as chauH'curs 
for members of the Secret Service, the Ordnance and the Quartermaster's Depart- 
ments. 

In six months the corps fdled 2.373 calls. Tlic tola! mileage was 69,948. 
There were 370 stretcher "cases" handled by the corps, and the members assisted 
at ail embarkations and debarkations at the port of IMiiladelpliia. 

An ambulance service was organized with nine ambulances. During the 
influenza epidemic these were kept busy night and day, and were driven only by 

516 




Photo by L. R. Snow. 



Motor Messenger Corps. 



members of the corps. On Septemlier 28tli, another ambwlanee was presented by 
the pupils of Miss Wright's School, and the new vehicle wa.s used immediately 
for emergency work. 

All women drivers of Motor Corps ambulances were trained in iirst aid and 
military stretcher drill, and had to have mechanical certificates, chauffeurs' licenses 
and health certificates. 

The work of the Canteen Deparlincnt became especially hea\ > with the 
arrival of many men wounded in the war. A truck was obtained and two others 
were given to the corps. It became necessary to establish a night service to answer 
emergency calls. 

The officers of the corps were: Mrs. Thomas Langdon Elwyn, Captain; Miss 
Helen Dougherty. Adjutant; INIrs. W. Morgan Churchman, Quartermaster; Mrs. 
Nathaniel Knowles, Mrs. Sidney Thayer, Mrs. Norman P. Sloan. Mrs. J. Somers 
Rhodes. Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, Jr., Mrs. I. M. Loughhead, Miss MadeHne 
Asbury, First Lieutenants; Mrs. Nelson Warwick, Mrs. Stevenson Crotliers. Mrs. 
Spencer K. Mulford, Mrs. Ralph C. Scott, Mrs. S. Leonaid Kent, Jr., Second Lieu- 
tenants. 

Junior Red Cross 

When President Wilson proclaimed a junior membership in the American 
Red Cross on September 1.5, 1917, the opportunity to foster a spirit of service 
among the children and to permit them to translate it into terms of activity was 

5t7 



rocofrni/t'd and oiicourarrpd by sdiool officials. Ilenry J. Gideon, a raember of 
tho Department of Superintendence of Philadelphia Public Schools, and officially 
in ihar<;e of the Bureau of Gompulsory Education, became chairman of the de- 
partment. 

Individual memberships were not reipiired nor received from pupils. The 
membership nnil \\as the school itself or the school district. When a public, 
parochial or pri\al(' school fulfilled the necessary requirements and joined the 
.Junior Red Cross all the l)o\s and t:irls automatically became members. 

ShcirtK after the establishment of the Nojiinteer Factory, at 131.5 Market 
Street, a recei\inf.' station was opened for the products of th(> Junior Red Cross. 
Between l'"ebruar_\ . l')IH. and the first of l'U9. 2."). 13.5 garments were received and 
22.288 were inspected and packed and shipped. 

William C. \sli. director of NOcational Education. Phila(lel|)hia Public Schools, 
reijorled the followiuf; list of articles made by the schools in the Southeastern 
Pennsylvania C.hai)ter: 8 eight-foot tables. II six-foot tables, ."J:} benches. 10 
tabourets. 2.5 folding tables. 10 ink wells. 200 tableware chests. 100 plain bread- 
boards. 100 folding brearl-boards. .5,000 veneer s|)lints (12 to package), 21 drawing 
boards; a total of 5.521. 

Three thousand nine hundred and thirty waterproof cases were completed, and 
th(> entire output was turned into the factorv before the end of the winter sihool 
term. 

Miss Mice L. Keech. supervisor of Domestic Art. Philadelphia Public Schools, 
had oxersiglil of the making of hos|)ital garments and supplies and refugee gar- 
ments. 

Dis.\STER Relief \mi Kkluenz.v ICpidcmh 

In the pre-war days of the Red Cross the Department of Disaster Relief was 
one of the two important sections into which the national work was divided. When 
the Chapter came to be organized in March. I'M(). there was appointed a committee, 
v^ith Theodore J. Lewis as Chairman, on the subject of Disaster l^elief. ihis 
committee had but little to do until the influenza made its appearance in th(> fall 
of PM8. \t this time a new conmiillee was in process of organization under the 
leadership of .lohn C. Bell. Chairman: Dr. (leorge H. Meeker, V ice-Chairman; 
Joseph v.. W idener. Treasurer: John Ihlder. Secretary. 

The commillee look inunediate action, and iMnergency Hospital No. 2. as it 
was called, was completely furnished within forty-eight hours in the Medico-Chi- 
rurgical Hospital, a building which had been t(>mi)orarily vacated beciuise of the 
building opeiations on the new Parkway. The hospital and all its furnishings were 
placed at the disposal of the committee by the Ini versify of Peimsylvania. They, 
in turn, olfered it to the Mayor of Philadelphia and to the l^irector of Public 
Health on behalf of the Red Cross. The oiler was gratefully accepted, and the 
building was ecpiipped for jili. I0:5. 10. The contribution was of inestimable value. 
Ordinary agencies were entirely unprepared to cope with the pestilence, which 
caused hundreds of deaths each day. and piled up a mortality record of 13,000 for 
Philadelphia. 

Conditions were aggravated b> the .scarcity of physicians and luirses. War 
service had depleted their ranks, and those who undertook to answer the many calls 
were soon weakened by fatigue and succumbed to the epidemic. 

548 



On Wednesday, October 9tli, just three days after a committee meeting had 
been held to discuss n'licC nielliods, th(> liuspital opened its doors. There were 
200 beds, and the stall' included a force of 270 persons, the majority of whom were 
volunteers. Miss Anna Rogers, supervisor of the Department of Instruction, acted 
as superintendent. All patients were treated without chaige, and the institution 
saved scores of lives b> providing care that was alnKjst impossible to obtain other- 
wise in view of the prevailing conditions. 

Operating expenses to cover the cost of food, drugs, wages, light and heat I'oi- 
Emergency Hospital No. 2 totaled .S 11.338.81. The cost of equipment and main- 
tenance was $25,827.80, and operations were concluded finally on Saturday, Novem- 
ber 16, 1918. twelve days after the last patients had been discharged. 

During the inlluenza epidemic of 1918, the members of the Red Cross at home 
were courageous and zealous in lighting the mysterious disease. Tiiey scrubbed 
floors, nursed the sick, fed thi' himgry. ciimforted the dying, and performed, with 
gentle hands, the last rites for those who died among strangers. 

At Chapter headquarters, thickly piled reports from chairmen of the depart- 
ments, branches, auxiliaries, organi/.atioiis in the counties and the small groups 
in churches and schools tell of the tireless work done. Some chairmen report with 
sorrow the death of workers who contracted the disease while nursing. 

For the greater part, however, the work was done ■■unofficially,"' without 
mention — often without recognition — by men and women eager to help. The 
money expended in fighting the plague and the supplies furnished by the South- 
eastern Pennsylvania Chapter totaled $100,000. 

Inside of forty-eight hours, the L'nited Service Club, t)n S. 22d Street, and 
the adjoining building were transformed into an emergency hospital, under the 
direction of the Navy Auxiliary. Similar dispatch was used at Rryn Mawr, where, 
within three days, an old inn was completely equipped; and at Kennett Square, 
where an academy in bad repair was made ready in twenty-four hours for oc- 
cupancy. Wherever an emergency hospital was needed, the same speed charac- 
terized the work, and in all, there were thirty-two established. Altogether help 
was extended to sixty-seven regular and emergency hospitals. 

Emergency Corps 

Originally the Emergency Corps was under the direction of Dr. William R. 
Nicholson. In May, 1918, when he was unable to remain in anything but an 
advisory capacity. Dr. Mercedes A. Roberts became director. 

The records of the corps show a large amount of service rendered in the com- 
munity which was outside of Red Cross activities, but which might properly be 
termed disaster relief. 

The directors of the Free Library of Philadelphia loaned the 65th Street and 
Haverford Avenue branch for the lectures, quizzes and practical demonstrations 
in dietetics which Dr. Roberts gave each Tuesday. The sessions ended with an 
army drill. Arrangements were made to admit the young women to the West 
Philadelphia Homeopathic Hospital as substitute nurses and helpers in the clinics, 
and they each averaged six hours a week. 

When the epidemic came, members of the corps left their places of employ- 
ment and went into Emergency Hospital No. 2, on the Parkway. Those whose 

54') 



emplovers insisted nii part time worked from four in the afternoon until midnight 
in the hospital. Uthers went on duty from 11 p.m. until 6 a.m. 

The Emergency Corps had an ambulance, the gift of the Chapter, which was 
housed at 63d Street and Girard \venue. 

Department of Conservation 

The Conservation Department was established October ,3, 1918, to collect 
certain materials which the government deemed essential for war activities. This 
department was under the direction of the following conuniltee: C. llarlman 
Kuhn, Chairman, Samuel Bell, Jr., Edward llsley. W. Hinckle Smith, Paul Thomp- 
son. T. R. Tunis. 

The work moved with such rapidity that the Ikst carload, containing 27,.500 
pounds of peach and prune stones, sent to the Gas Defense Division, U. S. A., at 
Astoria, N. V.. was acknowledged by them as the first shipment received from any 
Red Cross Chapter. 

By November I9th the total shipments reached 97,100 pounds of fruit pits 
and nutshells. Further collections were check(>d by the signing of the armistice. 
Between 300 and 100 pounds of lead and tin-foil on hand at that time were sold, 
and th(> proceeds turned over to the (Chapter. 

The lirst metal donation, oddly enough, was a silver medal struck olV in com- 
memoration of tlie fifteenth anniversary of the former Kaiser's wedding. 

Through the courtesy of the I nited Gas Improvement Company and the 
Stedman Bent Company, truck service was suppUed to the department at cost. 
The .\rmory Board furnished storage space in the basement of the Scpiadron Armory 
at 32d Street and Lancaster \ venue. 

Belgian Clotiii\(; Bklief Committee 

The Belgian Clothing Relief Committee had its beginnings in calamity, when 
calls for help from Belgium came to \nierica. In ^larch and Sei)lember, 1918, 
two campaigns for the collection of clothing for the people of the devasted country 
were made. More than 167 tons were shipped abroad. 

Mrs. J. (iardner Cassatt was Chairman of the March Committee, which in- 
cluded Mrs. Albert Lucas, Mrs. Bayard II<>nry. Bawl Thompson. Stockton 
Townsend, Miss Elizabeth N. Cooke, Mrs. Horace Brock, Mrs. Edward S. Lewis, 
Miss Bryce, Miss Gertrude McCall, Mrs. W. .1. Willcox. and Miss I^lizabeth 
Washington. 

G. Heide Norris was Chairman of the September Committee, which included 
Mrs. Bayard Il(>nry, Mrs. .1. (lardner Cassatt. Paul Thompson and Stockton 
Tow'usend. 

Christ.\l\s Package Department 

The government plan for sending Christmas parcels through the Red Cross 
tfi soldiers and war workers overseas was put into operation on November 1, 1918, 
when a committee on Christmas parcels was appointed, with Livingston K. 
Jones as Chairman. 

Through II. B. Harper, of the Overland-Harper Company, central head- 
quarters were opened at 1627 Arch Street. 

More than 7.5,000 cartons were distributed through the Chapter to the rela- 

5.50 



tives of fighting men and war workers overseas. Each cai'ton was opened and ex- 
amined to see that the contents complied with the inspection rules. This work 
was in charge of a special committee, headed by Mrs. Randal Morgan. The 
packages were weighed, wrapped, sealed and sent to the post office. From then 
on, the department and military officials overseas were responsible for delivery. 

Nursing Survey 

In spite of handicaps, the Nursing Survey for the Chapter, conducted by Dr. 
S. Lewis Ziegler, was achieved through a vigorous campaign, and 2,300 nurses 
and 190 midwives were registered. Sixty-nine hundred c[aestionuaires were 
issued, and 900 clergymen were asked to annoimce the survey. Circulars were 
sent to 1,500 physicians. 

Department of Accounts and Records 

With monthly disbursements of .$1.'50,000 and the compilation of a mass of 
records listing names of more than 500,000 members, the Department of Accounts 
and Records had a most important part in the functioning of the Chapter. The 
most insignificant item in the Chapter's huge flow of financial transactions was 
recorded. The expenditure of every dollar was checked. The pinchase of each 
yard of material was noted. Financial reports from the branches and auxiliaries 
were collected. 

The lust Chairman of this department was C. H. Krumbhaar, Jr., who was 
succeeded by Marshall S. Morgan. Livingston E. Jones was tiie Vice-Chairman 
of the committee. 

Bureau of Communications 

A weKare message sent by a civilian in Philadelphia to a relative in Germany 
marked the opening of the Bureau of Communications on May 10, 1918. This 
department forwarded communications to persons living in enemy countries 
and received and distributed answers. It also handled inquiries about prisoners 
and the non-receipt of soldiers' mail, as well as casualty reports. 

Three hundred and seven persons were advised how to send money and pack- 
ages to those in service. The Bureau forwai'ded 730 communications to Austria- 
Hungary, 823 to Germany, 311 to Russia, 25 to Turkey, 9 to Belgium, 12 to Rou- 
mania, 2 to Bulgaria, 1 to Italy, 5 to Siberia and 4 to Asia Minor. 

Many replies were received, and a great number of unclaimed messages sent 
from abroad were successfully delivered by the Bureau after the post office had 
failed to do so. 

General Service Badges 

In recognition of the loyal service given by women and men workers of the 
Red Cross, certificates were issued carrying with them the right to purchase and 
wear the Red Cross service badge. For women workers this is a badge with a 
ribbon bar, and for men it is a button to be worn in the coat lapel. 

Awai'ds were made to those who gave minimum service of 800 hours for not 
less than six months. 

Certfficates bearing the signatures of the chairman of the Chapter and fac- 
similes of those of President Wilson, president of the American Red Cross and 

551 



Hpiiry P. Davison, chairman of the Hcd Cross War Council, were issued, "in 
rccofjnition of service faillifuilv iierfornied in behalf of the nation and her men 
at arms." 

A total of !5.8I() such cerlilicates were awarded. 

Information Departmknt 

An Information Department at Chapter headcjuarters was maintained to 
answ'er all (piestions relating to Red Cross work. 

In December. 1917. Mrs. J. Alison Scott was asked to oversee the bureau, 
and under her direction ,Mrs. Beauveau Boric, ,lr.. became actual head of the 
department, pivinj; \irtually all her time to this service. 

In one year, 10,000 individuals asked everything; from how to trace a man 
in the army to advice on sweater patterns, and how to j;»^t a divorce. 

Two-fifths of the visitors were referri'd to appropriate bureaus and the re- 
mainder were given information direct. The department also handled member- 
ship enrolments and received donations. 

A branch desk, which su|)i)lied the same sort of service, was maintained by 
th(.' Chapter on the lirst iloor of the Wanamaker store. 

OFFICERS AM) l'.n\Hl) (iK DIHKCTORS— I'Mfi-I'MT 

( )ffic i:ns 

Hkliard II. Iliiric, M.D., Cliiiirinmi I rcsi^rm-d May II, 1')1T): E. T. Stotcslmry (<-l<.. l.-d 
Alav :il, 1917); .Mfroit Slciigcl, M.D., \ iri'-C.hairmaii: (ii-orfri- W . C.hilds Orcxcl. Sfcri'tari, 
(ri'.sigm-d .\pril 2,5, 1917J; Francis B. Reeves (eleili-d \1a\ 7, I'>I7 i; ('.. ('. Harrison, Jr., Treasurer. 

BoAiii) OK nii(i;cT<)Hs 

liirliard I,, .\iistin, Mrs. .\. .1. ('as.sall. C.vnis II. K. Curtis. T. DeVVitt Cuyler, (ieor^e 
\\ . Cliilds Dre.vel, .Mrs. George \\ . Childs Drexel. Charles II. Fruzier, AM)., C. Lincoln Knrliush. 
M.D., C. C. Harrison, Jr., Charles D. Harl, M.D.. Richard II. Harle, M.D., Charles J. Ilatlield, 
M.D., Stevens Ileckseher, (ieorge (Jnintiird Horwilz. Mha B. Johnson, H. R. M. Lundis, Theo- 
dore J. Lewis, Samuel D. Lit, D. J. MiCarty. Ml).. J. Franklin .McFadden, Charles L. 
McKeehan. Otto T. Mallery. William B. Mercer. Jr.. William R. Nicholson, Ceorce Wharton 
I'epper, Mrs. Thomas Potter. Jr.. Francis B. Rei-M's. Jr., Charles J. Bhoads, Walter (ieorge 
Smith, K. T. Stote.shury. .Mrs. Iv T. Slotesl>ur\. Mfriil Sleiidel. M.D.. Paul Thompson. John B 
Idwiisend, Rohert G. Wilson. 

OFFICERS .\ND BOARD OF niRECTORS 1')I7-1')!J! 

( (KFICKHS 

E. T. Stotesbury, Chairman; Mrs. .Vrthur II. I.eo. Viee-Chairman; Jolm Rarn<'s Townsend. 
Secretary; Thomas S. Gates, Treasurer. 

BOAHI) oc DlIlECTOns 

Mrs. .\. J. Cassatt, Charles W. Churchman. John P. Connelly. Mrs. Norton Downs, Mrs. 
Georpe W. Childs Drexel, Samuel S. Fleisher, Charles J. Hatfield. M.D., S. Pemberton Hutchin.son, 
Walter II. Johnson. Randall Morgan, Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols, Mrs. Thomas Potter, Jr., 
Mrs. Thomas Robins. W . Ilinckle Smith. Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, Ernest T. TriRg, Mrs. Barclay 
H. Warburton, Mrs. Charlton Yarnall, J. Franklin McFadden; John Barnes Townsend, Exe<utive 
Director, 

552 



OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRKCTOHS I'HH-I')!') 
Ofkickhs 

Charles J. llatlield, M.D., Chainiuiri; Mrs. Arthur H. l^ea, Vice-Chaimian; Livingston 
E. Jones. Secretary, Thomas S. Gates, Treasurer; Howard Wayne Smith, Executive Secretary 

Executive Committee 

Charles J. Hatfield, M.D.. Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Livine;slon E. Junes, Thomas S. (Jates 
Mrs. Henry C. Royer. Mrs. Thomas Potter. Jr., Paul Thompson. 

ROARU OF DiHECTORS 

Mrs. Henry C. Boyer, George T. Rutler. James A. G. Campljell, Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt, 
Charles W. Churchman, Mrs. (ieorge W. Childs Dre.xel. Sanmi'l S. F'leisher, Joseph R. Grundy, 
Richard H. Harle, M.D., Mrs. A. D. Holler. S. PemlxTlon Hutchinson, Walter H. Johnson. 
Mrs. A. A. Lanili, E. J. Moore, Randall Morgan, Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols, .Mrs. Thomas 
Potter, Jr., \\ . Hinckle Smith, Mrs. Iv T. Sloteshury, Paul Thompson, lOrnesl 1'. Trigg, James 
M. Willcox, 




nf Frank W Tiiililr 



Stanley Co of .\nirrira 

Crowtis at Unieilini; of llir LiIhtIv S/ulnr. 



THE EMERGENCY AID OF PENNSYLVANIA 



October, 191 1 April. 1919. 




]N a modern world war, proclamations ol' neutrality are 
almost meaningless. The complications of Twentieth Cen- 
tury Ufe necessarily impose war upon all. innocent and 
guilty, neutral and belligerent, rich and poor — there is no 
escape. 

A realization of this condition was immediate when, 
in the autumn of 1911, Americans found that, in spite of 
proclamations, they were involved in tiie World War, 
althougii not fighting. Paralysis of credit closed every 
stock exchange. Our largest staple crt)p lost half its Vcdue 
over night. Continued freedom of interchange threatened ruin to the connnunity, 
financial leaders promptly applied a tourniquet to the arteries of trade to avert 
death from hemorrhage. This actit)n carried distress through all ramifications of 
business down to the wage-earner. We were in the war without firing a shot. 

Moreover, the war came when business depression already existed, following 
tariir legislation in 1913. Savmgs were already spent. Some mills were closed, 
others were working with reduced forces. Credit contraction closed many more. 
I nemploymcnt became so widespread as to force itself upon the attention of 
the whole community. Nor was the problem local, .\ppeals poured in from 
every country directly or indirectly involved in the war — notably, from Belgium, 
France and Serbia. 

Such was the situation which confronted I lie \merican pulilic in the early 
autunm of 191 1. To m(>et want at home and abroad, united ell'orl was necessary. 
The peril at our door and the agony across the sea combined to bring about the 
formation of the p]mergency Aid. 

On October 19, 1911, INIrs. Barclay II. Warburton, Mrs. Norman MacLeod. 
Mi-s. (icoige (). Horwitz, Mrs. John C. Croome, Mrs. William J. Clothier, Mrs. J. 
Willis Martin, Mrs. Edward K. Bowland, and .Mrs. Edwaid Browning met at 
Mrs. Warburton's house and resolved "That a Phila(li'li>liia Women's Committee 
be formed to meet the emergencies resulting from the war in Europe, and to devise 
such relief as may be deemed w ise and efl'ective. " At a larger meeting, held a few 
days later at the n'sidence of Mrs. Eli K. Price, the organization was perfected 
and the name "Emergency Aid Committee"' was adopted. 

(ieorge H. McFadden generously placed his large house, No. 1128 Walnut 
Street, at the disposal of the Committee, and the headquarters were opened on 
Friday, October ;50th. 

Even before the formal opening, contributions began to pour in. The devas- 
tation of Belgium made a strong appeal to those who were still enjoying hberty 
and peace. 

The desire of the Committee that independrnt movements in aid of sufTering 
should affiliate with the Emergency Aid, was quickly realized. The formation 

554 



of the Working Committee for Belgian Relief, the French and British Committees, 
the Home Relief Division, Supply Conmiittee, Committee for Immediate Relief 
and American Red Cross, Allied Arts Fund, American Woman's War Relief Fund 
in England and the American Ambulance were organized, followed by the afhlia- 
tion of all committees formed for European War Relief. 

A German Committee, for the relief of (iermans and Austrians, was also 
organized and continued until relations between Germany and the United States 
became strained. 

An Advisory Board of Men, of wliich Samuel S. Fleisher, George H. McFadden, 
Efiingham B. Morris, George Wharton Pepper, Samuel Rea, Edward T. Stotesbury 
and Rodman Wanamaker were members, has given much valuable advice to the 
Executive Committee in matters of importance. 

Mrs. Horwitz assumed responsibility for the Department of Publicity. The 
{lublic gave liberally and expected a detailed report of what was being done. This 
was made daily, with the hearty cooperation of all newspapers. 

Executive Committee 

Mrs. Alexander J. Cassatt, Chairman 

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, \ ice-Chairman 

Mrs. CorneUus Stevenson, Vice-Chairman 

Mrs. Charles C. Harrison, Vice-Chairman 

Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Vice-Chairman 

Mrs. J. Norman Jackson, Treasurer 

Mrs. Eli K. Price, Recording Secretary 

Mrs. Edward K. Rowland, Corresponding Secretary 

Administration of Funds 

All overhead expenses were borne by contributions macU; for that special 
purpose, which linally developed into a long list of members paying annual dues. 

Receipts for Relief Work 

Money raised in the beginning was by designated contributions and by means 
of generous publicity in the newspapers. The fust '"Made in America" Bazaar, 
in 19M, realized $58,235.65: the second, in 1916, netted $9.3,169.59. On February 
12th, 1915, "Self-Sacrifice Day" was observed in Philadelphia, when the public 
was asked to sacrifice fo; a day their personal pleasin'es. There was $101,639 
collected for the relief of the city poor and disbursed by the Home Relief Division. 

In 1917, th? War ReUef Rummage Sale raised .$18,000. After tliis, money 
was also obtained through concerts, entertainments, fairs and rummage sales 
held under the auspices of the separate committees. 

Ruildings lent to the Emergency Aid were as follows: 

Buildinys Occupied by Lent by 

Lincoln Building (Basement) Home Relief Division John Wanamaker 

1519 Walnut Street Supply Conmiittee (Sewing Rooms). Mrs. B. F. Clyde 

1524 Walnut Street Belgian and British Committees Richard Cadwalader 

1522 Walnut Street Fatherless Children of France Clement Wainwright 

709 ,\rch Street French War Relief Committee Charles M. Lea 

555 




556 



1122 Walniil Street Fronch War Belief ('cminiillir Mr. Paekard (Pennsylvania 

Company) 

1 QOl Walnut Street French War Relief Coniniittce Roberts' Kstate 

1336-3!! Walnut Street American Overseas Committee. Joseph E. Widener 

1317 Walnut Street American Overseas Committee Dr. Charles Hart 

(Soldiers' and Sailors" Club) 

1332 Walnut Street Victory Service Star Comniitlce Mis< Helen Fleislier 

1721 Chestnut Street National Surgical Dressing's Corii- 

mittee (Committee of Supplies) Mrs. li. Frank Clapp 

l.'SOl Walnut Street Emergency Aid Shop, . Samuel F. Houston 

221 S. Hth Street Italian Connuittee (Workrooms). Frank Rosatto 

')lh and Walnul Slrcrls Trade School for Girls I.E. Caldwell Company 

221 S. 18lh Street Ollicers' Club Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury 

1519 Arch Street Home Relief (Employment I5iin;iii i ..Kuan! <<( ImIik alion 

Form of Com.viitti^e ()r("..\niz.\tion 

Kach Committee took charge of all relief work in •■omicclioii willi llir Country 
for which it assumed responsibility, and activities in coiinertion with thcsp ( '.ountries 
concentrated under the auspices of the Emergency Aid as siil)-comniiltees. The 
chairman of each Committee was appt)inted by the Ciiairman of tlie b]mergency 
Aid. l)iit once formed, these committees acted inde]jen(icntly. being responsible 
for the collection and distribution of all fluids, and for the policies which were 
carriinl out in so far as the general control was necessary to insure harmonious 
cooperation. 

Branches 

The Branches of the Emergency Aid were formed one after another in Phila- 
delphia and Pittsburgh, as well as in various other counties of the State. I\lrs. II. S. 
Prentiss Nichols, in December, 1915, in her letter as Chairman of the Ivtstcrn 
District, State Federation of Pennsylvania Women, to the chil)s of the twtMity 
counties in eastern Pennsylvania, suggested aiifl urged that i^ach club form an 
Emergency Aid branch. 

These branches worked in cooperation with all committees for Foreign and 
Home Belief, giving active assistance whenever calletl ui»on. They responded to 
appeals for medical supplies, clothing and money. They were active in taking 
part in Liberty Loan Drives, and could be coimted on to man booths, help with 
bazaars, or to respond to sudden calls during periods of epidemic. 

The Emergency Aid Council, composed of chairmen of Branches, met on 
the second Friday of each month with the Executive Committee, when reiiorts 
of Committees and Branches were presented. 

Bnuicli Chairman 

Agnes Irwin \lunm e Mrs. Charles Piatt 

Ardmore-Wynnewood Class Mrs. Ilutton Kennedy 

Altoona Sunshine Society (Emergency Aid Branch) Mrs. W. K. Baird 

.\ndrew-Hamilton tinit Miss Janvier 

Bedford Count y Emergincy ,\id and Branches Miss Jessie B. P.arcla > 

BufTalo Mills Unit Mrs. George Hillegas 

Cumberland Valley Branch Mrs. Ida Doyle 

Defiance Unit Mrs. Harry C. Mellott 

Everett Unit Mrs. D. F. Ashcom 

Hopewell Unit Mrs. Charles Cunningham 

.'■..-)7 




i 



Imler Unit 

King Unit 

Loysburg Unit 

Manns Choice Unit 

New Enterprise Unit 

New Paris Unit 

Osterburg Unit 

New Buena Vista Unit 

Friends' Cove Brick Churcli Unit 

Biddlesburg Unit 

Bainsburg Unit 
Schellsburg Unit 
Six Mile Run Unit 
Waterside Vnh 

Woodbury Unit 

Wolfsburg Unit 

Bedford Volunteers (colored) . 
British-American Class of ( ieriiiaiitiiwri 
Calvary Church Branch. I'illsburf,'li. I'a 

Camp Hill Branch 

Clarion County Branch 

Clarion Unit 

Rimersburg Unit 
Chester New Century Club 
Mrs. Dando's Class 
Downingtovvn Branch 
Emerson Club Branch 

Erailie Branch 

Farm Women's Association (Alliliatcd uilh Enit'rgency 

Fox Chase Branch 

Frankford Branch 
Gla.ssboro Branch 

Glen Biddle Brancli 

Gerniantown Branch 

Hathaway-Shakespeare Club Branch 

Houtzdale Branch 

Brisbin Unit 

Huntingdon County Branch 
Alexandria Unit 
Franklinville LInit 
Graysville Unit 
.Juniata College Unit 
Mill Creek Unit 
Petersburg Unit 
Saltillo Unit 
Spruce Creek Valley Unit 

Hunting Park Branch 

Holniesburg Branch 

International Committee, New Century Club 

Jenkintown Branch 

Johnstown Branch 
Lancaster Branch. 

Logan Branch 

Main Line Branch 

Manheim Committee. 

Mercersburg Branch 

Fort Louden Unit 



Mrs. Roudabush 

Mrs. G. R. Shoemaker 

Mrs. G. W. Dittmar 

Mrs. Wesley Pleacher 

Mrs. O. S. Kegaris 

Mrs. H. G. Shoenthal 

Mrs. .1. P. LnliT 

Mrs. E. C. Kitniiicl 

Mrs. Clayton Sniilh 
Mrs. A. H. Deyo 

Miss Stella Sparks 

Mrs. F. A. Bellas 

Mrs. W. B. Mclntyre 
. Mrs. P. K. Brown 
. . Mrs. Fannie S. Stayer 
Miss Edith St uckey 
Mrs. Isabelle Shawley 
Mrs. W. H. Wignall 
Mrs. James A. Bobinsijn 

Mrs. Carl Deen 

Mrs. J. W. P. Wilkinson 

Mrs. Edward S. Wllhelm 

Mrs. J. W. Kerr 

Mrs. George West 

Mrs. T. S. Dando 

Mrs. William Potts 

Miss EHza Bacon 

Miss LIdle Wilson 

Aidj Mrs. Frank Black 

Mrs. F. H. Argo 

Mrs. John W. Moyer 

Mrs. Eleanor Townsend 

Mrs. Horace S. GrUfith 

Mrs. W. B. Gurley 

Mrs. W. C Chambers 

Mrs. J. Connel 

Mrs. E. W. Moyer 

Mrs. H. C. Chlsohu 

Mrs. J. Cloyd Corbiii 

Mrs. Mary W. Newlin 
Mrs. John Archy 

Mrs. Harvey Brunibaugli 

Mrs. W. H. Stonebrakcr 

. Mrs. Charles Campbell 
Mrs. Harry Fleming 

Mrs. Richey 

Mrs. Fred Mayer 

Miss Alma Brown 

Mrs. Charles Nevin 
Mrs. Henry M. Fisher 

Miss Florence DIbert 

Mrs. John A. Nauman 

Mrs. Morris (iibb 

Mrs. Charlton Yarnall 

]Mrs. E. E. Denniston 

Mrs. C. F. Fendrick 

Mrs. WllUam Senseny 



559 



Lemastor t'nit 

Welsh Run t'nit 

Mount Airy Bandage Class 

Milton Branch 

Morion-Rut ledge Hramh 
Middletown Branch. 

Media Branch 

New Hope Group 

North Philadelphia Branch 

Palethorpe Memorial Branch 

I'alriotic Citizens of Kails of Schuvlkill. . 
Pennsylvania Railroad W omen's \\ ar Relief l)i\ isinri 

(Mlilialed with l^niiTfiency Aidl 
Piltsliurt;h Kmerfjency Aid (Overseas Branch) 

Ridley Park Circle 

Somerlon Branch 

Stetson Relief Committee 

Swarthniore Branch 

Stroudsburn Branch 

I Ipland Branch 

Wallintrford Branih 

West ( 'hesler-Brandywine Class 

Women's Permanenl I'^mergency Association of (ierinaiilottii. 

(Mlilialed wilh I'^merfiency Aid^ 

WesI Moschannon Branch 



.Mrs. (luy Zinunernian 
.Miss \ irfjinia Bowles 
Mrs. (ieorfie Henrich 

Miss Sarah (.hapin 

Mrs. S. S. Ilaring 

Mrs. Ira Sprinf;er 

Mrs. Wni. Irwin Cheyney 

Mrs. (jeor^e W. Hanshaller 
..Mrs. Walter Nash 
Mrs. L. M. (;ross 

Mrs. B. Dohson .\lti inus 

Mrs. ( ieor^e Dallas l)i\ou 
Mrs. II. Norton \ an Voorhis 

Mrs. K. K. Ne'lson 
Mrs. .\. K. Houseman 

Countess Santa Kulalia 
. Mrs. Fre<leri<k Calvert 
Mrs. H. McNeill 
.Mrs. .\rlhur M. Comey 

Mrs. W alter Neal 
Miss Christine Riddle 

Mrs. James Starr. .Ir. 
Mrs. \ii(lrc« .lack 



I MIOHMS 

\s mcnihiTs 111' llic l^incrficncv \iil in caiiNiii^' out llii' iiHiiiiifiiiciils (if its 
actixilics were nlilijicd to visit (]iiaittMs. and open rclalioiis wlicrc it was ncccssarx 
to rccofiiiizc their ollicial coimcclioii witli llif oifraiiization. it was foinul mH'cssaiy 
to adopt a uniform which would be at once a protection for the wearer and an 
intro(hi(lion wlieii her work cairic'd her anion^' strangers. 

For this reason, a blue iiniform (coat and skirt), witli a lifilit i)hie collar and 
tricorn hat. was adopted. 

Later, when it was necessarv to form liie \(umf.'er nieinhers into a j,'roup called 
the |jnerf;eiic> \id \idcs, a sli^'hllv dillerent uniform was assifined to thiMU. 

-\ blue cap and apron of suitable material were worn by workers. The Key- 
stone, the emblem of the State, appeared on I he collar of the luiiforni and on the 
caps of the workroom dress. 



Special .Xctivitiios 

.\t the time of the Halifax disaster, nin(>ty-(ivo (95) carloads of clothing 
and food supplies, as well as .^20.000 in cash, were collected and delivered within 
two weeks of the time of the disaster. 

The Ivxecutive Committee raised §10, ()()(), which was given to Ihe Y. iVl. C A. 
for a hut in France, which was to bear the Fmergency .\id's name. 

A d(Mital ambulance was oqui[)pe(l for the use of the 28th Division, during the 
six months it was encamped at Camp Hancock. 

Two rooms were furnished and ecpiipped at the L nited Service C.iid). IMiila- 
delphia. and kept supplied with the necessary stationery, etc. 

A Bureau of Information was established, with the object of inforniing (he 

.■>()0 



families of returning soldiers as to the time of arrival and place of destination of 
retm^ning troops. 

Agreement with American Red Cross 

In 1917 an agreement was arrived at between the Emergency Aid and the War 
Council of the American Red Cross, by which the Emergency Aid was enabled, 
during the entire duration of the war, to ship tobacco, candy, preserves, and com- 
fort kits for the use of American men overseas to the Soldiers" and Sailors' Club- 
house in Palis. This was of great assistance because of the general policy of the 
Red Cross, wliich made it necessary that goods could not be designated. 

Soldiers' and Sailors' Club 

Ry ]3roclamation of Governor Rrumbaugh, August 10, 1917, the Emergency 
Aid was made the official agency in Pennsylvania for forwarding comforts and 
supplies to the Pennsylvania men overseas. Foreign headquarters were therefore 
established at the American Soldiers' and Sailors' Club, 11 Rue Royale, Paris, with 
Dean Frederick W. Reekman in charge. Packages for Pennsylvania men were 
consigned to the Club and were forwarded to the individual men by Dean Reekman. 

A letter of appreciation of the work of the Club and of the Emergency Aid's 
part in its success was received from General Pershing by Dean Reekman in May, 
1919. 

Motor Messengers 

The Motor Messenger Service of Philadelphia, which was organized in April, 
1917, by Miss Letitia McKim and Mrs. Thomas L. Elwyn, had its office in the 
Emergency Aid headquarters until July, 1918. 

The Motor Service was closely affiliated with the Emergency Aid, and the 
captain of the service was a member of the Executive Roard. 

Emergency Aid Aide Service 

One of the most efficient and effective departments of the Emergency Aid 
was the Emergency Aid Aide Service, organized and directed by Mrs. Norman 
MacLeod. It is difficult to estimate to what extent the services of this group of 
young women made for the success of the organization, as the members were on 
call for work of all kinds, and responded willingly and efficiently to all demands 
made upon them. 

Woman's Advisory Council of the Depot 
Quartermaster's Corps 

This committee of which Mrs. Rarclay H. Warburton was Chairman, was 
appointed in June, 1918, for the purpose of assisting the Quartermaster at the 
Schuylkill Arsenal, Reed Street Factory and Inland Arsenal. The Committee had 
chai'ge of the canteen, reclamation and welfare work. 

A large number of women, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Griswold, served 
lunch to 6,000 employees every day. The Emergency Aid Aides, under the direc- 
tion of Mrs. MacLeod, worked daily in the different arsenals in the rest rooms, 
assisting the doctors. 

561 



The recruiting office opened by Mrs. Thomas Robins assisted in providing 
these arsenals with 6,000 employees. 

On July 22d, Benedict M. llolden. the Depot Quartermaster, requested 
that the Woman's Advisory Council take enlin* charge of the reclamation work 
for this depot. Two days later the iirst workroom was opened by the Committee 
of SuppUes of the Emergency Aid, under Mrs. Price, which received 200 overcoats 
to be mended. This was followed by the opening of fifty-four more workrooms 
of our own and of other organizations. 

The total nund)er of articles mended in the workrooms was 11,631 overcoats, 
2.287 uniforms. .').!!78 underclothes, making a grand total of 19,799 garments. 

Tiic rfdamation work of the Red Cross through the State was also under the 
supervision of the committee, and the total number of garments finished by all 
organizations amounted to 71,381. 

Emergency Aid's Paht in Celebr.\tion of Return 
OF 28th Division 

Mrs. Rarclay W'arburton. then Xcliiig Presidful of the Emergency Aid, was 
Ciiairinan of the Woman's Welcome Home Committee, with which all women's 
war relief organizations in Philadelphia cooperated. 

The lunergency Aid. represented by Mrs. llutton Kciuiedy. was in charge of 
tiie seven Eirst \id stations located along the line of march of the parade, each 
station being manned by an Emergency Aid woman in charge, a doctor, city nurse. 
Warden attendant, and h'niergency Aid Aide nurse. 

The l-^mergency Aid Aide Motor Corps provided fioiii forty to sixty iimlors 
for transporting wounded soldiers in the parade, most of these cars being <liiven 
by Emergency \id \i<les. 

The headijuarters at 1128 Waltuil Street were open as rest rooms for the use 
of the many out-of-town visitors on the day of the celebration. 

Cener.\l Pehshlm; Thanks I^mergkncv \w 

At the time of General Pershing's visit to Philadelphia, Septend)er 12, 1919, 
uniformed members of the I^mergency Aid and Emergency Aid Aide Service 
marched in a body to ln(le])<'n<lence S(|uare, where they Inrnied a Scjuad <il' llnnor 
at the planting of a tree by the ( icneral. 

After the tree planting ceremony, (ieneral Pershing liiined lo the l<]mergency 
Aid women and thanked them for their war service. \l the ( ienerars reipiest a 
group of Emergency Aid Aides accompanied him as a guai'd of honor to the station. 

Distinguished Guests of Emergency Aid 

During the stay of His (Jrace, the Archbishop of York, in Philad("lphia, March, 
1918, a mass meeting was held at the Academy of Music under the auspices of the 
Emergency Aid, when the Archbishop spoke to a large nund)er of women, bringing 
them a war message from the women of iMigland. 

In September, 1919, Cardinal Mercier was tendered a reception at the Emer- 
gency Aid Head(]uarters by the Belgian Committee. 

On October 27, 1919, King Albert, and Queen Elizabeth, of P.elgium, accom- 

562 



panied by the Duke of Brabant, visited the Emergency Aid Headquarters and 
were guests of the Belgian Committee. 

Prince and Princess Lubomirski, newly appointed Ambassador and Ambas- 
sadress from Poland, were the guests of Mrs. von Moschziskei- at the Emergency 
Aid Headquarters on the afternoon of Monday, April 12. 1Q20. 

Among the Committees and Associated Committees of the Emergency 
Aid were: 

Allied Arts Committee 

One of the first committees organized was the Allied Arts Committee, of which 
Mrs. Edward K. Rowland was Chairman. The object of the committee was to 
send money and needed supplies to the many artists in Europe, who on account 
of the war were suffering and in dire need. A total of $6,000 was forwarded for 
this work by the Allied Arts Committee. 

Amebicaniz.\tion Committee 

This Committee was organized in the spring of 1918; Mrs. lulward K. Rowland, 
Chairman. The committee began with a campaign of educational propaganda 
through recreation centers, aiming to reach those classes and districts f)f the com- 
munity that were most easily influenced by disloyal rumor, and where the foreign 
p( ipulation predominated. 

A patriotic program was arranged at Starr (Jarden on ,Iuly 1, l')I!i. when a 
large crowd attended a successful meeting. On July 19th and 2()th. meetings were 
held at playgrounds in Polish districts; on August 2d a meeting in a ( ierman dis- 
trict was held; on August 9th the attendance was of Italians, and on \ugust 16th. 
30th, and September 6th, the attendance was of various nationalities. 

Feeling that the Emergency Aid should undertake some definite patriotic 
appeal, the Americanization Committee issued and distributed "Loyalty" posters 
through the City and State, which were endorsed by State and Federal organizations. 

American Ambulance Hc^pital Committee 
afterwards 
American Red Cross Military Hospital No. 1 

Officers 

Mrs. George Wharton Pepper Chairman 

Miss Edith Howe ( . 

Miss Jeannetta M. Moore \ Secretaries 

Mrs. T. Cuyler Patterson Treasure^- 

Mrs. Wilfiam J. Willcox Chairman of Surgical Dressings 

Mrs. Robert W. Lesley Chairman for Nurses' Rest Fund 

The American Ambulance was started early in October. 1911, in response to 
a cable from Dr. Joseph Blake, asking that surgical supplies, rubber and woolen 
goods be sent him. 

The Chairman, Mrs. Pepper, asked Dr. J. William White to help, and it was 
decided to form a connnittee of men and women in addition to the women's com- 
mittee. By a special arrangement in l*M7, after the hospital was taken over by 
the Red Cross, all funds were sent to Colonel James P. Hutchinson. 

56:5 



The committee sent cases of supplies consistinfr of gauze, rubber poods of all 
kinds, and woolen articles: they also establisiied l\w six Philadelphia wards. 
One entire ward of ten beds was given by the Baldwin School at Bryn Mawr, Pa., 
in memory of "Elizabeth \irholl Hill." Eighty-eight beds in all were endow ed . 
Large numbers of Ford ambulances were sent over for the Field Service and for 
the Paris Service, also one large truck. 

When coal was very scarce, the entire hospilal was kept heated for one week 
by coal shijjpcd by this committee. Only the dillii iilly of sliippiiig prevented the 
continuance of this plan. 

Money was sent for the Nurses' Rest Fund, for operating cars, for transporta- 
tion of doctors, and for artificial legs. 

LIST OF w\nns wn hkds i:\do\vi:d inu)\i piiii.\nKi.i>iii\ 

\(iiiif (if Hill Endowed Hy 

Hill. i:ii/.al)eth Mcholl (Wanl. 10 beds), 

(In Memory) The lialdwin School, Hr\ii \lii«r, Va. 

University of Pennsylvania (Ward. 12 beds) 

Hiddle, Dr. Thomas (In Memory) (2 beds).. .Miss Emily Biddle 

Brock, Mrs. Robert C. H Mrs. Robert C. II. Brock 

Binney, Josephine Younji Mrs. George Biddle 

Bromley. Josei)h II .loseph II. Bromley 

C.assatt, Mrs. \. J Mrs. \. .1. Cassatt 

Cassatt Bed. The RoIhtI K. C.assatt 

Chandler. Percy M Percy M. Chandler 

Coxe, Mrs. i:ckley B Mrs. Ivckley B. Coxe 

Coxe. Henry B Henry B. Coxe 

Ilevelin. James .\ James .\. Develin 

Dolan, Mrs. Thomas J Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Dolan 

Doyle.stown Bed Cros.s Mrs. William .Mercer 

Drifton Bi-d, The Mrs. Charles B. Coxe 

" Ksciilaimis" Dr. Thomas Bi<ldle 

FlattK, Adelaide Cordon Mrs. Stanley G. Klagg, Jr. 

K. A. (!.. In Memory of Hon. John M. Gest 

Gesl. W iHi.im P Miss Mary K. Gibscm 

Emergency Aid, The (I beds) ICmergency Aid of Penns\Uiiiiia i Ambulance 

Commit lee 1 
Emergency .Vid .\ides, The Emergency Aid .\ides of the Emergency .Vid of 

Pennsylvania 
Hutchinson. Major James P Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania (Ambulance 

Coimnittee) 

HalhaHay. .Nathaniel (In Memory) Mrs. Nathatiiel Halhavvay and Children 

Irwin. Agnes. .Memorial Bed i2be<lsi Mrs. John K. Milcliell 

Junior League Bed \mliulance Commitler of llii' I'jiiergency .\id 

of Pennsylvania 

Lea, Ileiirv C .Miss .Nina Lea 

Lea, Mrs. Henry C. . . Miss Nina Lea 

LeFevre Betl. The Mrs. John Scott 

Lewis. Anna Elizabeth .Miss .\nna S. Lewis 

Littleton. \\ illiani E . Mrs. Frank T. Griswold 

Lea, .Mr. and .Mrs. Arthur H. (2 beds) Mr. and Mrs. Arthur II. Lea 

L. M. B Hon. John M. Gest 

McCrea, James Mrs. James McCrea 

Merchant, LieutcMant-C<muiiander Clarke (In 

Memory) ... Mrs. Powell Evans 

564 



Miller, Mrs. lienjainiii Mrs. Heiijainin Miller 

Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir Mrs. .lohn K. Mitfhell 

Morsan. Mary N. (In Memory) Mrs (irahain Dougherty, Miss Elizabeth Frazer, 

and Persifor Frazer. .Jr. 

Mother's Love, A . Mrs. Joseph S. Clark 

Munn, Mary Paul . Mrs. Charles Munn 

J. S. N. and T. A. N. (In Memory) Mrs. E. Walter Clark 

Newbold, Anna B. (In Memory I Clement B. Newhold 

Newbold. Mary Scott (In Memor\ ) Clement B. Newbold 

New Century Club New Century Club 

Overbrook, Pennsylvania \nonymous 

Penn, William Ambulance Committee nf the l^merKency ,\id 

of Pennsylvania 

Perot, Rebecca C. (In Memory i Mr. J. M. Perot 

Plastic Club, The The Plastic Club of Pliiladi'lphiii 

Prince of Peace . Mrs. J. Ogden Holl'man 

Radnor Bed, The .Mrs. F'rank T. Griswold 

St. Clements' Red Cross Auxiliary . St. Clements' Church Auxiliary 

Santee, Eugene I. (In Memory) Miss Mary E. Santee 

Scott, Dr. J. Alison (In Memory) .(ieorge Wharton Pepper 

Stauflfer, Celeste Bonford William Stauffer 

Scull, David E. (In Memory) (2 beds) William Ellis Scull 

Thorn, Isaac B. (In Memory) Mrs. Mary Thorn 

and 

Thorn, .\ugusta C. (In Memory) Mrs. Mary Thorn 

M. L. T., Whitemarsh. Pennsylvania Miss Olive Pardee 

Urquhart Auxiliary of the Southeastern Chapter 

of the American Red Cross Red Cross, Philadelphia. Pa. 

Wayne Branch of the Red Cross Mrs. C. C. Harrison 

White. In Memory of Dr. ,1. William Mrs. J. Wilham \V hite 

White. In Memory of Dr. .1. \\ illinrii Ambulance Committee of the Emergency Aid 

of Pennsylvania 

Americ.\n Overseas Committee 

Officers 

Mrs. Waller S. Thomson, Chairman 1917-1918 

Mrs. WiUiam C. Warden, Chairman 1918-1920 

Mrs. Ivlward P>rnwiiing Treasurer 

Sub-Committees 

Mrs. Wilham (J. Warden Tobacco Committee 

Mrs. Wilham J. Clothier Jam and Chocolate Committee 

Mrs. Trenchartl K. Newbold Home Service Committee 

Mrs. Dobson Altemus Ways and Means 

Mrs. .John C. Norris Service Wool Shop 

Mrs. Norris S. Barratt Service Star ( '.oinmittee 

The committee was organized .hily 2(i. P»I7 by Mrs. Edward K. Ilowland. 
Purpose — To supply our mini overseas with tobacco, jam, chocolate and com- 
fort kits. 

565 



Governor Brumbaugh's Proclamation 

Whereas, The Knicrt;<'ii<y Aid of Pennsylvania has demonstrated its unselfisli and patriotic 
service to our citizenry in neinl; and 

Whereas. By application and cooperation witli the State Coniniittce of PiibHc Safety the 
Kmergency Aid Assoc'ialioii has cstahiislied its eifectiveness throughout tlie Conunonwealth of 
Pennsylvania; and 

Whereas. This association now volunteers to establish in France and elsewhere suitable 
centers for the distribution of information, and of supplies to the Pennsylvania soldiers in the 
Great War, and is properly equipped to do a great service in a most direct and delinite way; 

Therefore. I, M.irlin G. Brumbaugli, (iovernor of the Commonwealth of Pcrmsylvania, do 
hereby designate Ihi- Pennsylvania ICniergency Aid A.s.sociation as the ollicial agency to n-ceive 
connnunications and supplies of all kinds for our soldiers in service abroad, and 1 call upon and 
request the p(H)ple of Pennsylvania to deliver to this association, through its various branches, 
all supplies that the soldiers may need; and I further request that the people of the Commonwealth 
make liberal response to this appeal, to the end that our men in the ranks may know by our 
contributions how loyally we support them, and how generous this great Commonwealth is to 
those of its own who willingly wage war in defense of national honor and world-wide democracy. 

(liven imder hand and the (Jreal Seal of the 

State, at the City of Harrisburg, this 10th 

(Great .Seal) day of August in the year of our Lord one 

thousand nine hundred and seventeen, and of 
the Commonwealth the one hundred and 
forty-second. 

By The Governor, Secretary of the Commonwealth, 

Martin G. Bhau.\ib.\ugh. Cyrus E. Woods. 

Supplies were .sont by the aid of tho Rod Cross and I iiitod States Marine 
Corps to the Soldiers' and Sailors" (liib, lunerfjeiicy Vitl lieadtiiiarters, II Hue 
Royale, Paris, and dislributed free to the men in the trenches and hospitals as well 
as at the Club. 

Tobacco Fund 

The Tobacco I luid was started July 2(), l')17, and from that date to July 1, 
1919, when the active work of the committee ended, $109,181.73 was raised and 
expended for tobacco and cijrarettes. In raisinfi this sum of money, the committee 
is indebted to every concei\able ajiency, including schools, clubs, entertainments 
of all kinds, a meltinfr pot, collections at theaters and all public gatherings, and by 
the support of all the Philadelphia newspapers, besides the sM()pnrf of the branches 
of the i-jnergency Aid in IMiiladelphia anil Pillsl)mgh. 

Although the bulk of the tobacco was shipped overseas, t<3bacco was supplied 
to Ihe convalescent hospitals on this side, and the transports arriving in Philadel- 
phia with troops were met down tin- river by committees on tugboats and supplied 
with tobacco, cigarettes and chocolate. 

Chocolati: and .Jam Committee 

This committee was organized in ,lul\. I'MT. Jam kitchens were started eind 
with contributions of homemade jams and jellies from these kitchens, from Emer- 
gency Aid branches, and through cliurch appeals, .§25,000 worth of jams and 
jellies were shipped in the summer of 1917 and winter of 1918. The Pittsburgh 
brancli gave substantially to this committi'e; §18,621.06 were raised for chocolate 
and jam and sent to the Soldiers" and Sailors' Club in Paris, distributed from there 
to the front and to the hospitals. 

.^66 



All appeals for chocolate and jam from the convalescent hospitals in this 
country' were answered promptly. AH transports docking in Philadelphia were met 
down the river, and the troops supplied with chocolate. When information could 
be procured of torpedo boats leaving League Island for service in the North Sea, 
they were given jam and chocolate. 

Overseas Club 

Through the support of Rodman Wanamaker, the Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Club, 11 Rue Royal, Emergency Aid Headquarters, Paris, was opened in December, 
1917, with Dean and Mrs. Frederick W. Beekman in charge, and a club at Tours 
was opened in June, 1918. with Captain and Mrs. Amos Tuck French in charge. 
A secretary was sent to assist Dean Beekman, and was financed by the Overseas 
Committee. Members in charge wore the Emergency Aid uniform. 

The clubs had cafeterias and reading rooms, and all American service men were 
made welcome, and urged to make the clubs their homes while overseas. Registra- 
tion fdes were kept and each man who visited the club signed his name and address 
(both home and army) antl date of visit. One of the most popular features of the 
Paris Club were the smokers, which were held tluee times a week, when free ciga- 
rettes and tobacco were distributed. Special entertainments were arranged for the 
men, a large number of celebrated artists giving their services without charge. 

HoHday dinners were served free at the Clubs on Cliristmas and Thanksgiving. 
On Christmas, 1918, 2,500 men were given a turkey dinner at the Paris Club alone. 

A fountain where soda water and Philadelphia ice cream were dispensed, 
was most popular. Ice cream was also made at the club and supplied to men in 
hospitals in and near Paris. 

Sight-seeing busses, especially arranged for convalescents, were provided to 
take the men to places of interest in and near- Paris. 

Both of the clubs were endorsed by General Pershing in a personal letter to 
Dean Beekman. 

Philadelphia Soldiers' and Sailors' Club 

Through the generosity of Dr. Charles D. Hart, a Soldiers' and Saikirs' Club 
was opened on November 27, 1918, at 1317 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, and con- 
tinued its work until March. 1920. Contributions to the Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Club amounted to $9,484.45. 

Service Wool Shop 

The Service Wool Shop opened for business January 28, 1918, at 1336 Walnut 
Street, in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. 

The business was conducted for seventeen months. The sales amounted to 
$48,416.22. Profit (gross) $10,998.50. 

This money was used for overhead expenses of the Overseas Committee, and 
after the signing of the armistice — the upkeep of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Club 
at 1317 Wahiut Street. 

Service Committee 

Under this committee, men in the various camps on this side were supplied 
with gloves, knitted articles, and all supplies for their comfort during the hard 
winter of 1918. 

567 



During the period when the men were being drafted, the Overseas Committee, 
through its Ser\ice Star Committee, worked to combat malicious propaganda by 
showing moving pictures of the men from the time they left their homes all through 
their training in the camps, and their daily hves while in the service. These pic- 
tm-es were shown in forty-seven out of fifty-one draft districts, and they reached 
35,000 famihes. 

A large quantity of kid vests, cootie jackets, knitted articles, magazines and 
comfort kits were suppUed by the American Overseas Committee for the men 
overseas. 

Armeni.^n Reuef Committee 

In 1916, a group of women in (iermantown, working under Mrs. P'red Perry 
Powers and Mrs. Hobert iS. Downs, brought $2,000 which tiiey had raised for 
Armenia, to the Emergency Aid Headquarters. 

Mrs. George H. Lorimer was then appointed Chairman of the \rnienian 
Committee; Mrs. Fred Perry Powers, \ ice-Chairman, and Mrs. Robert N. Downs, 
Treasurer. 

The first pid)lic meeting was held in the Garrick M^healer, wlieie former 
Ambassador Morganthau addressed a large audience and presented tiie needs of 
Armenia. 

Clothing, knitted articles and money, as well as food, were sent in (piantity. 

The ('ommitlee had a representative in Armenia, Miss Ina (iillings, wiio was 
stationed at Tarsus. She sent personal and direct reports on work being done 
and where supplies were lieing dislributcd. Funds were cunliiltulcd for support 
of the orphanage and to aid industries in luivan. 

Belgi.\n Relief Committee 

The Belgian Division was the first foreign committee of the Emergency Aid — 
organized October, 1911, by Mrs. Charles (aistis Harrison and Mrs. Maurice 
Heckscher, and immediately commenced aiding the Belgian refugec-s in Great 
Britain and the Continent. 

During the winter of 1911-191."), the Belgian Division followed the policy of 
the Emergency Aid, sending only supplies abroad. The Belgian Relief Committee 
commenced cooperating with the Connnission for Relief in Kelgium in Decendjcr, 
191 1, and continued until the C. R. B. work was over. 

In February, 1915, Mrs. Harrison resigned as chairman, Mrs. Bavaid llemy 
was appointed ('hairman, Mrs. Adolfo Carlos Munoz, was Treasurer. 

To facilitate the development of the Belgian Rehef Committee, Mrs. Henry 
conferred in Washington with the Belgian Minister to the Inited States, Mr. 
Havenith, and later with Mr. de Sadeleer, Belgian Minister of State. 

Tiie lapid increase of the relief work required more room than could be pro- 
vided at 112!} Walnut Street. In November, 1915, Mrs. Henry accepted the 
generous oiler of Richard Cadwalader to use; the house of the late Dr. and Mrs. 
S. Weir Mitchell, 152 1 Walnut Street, for the work of the committee. This Relgian 
Relief House was opened December 5, 1915. and the broadening out of many 
committee activities immediately followed. 

To this house came every day, without break or cessation, for the succeeding 
four years from 1915 to 1920, clothing and money for Belgian relief. These were 

568 



all forwaided promptly to the refugees in England and Fiance, to the civilians in 
uninvaded Belgium, and througii tiie Commission for Relief in Belgium to the 
people of invaded Belgium, tlie prisoners in (lermany. All the hospital supplies 
made at '" 1524" were sent to Dr. Depage for the La Panne Hospital, special gifts of 
modern equipment were sent to the Belgian hospitals in France at Bon Secours, 
Rouen, etc. 

In 1916, in response to a request from the Duchesse de Vendome (King Albert's 
Sister), the Committee commenced to support, entirely, the Hopital de Phila- 
delphie, a convalescent home for Belgian officers, at the Villa Anastasia, Cannes, 
and completed the work for convalescent officers and men at Cannes in June, 
1920. The Committee closely cooperated with Mrs. Carlyon Bellairs, London, 
helping very materially in the support of the Maternity Home for Belgian Gentle- 
women there for three years. 

In January, 1917, Mr. Hoover personally asked for the active help of the 
Committee in the plan then being organized to supply the Belgian children with 
the supplemental meal, necessary for their existence. The Pennsylvania Com- 
mittee was the first to respond to Mr. Hoover's appeal, by contributing the 
needed money to feed the children of the Communes of Houtvenne, Bouvel and 
Minderhout, Antwerp Province. 

In April, 1917, after Baron de Cartier was appointed Belgian minister to the 
United States, he became the Patron of the Belgian Relief Committee, and took 
an active personal interest in the work of the Committee, giving all possible diplo- 
matic assistance. Wiien foreign shipping grew difficult — almost impossible — the 
Belgian minister arranged to have the clothing and supplies from "1521" sent in 
the same way the Belgian munitions went, so the shipments continued without 
ceasing until the need for them was over in September. 1919. 

Before completing their work, the Belgian Relief Committee decided to create 
in Belgium a permanent evidence of the sympathy and generosity of the people of 
Pennsylvania, so they established in 1920 the Pennsylvania Foundation in Antwerp 
for the care of sick children. 

In recognition of the work of the committee, Cardinal Mercier went officially 
to the Belgian Behef Committee Headquarters on Friday. September 26, 1919, 
to thank the members of the committee for their work for Belgium. 

On Monday, October 27, 1919, their Majesties, the King and (^)ueen of the 
Belgians held a small audience in the Belgian ReUef Committee rooms, 1521 
Walnut Street, to express their appreciation for what had been accomplished 
through the Belgian Relief Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. 

Packing Committee Report 

October, 1914— February, 1920 

Miss Mabel A. Brice, Chairman 
Mrs. Edward A. White 
Mrs. Monroe Buckley 

From October 1, 1914, to January 1, 1920, 1,273 cases were packed, 
totaling forty-three tons in bulk and containing 889.833 articles valued at 
$405,193.00. 

569 



Tliese cases were sent for Beljiiaii Melief to fifty-four addresses in England, 
France, occupied and uninvaded Belfjium and Hollaiul. Ml cases were accounted 
for as arriving safely and in good order except three cases lost by submarine 
torpedo and two cases lost by airplane bomb on (k)ck at Calais. 

British-Mierican War Relief Fund of Philadelphia 

In the autumn of 1911. Sir Arthur and Lady Herbert established the British- 
American War Relief Fund in .New ^ ork ('ity, to provide comforts and hospital 
supplies for the soldiers and sailors of Great Britain and her Allies. From this 
were organized eiglite(>n branches in various cities of the I nited States. 

The Philadelphia Commillee of the British-American Wai' Relief Fund was 

organized in the autumn of 1915, and became airdiated with the Emergency Aid of 

Pennsylvania, having its olTice and workrooms in the Etncrgcncy \id ITi'ad(iuarlers. 

.Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge was chairman of the Philadelphia Committee, 

and the other officers were: 

Mrs. Charles Wheeler, Jr., .\cting Chairman 
Mrs. George Stuart Patterson. \ ice-Chairman 
Miss Elizabeth Tyson, \ ice-Chairman 
Mrs. Edward Browning, Treasurer 
Miss katherine PalmiT, Secretary 

During the years 1915, '16, "17 all supplies were shiiipcd througii the British- 
\tMcrican War Belief Fund Headquarters in New York City to hospitals in England 
and France. 

In 1915 two motor ambulances were donated to tiie fund, and quantities of 
hospital supplies, half-worn clothing and new garments were forwarded. A bed in 
the American Women's War Belief Hospital at Paignton. England, was endowed 
with fimds received during the lirst three months of tiie connnittee's existence. 

In l'M() (|iKintilics of hospital supplies and garments were forwarded through 
tiie .New \ ork lieadquarters of the fund and diri'clly to hospitals in England and 
France. The sum of S.oOO.OO was donated to (lie lirilish-American Booth at the 
Allied Bazaar in New York. 

At the second "Made in America" Bazaar, held by the Emergency Aid in 
December, 1916, the British-American War Relief ( .ommitlee had the (lower booth, 
at which $1,750.75 was raised, this money being used to endow a room in the 
Officers' Hospital at Lancaster (Jate, London. 

In May an Allied Ball was given in Philadelphia, the proceeds amounting to 
$13,0()(). 

In 1919 surgiial supplies, garments and materials in the piece were forwarded 
to England. France and Siberia. A Ijed was endowed in the Dreadnought Sea- 
man's Hospital at Greenwich, England, in memory of the gallant seamen of the 
I'ritish Nav>. lost in the war. 

One thousand dollars was given to Mr. Porter, British Consul in Philadelphia, 
for the British Patriotic Fund to relieve British soldiers who had gone from Phila- 
delphia. 

British Relief Committee 

This Committee was organized October, 1911, under Mrs. E. Burd (irubb, 
Chairman, and Miss Kate Forrester Robertson, Secretary and Treasurer. 

570 



Shipments were consigned to the London depot of the Committee, in care of 
Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Dyke Acland, their representative, who 
distributed money and supplies to: 

Northumberland Fusileers Convalescent Home, Seton House, Felton, Northumberland 

The War Hospital, Princess Christian. Ennlefield (ireen, Surrey, England 

Red Cross Hospital, Abereystwyth, Cardiganshire, \\ ales 

Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Browning, Munitions Department, War Office, F^ondon 

The Shepton Mallet Hospital 

Royal Naval Hospital, Shotely 

General Hospital, Base M. E. Force, Alexandria, Egypt 

King's Lancashire Military Convalescent Hospital, Blackpool 

The British Red Cross Society, the Star and Garter, Richmond 

Belgra\ia Workrooms and War Hospital Supply Depot 

V. A. S. Hospital. .37 Porchester Terrace, W. 

Lady Osier, Oxford 

The Mission to Seamen, Marine Villa, Falmouth 

Equipment Dept. for Foreign Service. 2ti Si. Andrews Stj., Edinburgh 

Colchester Hospital, Colchester 

Princess Christian, Engletield tlreen. Surrey 

King George's Hospital, London 

Tooting Military Hospital 

St. Dunstan's Hospital for the Blind 

Royal Infirmary 

Aberdeen Inlirmary 

F'ieve Hospital. Beaushire 

Scottish Horse Headquarters. Dunkeld 

Mine Sweepers at Cromarty and various East Coast Stations 

Salonika Army Hospital 

Wimereaux Hospital. France 

Soissons Hospital 

Arc-en-Barrois Hospital, Haute Marne 

A large number of regiments on the various British fronts 

Various homes and institutions for those who have been injured in the war, both officers 
and men of all forces and others. 

In 1917 the work of the Committee aroused so much interest in England that 
Princess Christian, His Grace, the Archbishop of York, and Lord and Lady Reading 
became Patrons of the Committee. 

In 1918 Mrs. Arthur E. Newbold became Chairman of the Committee and 
Mrs. E. Burd Grubb and Miss Kate F. Robertson were appointed Vice-Chairman 
and Acting Chairman. The sub-committee and classes of the Committee were led 
by Mrs. Woodvilie Bohlen, Mrs. Henry Middleton Fisher, Miss Shand, Mrs. Lovatt. 
Mrs. Lister, Mrs. Wignall and others. The packing and shipping were gifts of 
Messrs. J. E. Caldwell & Co. and Messrs. Furness Withy & Co. 

In 1919, when Miss Robertson went to England to establish the Orphan Fund, 
Field Marshal Lord Haig was so deeply interested that he became President of the 
Board of Trustees of the fund and made it a sul)-comniittee of his own great com- 
mittee, embracing all relief for the care of soldiers and their families. 

Colored Women's Committee 

In the fall of 1917 a group of colored women of Philadelphia, on learning of the 
needs of the colored troops in camps in this country, asked permission to organize a 
branch of the Emergency Aid, through which they might forward supplies to the 
men of their race in the United States service. 

571 



Mrs. Edward Browning and Mrs. \V. Howard Pancoast. iiKMidx-rs of llic 
Executive Committee of the Emergency Aid, acted as Hont)rary C.luiinnan and 
Honorary Vi(e-( .hairman. Under their direction, on November 9, 1917. the South- 
western Branch, Chester Branch, and the Patriotic Committee of tiie Union 
Baptist Church came into existence. Shortly afterwards, the Siiiloaii Church 
Branch, Central iirain h of Harrisburg and the Organized Charity Conunittee were 
formed. 

Money was raised to supply comfort kits, knitted aitides. tobacco, baseball 
outfits, gloves, musical instruments, sheet music for one of the colored l)ands, a new 
player piano, and many other necessities. The women also visited families of the 
service men and reported to the Red Cross any who needed assistance. 

Tlie Organized Charity Branch conducted a rest room in the basement of St. 
Thomas" ( 'hurch, at 12th and Walnut streets, which they maintained for a year 
with great success, giving a place in the central part of the city for the colored 
service men to go for lunch and recreation. 

The total receipts of the various units of th(> committee are as follows: 

Southwestern Branch (Mrs. Thomas .lames, Pres.) S2.()18.23 

Chester Branch (Mrs. Fannie Nicholson, Pres.) .').'50 . 51 

Patriotic Conunittee of Union Baptist Church (Mrs. 

Nancy Douthit. I'res.) 339.39 

Central Branch of 1 larrisburg ( Miss Bertha Zedricks, Pres.) 676 . 78 

Organized ('harity Branch (Mrs. S. \. Keen, Pres.) 6,55.99 

Shiloah Baptist Church Branch (,Mrs. F. I'ollard. Pres.). . 125.52 

$.5,216.42 
Committee of Supplies 

Executive Committee: 
Mi>. Eh k. Price, Chairman 
Mrs. Robert C. Wright, \ ice-Chairman 
Miss Catharine 11. Dixon, Secretary 
Mrs. Charles S. Starr, Tr(>asurer 
Mrs. Henry P. Baily, Miss G. Madeleine (luernsey, Mrs. .1. Howard Rhoads. 
Mrs. Henry B. Bobb. Mrs. \\ . O. Rowland, Mrs. Percy Simpson, Mrs. Hugh I. 
Wilson. 

Established in October, 191 1, with the object of supplying cut garments to 
women who needed work to support their families, the Committee distributed from 
November 1, 1911, to April 23, 1915, 172,736 garments. 

Eater the Committee was known as the National Surgical Dressings 
Committee, with .Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom as Chairman. During the years 
1915, '16, '17, with the valuable assistance of its branches, it made and distributed 
to foreign countries dressings and garments amounting to 1,312,591. 

In May, 1918, the Nati(mal Surgical Dressings Committee disbanded and 
became the Committee of Supplies of the Emergency Aid. Its object is to resjiond 
to demands made upcju it from hospitals and tuberculosis sanatoriums; to provide 
outfits of clothing to those tubercular patients going to Mont Alto from the city of 
Philadelphia, and to make garments of all kinds for the tubercular children in the 
open-air schools at Mont Alto. 

It has, since the above date, made and distributed 189,101 articles. 

572 



Emergency Aid Aide Service 

The Emergency Aid Aides, a seiiii-militaiy organization consisting of two 
hundied and fifty girls, was organized by Mrs. Norman MacLeod, on November 
9, 1917, for the purpose of serving in any emergency. 

The battalion was in command of a major and consisted of three companies, 
each under a captain and two lieutenants. FCach company re[)orted two days 
every week making an active daily working force of over eighty girls. 

The officers were: Director, Mrs. Norman MacLeod; Major, Miss Gretchen 
Clay; Captains, Miss Margaret Dunlap, Miss Margaret Berwind, Miss Mary 
Brown Warburton; Lieutenants: Mrs. H. F. Ilansell, Ji., Adjutant; Miss Peggy 
Thayer, Miss Marys B. Clark, Mrs. C. A. Heckscher Wetherill, Mrs. Wallace 
Roberts, Miss Sidney Franklin, Miss Margaret Hughes and Miss Agnes Brockie. 

During the Liberty Loan (Campaigns the Aides assumed entire charge of the 
central city booths; collected pledges for bonds, and attended to all other matters 
jiertaining to the canvass. They also manned the Central City Booths during the 
Wai' Saving Stamps Drive. Their sales were as follows: Third Liberty Loan, 
$12,060,000; Fourth Liberty Loan, .$7,169,000: Victory Loan, .$10,067,650; Salva- 
tion Army Drive, .§48,000. 

The Aides assisted daily in the Red Cross Warehouse, Red Cross Factory, 
and at the Navy House Cafeteria. They served lunch daily in the Schuylkill 
Arsenal and during the summer of 191}! at the Frankford Arsenal. 

The Aides furnished clerical work for the Home Service of the Red Cross and 
worked daily at three of the local draft boards, also at the college settlement, and 
assisted in the child labor investigation. 

They helped at many sales, and took up collections at theaters conducting 
benefits for various war reliefs. 

Several entered nurses' aides courses in the different hospitals, and worked 
through the influenza epidemic; others worked in the diet kitchens of the hospitals. 
During the influenza epidemic many volunteered their services as nurses. 

Under the direction of Mrs. MacLeod, the following branches were organized, 
with a membership of ,5,50: Falls of Schuylkill, Swarthmore, Media, North Phila- 
delphia, Northeast Philadelphia. Logan. Wallingford, Navy League Branch. 




EmergeiK V \ nl \ nlc 
573 



The Motor Corps was organized in the fall of 1919, being commanded by a 
captain and three lieutenants. About ten cars worked daily carrying crippled 
children to dispensaries and taking wounded soldiers from trains to convalescent 
hospitals. The Motor Corps eJso carried doctors, nurses and supplies during the 
influenza epidemic. 

In the parade of the 28th Division, this Corps drove o\er forty cars carrying 
wounded soldiers. 

The oflRcers of the Corps were: Captain, Miss Kitty Brinton; Lieutenants, 
Miss ( Iciicite Faries, Miss Constance Vauclain, Miss Ethel TliDuipson and Mrs. 
\\ illiani Simpson, 3rd. 

JuMOR BH\^clll•:s of tiik I;mebc;encv Aid 
Mrs. John G. Clark, Chairman, 



Andrew Hamilton I Hit, Miss Jan\ier 
\r(lrni)ri'-\\ ynncHood Class. Mrs. Efl. Flanncry 
Hcdford .liiiiiors. Miss I'Jizabctli Ihonipson 
ChesUiul Mill Mranch, .Miss Elizabeth Morpin 
DowniiiK'loii .luniors. Mrs. William Potts 
Iluiilinnton .luniors. Mrs. H. C Chisolm 
lltinliii),' I'ark Juniors, Mrs. Grandy 
Little Aiders. .Mrs. \V. W. lUioads 

The Emergency .\id Juniors consisted of girls between llie ages of nine and 
fourteen years, and the purpose of their organization was to arouse in iheni a 



Lopan Juniors. Miss Klora Mager 
Medi.i Juniors. Mrs. Win. Irwin ('lie\ne\ 
Mercersburf; .liniiors. Mrs. ('.. K. I'endriek 
Mill ("reek Juniors. Mrs. W. H. Stonebraker 
Morlon-Hulledfie Juniors, Miss IjOnimo 
Philadelphia Mranch, Miss l.oiilie Thomson 
Wolfsliur^' Juniors. Miss I'Milli Stuekey 




I'holo !)>■ H, E. Oelssinscr. 



One of the most Active Branches, 
.'574 



serious interest in the great undertakings brought about by the war. It was 
organized in many units, each under a definite name, and was self-supporting. 
The membership of the various units totaled about one thousand children. During 
the war the children worked on surgical dressings, made garments, comfort pillows, 
etc., and knitted warm articles for the men in hospitals and at the front. 

Emergency Aid Reserve Corps 
Mrs. Frank T. (Iriswold, Chairman 

This committee was composed of women who were willing to respond to every 
kind of emergency call which came to the organization. 

Six captains were appointed by the Chairman, under whom the members of 
the corps worked. The women were particularly helpful in the work at the cafe- 
teria conducted at the Schuylkill ArseneJ, where they helped daily to serve 
thousands of women employed by the depot quartermaster of the United States 
Government. Each morning a government truck came to the Emergency Aid 
Headquarters, and took a group of twenty or more women to the arsenal to be on 
duty during the luncheon hours. Before taking up this work, each woman took 
an oath of loyalty to the T United States Government. 

During the Liberty Loan, Salvation Army, Y. W. C. A., and other drives, 
members of the Emergency Aid Reserve Coi"ps manned many central city booths. 

Emergency Aid Shop 
Miss Mary R. Conover, Chairman 

Through the generosity of Samuel F. Houston, an Emergency Aid Shop was 
conducted at L501 Walnut Street from March L5, 1918, to April \, 1919. 

Articles from the various Allied countries were on sale, and the proceeds were 
turned over to the Emergency Aid Committees for their relief work. 

The total receipts from sales by the committees amounted to $42, 310. .50. 

During the summer of 1918, a small shop at Cape May was lent by the Mayor 
of the town. 

Fatherless Children of France 

The Committee of the Fatherless Children of France was organized December 
10, 1915, at the home of Mrs. John Markoe, the following officers being elected: 

Chairman, Mrs. John Markoe; Secretary. Mrs. Arthur Riddle; Treasurer. 
Mrs. Joseph Leidy. 

L^p to January 1, 1920, five thousand four hundred and ninety children were 
cared for. 

Food Economy Committee 

The Food Economy Committee of the Emergency Aid was organized in the 
spring of 1917, with Mrs. Charles M. Lea as chairman. This committee was the 
first in the field as an organization to take up the work of food conservation. 

In January, 1918, the Food Administrator asked that the Food Economy 
Committee become an integral part of the Federal Administration. Under this 
plan, all of the sixty-seven Counties were organized, fifty-eight of which were 
working in every township, borough and hamlet. 

575 



French War Relief Comaiittee 

1911. — The French War ReUef Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsyl- 
vania was organized in 1914, with Mrs. Harold E. Yarnall, Chairman, for the "Mad(^ 
in America" Bazaar. The French Committee cleared $2,600, which formed the 
nucleus of the fund. Mrs. Yarnall left the city at the beginning of January-, 1915, 
and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson took her place. 

1915. — By the beginning of January, 1916, the receipts had risen to a total 
of .$90,521. During the year the Committee worked for the French hospitals, as- 
sisted by an Advisory Committee composed of Dr. W. W. Keen, the late Dr. J. 
William White, and Dr. Joseph Leidy. Surgical instruments, supplies, and 
apparatus to a value of $16,000 were collected and sent. 

In July an urgent request came from ChatalaiUon, near La Rochelle. for a 
surgeon, and Dr. Frank C. Abbott, offertHl his serx-ices. The Committee defrayed 
his traveling ex]5enses to ChatalaiUon and return. Dr. Abbott was later transferred 
to Vendomc. He was placed in charge of fifty surgical patients, besides super- 
vising 500 beds in smaller hospitals in the town. Dr. Abbott was provided by 
the Committee with $500 worth of serums and instruments at the start, lie 
was supplied on request with all necessities. 

The following year other surgeons were sent over on the same terms: Dr. 
Reese, Dr. Moore. Dr. David R. Morgan, Dr. F. V. Cowen. Dr. Parke and others. 

1916.— By January, 1917, the Conmiittee had collected $108, 1 1;5 and hundreds 
of thousands of bandages and dressings, surgical instruments and much clothing 
had been forwarded to 250 hospitals. It also forwarded to the Ministry of War 
large quantities of ana?sthetics, portable baths, water beds, rubber goods, and 
other supplies for the army. 

1917.— In July it opened a Bureau of Distribution in Paris. Mrs. Rodgers, 
Miss Hayden, and Miss Richards — the two latter as car diivers — went over to 
represent the Philadelphia Committee. Mrs. Hayden presented a Ford, and the 
president and vice-president of the \uto Car Company a truck. The French 
Govermnent placed at their disposal Bastion .\o. 55, Boulevard Lannes, and 
assigned to Philadelphia the care of five communes, later increased to eight, as 
follows: \'ille(iuier-Aumont. Tgny-le-Cay, Frieres. Fallnncl. Fa \euville, Beau- 
mont, Rouez, and Guyencourt. For a period, nine more communes were 
added. 

The four first-mentioned localities have named their main street "Rue de 
Philadelphie." 

From that tinu' the main work of the Committee was the caring for the un- 
fortunate inhabitants of the invaded regions. 

Two portable houses, respectively of six ami funr ruoiiis. were provided by 
two of the officers of the Committee, \ illequier-Auuiout becoming the headquarters 
on the Aisne of the Philadelphia workers. 

1913. — About February 1st, the French Army at that section of the front, 
was replaced by the British Army, and on March 21st occurred the great German 
offensive, which for the second time drove everything before it. At that time 
the Committee in charge of \ illequier and the other connnunes had been rein- 
forced under Mrs. Rodgers, by Miss Ellen Church, trained nurse, and Miss 
Juliana Wood; Miss Hayden driNing alternately the truck and the Ford; while 

576 



Miss Wharton, Mrs. Donnell Swan, and Mrs. Work took charge of the Bureau 
of Distribution in Paris. 

It fell to Miss Hayden's lot to evacuate the inhabitants, including the mayor 
and his family and archives, to Noyon. After the evacuation, Mrs. Rodgers, 
Miss Church, and Miss Hayden repaired to Compiegne, which was the position 
of greatest need on the line of defense, and there for days and nights worked 
incessantly. Miss Hayden's services and those of Miss Church and Mrs. Rodgers 
were acknowledged officially by Gen. R. Butler, 111th British Corps, before Com- 
piegne. 

1918-1919. — On the return of Philadelphia's scattered charges to their ruined 
homes, they were at once given a tractor, seeds, farm and household implements, 
cows and other animals, and barnyard fowls; and during the summer of 1919 they 
not only were able to feed themselves, but raised enough food stuffs to sell to their 
neighbors. This was mentioned with highest approval and received with ap- 
plause in the Chamber of Deputies by the representative from the Aisne. 

A Committee for the Rehef of Tuberculosis in France was formed under the 
chairmanship of Mrs. Maurice Heckscher, with Dr. Charles J. Hatfield as Vice- 
Chairman, and Dr. Thomas McCrae, Dr. H. R. M. Landis and others as advisors. 
They undertook the support of four trained nurses in the District of Tours. 

The New Century Club of Wilmington, Del., under the chairmanship of Mrs. 
Arthur Patterson, sent $1,150 for the equipment of schools at Villequier and La 
Neuville. 

Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, President of the Matinee Musical Club, under- 
took the care of Ugny-le-Gay, for which purpose $10,000 was raised. During 
the period of exile from their homes, the Committee, as far as possible, followed 
up its scattered villagers, adding fifty per cent to the government allowance per 
capita. 

The American Committee for Devastated France, with Mrs. Herbert L. 
Clark as Chairman, was formed to assist with Miss Aime Morgan, and to 
represent Pennsylvania on her committee. Still active remains the Committee 
on "Women Victims of the Hun," formed to assist Madame de Sainte-Croix 
with her tragic work in France, and of which Mrs. Louis Bregy is Chairman. 

A balance of funds in the hands of the French committee on April 1st will 
be applied to another permanent improvement for Villequier-Aumont. where 
the headquarters of the Committee have been situated since August, 1917. 

On January 1, 1920, the total reported by the Treasurer, Mrs. Joseph Leidy, 
and sent over by the French War Relief of the Emergency Aid, including its sub- 
committees and Paris Bureau was $1,514,872.87; $885,005.17 in cash; and $629, 
867.70 in gifts. 

To Charles M. Lea, to the William H. Kemble Estate, and to the heirs of 
the Roberts Estate, thanks are due for the loan of valuable properties during 
the course of the war. 

Officers of the Committee were: Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Chairman; 
Mrs. Edwin vS. Balch, Secretary; Mrs. Francis T. Patterson, Corresponding Sec- 
retary; Mrs. Joseph Leidy, Treasurer. 

The Sub-Committees were — American Committee for Devasted France: 
Mrs. Herbert L. Clark, Chairman; American Field Ambulance: Miss Caroline S. 
Sinkler, Chairman; Anaesthetics: Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Chairman; Artificial 

577 



Limbs: Mrs. George Wliarton Pepper, Chairman: Comfort Packets: Miss Edith 
M. Peters, Chairman; Food for French Wounded: Miss Ellen Mary Cassatt, 
Chairman; Fatherless Children of France: Mrs. John Markoe. Chairman; Enter- 
tainment: Mrs. Harold E. Yarnall, Chairman; Society of Little Gardens: Mrs. 
Charles Davis Clark. Chairman; Ice Flotilla and Condensed Milk: Mrs. John B. 
Thayer, Chairman; Lafayette Kits: Mrs. W. S. ElHs. Chairman; Live Stock 
Agricultural Implements: Miss Gertrude S. Heckscher, Chairman; Packing: 
Mrs. Richard S. Edwards. Chairman; Pied a Terre du Marin: Mrs. George Biddle, 
Chairman: Reconstruction Work : Mrs. L. Willard Rodgers, Chairman: Training 
in Suitable Trades the Maimed Soldiers of France: Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, 
Chairman; Tuberculous Soldiers and Children of France: Mrs. Maurice Heckscher, 
Chairman: "Ouvroir" Supplies for Frciicli Refugees: Mrs. R. H. Bayard Bowie. 
Chairman: Igny-le-Gay, Reconstruclit)n \\ork: Mrs. Henry Gordon Thunder, 
Chairman; Women Victims of the Hun: Mrs. Louis Bregy, Chairman. 

Home Relief Division 

The Ht)me Relief Division, witli Mrs. John C. Groome, Chairman, Mrs. J. 
WiMis \Iarliii, \ ice-Chairman, and Mrs. Thomas Robins, manager of the ofTice. 
was one of tlie first committees to bei-ome active. Owing to the labor depression 
beginning in the fall of 1914, and continuing until the spring of 1915, many Phila- 
delphia families who liad formerly been self-supporting and independent sulfered 
from extreme poverty. It was for the relief of these people that the Home Relief 
Division of the Emergency Aid was formed, and the following statistics show just 
what was accomplished for their relief by the <livision during the winter of 1911 
to 191.'j. 

A total number of 1 1.117 cases were relicMil. The total number of families 
aided was 56.176. of which 775 were widows and deserted women. Temporary 
work was given to 2,016 men and 5, .573 women. Positions were found for 3,131 
men and 1,792 women. 

The labor (piestioii hafl so inateriallv iniproved by the spring of 1915. tliat it 
was decided that the relief work sliould be distontiiiui'd, as the number of applicants 
had decreased to such an extent that they could be cared for by the permanent 
charitable organizations. 

The I'inployment bureaus for men and women were continued, lioweNci-. and 
proved so successful that they have since been taken over by the State, w ith liead- 
quarters at 1519 Arch Street, and have merged into the Statt^ Rureau of lunploy- 
ment under the Department of Labor and industry. 

lender the chairmanship of Mrs. G. G. Meade Large, and later Mrs. Eli K. 
Prite, the Supi)ly Committee was formed, which fulfilled the double purpose of 
employing women and girls in need and making garments which could be used 
for distribution to the destitute in Belgium. 

Workrooms for the employment of young women and girls were established 
all over the city, where the supplies sent from heachpiarters were made up. These 
workrooms were under the direction of Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom. 

A Committee on Organizing Rranches. under Mrs. Iviward T. Stotesbury 
and supported entirely by her, established branch work in fifteen districts, including 
every ward of the city. These branches investigated cases, dispensed clothing, 
gave medical assistance, coal and food, when needed. Sewing rooms, under Mrs. 

,i78 




Members of Ihe Stetson Relief Committee. 



Giiscom, were added to six of these branches; and from tlie knowledge acciuired 
in these sewing rooms as to the need of trade training, the Philadelphia Trade School 
for Girls developed. 

On the 23d of June, 1916, the Mayor of Philadelphia appointed tlie Home 
Relief Di\ision of the Emergency Aid to take charge of distrilmting the iiind raised 
by the Citizens" Soldiers' Aid Committee for the relief of soldiers" dependents when 
the guardsmen were called to the Mexican border. The report of the Committee 
showed that 97.5 soldiers' dependents had applied for aid. This Committee was 
the first Home Service Committee in the United States. 

Under the chairmanship of Mrs. J. Willis Martin, the After-Care of Infantile 
Paralysis Cases was started in August, 1916. soon after the dread epidemic lyecame 
so prevalent in Philadelphia. The work of this Special Committee still continues. 
Nine hundred and fifty cases were registered with the Committee, and of this 
number approximately half are closed, including 300 cured, and the remainder 
cither moved to another city, died, or placed in homes. 

The Committee provides braces, when the families of the children are unable 
to bear that expense, and is responsible for the transportation to several of the 
hospitals of children who have been ordered regular treatment and wlio otherwise 
could not get there. 

The Philadelphia Trade School for (tirls. Miss Helen Fleisher, Chairman, 
had so definitely demonstrated its practical value to the community in its second 

379 



year that various jiroups interested in the efTicienry training for girls joined with 
it in a united movement to have the Board of Education make it a part of the 
Public School System. This was done in December, 1917, and the work was con- 
tinued at 211 S. 9th Street until the Ramsey School was assigned definitely as 
hcadciuarters for the Trade School. 

In .lanuary. 1918. when a great shortage of coal existed all over the llnited 
States, the Fuel Adniistration found itself facing a dillicult situation in regard to 
the distribution of coal in small quantities. So great was the sulfering caused by 
the lack of machinery for handhng this situation, that the Emergency Aid od'enul 
to undertake to investigate urgent cases and distribute wherever the need was 
inunediate. Desks were manned in the Mayor's office; the Motor Messenger 
Service was requisitioned to carry investigators, and. with the cooperation of the 
Fuel \dministration. all cases of suffering were instantly n>lieved. 

In September. 1918. the C.hairman of the Home Relief Division was called 
to a conference of leading physicians to discuss tht> aj)i)roaching epidemic of influ- 
enza. The Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania undertook the recruiting of nurses 
and mirses' aides, and this work was conducted with the cooperation of the Red 
Cross and the Council of National Defense. 

Italian Relief Committee 

This Committee (Comitato pro Italia") was organized in September, 191.'). with 
Mrs. Benjamin Miller, Chairman, Mrs. (Jeorge Harrison Fisher and Mrs. Robert 
B. Haines as Mce-Chairmen. and Miss Mary C. Beath as Secretary. The Com- 
mittee was inaugurated under the advice of Ambassador and Mrs. Page in Rome, 
and the Royal \nd)assador Count Macchi dc CcUerc and Countess Dolores de 
Cellere in Washington, and. during the first two years of the war. was the only one 
in the I nited States working solely for Italy. 

Through the courtesy of the Italian (lovernmenl and llic Italian steamship 
lines, the Connnittee enjoyed unlimited and continuous free shipping privileges. 
Hospital dressings and supplies, clothing, shoes, surgical and dental instruments, 
artificial limbs, glass eyes, blankets, rubber goods. Carrel-Dakin machines, anes- 
thetics, yarn and material in bulk were forwarded by the Committee. Special 
contributions of materials were sent for the workrooms of Mrs. Thomas Nelson 
I'age in Rome and Mrs. Whipple at Ragni de Encca. Supplit^s of money were 
forwarded to the American Hospital for llalian wounded at Florence. 

Christmas. 191,5. a gift of Sl..i41 (10.000 lire) was sent to Queen lllena for her 
hospitals. 

Christmas. I'flh. the siun of .$2,500 was forwarded ihiuugii the Counless dc 
Cellere for the National Fiuid lur liliiidcd and nisal)led Sojdii'is. 

June. 1917, a purse of gold (SI, 000) was presented to the llalian cn\uys fur the 
Italian orphans by the Chairman of the Committee. 

In the fall of 1917. at the lime of the fall of Caporelto, large sums of money 
were cabled and quantities of supplies were forwarded for th(> refugees. 

Six ambulances, at a cost of $2,500 each, were provided through the American 
Poets' Andiulance Fund. 

In 1918. during the spring drive, §3,000 was cabled for the sulTerers in the 
Piave. In November, 1918. a Victory Fund of S8.000 was raised and cabled to 
Italy to Count Crimani, Mayor of \enice. 

.580 



In the month of February, 1918. the National Fund for War Orphans of Italy 
was organized with Mrs. Benjamin Miller, President, and Drexel & Company, 
Treasurer. To this fund $148,660.49 has been contributed to date through the 
Comitato pro Italia of the Emergency Aid. 

In April, 191'9, Mrs. MiUer visited Italy and was received in private audience 
by her Majesty, the Queen. 

The diploma of merit with silver medal was conferreil on Mrs. Clara 
Huston Miller "for distinguished services in war relief work in Italy." 

In the winter of 1920, by subscription, a perpetual scholaiship in the Woman's 
Medical College of Philadelphia, for the education of an Italian woman doctor, was 
established as a testimonial of the gratitude of the Italian residents of Pennsyl- 
vania for Mrs. Miller's work for war relief for Italy. It is called the " Clara Huston 
Miller" scholarship. 

The Comitato pro Italia of the Emergency Aid reorganized April 14, 1920, to 
continue as a supporting committee of the National Fund for War Orphans of 
Italy, which was started by Mrs. Benjamin Miller, November, 1918, under the 
patronage of the Royal Italian Ambassador at Washington, and the American 
Ambassador at Rome. This fund was laimched by Mrs. Miller with a personal 
gift of $100,000.00. 

Montenegrin Committee 

The Montenegrin Committee was organized in January, 1916, to represent the 
Emergency Aid on the Committee formed by Dr. Charles B. Penrose to raise funds 
for the suffering Montenegrins at the time when the little kingdom was overrun by 
invading troops, and the populace was pitiful through lack of food, clothing and 
medical supplies. Mrs. John C. Groome was Chairman of the Committee. 

In recognition of the efforts of the Committee, Queen Milena confeired upon 
the Chairman the decoration of the Montenegrin Red Cross. 

Navy Committee 

The Navy Committee of the Emergency Aid was organized on July 5, 1918, 
with Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Chairman, and Mrs. Dobson Altemus, Acting 
Chairman. The Committee supplied phonographs and records, pianos, pianolas and 
other musical instruments to a large number of training camps, clubs for enlisted 
men and government ships. Over $2,000 was expended for the purchase of 
phonographs alone. Warm woolen articles were also supplied by the Committee. 

Under the auspices of the Navy Committee, a club for Army, Navy and Marine 
Corps officers was opened in Pliiladelphia on December 7, 1918. 

Mrs. Stotesbury offered the use of the lai-ge mansion at 221 S. 18th Street 
for an officers' club. The building was renovated and remodeled, and was furnished 
and decorated throughout, Mrs. Stotesbury personally bearing all the expense 
of equipment and furnishings. 

The Army and Navy Officers' Club has been termed the finest of its kind in the 
United vStates. The upper floors of the building were devoted to private bedrooms 
and dormitories, offering accommodations for sixty men, made pleasant by attrac- 
tive furniture and bright chintz hangings. Shower baths and a well equipped 
barber shop were conveniently located on the dormitory floor, and a private locker 
was provided for each man. A fully equipped tailor shop with a competent tailor 

.581 




HiUiard liiKim — \rmy and Navy Officers' Clnh. 



was installed in tlic liaseiiKMit. \ library on llio second llonr liad many com- 
I'urtable eliaiis and a qnantily (if hunks and inaf,'a/ines of all kinds. 

The ballroom, card room, billiaid muni, wrilinj; rooms, typewriter rooms, and 
fjeneral ofTice were on the lirsl lloor. Tliis oHiee was as compiele as any hotel 
oiliee. The ollice of Mrs. Altemns. who personally supervised (he chib, was also on 
this lloor. Ill I lie large ballroom weekly dances w^ere gix en ( >ii Wednesday evenings, 
and the dansanls on Saturday aflernoon.s. to which oilicers invited their friends. 
Mrs. Altemus was in charge of these dances, and was assisted by membeis of the 
Emergency Aid Aide Service. Motion-picture shows and concerts were held 
Sunday evenings. 

A popular feature of the Club was the cafeteria, where excellent luncheons and 
dinners were served at moderate prices. Mrs. Frank T. driswold was in charge of 
the cafeteria, assisted by members of the Emergency Aid Reserve Corps, who 
served the men in the evenings, and by the Emergency Aid Aides, who were on duty 
during the luncheon hours. The cafeteria was open to the public for luncheon, 
while only oilicers and their friends were served at night. 

Many oilicers of the Allies enjoyed the hospitality of the Club, one of the most 
distinguished guests being Captain A. V. B. Carpenter, V. C., of 11, M. S. Vindictive. 

When celebrations in honor of the Keystone Division were held in Philadelphia 
in May, I'Jl'J, the hospitality of the club was extended in the oilicers of the division. 
By installing cots in the balliooms and other rooms, sleeping accommodations were 
provided for 250 oflicers. 




Lounge Itooni, Army and Nai'al OJJU'ers' Club. Comlucled hv the Navy Conunillee. 



Polish Relief Committee 

This Committee was organized in February, 1915, by Mrs. Robert von Mosch- 
zisker. Chairman; Mrs. Campbell Madeira, \ ice-Chairman; Mrs. George Q.Horwitz, 
Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Secretaries; and Mrs. W. Howard Pancoast, Treasurer. 

In May, 1915, a local drive for Polish relief raised several thousand dollars. 
During the winter of 1916 a Polish opera at the Metropolitan Opera House was 
attended by Ignace J. Paderewski and Mme. Paderewski. The Committee has 
cooperated in bazaars, rummage sales, and other efforts to raise funds; the last 
effort was aided by a visit to Philadelphia of Prince Casimir Lubomirski and 
Princess Lubomirska, who came to the city at the invitation of the Executive 
Committee of the Emergency Aid. The total amount was $212,154.99. 

In the beginning the money was sent to Henry Sienkiewicz, head of the Polish 
Victims' ReUef Fund in Switzerland. Afterward, money was sent to the head- 
quarters of the same fund in New York, and contributions were made to several 
other Polish bodies, including Mr. Hoover's American Commission to Feed Starving 
Children of Poland. 

Contributions have been made directly to the Polish Army, raised in this 
country during the war. when these forces were encamped at Fort Niagara, and 
numerous shipments of clothing, tobacco and other comforts were sent to the 
encampment. Many boxes containing clothing, hospital supplies, etc., have been 
shipped to the Polish refugees in France and to the children's homes under the 
care of Miss Alma-Tadema in England. 

583 



The several Philadelphia committees of American citizens of Polish extraction, 
with whom the Polish Committee has cooperated, have sent a large part of their 
contributions to the Pohsh National Department at Cliicago. The Polish Com- 
mittee of the Emergency Aid has at all times cooperated with the Central Citizens' 
PoUsh Committee of Philadelphia, and various other Pohsh organizations, and has 
been the recognized guiding body in ctmtrol of Polish rehef work in this city since 
its organization. The officers are: Mrs. Robert von Moschzisker, Chairman: 
Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Vice-Chaiiman ; Mrs. W. Howaid Pancoast, Treasurer: 
and Mrs. Edgar M. Church, Secretary. 

Red Cross Division of the Emergency Aid 

The Red Cross Division of the Emergency Aid held its first meeting on Novem- 
ber .0, 1911. at 1 128 Walnut Street, at which time Miss Henrietta Ely was elected 
Chairman and Miss Emily Fox, Secretary. In Jaiuiary, 1915, Miss Ely resigned 
and Mrs. Reed \. Morgan was elected Chairman in her place. 

A quantity of surgical shirts and pillowcases were made by school children 
from cut-out material suppUed by the Committee. 

Surgical dressings were made in the Red Cross workroom, and surgical supplies 
of all kinds, hospital garments and nutternity kits wer(> prox ided by auxiliaries of 
the committee and church societies to be forwarded to the various warring countries. 

A workroom, where graduate nurses came when they were off duty and made 
hospital dressings, was conducted by the Red Cross for some time. 

in January, 1917, a Red Cross Chapter having been fornu'd in Philadelphia, 
tliis division became the Foreign Relief Division of the Southeastern Pennsylvania 
Chapter. 

From November 5, 1911, to January 1, 1917, the number of cases of supplies 
shipped abroad was 481. Three nurses were sent abroad and their traveling ex- 
penses and salaries paid; four ambulances were donated and four French orphans 
adopted. 

Roumanian Committee 

Under the auspices of the American Overseas Committee, Mrs. Waller S. 
Thomson, Mrs. George McFadden, and Mrs. Edward Browning sent an appeal 
to mend)ers of the Emergency Aid anil the various branches of the Federation of 
Women's Clubs for clothing for Roumanian children. 

During the early winter of 1917-1918, this Committee of Three sent 
to the (Jueen of Roumania, through Doctor llarle, of the Y. M. C. A., 
one huntlred and twenty boxes containing new and second-hand clothing, and 
expended .?2.98 1.1 1 for new clothing. 

As a result of the conditions in lioumania during the war. no acknowledgment 
was received from the Queen until March, 1920, when the Inllowing letter was 
received by Mrs. l^dward Browning, fmin the ()ueen"s secretary: 

Palatul Cotbocf;ni. 

Man h 2.'-), 1920. 
Dear Madam: 

H<T Majesty, tlie (Jueen of Roumania. has asked iiie to wrhe and Ihaiili you for your generous 
aid in (jetting togetlier supplies ttirougb the l'2niergeniy Aid of I'ennsylvania. 

Her Majesty was much interested to hear that your inlere,sl was enUsle<l in the country's 

584 



behalf through Dr. Harte — since he was the first to render assistance, il deeply touched her 
Majesty that he still works for the need of the Roumanian people. 

Again thanking you for your great trouble and for your wonderful assistance. 1 am, 

Yours sincerely, 

(Signed) Ida Marr, 
Secretary to H. M., the Queen of Itoiiniania. 

Russian Committee 

The Russian Committee was formed in the fall of 1911. Officers: Mrs. William 
Ellis Scull, Chairman: Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Treasurer; Miss Constance Reale, 
Secretai'y. 

Up to the time of the Russian-German peace, the Committee collected and 
forwarded money and supplies as follows: 

Boxes of clothing tiirough Mrs. Horace Brock's Lebanon Committee, Mrs. 
John Penn Brock, Chairman; surgical supplies and money sent to the former 
Ambassadress, Mmo. Bakmeteff to the Russian Red Cross: surgical supplies and 
money sent to the American Hospital in Petrograd; money and niaternity kits to 
the American Creche in Petrograd tlu-ough Baroness Huene; surgical supplies 
and clothes sent to the wounded Russian soldiers in Dinard, France, through Miss 
Margaret Robins; maternity kits given to Mrs. Slade-Baker for the English 
Maternity Hospital in Petrograd; boxes of surgical suppUes made at two of the 
Russian churches were taken to Russia by the Imperial Consul General, M. Ousti- 
noff ; boxes of surgical supplies sent by the Chairman from Dark Harbor, Me., 
money raised for Colonel Kalpachnikoil'-Camac for thirteen chassis to take to 
Russia in 1Q18. and $1,800 given to Thomas Whittemore for refugees and children 
in 1919, making a total of $10,800. 

Serbian Relief Committee 

The Serbian Committee was organized in February, 1915, through the efforts 
of Mme. Grouitch. Funds were subscribed for farming implements, seeds, etc., as 
Serbia had driven the Austrians from her soil and lo(jked for the Allied armies' 
support. 

The Committee was reorganized under the Emergency Aid in February, 191.5, 
when the retreat before the Austrians, reinforced by Germany and Bulgaria, left 
Serbia cut off from outside assistance. Money was cabled to Mr. Giouitch, 
Minister at Berne, to help feed Serbian prisoners stai'ving in Austria and students 
in Berne. A motor ambulance, fully equipped, was sent to Serbian Headquarters 
at Salonica. Money was sent for tubercular students at Grenoble, France, under 
care of Mme. Fresnaye, and $1,600 was sent her to help clothe Serbians being 
repatriated in 1918. Funds were sent to Mme. Darinka Grouitch for the orphanage 
at Mentone. In 1917, through Miss Katiileen Burke's appeal, the (!^ommittee gave 
four beds to the Scottish Women's Hospital at Ostrovo. The Serbian Sisterhood at 
Belgrade has distributed for the Committee quantities of clothing and food. Two 
rooms, in the orphanage established at Belgrade by Miss Helen Losawitch, were 
furnished by the Committee. 

The Committee took up a special work for the adoption of orphans, and forty- 
six orphans were adopted at $72 per year. Since the organization of the Committee 

585 



the sum of §35.500 was collected and 131 cases containing about 15.600 articles, 
valued at $21,000. were shipf)ed to Serbia. 

IMiss ]\larf;aret Robins, a member of the ("-ommittee, was decorated by the 
Royal .Serbian Red Cross and cited for the Order of St. Sara (5th Class) for her 
work for the Medical Mission at Montenegro. 

\ iCTORY Service Star Committee 
Formed May, 1918 

Mrs. Louis R. Page, Chairman: Mrs. Percy M. Cljuudlcr. \ ice-Chairman: 
Mrs. Stanley MacD. Smith. Secretary: Mrs. W. Barklie llciu\. Treasurer. 

The purpose of the Committee was to provide comfort kits and a cheerful 
send-off for the selected men leaving Philadelphia for training camps. 

The Committee cooperated with the hfty-one local draft boards, who advised 
them the mnnber of men leaving their districts, so thai an indi\ iduai kit was pro- 
vided for each man. The kits were made of bright colored cretonne and con- 
tained the following articles: writing-pad, envelopes, tooth paste, shoestrings, 
soap, pencil, tooth brush, chewing gum. towel, housewife, and tobacco and games 
whenever possible. When rush orders were received, 500 to 700 were completed 
in a day. 

The conunittee also provided many hundred swcat(Ms and socks: and besides 
supphing the drafted men with kits, provided them for individuals and groups 
of service men who could not procure them otherwise. When the barracks at 
Cape May burned (m July 1, 1918, a request for 700 kits for the men who had 
lost everything was received. In less than twenty-four hours the entire number 
of kits had been delivered to the men. 

Three hundred kits were sent to C;tmp Dix to an e(jual luunber of Italian 
Irredenli from Northern Italy, who had been taken prisoners by Austrians, escaped 
by way of Russia, and were making their way ba( k to Italy by way of the United 
States. 

After the signing of the armistice, there l)eing no further need for comfort 
kits, the Committee took up the work for the returned soldiers in hospital and coii- 
cenliation camps, providing innumerable comforts of all kinds for the men. 
Rest pillows, tray covers, properly bags, hot water bottle covers, nightingales, etc., 
were sent to the various Red Cross hospitals in response to direct orders from 
field directors or chief nurses. Jam. chocolate and tobacco were also provided 
foi- the men in the hospitals. 

On recpiest from the convalescent center at Camp Dix, the Committee furnished 
several recreation rooms with comfortable couches, chairs, pool tables, writing 
materials and desk fixings, curtains, games, books, phonographs and records, 
pictures, flags, cushions, etc. The boys appreciated these comforts so much 
that they adopted Mrs. Page as "Mother" of one of the companies, and themselves 
lit led out an oHice for her exclusive use. 

On Christmas Day, 1919, every convalescent man was giv(>n a present and 
a Christmas tree was provided for every ward. 

Since that time the Committee supplied a moving picture each week and sent 
chocolate, tobacco, jam, etc. 

586 



TOTAL RF.r.EIPTS OF EMERGENCY \ID COMMITTEES TO APRIL, 1910 



Committees 

Allied Arts 

American Military Hospital No. 

American Overseas 

Armenian , . 

Belgian 

British 

British-American 

Colored Women's 

(A)Committee of Snpplies 

(B)French 

(C)General (Overhead) 

(D)German-Auslrian 

Home Relief 

Itahan 

Montenegrin 

Navy 

Polish 

Red Cross (E. A. Division) 

Roumanian 

Russian 

Serbian 

Victory Service Star 



Total 

Money 

Receipts 

$6,000,()() 

126,:U3.17 

210,852.90 

6.''),864..'S8 

716,010.:!.'') 

72,69.5.17 

i:i,270.92 

5,216.12 

22,989.02 

911.97.5.97 

99.058.9:! 

10,298.25 

211,106.11 

269,281.90 

2,000.(10 

2,000.00 

212,151.99 

29,110.97 

2,984.11 

15,800.00 

:15, 500.00 

:!5,:580.25 



Value 
of 
Gifts 

$:i2,192.1l 

25,000.00 

:!6,400.00 

405,19,3.00 

188,:!24..53 



107,242.52 
570,096.90 



58,448.55 



29,271.06 



21,000.00 



Total 

Money 

and Gifts 

$6,000.00 

158,805.31 

235,852.90 

102,264.58 

1,121,233.35 

261,019.70 

43,270,92 

5,246.42 

130,231.54 

1,514,872.87 

99,0.58.93 

10,298.25 

214,406,14 

327,730.45 

2,000.00 

2,000.00 

212,154.99 

58,412.03 

2,984.14 

15,800.00 

56,500.00 

35,380.25 



$3,142,254.07 11,473,468.70 14,615,522.77 



(A) Includes receipts of Pennsylvaniu iVational Surgical Dressings Committee, November, 
191,5, to May, 1920. 

(B) Includes Fatherless Children of France receipts. 

(C) Includes special contributions for overhead, dues to Ways and Means Committee, 
money raised for Halifax, and other special funds. 

(D) Committee disbanded in spring of 1915, 



587 



AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE 




pHE American Friends Service Committee was organized 
on April 30, 1917, for the purpose of developinfr 
those kinds of service which the Society of Friends by 
heritage and faith was best fitted to render. Suhsecjuent 
to organization it engaged in rehef and reconstruction 
work in France, Servia, Poland, Russia, Germany, Austria 
and Palestine. About 700 workers have been sent into 
these fields and S2, 000, 000 contributed in money ;iiid sup- 
plies. .\n opportunity for service presented itself among 
the civilian po[)ulations of the war-devastat(>d regions. 
Huined villages, unlilled iields, millions of refugees, made the undertaking of no 
small extent. 

The ofiicers of the ("ommittee were: liufus M. Jones. Chairman; Alfred (i. 
Scattergood, Mce-Chairman; W ilbur K. Thomas, Executive Secretary ; Charles F. 
Jenkins. Treasurer; Howard H. Brinton, Director of Publicity; Elizabeth T. 
HiKiads, Women's Work; William B. llar\cy. Associate Secretary; J. Barnard 
\\ allon. Associate Secretary ; W alter C. \\ oodward, Associate Secretary. 

In the spring of 1917, J. Henry Scattergood and Morris E. Leeds, both of 
Philadelphia, were sent as commissioners to study conditions overseas. These 
Friends were also members of the American Ucd Cross Commission to France and 
while there they effected a merger with the English Friends E.xpedition and 
organized the Friends Bureau of the Bed Cross. This latter work resulted in the 
training at llaM-rford College of a unit of one hundred men representing twenty 
states, and including carpenters, farmers, civil engineers, mechanics, architects, 
doctors and social workers. Of this work Dr. James A. Babbitt, a member of 
the faiulty at llaverford College, was in charge and assembled his men on 
Jid> 17th.' 

The cooperation of h.nglish Friends. \iiii'ri<an Friends and the \merican Red 
Cross proved to bi' ideal. The I'higlisli Frientls brought two and a half years" 
experience and high standing with the French Government, while the Red Cross 
gave opportuuily for the securing of ])ermits, passes, transportation and governmen- 
tal aid. After the signing of the armistice, many olhcers of the I nited Stat»'s 
Army put the Friends Mission in the way of securing great supplies of materials 
at a miuiniiim cost. 

The work of the Reconstruction 1 uit, known in France as the "Mission des 
Amis," can be summarized briefly under the headings of construction, agriculture, 
medical work, i-mergency relief and transportation. 

1. The construction work consisted principally in the erection of portable 
wooden houses of one, two or three rooms. The interchangeable sections for these 
were manufactured at two factories operated by Friends at Dole, and Ornans in 
the Jura Mountains. \t first, the largest building work centered in the Marne 
Valley near Chalons, Bar-le-Duc and Vitry-le-Francois. Work was also done in 
nine villages along the Somme and Aisne. 



One of the inn.sl important developments was the policy of erecting temporary 
villages and hospitals outside the war zone for refugees who were prevented from 
returning to their homes. Thus the crowded and unhealthy conditions of the city 
were relieved. An example of this work was done near Dole and ( )rnans foi- refugees 
who settled in Besangon. 

II. Agriculture: The rapid deterioration of enormous tracts of land through 
the spread of weeds was one of the most serious problems facing France. To help 
meet it a number of experienced American farmers answered the call of the service 
committee and assisted in furnishing the essentials of initiative, labor, machinery 
and seeds. Centei-s were maintained from which several hundred machines were 
operated, and shops were established for the repairing of broken implements. 
Threshing was done in the winter and 1,000 tons of grain were threshed by Friends 
in the Marne alone. 

To render aid to the people in the Verdun regif)n, it was necessary to develop 
practically every department of work, although the agricultural side was particularly 
emphasized. Large supplies of houses, clothing, food, furniture and utensils as 
well as quantities of agricultural tools, machinery and seeds together with live- 
stock were transported. One by one the difficulties which confronted the workers 
were overcome. One and one-half million francs were invested in supplies and 
agricultural implements and this capital was turned over rapidly as soon as distri- 
bution plans matured. 

In some cases of extreme need gifts were made, but in general everything was 
sold at under-cost prices, with no charge for transportation, overhead (wpenses, 
or labor. When the stf)res were turned over to the people, the Friends gave to 
each family which had [Huchased five francs' worth of goods a paid-up share, 
valued at twenty-five francs, in the Cooperative Bank, which supplied them with 



■ST. %.■ 








..,*««-■,•*■"*■ 



Ttiherciilar CJiiltlrcn al Sainocii,' Friuicc. 



589 




\\ Drkini/men's Houses al Scnininf, hroncr. 

the capital nocossan- to cany on the iiiulcrtakint:. In this way about I. ()()() 
raiiiiiics were assisted. 

Some 1.200 houses were erected in this district and thousands of acres have 
been plowed by tractors. About 20.000 chickens. 6.000 rabbits. 1.000 bee colonies 
and various sheep, floats, pigs, cattle and horses have been distributed. Twenty- 
two thousand fruit trees have been given away in 300 communities. 

III. Medical \id: Hr. .lames \. I'abliilt. who \\,i^ in i h;iiir<' lA' Ihc nii^'inal 




tldsinliil SlujJ, Serniaue Chuktiii. !■ nincf. 
590 



unit formed at Haverford College, became head of the Medical Department of 
the mission. Eight institutions for civilian medical relief were maintained as 
follows: Two general hospitals at Sermaize, homes for convalescents at Entre- 
mont and Samoens in the healthy mountain region near the Swiss border, children's 
homes at Bettancourt and St. Renip en Bouzemont, and a home for old ladies at 
Charmont. 

In addition to maintaining the hospital at Brizeaux, which was once an 
army hospital, district nurses were stationed in a number of villages, and at these 
places and elsewhere dental clinics were held and also clinics for the examination 
and treatment of the eyes. 

At the Sermaize Hospital. Dr. Babbitt successfully performed 1,13.'S operations 
during the first year. Owing to the mobilization ( >f all French physicians, this work 
met a particular need of the civilian population. 

Medical aid was rendered by the erection of 200 houses in a tubercular settle- 
ment maintained by the American Red Cross at Malabry. Plans have been made 
to build and endow a Maternity hospital at Ciialons-sur-Marne at a cost of 
1,300,000 francs as a permanent memorial. 

IV. Emergency Relief: The distribution of clothing, furniture and bedding 
to famihes who had lost all belongings in their hurried llight formed the largest 
part of emergency relief work. These supphes were usually sold at about two- 
thirds of the cost, a plan which proved more satisfactory to the independent 
French peasant, and which resulted in a large number being helped. Employment, 
chiefly sewing and embroidery, was found for the women, and attention was given 
to educational work among the children, the largest undertaking of the latter 
kind being at LeGlandier, where 600 Belgian children were cared for. 

In those villages to which the peasants were able to return after the war, the 
relief department of the mission visited all families and ministered to their needs. 
Hostels were erected in some of the villag(>s where the refugees were taken care of 
until permanent homes could be built. A great quantity of supplies was dis- 
tributed, and during the winter workshops were established to furnish remunerative 
occupation for those who could no longer work out of doors. Classes were con- 
ducted in carpentry for boys and the teaching of cooking for girls. 

V. Transportation: In the first year this department was called upon 
to establish a record for efficient work during the Picardy and Champagne offen- 
sives. At these times the entire transportation department of the mission parti- 
cipated. The work consisted chiefly in assisting persons out of the danger zones, 
providing for their needs in canteen service at large centers, loading them on 
trains for points farther south and east, and furnishing food for them at various 
stations en route. 

To render effective aid in the Verdun region as outlined above necessitated 
the cooperation of the transportation department, as the raikoads were lacking 
in personnel and equipment to handle freight besides being still burdened with the 
transport of troops, prisoners and supplies. To meet the retjuirements of all of 
these activities the department operated about eighty machines, many of which 
were Liberty trucks on loan from the United States Army. 

From July, 1917, to June, 1918, the American Mission had grown in member- 
ship to 314 men and 98 women. Valuable cooperation was given by the Men- 
nonites both in personnel and money. 

591 



Charles Evans of Philadelphia succeeded J. Heiir> Scatlergood as head, and 
was in turn succeeded by Charles J. Rhoads who resigned his position as President 
of the IVderal Heserv e Bank of Philadelphia to direct the affairs of the Friends Unit 
during the second year of its work. 

Early in 1918 the Friends were asked to take entire charge of all relief and 
reconstruction work in the cantons adjoining ^ erdun on the west. The only 
available place for headquarters in tiiis new territory was the large farm known as 
Grange-le-Conite, situated about one and one-half miles east of Clermont-en- 
Argonne. This farm had been used by the French. Italian and American forces 
as Army headquarters and the barracks that iiad been wrecked were made available 
to house the workers. 

Some of the old centers were discontinued in other sections, but relief work 
was continued in fifty villages in the Marne; the cquipes had moved northward 
from the river valley toward Hheims. One equipe ran a hostel and canteen for 
returning refugees in Rheims. where a night's lodging was given to 2,980 people 
in one month. 

The middle of 1918-1919 marked a distinct change in llie work of the mission. 
Up until then the work had been carried on under war-time restrictions and 
actual reconstruction work was limited to areas devasted in the earlier days of the 
war whiih had been later recovered and restored to France. 

Up to December, 1919, a total of 657 workers had been sent from this country. 
Mioul .'jOfl were maintained in the field during the summer of 1919, and 250 re- 
mained until the spring of 1920 for work with the families of the refugees. 

In closing, a brief word should be .said about the work done in countries (iIIkm 
than France and Belgium, after war-time restrictions liad been removed. 

The Serbian Unit of the .\merican Friends Service Committee consisted of 
thirteen workers engaged in three enterprises — the reconstruction of destroyed 
villages, the operation of an orphanage, and a medical dispensary. The villages 
in the Toplica \ alley district were devastated by the Uulgarians during a revolt 
of the Serbs uiidri the Hulgarian occupation. The Friends workers, aided by 
the 200 Bulgarian |)risoners at their disposal, by Decendjer, 1919, had built about 
one hundred houses. The orphanage was op(>rale(l near Lescovatz as an agri- 
cultural school farm. The two doctors with the mission conducted a mcnlical 
dispensary and later established a hospital at Pec. 

The first (ierman 1 nit, consisting of sixteen members and headed by Alfred 
Scattcrgood. of Philadelphia, sailed for Germany on the KUli of Decendicr. 1919. 
The group contained a number of men of wide business experience. This unit 
has b(H'n sent in response to a request of Herbert Hoover, that the \merican 
Friends Service Committee organize service in (iermany, on behalf of the (liildren 
suffering from sidjuormalily. due to the contimied undeitiuuiishmcMl there, and 
become the repository of any funds which might be raised for this purpose. 

Mr. Hoover's organization furnishes transportation for relief supplies and 
also acts as purchasing agent. The relief work deals entirely with children and 
nursing mothers. 

The Austrian Mission regularly supplies condensed milk and cocoa to children 
in the hospitals of \ ienna and infant welfare centers. Clothing contributed through 
English and American Friends has been distributed to the needy, a dairy of three- 

592 



hundred cows is niaintainod and the milk distributed to cliihhen, and relief is 
cxttmded to the middle class and to the aged. 

The Service Committee sent early in December, 1919, a commission of six 
to investigate conditions in the Baltic provinces. The Friends Russian Unit of 
about thirty, after two years' vigorous work with refugees in the Samara govern- 
ment, was forced to suspend operations in the fall of 1918. Some of the workers 
went to Omsk and took part in relieving conditions in the crowded refugee harracks 
there. Five Philadelphians: Esther White, Lydia Lewis. Nancy ,1. Habb, iMiiily 
C. Bradbm-y and Anna J. Haines won high praise from the Bed Cross for tlicij- 
work in Bussia and Siberia. 

The last named, Anna J. Haines, has returned to Bussia where, in cooperation 
with English Friends, she is distributing milk, soap aiul fats to the most needy 
children in Moscow. 

The Polish Mission has engaged in various types of relief woik, including 
feeding children, improving the milk supply, agricultural reconstruction, and 
a de-lousing campaign to fight the spread of typhus. 

Besides the work done in the countries outlined above, several Friends are 
doing relief work in Palestine, where a Friends Mission has been in operation for 
a number of years. After the signing of the armistice, plans were made for sending 
workers into Mexico. 

At home, the American Friends Committee has been active in .stimulating 
interest, and 600 sewing clubs were organized among the women members of the 
various meetings to make clothing for distribution by the workers abroad. 

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COMMITTEE NATIONAL LEA(;ilE 
FOB WOMAN'S SEBMCE 

By Mrs. Edcar W. Baird and Mrs. James Starr, Jr. 

The National League for Woman's Service was a vohmteer organization. 
It was non-sectarian and non-political, national in scope, with state and city 
branches operating in nearly every state of the Union. 

The plan of organization was based on the thought '"That each and every 
woman joining this League must be ready to learn and to perform; that she must 
be ready to sacrifice self to the finer- idealism of service: that this League for Woman's 
Service shall be kept free from self-seeking and from politics." It took foi' its 
slogan— "FOR GOD— FOB COUNTBY— FOR HOME." 

AttheCongressofCon.structive Patriotism, held in Washington, I), ('...on Jan- 
uary 26, 1917. the National League for Woman's Service was organized with the 
following officers: Chairman, Miss Maude Wetmore; Vice-Chairman, Mrs. Coffin 
Van Rensselaer: Treasurer, Miss Anne Morgan: Commandant, Miss Grace Parker. 

After the program of work of the League was formulated, it was offered to 
the Council of National Defense, at Washington. D. C. by Miss Wetmore. It 
was accepted and Vliss Wetmore seived as a member of the Woman's Committee 
of the Council. 

Among the Philadelphians who attended this Congress and who were after- 
wards associated with the National League for Woman's Service were: Mrs. J. 
Willis Martin, Mrs. John C. ( uoome and Mrs. James Starr, Jr. Mrs. Martin served 
on the National Board, while Mrs. Groome and Mrs. Starr served on the State Board. 




Photo by Joseph N. Pear 



Members oj the Junior .Scrticc (.'or/i al W ork. 



'I'lic olijcci of the Lcajjuc was "to coordinate and standardize the worl< of the 
women of America along lines of cons(rncti\e patriotism: to develop the resources 
and to pioniote the elTiciency of women in meeliiif; Iheir cvory-day responsibili- 
ties to home, to stale, to nation and to humanity: to jirovide organized trained 
•rronps in every eomnuinity to cooperate with th(> Red C.ross and other agencies 
in meeting any calamity — fire. Hood, famine, economic disorder, etc. — and in lime 
of war to suf)|)lement the work of the lied Cross and the Army and Navy; and to 
deal with (jiiestions of women's work and women's welfare." 

Wherever a large enough group of women was found who desired to laki- up 
a nundi<-r of the acli\ ilies in the national program of work, a branch was organized. 
The chairman of each branch at once became a member of the State Committee, 
making a monthly rejxirt to the State as well as to the national hcad(piarl(>rs in 
INew ^'ork. thus coordinating the work. The .\alional (^.ommitlee prepared regis- 
tration blanks and other literature for widespread dislribulioii and use. 

The Pennsylvania State Connnitfee was organized on April 23, 1917, with the 
following temporary olTicers: Chairman, Mrs. John C. Groome; Treasurer, Mrs. 
Charles M. Lea: Secretary, Baroness Meyer de .Schauensee. 

On July 2d it was reorganized with the following permanent officers: Chaii- 
man. Mrs. I'^dgar \V. Baird: \ ice-Chairman. Mrs. .lames Starr. ,Ir; Treasurer, Mrs. 
Ilcmy S. Jeanes; Secrelarx, Mrs. William (uay Warden. 

To these were added later in the year Mrs. Alexaniler J. ('assatt, who served 
as Honorary Chairman; Mrs. Hodman E. Griscom, Second \ ice-Chairman ; Mrs. 

591 



J. Bailey Browder. Becording Secretary and Mrs. William Hayes, Corresponding 
Secretary, succeeded by Mrs. William G. Bhoads. 

The following ladies consented to act as an Advisory Committee: Mrs. John 
C. Groome, Mrs. Charles W. Henry, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea and Mrs. lulward T. 
Stotesbury. The Committee itself was increased to include Mrs. Horace Brock. 
Mrs. Edward W. Clark, Mrs. .John White Geary, Miss Mary K. (iibson, Mrs. 
N. D. Hitchcock, Mrs. Joseph B. Hutchinson. Mrs. A. M. Lewis, Mrs. H. Gordon 
McCouch, Miss Clara Middletijn, Mrs. John B. Oakley, Mrs. A. H. Beeve, Mrs. 
William Gray Warden, Mrs. Howard W. Lewis and Mrs. William Jay Turner. 

At the annual meeting in March, 191'). the following officers and directors were 
elected : 

Honorary Chairman, Mrs. Alexander J. Cassatt; Chairman, Mrs. Ed^ar W. Baird; Vice- 
Chairmen, Mrs. James Slarr, Jr., Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. tlorace Brock, Mrs. Charles W. 
Henry; Treasurer. Mrs. Henry S. Jeanes; Recording Secretary, Mrs. J. Bailey Browder; Corrcs- 
()onding Secretary, Mrs. Morris Dalletf; Advisory Committee, Mrs. .John C. (iroome, Mrs. 
Arthur H. Lea, Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury; Executive Secretary, Mrs. Ivlward T. Parker. 

Directors, Mrs. Harry A. Bannon, Mrs. Edward Walter Clark. Mrs. (ieorge \\ . Elkins, Jr., 
Mrs. John White Geary, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Miss Catherine tiuilford, Mrs. Francis Hager- 
man, Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis, Mrs. Howard \V. Lewis, Miss Clara Middleton, Mrs. Henry D. Pax- 
son, Mrs. H. O. Peebles, Mrs. Thomas Reath, Mrs. A. Henry Ree\e. Miss Soijhie Ross, Mrs. 
Horace E. Smith, Mrs. C. B. Staples, l\lrs. William Jay Turner, Mrs. \\ illiam Gray Wardi'n, Mrs. 
Horatio C. ^^ ood. 



In the autumn of 191') tlic Ghait 



Mrs. r>aii(l, was obliged to resign on 



'^^' 




(>J]icers of llii- Pciiiixylrania Slate Cunuiiillef. 
595 



account of the press of other urgent duties. Her loss was deeply regretted by the 
Coiumittee and her place was not (illed, the Vice-Chairmen completing the work 
of the League. The Secretary was succeeded by Mrs. H. (). Peebles, and the 
Treasurer by Mrs. Horatio C. Wood. 

The first headquarters of the Pennsylvania State Committee were located at 
331 Presser Building, secured through the courtesy of the Pennsylvania Society 
of Colonial Dames of America. Later, on account of the growth of the work. 
it became imperative to find larger (piarters. On July 20, 1917, the headquarters 
were moved to 17i:5 Walnut Street, where Mrs. Johns Hopkins, the owner of the 
property, gave the offices rent free. In May, 1918, it was again necessary to se- 
cure larger quarters, when offices were opened at 1703 Walnut Street. Through 
the generosity of the owner — HerlxM't D. Vlhnan — no charge w'as made for the 
first five months, and only a nominal rental charged after October 1, 1918. 

The original program of the National League was adhered to in Pennsylvania 
with minor changes and adjustments to meet local needs, one of the principal 
aims being '"to train the untrained and to use the trained as volunteers." 

The first l)ranch of the National League for Woman's Service in Pennsyhania 
was openetl in (Jermantown at "' Little Wakefield." under the chairmanslii]) of Mrs. 
James Starr, Jr. As the work developed fourteen other branches were organized 
throughout the Stat*! as follows: 

Cli.sliiiil Hill IMrs. ]•:. W. Chirk 

Cli'arlk'ld Mrs. (iraiil II. 'I'liniupsoii 

Cynwytl Mrs. H. (). IVel)lfs 

nowniiidlown Mi.<s Helen Dowlin 

ICiiiporiiini -Mrs. L. R. Felt 

I'Mllsof S(lui\lkill Mrs. Horatio C. W.kkI 

l.aniasler Miss ('alherine (Jiiilfuril 

l.criiiiiil Miss llilila P. Tlioiiipson 

and Mrs. C.liarles SlalJe 
Ml. .\ir> Mr-. W illiniii 11. Mill 

North Ivisl Delaihineiil Mrs. ( '.orrion \\ ri^lil 

I'hilailelphia C.eiilral Mrs. H. Gordon McCouch 

Slrouilshur); Mrs. ('. B. Staples 

Towaiida Mrs. Franeis Hagerman 

West Philadelphia Mrs. Harry .\. Banium 

Kollowing is the P(>nnsylvania program with its fifteen divisions operating 
under the Stale Committee, together with the names of their chairmen: 

1. SociM. \M> W'Ei.FAnK. — Mrs. .\. Henry Reeve. 

Coniforl Fiitiil ('ommiltee. — ('.liairiiian. Mrs. ( ieorjje Ross; Treasurer, Mrs. Fred Ni.vuii- 

Nirdlinner. 
Hironls (iiiil (ianifs C.ommillfc. -Chairnian, Mrs. Peregrine \\ ilriier, succeedi'd by Mrs. 

.1. Howe \dains. 
War Ilnspilal l.ihniry Commillee. — Chairiiian, Miss Mar\ Dale ( )wen. succeeded by 

Miss .Sydney V. Wilson. 

2. r.ANTEEN. — Mrs. Kdftar \\ . Baird. 

Navy y'nr</.— Chief. Mrs. Thomas Bealh. 

l/(i:i Walnul SIreel. — (^hief. Mrs. Harry L. Ca.ssard. 

.Xrrli SIrevt. — Chief. Mrs. (ieor^e ICIkins. Jr.: A.ssistanls. Mrs. \\ illiaiii tieorge. 

Miss .Sophie Ross. 
MVi/(T Slnvl. — Chief. Mrs. Horace Smith, succeeded by Mrs. (liurchill \\ illi.irns. 
l-'rankford Arsenal Club Ftmmts. — Chief. Mrs. Thomas Duim. 
ricr is— Officers' Mess.— Chief. Mrs. .loscph S. Clark. 

5'K> 



.'V Home Economics. — Mrs. Ncviid:! D. TlitchiUK-k. 

Dehytlralion Ej-liihiliim. —C.li:i\rnmn, Mrs. Pliillipus Miller. 

Byherry Fair. — ClliHirniaa, Mrs. Edward N. Wright. 

Dielary Surrey. — Umler tlif siipiTvision of the Division C.hairiiiiiri. llic work IjciiiK done 
hv appointed nienilK'rs of the Brandies. 
t. Agriculture. — Mrs. Howard W. Lewis. 

5. Industrial Division. United States. 

Employmenl Service. — Miss Clara Middleton. 

6. Motor. — No State Chairman. 

7. General Service. — No State Chairman; work supervised by the Stale odiee. 

8. Health. — 

Massage. — Chairman, Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger. 
Blind. — Chairman, Mrs. Austin Purves. 

9. Wireless. — No State Chairman. 

10. Home and Overseas Relief. — No State Chairman; special chairman appointed for 

various work. 

11. Publicity. — Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis. 

12. Amewcanization. — No State Chairman. 
i:i Reclamation. — Mrs. Henry D. Paxson. 

11. Volunteer Aids. — Mrs. H. Gordon McCoueh. 

Organization of School, of Occupational Therapy. 

l.T. Junior Service C<jrps. — State Commander. Mrs. ,loim While (!(:ir\; l-]\eiiili\ e Ollii-er, 
Miss Gainor Owen Baird. 

Philadelphia Central. Commanding Ollicer Mrs. N. Meyers Filler 

West Philadelpliia, Commanding Officer Mrs. Harry Wolfington 

Kensington, Commanding Officer Mrs. G. B. Messick 

Germantown, Commanding Officer Mrs. Edward T. Newkirk 

Falls of the Schuylkill. Connn inding OlRcer Mrs. Horatio C. Wood 

Cynwyd. Commanding (Ulii-er Miss Mary Peebles, succeeded 

by Mrs. Donald Spanogle 

Huntingdon \ affc'v. Commanding Ollicer Mrs. Harry Skinner 

Norristown, Counnanding ( )llicer Miss Maud Miller 

Lancaster, Commanding ( )llicer Mrs. John F. Wickersham 

Over 9,000 Pennsylvania women were emolled in these branches. Kach 
member paid a registration fee of one dollar, fifty cents of which was paid into 
the l(jcal branch, the other half dollar being (Hiiially divided between the State and 
national headquarters. As every member made use of the registration blanks it 
was easy to group the entire State membership, so that specialists in every line of 
service were tabulated. 

From the very first the League appreciated the value of discipline, and it soon 
became apparent that the adoption of a uniform would aid materially in this respect. 
This uniform consisted (,f a dark blue serge jacket with special League buttons and 
leather belt, worn witli a plain short skirt, wiiite cotton shirt waist with liigh collar 
and a dark blue sailoi- hat. Low-heeled black shoes were prescribed, gray gloves, 
spats and tie. On the collar of the jacket and on the band of the hat was embroi- 
(jcicd the League insignia, in gold on liliie for privates, and in gold on gray for the 
officers. The national President had three small gray stars piped in gold on the left 
sleeve of the jacket —the gold piping being confined to the national officers. Two 
gray stars denoted the Chairman of the State Committees, while chairmen of the 
branches were entitled to one star. 

The various divisions in each branch were in charge of a captain with sub- 
divisions commanded by lieutenants. Blue bars piped in gray on the left sleeve 
designated their rank. 

.S97 




I'rrsentalion of llic dolors lo llir Junior Service Cor/ix. 



I'lic .liinior Service ("orps iinifoini was llie same as dial of llie Ijeafiue meml)eis 
with the excefjtion of {iloves. spats ami slioes, wliicli were Ian. A Sam Brown l)elt 
was a (listinguishinii feature, and a brown l(>atlu>r collar was on the jackel. The 
League insignia was embroidered on the left sleeve. 

To the Ciiestnul Hill l'>raiicii belongs the distinction of liist having named 
its headquarters the ".SerNice House." a title adopted by all the branches in the 
vicinity. Some of the organi/;»tions willi which the National League for Woman's 
Service cooperated were the American Hed Ooss, Woman's ("ommiltee of (he 
(x)uncil of iSational Defense. Committee of Public Safely. School Mobilization 
Committee of Philadelphia, Connniltee on ('.i\ilian Service and Labor, Civic 
Club, lunergency Aid of Pennsylvania, Women's Permanent I'.mergency Asso- 
ciation of (lermaiitown. ^'oimg Women's Christian Association. Young INlen's 
Christian Association. Council of .Jewish Women, the \ncient Order of Hiber- 
nians, and Philadelphia Council of ?Sational Defense. 

I ruler the Social and Welfare Connniltee. with Mrs. \. Henry Reeve as 
Chairman, was carried on soiial club work in the vicinity of military camps. Clubs 
were formed for working girls; lists of inl(>rpreters were sent to the Council of 
National l^efense and scores of women did clerical work for each branch of the 
League, for the Red Cross. Liberty Loan and War .Savings drives. War Chest, ho.s- 
pilals and day nurseries. Council of National Defense and for the War (^.ami) 
Community Service. 

A Records and (lames Connnittee was organized undi'r the chairmanship of 
Mrs. I^-regrine Wilmer. who was succeeded by Mrs. J. Howe \dams. Thousands 
of records were collected and distributed to battleships, cruisers, camps and hos- 
pitals. Cames. magazines, victrolas and even pianos were obtained and gi\('n 

5<JK 



wherever needed; flowers, I'niil. I)aseliall (lutfits and puzzles were dislrilxitcd willi- 
oiit number. 

In response lo a request llial liic i^eague furnisli comfort kits l.o the draft 
boards, a Comfort Fund Committee was formed, with Mrs. George Ross as Chair- 
man and Mrs. Fred Nixon-Nirdliiiger as Treasmer. Collections were made in the 
theatres and by individuals with which to purchase the material for makini; the 
comfort kits; also the fifteen articles put in each kit. The League was able to 
supply five draft boards, the central branch alone distributing to three draft 
boards 3.161 comfort kits, 2,208 sweaters and 650 pairs of socks. The West Phila- 
delphia Branch took care of 2,180 boys in the 16th Ward Draft Board, supplying 
them with sweaters, socks, comfort kits and lunches. 

Through the untiring efforts of the officers and members of the Comfort Fund 
Committee, a large benefit matinee, with all star performers, was given at the 
Forrest Theatre, through the courtesy and generosity of Fred INixon-Nirdlinger, 
his colleagues and the staff at the theatre. The admission was "one (»• more 
clean, old shirts," and more than 6,000 shirts were collected in this way. These 
were turned over to the Home and Overseas Relief Committee to make into little 
dresses for needy children at home and overseas. One member, -Mrs. Mary Smith, 
reached the high-water mark of industry by making 1,000 of these dresses herself. 
Members of the Junior Service Corps ciiculated through the audience and obtained 
a collection of $700. From this f\nul the Connniltee was able to subscrilje .S-i.iO 
for a Christmas dinner at the Arch Street Canteen for the boys in the service. 

The Philadcl|)liia Central Branch was the originator of the War Hospital 
Library Committee in Pennsylvania in January, 1918, of which Miss Mary Dale 
Owen was the Chairman, succeeded by Miss Sydney \'. Wilson. The work was 
carried out successfully in all branches. Eight branches of these libraries supplied 
specially compiled books, magazines and joke-cards for use in the hospitals at 
home and overseas. In one week 250 books and joke-cards weie sent to Hos- 
pital No. 10 in France. The Cynwyd Branch made scrap books by the hundred 
for children in the skin disease wards of the Philadelphia hospitals. The Chestinit 
Hill Branch turned out fifty or more books each month to soldiers and sailors, 
and sent many "cheer-ups" to miseral)le little children at Blockley. 

Canteen work, which was originally listed under the Social and Welfare Com- 
mittee, soon became a separate division, and under tliis head, perhaps, contributed 
more than any other department of the League to the safety and welfare of the 
men in the service. There were eight canteens opened in Philadelphia under the 
able management of Mrs. Edgar W. Baird, who acted as Chief of Canteens as 
well as State Chairman. The canteens were served devotedly by alternating shifts 
of workers enrolled by the vaiious service houses, who were uid'ailing in attendance 
and obedience to their superior officers. 

Through the courtesy of Captain Leiper and the Executive Officer of the Navy 
Yard, a building was provided for a canteen for sailors in the training camp at 
League Island. Mrs. Thomas Beath was in charge. Sailors were detailed to look 
after the fii'es, provisions, etc., and to help with the galley. The food consisted 
of fresh milk, fruit, cake, sandwiches, coffee, salted peanuts, and. in fbe stnnmer, 
ice cream. The price of each article was five cents. 

The canteen was open every day from \:'M) to 1:30 and from 5;30 to 8:30, and 

.599 



(lid not interfere with tlie ipsjiilar hours tor mess. No man asked for crodit and their 
ap|)re(iatioii was siiowii l)y their gentlemanly l)eha\ ior. 

The financial report shows receipts from .lannary. 1918, to April. 1919, of 
over $82,000. and the number of men served l..')00.000. From the profits the 
League gave ai)out >; 1,000 for the pleasure and comfort of the enlisted men. through 
the Y. M. (>. \.. the Knights of Columbus, and other recognized organizations. 

Tiie patriotic and generous spirit of American wnmen was expressed nowhere 
better than through the creation of C.anlcen Heath for the men of the Marine 
Signal Corps Battalion. I . S. \.. at Cami) l^dward ('.. Fuller, Paoli, under Mrs. 
Theodore W. Reath as Chief of the Canti-en. and Mrs. J. Howe \dams. Ca])tain 
of the workers. At Cedar Hollow Station, not a half mile from Camp Fuller. 
Mrs. .\dams was able to secure for immediate service the large living room, halls 
and porches in the splendid old home of Mr. and Mrs. William Hughes. The 
interest, suggestions and cooperation of C.olon(>l Hatch and Major Meade, made 
the establishment of the many necessary comforts for rest and pleasure, fr(>e from 
(lifTicullies and saved much valuable time. At the suggestion of .1. P. C.o|)e Morton, 
a Itilliard table was donated by the I nion League. 

Canteen Heath was named in honor of Sergeant Thomas Roberts Reatli. 
son of its Chairman, the brave young oflicer who saciiliced his life for his country 
the day before the canteen was opened. 

While Mrs. Harry L. Cassard was organizing the lleadtpiarters Canteen at 
170.! Walnut Street, there came a call "to arms"' to help fight the "■flu" epidemic. 
Hurried plans were made and carri(Ml <iiit to open the kitchen for this emergency. 
This canteen filled a long felt want in serving well cooked and quickh prepan-d 
meals at a moderate price to women war workers, and was known as the War 
Workers' Canteen. The work was greatly facilitated by the services of the .lunior 
Service Corps, who acted as waitresses. 

The Water Street Canteen. und(>r the successful management of Mis. Horace 
E. Smith, succeeded by Mrs. Chuiihill Williams, served hot meals daily from 
11 A.M. to 2 P.M. This canteen was aided linancially by the W^ar C.amp Commu- 
nity Service. In this canteen, particularly, the .lunior Service Corps did most 
eflicienl work. 

The Arch Street Canteen was the second canteen in the I niled Stales to be 
opened for twenty-four hours' service daily, it was run on the cafeteiia plan in 
cooperation with the War Camp Conununily Service. Mrs. George l-^lkins. ,lr.. 
was Chief of the Canteen. 

The canteen at the "Kosey Korner Kliili" was a Sunday canteen, sei\ing 
hoi dinners from I until 7 p.m. No man in I lie service was refused a meal, biil- 
if "in fund,s" was expected to pay tw(-nt\-live cents for each meal. Credit for 
its success was largely due to its Chief. Mrs. John DeCoursey and to Mrs. J. W hit- 
taker Thompson. 

Mrs. William L. McLean (onlribiited Sl.000.00 for the rental of "Lillle 
Wakefield," the first headquarters of the (iermantowri Branch. This biaiicli 
was equipped by .Mrs. T. L Crane, Mrs. E. \i. Denniston and Mrs. Francis R. 
Reeves, to house twenty girls. A cook was secured and Mrs. Belle B. I'raine gave 
her services as house mother. Here an intensive training lourse in home (>conom- 
ics was arranged, where teachers and lecturers generously gave of their linn' in 
teaching the girls "how to cook, to can, to preserve and how to grow fruits and 

600 



vegetables." Mrs. Jackson Fleming of New York was one of the first to speak 
on this subject. Many hundreds of jars of "home-grown" produce were put up, 
and in the autumn sold, the proceeds of which largely financed the undertaking. 

Through the courtesy of the Press-Telegraph Demonstration Bureau, demon- 
strations in cooking were given by Mrs. king at 1021 Chestnut .Street. Vegetables 
were donated and motors loaned to carry supplies and equipment to the place of 
demonstration. Throughout the winter of 1Q17 and 1018. demonstrations in cooking 
were given at 1702 Walnut Street — the rooms of the Philadelphia Central Branch — 
and at the Chestnut Hill Service House by Miss Margaret C. Limerick; cooking 
classes were also conducted at the Cynwyd and the Cermantown branches, all of 
these in conformity with the I'egulations of the Lnit(>d States Department of 
Agriculture and the Food Administration. 

The League provided a colored woman graduate of Tenifile College to teach 
the use of food substitutes, etc., among her own race. 

In July, 1918, the United States Food Administration encouraged the opening 
of a deliydration plant, and the league undertook to cairy out this work. Mrs. 
Phillipus W. Miller was appointed Chairman, who, with an able and indefatigable 
committee, presided daily at the demonstrations given by a State College graduate 
at 708 Market Street, which quarters were loaned by Joseph M. Steele, of William 
Steele & Sons. An average attendance of 200 persons daily, more than justified 
the expeiimenl of merely inviting passersby to come and see how "Uncle Sam" 
wished us to conserve food by dehydrating the sur{)lus of our gardens. So 




Arcli Slrt'i'l (kiiift't'n. 
601 



successful was (lie Wdik. that it led to Jay Cooke — Kofxl Xdiniiiisliator for l*liila- 
(lcl|>liia — askiuj;; the Leaiiue to lake charjie of the Food Xdiuinislialioii's exhihil 
at Byheirv (hiriiiir the week of tlie Phihidelphia Couiily Fail'. Mrs. Edward N. 
Wrijrht was appointed Ciiairman. and the \nibh'r Sciiool of Hoiticulture. State 
Colle<;e, and the public schools cooperatefl with the Featrue in this exhibit. 

The various service houses bent lluir entire energies duriiii; the suininer 
season toward the conservation of the products of their war ijardens. _Man> 
owners of j)rivate gardens donated produce, which was canned, jellied, preserved 
or dehydrated for use in camps and haspitals; soni(^ lliex liad put up for their own 
consumption for which a nominal charge was made for tlie actual cost of the work. 
Thousands of jars of vegetables and fruil and hundreds of jars of jelly were canned. 
Homemade candy and small cakes were made for (^.hrislnias gifts for "our boys" 
in the convalescent hospitals and aviation camps, and war cakes furnished to the 
league members at small profit. Luncheons were cooked, served and cleaned away 
by volunteer workers, thus malking possible the conservation of time and energy 
of the members for their other activities. .\t (^.hestniil Hill cooking for invalids 
was taught to the class for nurses at the ('.hestmil Hill Hospital. Vmericaii cook- 
ing to a class of Italian girls, and American girls were instructed in practical cooking. 

The State ('hairman of Home l*]conomics. Mrs."\eva(la 1). Hitchcock, compiled 
a most helpful book of recipes, whiih was printed by the League, sold at cost price, 
and had a wide circulali(m. 

During the spring of 1918, there was great need of concerterl action to |)ut 
women on the land. The League held the first class(>s for instruction to \olunleers 
in this work, undcT their Committee on .\gricullure. with Mrs. Floward W. Lewis 
as Chairman. These classes were conducted in February at 1703 \\almit StreiM. 
by Mrs. Honora Whalen, whose salary was donated by Mrs. Norton Downs. 
Following these classes, nnits of the Woman's Land Army began to develop, and 
it was through the elVorts of the League that many women had gardens of their 
own. 

At Chester Springs, girls from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fin*; Arts look 
up farming and carried on a very successful work with funds supplied by the 
League, all of which were refunded in the autumn by this unit. 

At Cheslimt Hill a very active unit of nin(>ty-live workers was of invaluable 
service to the neighboring farmers. War gardens mulliplicHl and flourishetl through 
Mrs. Landstreet's capable management and her assistants. On Saturdays one 
group of neighbors .sold their surplus v(^getables to other groups of neighbors and 
the jiroceeds went overseas. 

In (iermantown. 200 volunteer workers, under Mrs. Franklin Baker, culti- 
vated five acres of groimd located in dilVerent sections, loaned for this purpose, 
thus adding largely to the output in (iermantown. 

At Wynnewood, Miss Mary K. (iibson generously gave and equipped her 
garage for sleeping quarters, dining room and kitchen, for a unit of twenty-live 
girls, which was a training school for those who gave most valuable service during 
the summer on the neighboring farms and smaller gardens. 

The Industrial Committee, with Miss Clara Middlelon as Chairman, cooper- 
ated with th(> Fnited States Employment Service to aid the employer as well as IIk; 
employe. Signs stated this fact of cooperation, and cards of indentification were 
given to persons inquiring for information, which were presented at the fjiiploy- 

002 



ment Ofiico, so lluil a recortl of calls and iis(>rulncss niifjlit lio readily asccrl-aiiKHL 
The League gave valuabl(> service in dcxeloping other modes of helijlnlness. 

Not having a State ("hairman of the Motor Driving Coniiniltee. most enici(Mit 
work was done by small hut active corps at the various service houses, and by 
individuals expressing a willingness to be called on for certain types of work. 
Miss Virginia Roberts acted as City Chairman. Members took courses at the 
Spring Carden Institute and at the (iuarantee Auto Co.; several girls went over- 
seas under Red Cross Motor Divisions. The Autocar Service Company gave 
a three weeks' course in motor truck driving for members of the League, and guar- 
anteed positions to all ]>assing the retjuired tests. The .Tunior Service Corps played 
a most active and elhiient part in this division. 

The work of the General Service Committee was sup(Mvis(>d by the State 
office. Valuable assistance was rendered by workers under this division in supply- 
ing clerical forces to the State lleadquart(Ms, in the Liberty Loan, War Saving 
Stamps and War Chest drives, also to the campaign for the War Work Council. 
They did clerical work for the diaft boards and Food Administration; assisted at 
the Red Cross Divisional Headquarters and packing rooms: mended United 
States Government uniforms; did clerical work for many official and unofficial 
committees and assisted in various drives for funds for the hospitals and the Girls' 
Campaign for the Y. W. C. A.; in the State and City Councils of iNational Defense 
and in the Welcome Home Committee offices. 

A practical course in electrical repairs was given at the Germantown High 
School. Baron dcGeer gave a good course in French at the (iermantown and 
Chestnut Hill service houses, one being in the evening, which was attended by 
both men and women. Fvening courses in typewriting and stenography were 
also given which were very popular. 

The Germantown Woman's Club with Cfuarters in the old Johnson house, 
gave the use of their club house foi' the League activities. 

Special mention should be made of the Hoiise-to-House Canvass Committee, 
organized by Mrs. Ernest T. Toogood. Practically the entire territory of the ward 
was divided into sections under block leaders, who, with their workers, were able to 
cover every house for the many emergency calls. The registration of the woman 
power undertaken by the Council of National Defense, was done by this committee 
in Germantown. which handed in 16.000 out of the 20,000 names for the whole 
city. It also reported Liberty bond subscriptions to the amount of !>.500.000 lor 
the 3d Liberty Loan Campaign, and made collections for the Needle Woik Guild, 
making an enormous increase in the number of garments secured. 

Having outgrown the quarters at the (iermantown Woman's Club, with the 
immense amount of work occasioned by the 3d Liberty Loan, the ( iermantown 
branch rented the property at 109 West Chelten Avenue — originally iMiss Head's 
School — where the entire first floor, with its large assembly room, was turned ovei- 
to the Woman's Liberty I^oan Committee of Germantown. During this drive, 
the Home Economics Committee, under the chairmanship of Mrs. John 0. Mus- 
tard, besides providing the daily lunch at a cost of twenty-five cents to the workers, 
furnished afternoon tea to the hundreds of women as they turned in the results 
of their day's labor. The house was open practically a year and a half for daily 
meetings during all the Liberty Loan drives. 

The State Committee of the National League for Woman's Service was asked 

603 



to take entire cliaifre of tlie follow-up lollectioiis for the War Chest drive in the 
city, and appointed Mrs. William ('.. Marshall and Mrs. S>lvesler J. Parrotl of 
the ( Icrniantown hraneh as ("hainnen of this work. 

It is an intfM'estinj; fact that intlividual ini'mbers of the various hranches 
subscribed for a larjre block of "" Tribute Trees."" about sixty in number, through 
the Civic Club, which were planted along the Parkway between 20th and 21sl 
streets, in '■lumor of the men who served." 

Under the Health Connnittee, of whit'h Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger was 
Chairman, courses in elementary massage were started at the University, and at 
the Pennsylvania and Chestnut Hill hospitals. Those who received certificates 
gave their services to the Infantile Paralysis Committee of the l^mergency Aid 
and to the \ isiting Nurse Society. The State office w as one of the many recruiting 
stations for the enrolment of the Student \urse Reserve. The physic therapy 
class at Chestnut Hill ,:,'ia(luated sixly-lhice women, entitling them to give massage 
to the wounded. 

Work for physically handicapped men was directed by Mrs. Austin M. Purves 
and Mrs. .\. 11. Ueeve. The care and training of the blind, military and civilian, 
involving the mastery of Braille, was studied at the Peimsylvania Institution for 
the Instruction of the Blind at Overbrook, and large classes became proficient. 
A short course was also given at the Blind Uxchange. 

During the influenza epidemic in October and .November of 1918, an l-jnergency 
I'ood Service Center was organized by the State Chairman at the State Office head- 
(luarters on a day's notice. Some of the workers went to the various hospitals 
and a.ssisted in the wards, others went to the homes with the visiting muses and 
helped in many ways. One of the members assisted for ten days at the Oliver Bair 
Underlakiuf,' llstablishment. The Home and Overseas Belief Conunitlee worked 
all day, Sundays included, to keep the visiting imrses and the hospitals supplied 
with inlluenza masks. On Sundays men ran the sewing machines to relieve the 
tired woukmi workers. This was a time to try the loyalty of our women, but in 
no way did they fail to m(>et the emergency. 

Several classes in wireless were held at the Chambers Institute, and some of 
the m( inbers took a course organized by the .\avy League. Positions were found 
in most cases for those receiving certificates, but as there seemed to be no demand 
for women operators, energies w^ere devoted to more important work at 
hand. 

The II(jme and Overseas Belief Committee became a very important branch 
of the League's work, an.swering calls for finished garments for needy children and 
men in the service, at home and abroad. Quantities of sheets, pillow cases, gar- 
ments, etc., were sent to the convalescent hospitals. Oilcloth Jackets were an 
outcome of the demand for warm and waterproof protection for the l)oys at sea, 
and w ere made and sent to the Nav y men. Thanks are due to Lewando in the city 
and llerzog in Germantown for cleaning kid gloves, free of charge, which were 
made into aviation vests for the men overseas. At the Cermantown Service 
House, this conunitlee, under Mrs. C. B. Robinson, made and furnished all can- 
teen caps and aprons used by the League, amounting to at least I, (»()() each, \fter 
the armistice was signed energies were turned toward making dresses, capes and 
coats for the French war orphans. The Chestnut Hill, Germantown and Cynwyd 
branches adopted a number of these orphans, entirely outfitting them with cloth- 

601 



ing. Mrs. William B. Kurtz, of the Gormantown branch, took overseas the gar- 
ments and attended to having them distributed where most needed. 

With Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis as Chairman, the Publicity Committee of the 
League gave publicity to its activities wherever possible. Editors of all the lead- 
ing newspapers were interviewed and typewritten articles, concerning the activi- 
ties of the various branches and committees were sent weekly or whenever there 
was news of special interest. Signs and posters were made and distributed. The 
Germantown papers, through Mrs. Fred Perry Powers as Chairman of Publicity 
for the Germantown branch, published without charge reports of activities of the 
League. 

This committee cooperated with the Committee of Public Safely in supply- 
ing speakers, trained in publicity work, to assist with the work of the Liberty 
Loans, War Chest, Red Cross, War Saving Stamps, Food Conservation, Fuel 
Administration and loyalty to the United States. 

The monthly bulletin, issued by the National office, was sent to all chairmen 
of branches and to the board of directors. Members were able to keep in touch 
with the development of the work throughout the country by subscribing to the 
bulletin. 

Although there was no State chairman of the Americanization Committee, 
the individual branches carried on a splendid wf>rk among tlie furiMgners in tlieir 
districts, the State Committee standing ready to cooperate in whatever way the 
opportunity presented itself. Day and night classes were formed fV)r teaching 
English, cooking, gardening and sewing to the foreign born. The meaning of 
patriotism was particularly emphasized. 

The Reclamation Committee, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Henry D. 
Paxson, did valuable work in mending, sewing on buttons, etc., for the men in the 
service. In this work, the Cynwyd branch took the lead by repairing about one 
hundred dozen garments for Red Cross Government Aid. The West Philadelphia 
branch reported repairing 200 overcoats and 500 shirts (or the Army, antl in the 
Chestnut Hill branch a truck load of coats, shirts, etc., were redaimefl. A great 
many trousers were also mended and returned to the (^)uartermaster Department. 
The Volunteer Aids Committee, with Mrs. H. Gordon McCouch as Chairman, 
carried out the work of establishing the School of Occupational Therapy. It 
was financed by an appropriation of $5,000 from the War Chest, and its first term 
opened October .3, 1918, the first class graduating February 26. 1919. The second 
class graduated at the end of ,Iune, making a total of aiiout fifty women tarefully 
trained, at an expenditure on the part of the school of about S|00 each, to carry 
on this much needed work in the military hospitals. The course included weaving, 
stenciling, block printing, modeling, bookbinding, wood carving, toy making and 
basketry. The cooperation of the Pennsylvania Hospital insured good hospital 
training under skilled supervision, and the students were further prepared by 
lectures from eminent physicians, surgeons and psychologists. 

The development of the school was made possible by the cooperation of the 
doctors who composed the Medical Stall', and by the help given by the Pennsylvania 
Museum, the School of Industrial Art, the Arts and Crafts Guild, the School of 
Design, the Graphic Sketch Club and the Plastic Club. 

The inspiration of this schot)l was war service, and it was suggested by Mrs. 
F. W. Rockwell and the Arts and Crafts Guild. The demand for this service 

60.5 



has bopn steadily increasing among doctors and surgeons in private sanitoria and 
irenoral liospitals. The school seems to be established on a permanent basis, and 
bids fair to continue its good work as a lasting nidninneiit Id llie National League 
for Woman's Service. 

The Junior Service Corps was a division of the National League for Woman's 
Service peculiar to Pennsylvania. They were organized by the Phila<lil|)iiia 
Central Branch, November 11, 1917, with twenty members, under their State 
(Commander, Mrs. John White Geai-y, and the Executive Ollicer. Miss (iainor Owen 
Baird. In June, 1919, the corps numbered over 800. Thev performed faithfully 
and well, with almost military precision, the tasks a.ssigned them, and much of the 
work could not have been done without the aid of this splendid division of the 
League. 

The Central i^rancli Corps were sworn into s(>rvice, taking the Oath of 
Allegiance on the lawn of ISIrs. Geary, who present(>d the National Standard as well 
as the Junior Service Corps colors. This was an impressive sight and similar 
exercises were h(>ld on like occasions when the various corps were sworn into 
service. 

Through tlie Lilierly Loan dri\es. collintions were made b\ this Corps at the 
theatres and mo\ ing-picture houses all over the city, their ell'orts being rewarded 
during the Third Liberty Loan by subscriptions to the amount of §3.417,950. 

They furnished transportation for visiting nurses and loaned their autnnio- 
biies for all kinds of emergency calls: furnished daily workers at tlu; Liberty L(jan 
booths: at the Red Cross factory and warehouse: at the various canteens and at 
the Wilbur Chocolate factory when necessary during the "du" epideniic. Mem- 
bers, w ho had received first aid instruction, were sent to the hospitals and rendered 
other services too numerous to mention. 

In the spring ol l'*20 the Pennsylvania State Committee terminated its work. 
Ail records, membership lists, etc., were carefully liled, and are a\ ailable should an- 
other emergency arise in which women could serve in similar ways. 

Tin: \\\^ li:a(.i l ol iiii: i mted states 

PllILADIvLPlIIA SkcTION 

The Na\y League incorporated and opened liead(|uarters in Washington, 
D. C, in 1902. The Philadelphia Section was organized in June, 1917, and a Com- 
forts Committee was appointed to carry on war work. The present membership 
of the l^hiladelphia Section is about 2,.'j00, which does not include members in 
the suburbs and outlying districts. These are included in the Pennsylvania State 
Mrtnbership. The officers of the Pliiladefi)hia Section were: Mrs. Alexander 
Nan Hcnsselaer, Honorary Chairman: Mrs. lunesl Law, Chairman; Mrs. Thomas 
Leaming, Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Horatio G. Lloyd, Treasurer; Mrs. Horace Brock, 
Secretary (succeeded by Mrs. Theodore W. Cramp). 

During the war classes were held at the Navy League lleacKiuarlers in wireless 
and line telegraphy. Shops for the sale of wool and knitted garments were opened 
on Chestnut Street, in West Pliila(iel|iliia. on llie Garden Pier at \tlantic City and 
at Chelsea, N. J. A booth was also opened in iiroad Street Station. 

Members of the executive committee and board personally superintended a 
knitting unit of ;500 shop girls in one of the largest department stores in Philadelphia. 

606 



ovpiy Thuisflay night during; the war. Other units were formed in numerous insti- 
tutions and schools. A total of about fifty-five thousand knitted {Raiments 
were received by the Philadelphia Section alone, and about fifty -three thousand 
were distributed. In addition to these knitted garments we have distributed 
nearly twenty-four hundred eond'ort kits, rubber boots, Christmas bags, ruliber 
hats, rubber coats, arctics, goggles, underwear, dungarees, blankets, boxing gloves, 
victrolas, victrola records, games, books and magazines. 

knitted garments were sent to Halifax for sailors in the hailjor who gave their 
own clothing to the sufferers there at the time of the Halifax disaster; to Norfolk, 
\ a., for sailors who lost their clothing while fighting the fire which thn^atened to 
destroy the entire city; to the French Relief Division of the iMncigcTicy Aid of 
Pennsylvania for French sailors in our midst, and to the Polish Relief Comnnttee 
for Polish recruits in training at Niagara-on-the-Lake for the Polish 7\rniy in France; 
to the Rritish Relief Conunittee and to the Woman's Section of the Navy League 
at Norfolk, Va., for men going out on the submarine chasers and destroyers, and to 
those on the rifie range at Virginia Beach and stationed at St. Helena; to Tokio, 
Japan, to be forwarded to Siberia and to sufferers in Poland. Many requests 
for large consignments of knitted garments for the various camps and cantonments 
of the National Army as well as for a great many battleships, destroyers and sub- 
marine chasers, etc. were answered. This was done through individuals. 

When the French warships were in our harbor, the Philadelphia Section of the 
Navy League made contributions to them of knitted garments. They also filled 
a large rec[iiest for garments for the iMiglish iSavy League which they sent to them 
to be distributed to the nuTie sweepers in the North Sea. They supplied men of 
our own merchant marine; French, British and Italian sailors putting in at our 
ports and engaged in convoying our troops; the mine sweepers on the Irish Coast 
who kept the seas free from mines and torpedoes that our ships might pass in safety ; 
and American shipwrecked sailors in foreign ports, through the courtesy of the 
F^rench and English Navy L(>agues. 

Boxes of clothing were also sent to France, and the Philadelphia Section 
adopted six French orphans. 

The local committee distributed "free wool" to the value of $18,306.81, 
which was knitted into garments and returned for distribution. 

Relief and welfare work were given careful consideration, and a ward in t lie 
Jeil'erson Hospital was taken over in which members of the Navy League person- 
ally supervised sick and woimded sailors for three and one-half months. During the 
influenza epidemic in the fall of P)18. at the request of the Women's ( '.onunittee of 
the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, an appeal was sent out to all mend)ers 
calling for volunteers to assist in fighting the disease and to help care for those 
already stricken. The response was most gratifying, both in the number who 
offered their personal service and the liberal contributions of money which were 
received. 

The first meeting of representative women of various war organizations in 
this city was called together l)y the Philadelphia Section of the Navy League to 
consider establishing a Seaman's Church Institute along the same lines as the one 
in New York under the superintendence of the Rev. Archibald W. Mansfield. A 
meeting was addressed liy Dr. jMansfield, and as the result of this gathering a Sea- 
man's Social Service C.ommittee was formed under the supervision of the Phila- 

607 



dflphia Section, which gave suppers and entertainments for the men of the merchant 
marine and all other si^amen who attended the Seaman's Church Institute at Front 
and Queen streets. Sunday night suppers were served each week and entertain- 
ments were given on Tuesday nights. Special concerts were frequently arranged 
and plans for regular Thursday evening enlertaiiuneiits are being made. 

Game rooms with reading and wi'iting facilities were opened and placed at the 
disposal of the men at all times, and on .Tuly 1. I') 10. a lunch room was opened and 
managed h\ the wom(>n of the I'liiiadelphia SihIIoii. 

During the last four Liberty Loan campaigns in which the Philadelphia Sec- 
tion of the Navy League took an active part by soliciting subscriptions in the 
llieatres of the city, and by the establishment of booths on the streets, a total 
of over fifteen million dollars" worth of bonds was sold, and the local Section is the 
proud possessor of the honor ilags for each campaign as well as the Victory 
Liberty Loan Industrial Honor Lmblein awarded by the L. S. Treasury Depart- 
ment. 

The Navy League, ex|)erienced in work for seamen for many years before 
I 111' outbreak of the World War, served quietly and effectively during that 
coiiliict. and is continuing to meet the needs of seamen who conic In the porl of 
Philadelphia. 

The State officers wnc: Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer, Honorary Chairman; 
Mrs. .Moncurc Robinson, Chairman; Mrs. Horatio (!. Lloyd. Treasurer. 

the l]\eculi\e (".(immittce and Huard of the Philadelphia 



The members of 
Section were: 

Mrs. 1). M. MiirriiiRpr 
Mrs. licnry W . liiil.llr 
Mrs. \lc\aii<lcr Biildli- 
MissC.l.ristinc Uidclli- 
Mrs. lloraif Hrock 
Mrs. Jolin \. Brown, Jr. 
Mrs. n. II. Biiyiird Bowie 
Mrs. John Cii<lw!ilii(lcr 
Mrs. James Newnuin Car- 
ter 
Miss t.iiiiiii' B. Coleman 
Mrs. Beiijumin K. Clyde 



Mrv r. DiWill C.iiyler 
Mrs. HiiImtI ('.. Drayton 
Mrs. ( ieor^ie Dallas Dixon 
\Ir>. Hi,hard MrCall 

i:iliot 
Mrs. Stanley (i. FlafjK. Jr. 
Mrs. N. Myirs Filler 
Mrs. Francis I. (lowen 
Mrs. William II. (ireeni' 
Mrs. lloraie Man- 
Mrs. Francis M. lliil( lilii- 

son 



Mrs. Daniel L. Ilul.liiii- 

son. Jr. 
Mrs. I""llis Jackson 
Mrs. .Mba B. Johnson 
Mrs. .Sidney \\ . Keith 
Mrs. William P. Morton 
Mrs. f'harles Henry Scott 
Mrs. Holierl K. Straw- 
bridge 
Mrs. \. II. Wintersleen 
Mrs. Ilarnld K. ^aninll 



Till-; PKNNSM.X \M\ f;\ll.l!(i\l) WOMKNS DIVISION 

I'oii w \i! iu;i,ii;r 

I'^arly in .lanuaiy. I''16, a small group dl' wcimcii. wives of llir ullicrrs ol' the 
I'emisylvania Railroad, met at the house of Mrs. ( ieorge Dallas Dixon. ilDOl 
Spruce Street. Philadelphia, and formed the Pennsylvania Railroad Chapter of 
the Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness, a State organiza- 
tion mider I he direct i( in of Mrs. ( Ieorge \\. C.hilds Dri'xel. who was among the first to 
recognize l\w necessity for preparedness in case this country should be drawn into 
the war then raging in Lurope. 

It was designed thai llie ( 'hapter should be ci imposed of the wives and daughters 
of railroad men, and accordingly the .Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and 
its allied branches were canvassed, with the result that the Chapter soon numbered 
2,.t0() members. 



6(m 




Wurkrwjin of the Suryical Dressings Department, P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. Buitdimj. 



In April, 1917, after the United States entered the World War, the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Chapter V)ecame an independent organization iindci' the name 
of The Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Division for War Relief, with the 
following officers: Mrs. ( Jeorge Dallas Dixon, Chairman; Mrs. William Wallace 
Atterbury, Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Lewis Neilson. Secretary; Mrs. U. .1. dv Housse. 
Treasurer. 

Dep.\rtment.s 

No. 1, Care of Soldiers" and Sailors' Families: Mrs. James F. Fahiiestock. 
Director. No. 2, Care of Families of Pennsylvania Railroad Employes: Mrs. 
William Wallace Atterhui y. Director: Mrs. Elisha Lee, Associate Director. No. ,3, 
Surgical Dressings: Mrs. Robert Clinton Wright. No. 4, Hospital Sui)|)lies: Mrs. 
J. B. Hutchinson, Director. No. 5, Motor Messenger Service: Mrs. (lardner 
Cassatt, Director. No. 6, First Aid, Diet Cooking: Mrs. W. Hey ward Myers, 
Director. No. 7, Comfort Kits and Equipment: Mrs. George W. Boyd. No. 
S, Cutting and Making of Carments: Mrs. A. J. County. 

While these departments extended all over the system, there were maintained 
in Philadelphia alone seven separate sewing classes where many thousands of 
garments, surgical dressings, comfort bags, and equipments were made and dis- 
tributed to the Army and Navy, but especially to the men of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad of whom there were 28,000 in the service: and not only was the work 

f.(i>i 



done, but all the necessai'y funds to buy inalciials were raised by women, mostly 
of small means, to whom doing so meant a real sacrifice. 

Department No. 2 \-isited and cared for all the families of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad employes, thereby relieving the Red Ooss of these cases, and it was a 
comfort to those men who, under General Atterbury, were building docks, bridges, 
and railroads, in France — assembling enginc^s in an indescribably short space of 
time, and transporting food, supplies, and munitions to th(> Army — to know that 
their wives and children at home were; being cared for by members of the Railroad 
Family. 

In 191)5 the Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Di\ision for War Relief be- 
came afliliated with the Emergency Aid, and contril)uted many large cases of 
supplies to French. I'^nghsh, Italian. Relgian. Scnbian and Russian committees. 

At the time of the signing of tlie armistice, the organization nund)ered 50, So;? 
enrolled members. These women had borne their part in every patriotic and civic- 
movement. They had worked in all live of the Liberty Loans. In IMiiladelpiiia 
they had charge of the booth in the Rroad Street Station, and sold IIkmc .s;5.;5r,;5.800 
worth of the Liberty bonds in the last issue alone. 

When the Red Cross Canteen was opened in Rroad Street Slalion llic Pciiii- 
sxlvania Hailmad women took comi)lete charge of it on Monday and Friday 
afternoons, from 12 until 5 o'clock, and continued this work until November. 
1919. They also took charge of a booth in Mroad Street Station and Iwn booths 
at till' Mourse I'uilding. for the sale of Red Cross Christmas seals. 




Coininitlec til Hruad Street Slalion. 
610 



Permanent memorials were made by the following departments: 

Department No. 1, Mrs. James F. Fahnestock, Director, presented a drinking 
fountain to the P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. building at 41st Street and Westminster 
Avenue. West Philadelphia. 

Department i\o. 15, Mrs. Robert Clinton Wright. Director, eslablishetl a 
scholarship in the University of Pennsylvania, in memory of three young men of 
the Traflic Department of tiie Railroad — Arthur H. Dutton. Roix'rt Howard 
Gamble and Ernest Eugene Stine — who gave their lives for their country in the 
World War. 

This scholarship is open to the children of members of the Traffic Department. 

Department No. 7, Mrs. Theodore Pomeroy, Directoi', endowed a bed in the 
University Hospital. 

Department No. 8, Mrs. A. J. County. Director, presented a phonogra])h with 
recoids to the P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. iniilding. 

The war relief continued its work in several departments until June 24, 1920, 
when the organization was formally demobilized at a meeting held in the P. R. R. 
Y. M. C. A. building in West Philadelphia, which was handsomely decorated for 
the occasion. The Pennsylvania Raih-oad Rand played the national airs. 

A luncheon was served to 860 delegates, after which addresses were made by 
Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Rrigadier General Smedley 
Darlington Rutler and Thomas Lymh Montgomery. Mrs. George Dallas 
Dixon, the Chairman, gave a resume of the work of the organization from the 
i)eginning. and unveiled a bronze tablet inscribed "Erected in Memory of 163 
P. R. R. Boys who Died for their Country in the World War, and also to Com- 
memorate the Patriotic Work of the Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Division for 
War Relief." 

THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL 
DAMES OF AMERICA 

The record of the Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America 
during the war years shows devoted patriotic service individually and collectively. 
The society voted its stand tor prepar(>dness, fiuthered all loyalty movements — 
"Made in America,"' conservation, non-hyphenism, etc. 

Committees arranged theii- jjrograms for the needs of the time. Talks on 
Washington, Lincoln and loyalty to our tlag were given by experienced speakers, 
with translators, for groups of foreign men and women in the southern 
sections of the city. 

Honor to our flag was impressed wherever opportunity could be made, and 
members were zealous in watchfulness as to any violation of the act entitled 
"Desecration of the Flag."' The Board of Education was asked to have the school 
children taught to rise at the singing of the "'Star Spangled Banner."' 

At Stenton, members met weekly to sew for the Belgian orphans; also, at 
Stenton, Saturday entertainments were offered to men from League Island, when 
groups of fifty were guests at picnic supp(>rs. 

A subscription fund of -$1,16,5 was raised and given with billiard tables, 
etc., to Chaplain Dickens for the equipment of a recreation room at League 
Island. 

Committees for Liberty Loan anil War Savings Stamps were appointed and 

611 



booths maintained in the various loan drives at Independence Hall and Fourth 
and Market streets with most successful results. 

A resolution, addressed to the President of the United States, in January. l')17. 
protesting against the enforced dejiortation of the citizens of Belgium to an alien 
land was presented in person to the President by Mrs. Starr. President of the 
Society. 

The Pennsylvania Society by subscription contributed SO.ODO of the :>6().{)0() 
given from the .National Relief Fund of the National Society of Colonial Dames 
of America for the equipment of the operating room on the hospital ships Comfort 
and Mercy. 

The War Service Committee kept in close touch with the service men, and 
through its comfort branch was abl(> t<i give promptly material aid in many 
directions. The generous hospitality shown to the young service men. strangers 
within our gates, aided much in giving I'hiladelphia a never-to-be-forgotten first 
place in the hearts of hundreds of boys stopping here on their way overseas. 

The Society was privileged to cooperate with the magnificent hospitality 
extendtMl through the Council of the Historical Society to the service men and 
assumed tlie expense and entertainment for several Saturday evenings — I.IOO 
men being present at their Christmas party. Especially prepared blaster Cards of 
greeting were mailed to 100 of our boys overseas. The compilation of Honor Rolls, 
listing names of sons and other close relative's, has been an int«Mesting work. Names 
of 365 have been placed on the rolls. Thirty tribute trees were planted at 
lnd(*pendence Sc[uare and on the Parkway. 

The Society, in conjunction with the lied Cross, National League for Woman's 
Service and the Emergency Aid, erected two grand stands, seating .^,000 persons, 
from which Iheir members and their relatives witnessed the 28lh Oixisiiin upon its 
ri'twrii lioni foreign service. 

Suffice to say that nearly every office and position of resywnsibility through- 
out the Stale in every field of usefulni'ss has been filled by a Colonial Oami'. with 
no thought of self in her endeavor to be of service to the country which their 
forefathers preserved for them. 

OFFICERS l«HT-im« 

Mrs. .Iniiiis Sliirr. Jr.. I'rcsuli'iil; Miss \iiiic rFollinKsworlli \\ liarlim. First \ icf-l'risidciil : 
Mrs. Siiiiiiirl Clirw. Sivoiul Vice-I'rcsidciil ; Mrs. Mfrcd Mc^riiwild Alloii. rrciisurcr; Mrs. Jolin 
C. (irooiiic. HcMordinp S«retar\ ; Mrs. .losi'ph 1$. Iliilrhiiison. Corres|)(iiidiiif.' Sccrcliiry; Mrs. 
C-hiirles Hoberls. Hislorian; Mrs. Charles C. Harrison, Jr.. Hepistrar. 

Managers: Mrs. Alfrinl R. .Mien, Mrs. Edgar W. Baird. Miss I.aura Hell, Mrs. F. \uii .\. 
Cabeen. Jr.. Mrs. .Mexander J. Cassatt, Mrs. Ix)uis I'. Evans, Mrs. Jolin C. Groonio, Mrs. Charles 
C. Harrison, Jr., Mrs. Charles Wolcott Henry. Mrs. Joseph B. HutchiiLson, Mrs. .\rthur H. Lea, 
Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Mrs. Arthur V. Meigs. Miss Lydia T. Morris, Mrs. David Beeves, Mrs. 
Charles Roberts, Mrs. John (-onynghain Stevens. Mrs. James D. Winsor, Jr. 

W ar Service Coniniittec; Mrs. .Nathaniel S<'aver Keay, Chairman; Mrs. Strieker Coles. 
Mrs. George S. Comslock, Mrs. James de W. Cookman, Mrs. Baltzar E. L. de Marc. Miss 
Frances M. F. Donnel. Mrs. George H. F^arle. Jr., Mrs. John L. Emerson. Mrs. Henry Preston 
Erdman. Mrs. William .Sill Foster, Miss Daisy E. B. Grubb, Miss Katherine W. Howell, Mrs. 
Bowlaiid l,i|i|iiiic()tt. Miss Helen Mason. .Mrs. James S. Merritt. Mrs. C. I.aBiie Munson, Mrs. 
Marlin lOdgar Olmsted, Mrs. Winthrop Sargent, Mrs. Hollinshead N. Taylor, .Mrs. J. Mayhew 
W ainwright, Mrs. Henry Hunter Welles, Jr. 

612 



THE WOMEN'S LAND ARMY OF AMERICA 

PENNSYLVANIA DIVISION 

By Mrs. Charles Davis Clark 

On the i3th of January, 1918, a meeting was held at Mrs. H. LaBarre Jayne's. 
1035 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, by the National League for Woman's Service 
and the Garden Chih of Phihulclphia, to which members of the other garden clubs, 
the Society of Little (jlardens, the Women's Sufl'rage League and other organiza- 
tions were invited, to be told of the work already done, not only by the women 
of Europe and Canada, but also by the college units of America, and the 
imperative need of forming a Women's Land Army of America. The 
appeal met with enthusiastic response, and the work of enrolment was promptly 
begun. 

For a short time the Land Army lield its meetings at the rooms of the Council 
of National Defense. Later, they accepted the ofTer of a house at 2011 Cliestnut 
Street for their headquarters. 

Meanwhile meetings called at Pittsburgh by the Committee of Public Safety, 
the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, members of the Food 
Administration and farmers, for the purpose of organizing a women's Land Army, 
had created much enthusiasm. 

Near Pittsburgh two Units were organized and the Land Army operated 
a fully equipped canning truck, which was planned by ]\Irs. Barron, of Pittslnirgh, 
throughout Allegheny and the neighboring counties. In this way demonstrations 
were given in the smaller communities and in the less accessible rural districts. 

In March, the National League for Woman's Service endeavored to meet in 
part the obvious need of trained workers by inaugurating a series of lectures open 
to the public, delivered by experts, on the care of poultry, the planting of truck 
gardens and kindred subjects. 

The following appointments were made for the Board of Directors of the Land 
Army of Pennsylvania: 

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Honorary Chairman; Miss Mary K. Gibson, Chairman; 
Mrs. Nathan Hayward, Secretary; Mrs. F. W. W. Graham, Treasurer; Mrs. 
Clarence A. Warden, Committee of Units, Chairman; Miss Sarah Lowrie, Com- 
mittee of Membership, Chairman; Mrs. Howard W. Lewis, Committee of Camp 
Standards, Chairman; Mrs. (ieorge W. Woodward, Committee of Finance, Chair- 
man; Mrs. Frank Black, Committee of Recruiting, Chairman; Mrs. Stacy Lloyd, 
Committee of Farm Household Buying, Chairman; Mrs. H. L. Roberts, Com- 
mittee on Standardization of Hours and Wages; Mrs. C. A. Warden, Connnittee 
on Farm Investigation; Mrs. Chai'les Davis Clark, Committee on Publicity. 

The task which lay before these women was no light one; the public was not 
interested, the expense was likely to be very great, there were no precedents to 
guide them and much disapproval was openly expressed. 

The directors realized that it was absolutely necessary that there should be 
no room for scandal, that the girls must be safeguarded in every way and that 
sanitation must be scrupulously considered. 

An appeal to the public was made for funds to which there was some 
response, but comparatively little, most of the money needed being finally 
subscribed by a few individuals and organizations, while some of the units were 

61.3 












\zmM- 




^ip f 



n 



On Parade. 

linancod by Iho f;ar(lon dubs. The Federal (lii\(iiiiii(iil liaNiii-: staled tlie need of 
forniiti;.' a WDmaii's Land Army, it was lh(iu,i.'lil llial some assislaiue (tdin il 
niifzlit l)e I'urtlicoiiiiiif:. but the expoelatioii was never realized, the whole burden, 
(uiancial and otherwise, beinfj borne by a few individuals and societies. 
The followinj: rode was drawn up for lliose forniiuf: units: 

1. A unit shall consist of a group of women who shall live tofrelher in one camp 
and shall go out together, singly or in groups, to wmk nii farms nearby. 

2. They siiall li\e in houses or in tents furnished with good cots and other 
necessaries, with cunveniences for iiathing and undei- conditions which insure 
decent living. 

.'i. Eacii member, before being allow<>(i to sign for scuvice, must be examined 
by a physician and pronounced fit for work. 

4. As it lakes one or more weeks to become accustomed ici tlu; manual labor. 
no workers are accepted for less than four weeks and longer terms are to be pre- 
ferred . 

."). It is reconunended that no womiMi shall be re(|uired In work nioie than 
eight hours a day or forty-eight hours a week. 

6. \Mien they are engaged on other farms, some arrangement must be made to 
transport women to and from their work. 

7. Two methods of payment are practicable — one in which the money is 
handed to the worker, she paying all her own expenses, the other in which the super- 
visor receives all money earned and the worker receives a percentage, hei- board and 
traveling expenses being provided for. 

8. There shall be a supervisor in charge of each camp who is experienced in 

61 1 



managing young women. Sim shall l>o rosponsible for their comfort as well as the 
conditions under which they are hired out. When the unit is large, she must have 
a sufficient staif of assistants. 

9. Whenever possible a recreation room should be provided and lectures on 
needed subjects are desirable. 

10. To save traveling expenses, units should be drawn from the women living 
in the neighborhood, as far as possible. 

The members of the units working near Philadelphia received $15 a month 
each, with board and traveling expenses, the money they earned being paid 
into the account of the unit, to meet expenses. Tliis has not proved to be the most 
satisfactory arrangement. There is less discontent when the girls receive the full 
amount they earn and pay a stated amount each week for board. But at the time 
of organization it was not known whether the women should be suiTiciently em- 
ployed to eai'n their own expenses. (Tiven the conditions, this was imdoubtedly the 
best arrangement. 

Following is the table of occupation of those who worked in 1018: College 
Women, 17 per cent; Teacliers and Students, 31 per cent; Professional Women, 
11 per cent; Industrial Workers, 20 per cent; Women of Leisure, 18 pei- cent. 

There was no ad\ ertising done at the beginning of the campaign liut there 
were 400 names on the waiting list before the fust unit was formed. \ aluable 
assistance was given by the press in these early days. 

No rent was paid. A sufficient number of houses were olfered to acconmiodate 
all the units and some of the owners lent some equipment and gave valuable 
assistance besides. On April 2d, the first unit opened its quarters at Newtown 
Square. This unit, which was financed by the Garden Club of Philadelphia cm- 
ployed thirty -one girls at the height of the season, and was credited with 13,800 
hours of work. 

The largest of the units was backed by the gaideners of Montgomery and 
Delaware County Weeders Clubs and was housed at Berwyn. Seventy was the 
greatest number of girls employed at one time. They accomplished 23.820 hours 
of work, earned $5,9.56 and the cost of maintenance was estimated at $3.50 per girl 
per week. 

The Chester Valley Unit was given temporary quarters at Whitford Lodge, 
which is a summer home for working girls. Before the season opened this unit 
lived in the lodge, meanwhile helping a carpenter construct a bungalow for them- 
selves. They also helped in the work of cleaning and cementing an old stable, which 
was tm'ned into a sanitary and convenient lavatory, besides a living room for them- 
selves. 

At the height of its season this unit had thirty girls at work; they earned 
$4,750; they had 10,000 hours of labor to their credit and the cost of maintenance 
was .$4.50 per girl per week. 

Four Land Army units were organized in Chester County anil were biought 
together by the late Dr. Baker. 

A unit was formed at Chester Springs which was unique. The workers were 
students of the Summer School of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 
at Chester Springs, and they asked permission to grow their own vegetables by 
way of doing their share of war work. A plot of three-quarters of an acre of ground 
was assigned them and about twenty girls took part in the work. The National 

615 



League for Woman's Service provided an iiistnictDr. and the students not only 
raised prodiiee for the school but also sold the surplus from house to house. 

The National League for Woman's Service financed five units in or near 
Philadelphia. One was at Chestnut Hill: its home was a comfortable farmhouse. 
It had an average of fifty girls at work, accomplished :5(».2'»() hours of work and 
earned between six and seven thousand dollars. 

The Huntingdon Valley Tnit was also lodged in a comfortable farmhouse at 
Willow (irove. Its greatest number of girls at one time was thirty, it was credited 
«ith 14,436 hours of work, earned $3,608.30. and averaged a cost of $4..iO for the 
weekly keep of each girl. 

The W>nnewood was one of the first units to be at work. It was most com- 
fortably lodged in a former coach house, on the estate of Miss Mary K. (iibson. 
As soon as its members began to go to work. Miss (iibson realized the imperative 
need of trained leaders, and to meet this she organized a training camp under the 
guidance of two graduates of Cornell College. The first c-ourse was begun early in 
May and lasted six weeks, the members being given board, lodging and tuition free, 
the onh recpiirement being that they should at the expiration of the term sign up 
for the Land Army service. A second course was gi\en I'm another set of leaders 
beginning on the 1st of July. 

One more unit was organized by the National League for Woman's SfMvice 
which had for its object the utilization of the work of women who could only give 
part tim(>. About five acres of land in different parts of Ciermantown. which had 
hitherto been used as dump heaps, were secunnl and this was cleared and prepared 
for cultivation, and women were invited to sign for such hours as they could 
spare. The scheme excited much enthusiasm and over 2,'SO women registered, 
with a net result of about thirty workers. .Most of the women were absolutely 
untrained. It cost about .si. 000 to clear the land and tools had to be bought 
and a supervisor engaged. Fresh vegetables were successfully raised which sold 
readily, the workers having the first right of purchase. .Ml ex-penses were met, 
all loans refunded, and at the end of the season there remained some hundreds 
of dollars in bank, which were di%ided amongst those wIk) hud done most of the 
work. 

The great variation in the cost of maintenance is to be noted. It is accounted 
for in two w ays. Some of the supervisors were marvelous managers and could make 
their money go a long way; but in addition some of the units possessed vegetable 
gardens where they raised nuich of their own produce, which they sold to them- 
selves at wholesale rates. In one or two cases they had cows and poultry. In 
oth(Ms they bought their own milk and eggs. 

In all. •>I2 girls worked for the Land Army in the sununer of l')18. and over 
six hundred names were on the wailing list for service, for whom there were no 
places. There was great need of their work, the farmers were calling for assistance, 
but the expense of placing units could not be further boriii' by the few who were 
willing and able to give, and the general public was not interested. 

The health report was very satisfactory. Most of the workers gained in 
weight, and the majority were willing to sign up for the next year. 

(jreat credit is due to the members of the (Jlamp Slundards Conunitlee for the 
sanitary conditions which prevailed. Besides the constant inspection of the 
camps, they did their utmost to raise the ideals of living for the workers, and 

616 



they published some admirable leaflets on the subject which would be useful to 
all camp dwellers. 

Some of the girls had had training, some had had none, but all were engaged 
at the rate of $2 for an eight-hour day, or twenty-five cents an hour, which was 
a low price for even unskilled labor. The very farmers who criticised were never- 
theless glad to get their help, and it was through their recommendation alone that 
the demand for their services so increased. 

The Land Aiiny was uniformly successful until the Ijeginning of September, 
when the majoiity of the workers, most of whom had given their summer vaca- 
tion to the service, were obliged to return to their regular avocations, at the very 
time when harvesters were needed. The acute shortage of labor then l)ecame ap- 
parent. 

Advertisements were inserted in all the daily papers and several editorials were 
written urging all women who wished to do patriotic service to help gather the 
crops, but the response was small. One after another of the units was forced to 
close, and the remaining workers were gathered in one or twf) places to save 
housing expenses, going out in groups, sometimes a long way, to meet the 
desperate need of the farmers. Some of the farmerettes who had resumed their 
former occupations came out in bands on Saturdays and Sundays to help with 
the harvest. Nevertheless, the loss was tremendous. 

New Jersey appealed to Pennsylvania to help gather her enormous crop of 
tomatoes, but Pennsyhania had no workers to send. 

A uniform was obligatory, but each unit was free to decide upon its own, and 
in more than one instance blue overalls was the costume chosen. In others, 
a very long brown smf)ck, worn over knickerbockers, was both prai'tical and 
sightly. The workers took an honest pride in their right to wear a uniform, the 
more so when it was shabby from hard work. A brassard was also chosen — a 
shield shaped as a keystone, with hoe, rake and spade crossed, and the motto, 
"We Serve." 

With scarcely an exception, the farmers who employed the girls were warm 
in their commendations. Though invariably hostile at first, and only engaging 
them when they had satisfied themselves that men were not to be had, they 
changed their opinions after trying them. The girls did every kind of work. 
They ploughed and hoed and weeded, dug ditthes and built fences, picked fruit 
and packed it, cleaned stables, manure pits and pig pens, took care of horses, 
cattle, pigs and poultry, learned to run tractors and farm machinery. 

They were especially good in the care of cattle, in dairy work, and in running 
the macliines. 

Strangely enough, the only real difiiculty the directors had to meet was in 
getting women to do the housework. The meals were at times an almost in- 
surmountable difiiculty. There is not one case on record of a girl who was willing 
to help indoors, while only very few left because they found they did not like 
farm work. 

The Woman's Land Army of America was about to hold its first annual 
meeting, and the Nati<inal Board suggested that it be held in Philadelphia. The 
Pennsylvania Branch cordially welcomed the idea, and the meeting, which was 
held at the Art Alliance Club on January 14 and 15, 1919, was attended by 
about two hundred women, representing several states. It was decided to 

617 



('onliniic the work of Uio l^aiiil Army for aiiotlii'r year, tlioiifrli of nocossity on a 
sriiallcr scalf. Miss (iibson liaviiig dt'cliiicd rciioiniiiatioii as (Ihairinan. Mrs. 
|](litli IHlicott Smith was elected, with Miss Cribson as Vice-Chairraan, Mrs. 
William Norris McCavley as Secretary. Mrs. K. L. lioberts as Treasurer and 
Miss \ irjrinia W. McC.onib as Kxecutive Secretar\ . 

In some respects the task of carrying on the Land Army was even more didi- 
cull in 1919 than in 1918. True, the leaders no longer encountered the opposition 
of ihe former s(>ason, but the inspiration of the war conditions was lacking. 
However, eight units were organized and financed. 

The names of these units and number of workers were as follows: Bridgeport. 
8: ChesterbriM)k. 31; Dresher. 36: \ew Jersey. 8: PKmoutii M(>eting. 38: l>ri\ate 
l-lstate. 11: West Grove, 20; and Wliitford. 30. 

Of these units three were not quite self-sustaining and liucc liad a good cash 
balance at the end of the season. So the work was practically self-sustaining. 

Wages varied from $2 to $3 a day, according to the type and experience of 
Ihe worker. Fven S3 was a lower wage than was paid to the most ignorant man 
w ho hel|)ed on a farm. The girls made good and the reports of tiie employers were 
all favorable. 

On August 27tli a letter was receiveil from the Secretary of i^abor. staling that 
"As Ihe labor supply is deemed to be noiniai tliere is no need of contiiniing the 
work of the Land Army." 

it was therefore decided, at a meeting (A' the iioard iicld on October ITth. to 
accept the invitation received to alliliate with tiic l'enns\lvania League of Women 
Workers — an organization devoted to the interests of girls forming a Land 
Army Committee, but ceasing to exist as the Woman's Land Army. This atlilia- 
tion all'ords a link between those women who wished to do the work and those 
who wished to employ the women. 

The Woman's Land Army of America, as a national organization, exists no 
longer. There is now no need for the women to do the heavy work they did in 
time of war. r>ut because of the experience some have turned to agriculture as 
a means of livelihood. Some have accepted permanent positions on truck 
farms and dairy farms, some hav(> established goal farms, and the short courses 
ofl'ered by the School of Horticulture for Women at Aml)ii'i and State College 
have been attended by a large number of eager students. 

woMiAS PLiniANKNT i:>h:rge\cv ASSOCLATION OI 

GERALANTOWN 
By AIiss Anna M .Ioiinson 

\1 the time of the .lohnstown Flood in Wcslcni I'crmsyh ania. in 1889, a 
hastily formed women's (ommittee did quick service in sending supplies to that 
stricken comnumity. This committee was then organized into the Women's 
Permanent Emergency Association of (Jermanlown, which has ever since held 
its(>lf ready to help, sending clothing, other necessities, and money wherever 
disaster in this country called for public as.sistance. 

When the appeal came for the Belgian refugees in 191 1. tiie execuli\ i- committee 
met on October 28th, forwarded $100 at once, and arranged a public meeting 

618 



for November 2cl. when $500 was collected, and ciit-oiit jinrments w(Me given out 
to be made. 

Workrooms were opened immediately and k('|it oijcn IVom October 1911, to 
to Jniie. 1915. When our country entered the vvai', they w(mc used continuously 
until January, 1920; then regular work wa.s discontinued. 

As the war continued and the needs grew, the wcjrk broadened until final 
totals of 279 cases, containing 106,537 aiticles and $28,661, had l)een sent to twenty- 
six relief organizations in eleven countries. The cases contained 65,300 surgical 
supplies and hospital comforts; 7,730 new garments; and 5,000 knitted articles, 
made by our workers, besides mis(ellan(M)us supjilies of many kinds, food and 
condensed milk; also jams and 550 books for the A. E. V. Many knitted articles 
went to "our boys" in France, to training camps here and to tiie Navy. 

Six thousand pairs of old kid gloves went to London for making windproof 
vests. 

Five thousand dollars was raised to endow a scholarship in the Women's 
Medical College, Philadelpliia. for training a medical missionary, to be known as 
the Women's Permanent Emergency .Vssociation of (rermantown Scholarship. 

Committees of Women's Permanent Emergency Association workers raised 
$208,«50 in the third, fourth and fifth LibiMty Eoan Drives, and also took part 
in the Women's Liberty Loan Parades in Philadelphia anil ( iennanlown. 

The officers of the Association were: 

President, Mrs. James Sliirr. .Ir. Treasurer, Mrs. Waller I'ciiu Sliipley 

I'irst Vice-President, Miss C.liarlesanna I^. Recording Seeretary, Miss Anna M. Jolmson 

Huston Corresponding Secretary, Miss Salina R. 

Second Vice-President, Mrs. .lolin It. Dye Mellhenny 

Executive Committee 

Miss Mary Allison Miss Mary P. Huston Vlrs. K. Stanley Perkins 

Mrs. Edward Goodell Mrs. Edward V. Kane Mrs. Joseph N. Ross 

Mrs. William H. Haines Mrs. John F. Keator Miss M. Eloi.se Ruriiney 

Mrs. Rol)erlB.Hain<-s.Jr. Mrs. Edward Mellor Mrs. John M. Whilall 



619 




PHILADELPHIA'S RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS 

ROM fust to last, the religious bodies of Pliiladelphia re- 
sponded to the call of the country during the period of the 
World \\ ar. They rendered a service that can never be 
properly told. It was from the pulpits of America that the 
earliest challenges came for the awakening of the national 
conscience. 

In 191 1, as soon as the cry of Belgian children was 
heard, the churches began a systematic, cooperative cam- 
paign for alleviating sull'ering. As the days of the war 
lengthened, new problems were faced and met. Church 
buildings were opened for the meetings of committees, the clergy accepted addi- 
tional responsibilities and directed new work, while the rank and file of church 
members became more and more ai'tive in all kinds of relief work. 

When the I nited States unsheathed the sword to defend her own honor and 
the ideals of modern civilization, the (lovernment turned to the churches of the 
country for practical aid. In Philadelphia there were 9i>'.i church buildings, and 
from each went forth i\\o call to stern dutv. By pulpit, and in chancel, the .Stars 
and .Stripes were placed, soon to be joined by the service Hag with its stars of blue, 
many of which were later replaced by golden symbols of supretne renunciation. 
The service of the churches took on a more martial tone as their members turned 
to the (iod of Bighleousness for guidance. National holidays became veritable 
"holy days." and the messages of the prophets of Israel, and of the Fathers of the 
("hurch. were redelivered with new meaning and power. 

protp:sta!NT ( .m bches 

The churches were used directly and indirectly for recruiting the manhood 
of the city for military and naval service during the period of voluntary eidist- 
ments and after the Selective Service .\ct became operative. 

The parish house of the Episcopal Church of the Cood Shepherd, East Cuni- 
berland and < 'ollins streets, was us(ul from .lune to \ovend)er. 1918, as the head- 
quarters of Local Board No. 2S. I" rank II. Longshore, for thirty-three years lay 
assistant to the rector, the Rev. .lohn A. ( iood fellow — who recently celebrated the 
forty-eighth anniversary of his rectoiship — .served on the board, the other members 
being II. Watson Barras and Dr. (ieorge Sinnamon. Nine hundred men, exclusive 
of those inducted for special service, were sent through Local Board No. 28, and all 
were examined and drilli'd in the ()arish house. A welfare committee was organ- 
ized and every man received a kit, containing various knitted garments, etc., and 
a box lunch to take with him on his trip to camp. The Church of the Good Shep- 
herd holds a uni(]ue place among the churches of the city for this .special piece of 
service, and no ex|iense was spared In proxe to the men the interest which the 
neighborhood felt in them. 

The i'ederal ( iovernment made extensive use of the proffered aid of the churches 
during the Liberty Loan campaigns. Four-Minute Men addressed the congrega- 

620 



tions, many of which were organized for parish work for the loans. The American 
Red Cross estabhshed auxiliaries in a large number of church buildings or parish 
houses. The appeals for the War Chest and other relief agencies were made from 
pulpit and rostrum, and hundreds of thousands of dollars were collected. 

The opportunity of meeting the social needs of the men at League Island, 
Frankford Arsenal, Schuylkill Arsenal, and of those on leave from Camp Dix and 
other adjacent points of mobilization, soon presented itself. In meeting it, two 
general lines of work were developed. In the first place, special services, enter- 
tainments, educational classes, etc., were organized and held. This work was 
carried out in the church, church parlors or parish house. In some places certain 
nights were set aside for definite weekly programs and men retiuned over and over 
again bringing others with them. Moving pictures, vaudeville and dances were 
arranged. Groups of men, from a half a dozen to several hundred, were invited 
to suppers which preceded an evening of fun. Many churches set aside certain 
rooms for reading, writing, smoking and games. Frequently the Sunday evening 
services were followed by a social hour, at which time the women of the church 
served refreshments. Again, the members of the churches took an individual 
interest in the men, inviting them to their homes for dinner or supper or for the 
week end. This touch of "home life" was appreciated more than anything else, 
for many of those in the service of "Uncle Sam" were from the out-of-the-way 
corners of this country, and were more "lost and lonely" in the crowds of Market 
and Chestnut streets than on their first day at camp. The friendships thus estab- 
lished lasted, and the United States mail was all the heavier as the result of the 
hours spent with foster-parents — and in some cases with "foster-sisters." 

The Ship and Tent Club 

In 1898. immediately after the war with Spain, George C. Thomas, of 
the Church of the Holy Apostles, 21st and Christian streets, was greatly impressed 
with the importance of affording young men an opportunity for military training. 
On May 22, 1898, he formed the Charles D. Cooper Battalion, and in 1901 built 
the present Cooper Battalion HaU, 2.'5d and Christian streets, for military and 
social functions. With the outbreak of the war with Germany the vestry of the 
Church of the Holy Apostles voted to place at the disposal of the Government any 
and all of its buildings for patriotic purposes. Cooper Hall was turned into a 
recruiting station for the Ambulance Corps, and later, owing to the fine facilities 
of the hall as a club house, it was taken over by the Canteen Committee of the Red 
Cross in the spring of 1917 as a club house for enlisted men, and the name changed 
to its present one, the Ship and Tent Club. In February, 1918, the Rev. George 
Herbert Toop, D.D., Rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles, assumed the 
management of the Club, placing Mr. C. Adrian Casner in charge as Managing 
Secretary. 

The new management immediately started to renovate the building, adding 
shower baths and toilet facilities, the cafeteria, the canteen, moving-picture machine, 
and very considerably enlarging the pool room and sleeping quarters. 

The Club in time became such a favorite place for the meeting of the enlisted 
men that thousands were entertained there each week. Frequently they traveled 
long distances in order that they might spend one night at the Club. Letters were 
received from France, from the south, and from other places, testifying to the 

621 



apprccialion on the pait of the boys of tlu; work that was done llicrc for them. 
It was frequently referred to by them as the "Gobs' Paradise." 

fiances were frequently held, partners iieinfr furnished for the boys by tlie 
(llub. No young lady was permitted to attend the danees unless her appliealion 
for a card of admission was accompanied by a letter of recommendation from her 
pastor or priest, or some other trustworthy person. 

On holidays, such as Chiistmas, Thanksgiving, etc., 500 to 1,000 men were 
guests at dinner followed by a special entertainment, the Club having a well- 
equipped stage for theatrical and other performances. 

The Xavy Department detailed Chief (ieorge \V. Keough. ( .. \1. M., V. S. N.. 
to the Club, whose duty it was to sec that the men were well cared for and In help 
ill the preservation of order. 

Un .Sunday nights the Club held rehgious sc[\ices or moving-picluie perform- 
ances of a high quality. 

There was an association of men known as the Host Association, headed by 
W illard C. Maston, who helped forward in many ways the life of the Club. 
Th(>re was also a Hostess Association which did most valuable and useliil work 
along man\ lines of refining influenci- and helpfulness to the enlisted men coming 
to the Club. Some members of the ll()stess Association were pi-esent every evening 
in the Hostess Room serving coffee, cake. etc.. and acting as mothers. [>r<i tempore. 
and big sisters to the boys so far from home. 

During the "Ihr" epidemic the club house was turned into a hospital as an 
adjuru t to the Navy hospitals of the city, and had the uni(iue distinction of not 
having a single death occur among the many patients tiuricil oxer to ilscaic. The 
liev. Charles I'. Bispham. Assistant at the Church of the Ihilv Apostles, was the 
chaplain of the hospital during this period. 

The (lul) at the |)iesent time is the headquarters of postsof both the American 
Legion and \ eteians of Foreign \\ ars. and still niwnbeis among its guests a <-liib 
of yeomanettes of the Navy, while being always at I lie disposal nl men \el in 
the service, and of the ex-service men who in time of great danger- oll'ercd their- 
all that the peace of the world might Im^ insured, and wlio by (iod's goodness have 
been spared !n relrirrr to the homes that gavi- llierri irp. 

CeiNtral Co^c;uEr:.\TI().^AL Cm \u ri 

The Central Congregational Church, at 18th and Creen streets, although 
apparenllv handicapped liy not being very "centrar' as to location, or-ganized and 
dii-e(-|ed a work that attracted the men IVom the \avy ^'ar-d as well as many who 
came to the city on furlough. The Me\ . Di. Williarn \. liiMg and his .\ssistant, 
the Rev. Mr. Bennell, together with their ollicers and rnernbeis. met in the early 
days of the war to plan for evenlrralities. Rooms in the (hur-ch were set aside l'oi- 
reading and writing, and books, magazines and stationery supplied. Another 
I'oom was equipped with a pool table and "smokes'" were provided. Every week 
eiitertainnieiils of a varied character wer-e arr'anged. and the general siipporl 
of the congregation was errlisted b\ irreans of coiiesponderK-e and persoiral 
solicitation. 

The records show that some live thousand merr had been entertained bv the 
church, of which number over nine himdred had signed the "Affiliated Member- 
ship Cai'ds." Thus those at home knew that their hovs wer-e coiitimiing their 

0J-' 



church relations. This mcinbersliip plan was instituted so that strangers in the city 
might feel that they had a church home. 

Tenth Presbyteri.\n Church 

In June, 1917, the Tenth Presbyterian Church, 17th and Spruce streets, 
stalled a series of weekly socials for the men at League Island, wliich lontinued 
until May, 1919. The Sunday afternoon services were followed h> supper and 
an evening of fellowship. During the time these entertainments and suppers 
were held, some five thousand men were received and welcomed at the church. 
They came from every state in the Union and from France, Belgium, JMigland and 
Russia, as ships from these countries were in port at vai-ious times. 

The members of the church took a personal interest in their guests and pre- 
sented them with Testaments, mufflers, comfort bags and other gifts. A com- 
mittee of women from the church visited those who were ill at the League Island 
Hospital and provided them with deficacies, books, pillows and afghans. Station- 
ery was supplied, and at the church a room was set aside as a writing room, so 
that the men had a place to sit down in quiet, to send to the home folks an account 
of their experiences in Philadelphia. 

A committee, representing the church, under the chairmanship of Mrs. 
Richard II. Wallace, met all of the expenses incidental to carrying on the work. This 
committee cooperated with the Naval Y. M. C. A. at League Island, and received 
the cordial heljj of Mr. Sutherland and his assistants there. 

"KoZY KORNER Kub" 

In the spring of 1918, the members of Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church, 
Rev. P. R. Stockman, Rector, took great interest in the men of the Guard and 
Fire Company No. 302, whose duty it was to guard the Delaware l^iver piers from 
Market Street to Greenwich Point, and they secured the rooms of the Seamen's 
Institute, at Front and Queen streets, as offering the best available quarters for 
a club for that service. Here was organized the "Kozy Korner Klub," which 
offered friendship and recreation not only to members of the Ciuard and Fire 
Company, but also to the gun crews of the United States Navy assigned to the cargo 
carriers and troopships, which came into the piers along the southern section of the 
city's water front, and to the men of the merchant marine. The Seamen's In- 
stitute cooperated by ofl'ering its facilities to the utmost, and the War Camp 
Connnunity Service gave a weekly entertainment, in addition to which the 
Philadelphia Section of the Navy League and the National League for Woman's 
Service cooperated in providing games and records, victrolas, sweaters and other 
knitted goods and personal service. The Navy League and various indixiduals, 
representing the Colonial Dames and other groups of Philadelphia's people, served 
Sunday suppers at intervals to the Army and Navy men and to the seamen. On 
Monday evenings dances were regularly conducted for the service men exclusiNcly, 
and this was listed in the printed weekly notice of the War Camp Conuuunity 
Service and allied activities. Men from the ships and boys along the water 
front and from the Navy Yard came to these dances, which were very pctpular. 

Succeeding the armistice in December, 1918, a small tablet was unveiled in 
the auditorium of the "Kozy Korner Klub," naming it "Victory Hall," and marking 
it as the scene of the war-time activities of the "Kozy Korner Klub." 

62.5 



The Ciuard and Kire Company remained on duly until liic fall of 1919, and 
continued to use the facilities of the "'Kozy Korner Klub" until they were dis- 
banded. 

The Yoi no People's Societies 
Philadelphia Christian Endeavor Union 

One thousand one hundred and ninety-seven of the young nu ii, who were 
members of the Philadelphia Christian Endeavor I'nion. saw service in the Army 
and Navy. Of this number, forty-four were killed or died from the ellVcts of wounds 
or from disease. 

While the.se members of the I nion were away those at home participated 
actively in all forms of patriotic work. The Chri.stian Endeavor Societies of the 
city held .services every Sunday ('veninji at the Navy '^'artl. and arraufjed various 
forms of entertainment there two nijthts a week. At certain periods, every night 
found the Christian l'>ndeavor workers at League Islanrl. ministering to the social 
side of the life of the sailors and marines. 

llvi'Tisr ^ <n Nc Pi,ople"s I'mon 

Thirty-five local L nions have an honor roll totaling .'>(i2 names of men in the 
service. No records were kept of the work done by tin' wnnien but they engaged in 
practically every form of war activity. 

I'or the men overseas, and in tti(> camps away fiuni I'liiladelphia. the I nion 
provided comfort kits and sent Christmas boxes whenever it was possible. 
Hundreds of letters were written and those away were kepi in touch with conditions 
at home. 

For the men at League Island, the Inion cooperated with the V. M. C. A. 
and other agencies there. The hom(>s of the members of the liiion were thrown 
open to .sailors and marines, and in many cases letters were sent to the I nions or 
other church .societies to which the visitors belonged. 

[Reports from the members of the I nion show thai they continued their 
interest in Christian work, and one West Philadelphia man organized a H. Y. P. U. 
at IJalboa. Canal Zone, where he was stationed. His home society sent a Bible 
to the oHicers and members of the newly established I iiion. The Philad<lphia 
15. V. P. v.. with contril)utions from a nund)er of the local societies, presented 
a beautiful silver communion service to Chaplain I. C. Woodward, LT. S. N., 
serving on the U. S. S. Martha Washington. 

Young Peoples (;()nkeren( e of the Reformed 
Episcopal Chircii 

The Reformed Episcopal Church is one of the smaller denominations in 
Philadelphia, nevertheless 467 of the young men who belonged to its Young 
People's ('onf(M-enc(> served with the colors. Those who remained in civilian 
life and the women of the Conference, look an active part in war work, and ever\ 
effort was made at all meetings to make patriotism the keynote. 

Five students at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed l'>piscopal Church, 
in Philadelphia, did special war work. The Rev. Dr. Stevens became a cha|>!ain 
and died in I'aris. Hugh McL. Newland served for two years with the Army 
Y. M. C. \. in camps in this country. Walter H. Stark, before the I nited States 

624 



entered the war, went to Canada and was sent out with the British Y. M. C. A., 
to India, where he served for over two years. Two other students sought enlist- 
ment in the Navy, but were rejected on account of defective eyesight. 

Brotherhood of St. Andrew 

At the outbreak of the war the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, tirganized an Army and Navy Department, and estabhshed its 
central office in Philadelphia, from which its war work throiigiiout the country was 
directed. Tiiis office kept a record of all Episcopalians in the service, an honor 
roll of more than one hundred thousand names. Each man, whose name was 
entered on the records, received from time to time letters of good cheer and en- 
couragement. Hundreds of young men in the Army and Navy wrote regularly 
to the central office, and all requests for literature and personal necessities were 
promptly met. 

Although the Brotherhood had no fund at its command for the suplying of 
such needs, it did have a list of private donors only too glad to comply with any 
request made by a man in the service. SI. Andrew's Cross, the Brotherhood 
magazine, went monthly to thousands of men both in the camps in this country 
and overseas. To keep the machinery of this national office in working order 
a force of from twenty to thirty clerks and stenographers was maintained through- 
out the war period, and the dissolution of the Army and Navy Department only 
occurred in October, 1919, when demobilization was practically completed and the 
men had returned to their homes. 

Of the eighty-two camp secretai'ies employed by the department and recruited 
from every part of the United States and Canada, eight were from Philadelphia 
and suburbs. One of these eight gave his life in service while working among the 
marines at Paris Island, S. C, his death occurring during the influenza epidemic of 
1918. A Philadelphia Brotherhood man who contributed his work through almost 
the entire war period held religious services regularly for some months at Pier No. 19, 
in Philadelphia, ministering to the sailors located at that point. Brotherhood 
men in all sections of the city cooperated in the work done by various welfare 
organizations, in caring for the enlisted nien. For some lime also one of the most 
experienced camp secretaries made his headquarters in Philadelphia and devoted 
his time to assisting the individual cases which continually poured into the head- 
cjuarters office during the first months of demobilization. Spiritual or material 
aid was rendered as the case demanded. In many instances lie was able to turn 
over a returned man in need of help to the local Brotherhood Chapter nearest the 
man's home. The case was then atteufied to by local organization. 

One feature of the work of the Army and Navy otlicers in Philadelphia was 
that of keeping track of Episcopalians transferred from camp to camp and from 
station to station. Brotherhood camp secretaries or Episcopal chaplains in camps 
throughout the country sent frequent lists of Episcopalians transferred from one 
camp to another, and the Philadelphia office submitted these lists to the proper 
authority in the camp to which the men were transferred, thus insuring a church 
welcome to all such men arriving at a new camp. In this way the central office 
cooperated closely with Chaplain Dickens and his efficient staff of workers at the 
Philadelphia Navy Yard. 

f)25 



When the time came to welcome the men home, organizations were formed in 
almost every Episcopal church in the city, called Chm-ch Welcome Committees. 

These committees were organized under the direction of workers sent out 
hy the central office of the Brotherhood's Army and Navy l)e])artnient. The 
plan was not confined to this city, but was also in operation throughout the country. 
These Church Welcome Committees wore made up of the older men of the church 
and the sub-committees were formed with definite duties assigned to i>ach. The 
sul)-committees made themselves responsible for the spiritual, material and social 
welfare of the returning men. Social functions were planned to welcome them, 
jobs were secured for those in need, or positions of a superior character for men 
who wished to make their return home the beginning of broader and more useful 
lives. Last, but not least, it was the aim of the Church Welcome ('onnnittee to 
induct the returning man into the vital life of the church and make him feel th(> 
parish's need of him and his work. Sixty such committees were formed in the 
diocese of Pennsylvania, forty-five of which were in the city of Philadelphia. 

Business Men's War Council of the Pocket 
Test.\ment League 

In April. l')17, the Pocket Testament League was organized to provide for 
the distribution of Testaments. From this date, work has been carried on in the 
Army and ISavy camps by trained personal workers who have given out over 
four hundred thousand copies. Of this number, considerabh more than one- 
fourlh, or in round figures, some one hunched and Iwenly-five thousand men have 
signed pledge cards as an expression of tlieir acceptance of Christianity and of 
their determination to read their Bibles daily. These cards have been sent lo the 
pastors and church leaders of the men's home comnnmities in order thai those 
naturally most interested in the welfare of the men might know of their newly 
made decisions. Two of the liest \vork(Ms were sent out with the \. Iv l'.. and 
carried on their work for six months or more with si)ieii(iid results. 

An Industrial Department was created, and an ever-increasing iMiiid)('r of 
factories and shops are cfxtperating with the C()uncil for noonday meetings. 

The morale of the men in service, as well as those engaged in the mamifaclure 
of munitions and other war materials, was greatly strengthened by the practical 
work of the Council, and its activities are being continued with ihe regular \rmy 
and Navy, and in industrial plants. 

The general activities have been directed by Philadelphia men. The officers 
include ,Ioseph M. Steele. Harry L. Paisley, A. I. Wood. (j. Percy Fox. ,L Lewis 
Twadell and Allan Sutherland. \mong the secTctaries who served during the 
period of the war were: E. W . Hushton. .lami-s B. Wolfe, ,L Herbert Hue and 
George T. B. Davis. 

Protestant Episcopal Cit\' Mission 

Atnong Ihe organized church agencies in I'hiladelphia which first res]ionded to 
meet the needs of men and women because of the war, was the Protestant Episcopal 
City Mis-sion in charge of Dr. William H. Jeffreys and the Rev. H. Cresson 
McHenry. A l?ureau of Information and ("oordinalion was op(>tir>(l in order 
that various activities might be directed into proper channels and duplication 

626 



of effort prevented. After this bureau had operated for some six months the 
diocese formed its own war commission and the biueau was closed. 

As one of the permanent reHef organizations of Philadelphia, tlie City Mission 
kept up that important service. All of its regular departments continued their 
work, and special attention was paid to the needs of service men and their 
families. All service men who applied for admission to the Home for Consump- 
tives were taken in, and through the Home Tuberculosis Department others 
were placed in institutions elsewhere, or provided with special food and sick 
diet in their own homes. 

Work at the Bethany Brotherhood House 

The wai-time work of Bethany Presbyterian Church was started by the women 
of the congregation under the leadership of the late Mrs. Mary Fales, a sister of 
John Wanamaker. 

Committees were organized, and many articles of clothing and other necessities 
were made for the men in service, both abroad and at home. 

Hundreds of men were entertained at the homes of the church people and thus 
enjoyed the quiet pleasures of the heaith-side. 

On July 21, 1917, the Bethany Brotherhood House, 2115-23 South Street, was 
thrown open to the men in seI•^ ice and its full equipment placed at their disposal. 
One hundred and sixty men were present at the opening night and were addressed 
by Mr. Wanamaker. 

One himdred beds were installed and othei' comforts provided. All work 
was done without any cost to the men and that they appreciated the hospitality 
of the Brotherhood House is evidenced by the many letters which came back from 
the men themselves and from their relatives, who had heard of the church's work. 
George Kugler was in charge at the Brotherhood House. 

The Lutheran Service House 

The Lutheran Church provided for Philadelphia an unusually attractive Service 
House in which hundreds of men fotmd a real touch of home. 

The work was under the general direction of the National Lutheran War Com- 
mission. 

The Lutheran Women's League of Philadelphia, of whicli Mrs. Charles L. Fry 
is President, undertook the special conduct of the Philadelphia Service House. The 
handsome home at 509 S. Broad Street, which was formerly the residence of Col- 
onel E. V. Morrell, was rented, and a special Service House Connnittee, with Mrs. 
William P. M. Braun, Chairman, was appointed. The principal aim of the Com- 
mittee was to estabUsh a real home — not merely a public meeting place for the 
soldier, sailor and marine. 

The many expressions of gratitude and appreciation proved that the aim 
was realized and the name of " Home, Sweet Home, " frequently given. 

The house, being one of the finest residences in Philadelphia, with its spacious 
hall and rooms was readily given the home atmosphere which endeared it to so 
many service men. A large music room with piano, victrola, good pictures and 
rugs, afforded opportunity for music and informal entertainments. 

627 




Music Itooni l.ullifran Strrifi' (Auh 



A jtranii' mom was alwass open and inan\ pleasant lioiiis wcro j)asso(l 
there. 

The library and writing room, when- qiuet reigned, was usually full of men 
who were grati'ful for a chaiii'i^ lo read ami write with sucli restfid surroundings. 

In the green and white dining-room with its clean glass top tables, delicious 
meals were served. The Lutheran Churches furnished committees of women and 
girls who cooked and served meals '".just like mother did" — and the expressions. 
"Some chow," "Best I've liad since 1 left home," testiiied to the grateful appre- 
ciation of the boys. 

The third and fourth floors contained beds the criticism of those being "they 
were toagood." These rooms were attended to by volunteers from the various 
churches. The service throughout the house was one of love, prompted by the 
desire to surround our brave boys with the comforts of home. The members f)f all 
committees put aside all other engagements and gave their time willingK and cheer- 
fully. 

The success of the Lutheran Service House was largely due to the personal 
thought and care gi\en: the men were not dealt with en masse but as in(li\ iduals: 
birth(la> pailies and other features of })erst)nal interest made men feel that "Some- 
body really cares." 

The Lutheran Ser\ ice House was opened for soldiers, sailors and marines 
February I, 1918. and closed April 15th, 191'>. About 2.i. ()()() men were guests 
during these days and many visitors enjoyed the comforts of the house. 

The members of the Committee were: Mrs. Charles L. Fry, Mrs. Enos 
Ueeser Artman. Mrs. Wilham T. Tonner. Mrs. Joseph F. Hartman, Mrs. Adolph 
VVoU. Mrs. Burton C. Simon. Miss Bertha I-:. Heid, Airs. William P. AL Braun. 
Chairman. 

62R 



Olu St. Stephen's Club— 1917-101') 

Old Si. Stephen's Cliil) had its inception in the desire to provide shelter and 
wholesome entertainment for the thousands of sailors, soldiers and marines wiio 
poured into Philadelphia with America's entry into the war, and who drifted 
aimlessly about the streets, often falling a prey to the vicious eleiiKMit of thi^ city. 
Situated in the heart of the city, St. Stephen's Church was peculiarly adapted for 
this work, and its Rector, Dr. Carl E. (irammer. and the Associate Rector, Rev. 
Frederick B. Keable. welcomed the opportunity to help these lads who were going 
overseas to fight our battles. 

Work was early begun among the sailors at League Island. ( )n .hnie 10, 1917. 
two hundred boys from the Navy Yard were entertained at dinner at the City Club 
by members of St. Stephen's, and the question was asked, "How would you like to 
have a club house of your own. where you may meet your friends, read or write 
your letters, and enjoy a good (>ntertainment every evening?" 

The proposition met with an enthusiastic acceptance; the Sunday School 
building was quickly (ittetl up, and on .lune 2,5, 1917, it was turned over to the 
boys, the opening concert being given by the crew of the Iiuliuna. The building 
and its furnishings were of the simplest. Init this feature was appretiated by the 
club members, as there was nothing too fine for use. The front room downstairs 
held the ofBce desk, tables fitted up with stationery for correspondence, reading 
matter, a victrola. and a piano which was in constant use day and night. The 
back room contained several pool tables and a shulTleboard which were nnich in 
demand. Between the two a circular counter enclosed the domain of the stew- 
ardess who served a buffet luncheon at five o'clock and again at half past nine, free 
of charge. Needless to say this feature of the Club was appreciated, and Mrs. 
Place, who presided rosy and smiling over her volunteer assistants, was one of 
the most popular meinl)ers of the staff. 

The afiairs of the Club were administered by an Executive ( '.onunittee, with 
Andrew Luffbarry as Chairman. Howard Reifsnyder was at the head of the 
Financial Department, securing conlril)utions from public-spirittxl citizens all over 
the city. E. W. Moore, Director of the evening entertainments, was assisted by mu- 
sicians, elocutionists and dramatic societies. The moving pictures were a popular 
feature. The Club had its own machine, and films were generously furnished l)y 
the various motion pictme corptjrations of Philadelphia. Theatre managers were also 
kind, chief among them being H. '1\ Jordan, Manager of Keith's Theatre, who 
gave the entire evening entertainment for eighty-one successive Wednesdays. 

The registration system of the Club was a great success and furnished valu- 
able information to the families of a number of the men. A like service was ren- 
dered by a card sent to the family of each visitor which read as follows: 

"Our Club has welcomed and entertained over 200,000 .soldiers, sailors and iiiarincs in the 
service of our country. It seems to us that in these anxious hours you will be comforted to learn 
that your son is in good health and has chosen to use our club house and accept our entertainment 
and good-fellowship. We are deeply interested in liim and his comrades and will help him in 
any way we can. God grant that he may return to you whole in body and unstained in soul." 

Many appreciative letters were received in return for this card from parents 
who were rejoiced to know that their boys were well and safe " in such a fine reli- 
gious place" as one good woman put it. 

629 



TTTK nOMW ( VTIKIT.TC VnCHOIOrKSK OF PIIIF. \ni:i.l'II I \ 1\ 

II li; W \U WOMK 

IlK.MT Hicv. Ili-Mn T. l)iu Mcooi.K. IXIX. LL.D.* 

The detailed history of the great agencies of the World War camiot ho liill\ 
written for years to come; today, only a hroad outline can he fairly traced. The 
Federal and State (iovenuiients and many historical organizations are gathering 
and preparing statistics, hut all acknowledge the vastness of the task and the 
need of time for collecting and ordering data. No such great event had ever 
happened so quickly; and never was there such a mobilization of gigantic forces. 

The part played, therefore, by the Catholic Church and the ("atholiis t)f 
Philadelphia can. at this writing, merely be indicated; later, fuller details, now 
agathering. will he set down with historical calm and, so far as possible. 
in exact figures and language. It should hv noted here thai the work 
of the Knights of Columbus is not included in thi> slati^nent; their report appears 
under a separate heading and treatment. .Neither is there any attempt made 
now to fornndale the activities of various societies of Catholics. This account 
is meant merely as a modest oulline of the endeavors of the Catholic Church in 
Philadelphia to help win the war. lo make the world safe for denuu-rai-y, to help 
the lighlers and their families and to give assistance to the needy of Europe. 

In the lirst years of the war, whili> the struggle was conlined to the nations 
of i-^urope, numerous appeals were made to the Archbishop of i'hiladel()hia for aid 
for the widows and orphans of the contending peoples, and his approbation was 
sought by the International Ued Cross and kindred organizations for their melliods 
and for means to alles iate sull'ering and privation in the war-wrecked countries. 
\ll these requests were honored, and so far as possible helped. Within three years 
two diocesan appeals were issued in behalf of thi> Melgians, which rcali/cd nearly 
•j^.'j.dOO. The returns from the lirst collection weie sent direct to Cardinal Mercier; 
and from the second, appro.vimating $10,000, to Cardinal (iibbons. The French, 
Italian, IJlluianian. Polish, Sla\onian. and (ireek Uulhenian conunillfes soliiilcd 
linancial aiil for the poor anil alllicted of their respective co-nationalists. When 
war was formally declared by the I niled Stiiles, the national and local connniltees, 
app<iinl«'d and self-appointed, were innumi-rable. Many meetings of Ihese com- 
mittees were approved and fostered; and if the tlala were liletl of the donations 
and subscriptions, the Philadelphia diocese would occupy an enviable place among 
the dioceses of the I nited States of America for its charity and generosit\. 

While the European struggle was on, (he I niled Slates had its own dilHcullies 
in Mexico and on the border. Philadelphia was the first to send help to care for 
the spiritual needs of the (^.atholic soldiers mobilized in Texas. 

iNo cK^irer indication could be given of Catholic patriotic spiiil, lo\c of country , 
sense of duly to the Government, unity of purpose and elhn 1. Ilian the constant, 
enduring and helpful I'lTorts of the Catholiis of Philadelphia uiider I he unvarving 
leadership and direction of the three successive Ordinaries — Arclibislinp Prendergast, 
Bishop McCort, and .Vrchbishop (afterwards. Cardinal) Dougherty. 

Prior to .Xmerica's entrance into the conllict, as early as March 21. P)17. 
The Catholic Standard and Tinn's. the ollicial organ of the Anhdioccse of I'hila- 



•Cliairman of llie Historical Comiiiillee. National Catliolio War Council; Member of tln' 
Pennsylvania \\ ar History Commission. 

630 



(lolpliia, carried an cdilorial, " Driven lo IIk^ l'>riiik,"" in wiiicii (X'ciirred tiiese words: 
"War is now al onr doors. 1(- can no lonj^'er he averlcd. I'rcsidenl, Wilson did all 
he possibly could, l)y nif,dil and day, Lo slave il oil'; l)ul lie was I'oreed by (be pres- 
sure of outraged opinion to take the penulliniate step — th(^ caliiiif; logc^ther oC Con- 
gress to consult lor the honor and safely of the conntiy. The dale fixed for the 
muster is the 2d of April, if Conj^ncss declares war, we may not ^^o to it with the 
light heart that Ollivi(!r, the Krench War Minister, boasted of in lUTO; we can do 
so with what is better -a clear conscienci^ as a goveiiunent and leave the event 
with (iod." 

On April 5, l'>17, the day before war was formally declaic^d by the United 
States, Archbislictp Prenderj^asl issued the following letter' to his cleigy and laity: 

"While the ("alholic ('hurch comrrrands }<niv obedierrce in things si)iritrral, 
the land of youi' birth or- adoplioir Iras exclusive claim to yoirr' alhigiaiice in all that 
regards tlu; civil order. This is a doctrine which you have been traiiKul fronr your 
infancy to believe aird observe. We exhort you, therefore, in the. gn-at crisis 
through which we are passing, to coirriKirt yourselves as loyal, patriotic citizens 
and to uphold the arrthorilies by every nreans in yoirr jxiwer in whatever nieasincs 
th(;y se(^ fit to adopt lor' the safety and dignity of the He|iirblic. Our fathers in 
the faith had no small part in establishing and rnaintairring Ibis home of IVeedom. 
We view their achieveincrrls with jrrsliliable piide, and to them, as to lire other' 
heroes of om' nation, we will look with gralefrrl rcNcrence. May we in this and in 
;dl emergem'ies prove ourselves their- worthy children, ever r'cady, (!ven as they, 
at the call of country, to stake our' li\ es, oirr- for tunes, and our- sacr-ed honor. " This 
letter is a keynote of the ( !atholic disj)osiliorr arrd rcadirress irr the gr-eat enrergency. 

It is said that the Catholic Hierarchy was lire liist religious body in America 
to pledge its support to the (iovernrnent in the corrdirct of the war'. Of this 
body, the Ai'chbishop of Philadelphia was a pr'omineril arrd aclive menrber'. In a 
meeting at the Catholic I Iniveisity, Washington, in Sejiterrrber', 1917, the Arch- 
bishops of the country forrrrulaled a letter' to President Wilson in which they said, 
"Our ^)eopl(! now, as ever', will rise as one nran to serve the nation." One rrrorrlh 
before this meeting, and irr pnpaialion for' it, the Archbishop of Philadelphia 
favor-ed and fost(U'(>d the formation of a National Calliolic War ('.oiincil, which 
should look to the material and spiiitiral aid of the cha[)lains who would b<; re- 
quired for tli(> soldier's. Under Philadelphia inlluence, the whole conception was 
broadened to incltrde e\cry species of work arrd help that would be nei'essary, aird to 
orgarrize all the Catlr((lic forces throrrghoul the country. As a conseqrrenc:e the 
National Catholic War Council undertook, and in a great measure accomplished, 
the coordination of all Catholic available resources and of all Catholic nren's and 
women's sot'ieties throughorrt the I riited Slates. All these forces wcr'c dii'etlcd to 
the winning of the war, to the spiritual, rrroral and temporal wclfar'e of the soldier, 
to the care of the soldier's family arrd to the heightening and steadying of the 
general morale in and out of the camps. 

From the National Catholic War Council came the National Catholic Welfare 
Coun('il, eager and i-eady for reconstruction work and for the deepening and pres- 
ervation of the American spirit. livery facrrlty of the Catholic Cluir-ch — its 
manhood, its womanhood, its priesthood, its sisterhoods, its churches, schools and 
hospitals — were pi'epared, and lirred solidly behind the President and the nation. 
Spiritually, in upholding religion and morals, in readiness to serve tlu; wounded, the 

631 



sick and tho dying: inlollcctually, in upholding right principles of government and 
order; materially, in supplying man-powerand funds — the Catholic Church was ready 
to accept her share of leadersliip and service, to do her part. All her forces, spiritual 
and temporal, were ready for a just cause, as were the Army and Navy of the nation. 

■■ [Philadelphia's contribution to the Government in the present crisis is 
moiumiental and no sacrifice has been considered too great. From that memo- 
rable (jood Friday, 19 IT, when war was proclaimed, every measure lias received 
generous support from prelate, priest and layman. The work of the Catholics 
in this diocese in the Liberty Loan Campaigns, the Red Cross, Knights of Columlins 
and War Chest drives, and all other kindied activities, is still fresh in the minds of 
all." ■■ It has been claimed that Philadelphia led the Hierarchy of the country 
in subscribing to the [liberty Loan." "It will be the first time, I am informed," 
said 11. Wilson Moorehouse, of the Federal Reserve Bank Committee, "that the 
Catholic Church has done anything of the kind. The fact that the Archl)ishop 
of Philadelphia has given us assurance, of course, is significant of the C.hurih 
throughout the country, as I understand it." 

It is estimated (hat 20,000 Catholics from America died in the war — prac- 
tically 20 per cent of all the casualties. At least LOOO Catholics of the 
Diocese of Philadelphia made the supreme sacrifice. More than 900 names of 
these heroes are on record today, with nearly one-third more parishes to report. 
We have no accurate number at present of the number of Catholics from Phila- 
delphia who served in the I iiited Slates forces during the war; but it is confi- 
dently believed that when th(> lists are completed, Philadelphia will be found 
to maintain the high average of Catholic contribution of men for Army, Navy and 
Marine Corps. Whole s(jcieties of young men entered the service, most of them 
volunteering. The records of one church society reads, "Club closed until after 
war; all members in Army." Thirty-two Philadelphia priests were Army or Navy 
Chaplains more had volunteered and were waiting the word of call. Indeed, all 
jjriesls under forty years of age were asked by the Archbishop to oiler their services, 
and his Grace publicly notified his people that he was ready, if necessary, to rob 
the churches of their needed clergy, to meet the need of chaplains for \rmy and 
Navy; and every rector gave his assent. 

Before our entrance into war, our Calhofic women had lorened Bed Cross 
branches and were aiding the needy in Furope. As the Bed Cross feature of 
C^athofic war activity is treated of formally in the Red Cross report, only a few 
lines of statement will be made here; but it may not be amiss to call attention 
to the fact that th(> " Med ( ,rnss" and the Bed Cioss service were initiated by a Cath- 
olic priest. Saint Camillus of Lellis, in the sixteenth century. Pope Sixtus \. 
granted permission to him and his coworkers to use a red cross as the distinguishing 
mark of the society of nurses to bi' formed to minister to the sick and the wouikIimI. 
These Bed Cross nurses of Saint tiamillus cared for the people, particularly in time 
of pestilence and of war. They served here in America, long years ago, in Peru 
and in Mexico: they looked after- the wounded in the wars of Mexico as late as 
the year 1821. 

The Catholic womeii ot Philadelphia formed Auxiliary \'^^ of the Bed 
Cross two weeks after our entrance into the conflicl. They sent to the front 
.'550,000 surgical dressings, and were paid the high compliment by the War Depart- 
ment of having their dressings passed without re-inspection. The stamp, " War 

632 




I Field Mas 



Auxiliary 138," was takon as sufficient f;uarant(M'. Botli the quantity and tlie 
compliment speak volumes for the work clone. They received their supplies 
of wool in 300 and 400 pound allotments, and returned to the Government 
each fortnight a truck load of sweaters, socks and other "conifys" for overseas 
use. Their membership was 3,000, not numbering the juniors. Six large convents, 
as well as many parishes, formed centers. As the Senior Red Cross had anticipated 
the war and the call for laborers, so too. the .lunior Red Cross was planned and in 
operation before the President's re([uest iiad been published. All these activities 
were largely the inspiration of the members of the Alliance of Catholic Women. 
Everything that a woman or a giil could and should do for the soldiers and the 
nation, our Cathohc womanhood undertook. Many were formally joined to 
avowed Catholic societies but many, too, had associated themselves with general 
organizations. 

Philadelphia Catholic women were represented in every mo\ement — some 
here, some overseas. The National Catholic War Council had opened a training 
school in Washington for social service work in Europe and at home. Our Phila- 
delphia girls and young women attended this school and did their share at home and 
abroad. One of the largest works accomplished by the Philadelphia Alliance of 
Catholic Women was the conduct of the Benedict Service Club, wliich had been 
established in Philadelphia by the National Catholic War Council, for all men 
in service, and named by it in honor of Pope Benedict XV. Here the women 
served night and day, and ministered to every want of the soldiers and sailors, who 
found in this club house every comfort and help. The report of the Benedict 
Service Club showed that during eleven months it received — mostly from Camp Dix, 
Camp Meade and the League Island Navy Yard — 223,233 soldier and sailor guests. 
It supplied during the same period, 55,613 lodgings and 131,809 meals. The 
monthly attendance varied from 10,500 to 30,318. The Alliance of Catholic 

(>:i.3 



Women gladly gave their services to tlie entertainment of the soldiers and sailors. 
The entertainments were under the management of a joint committee representing 
ail the C.atholic societies of Philadelphia. These are only some of the women's work 
for the soldier. The hospitals were ever ready to render all the nei'ded help and 
medical care and nursing. The National Catholic War Council especially tilted 
the Misericordia Hospital for soldier service. All the other Catholic hospitals 
held themsehcs ready for every emergency and organized special departments 
of social service and lare. 

No more hel|)ful or heroic duty was performed during the war than the nursing 
of both soldier and ci\ ilian during the fatal e|)idemic of influenza that raged in I'hila- 
delphia during October of 1917. Sixteen soldiers, a lieutenant and his lifleen men, 
were passing through the city under military orders and were encamped in the City 
Hall. Over night they developed the dread dis(>ase. The Philopaliian Club was 
at once offered for tlu> care of the men. At ten in the morning it was a luxurious 
club house, at live in the afternoon it was a splendidly equipped hospital. Forty 
Sisters at once took charge of hospital and patients. The same thing was enacted at 
the dismantled Medico-Chirurgical Hospital. Trained muses had been arranged 
for and volunteer nurses had been secured, hiil the physicians were at llnir wits' 
end for lack of help. Archbisho}) Dougherty was a[)pealed to towards bedtime 
one night, and promised that in the morning a sufficient Muud)er of Nuns woidd be 
at the new emergency hospital. And so the work of the Catholic Sisterhoods grew. 
Hospital and workhouse were su])plied: and then the call came from th(> helpless 
dying in private houses. More than '2.'2M) Nuns left their convents and schools 
and went wherever needed, making no (iislinclion of colur, race or religion. 
All the Catholic Sisterhoods offered volunteers; all gladly risked their lives, some 
lost theirs in this splendid work of mercy, .\ichbishop Dougherty gave permission 
to utilize all church buildings — particularly parochial halls and schools — for hospital 
l>urposes. Again, every agency of the Catholic Church was turned to the needs 
of till" hour — and the needs were great indeed, and the hour oiii' of the darkest in 
Philadelphia's history. The priests were everywhere visiting and looking after 
the sick ami dying themselves dying in consecpience ; laymen and lay- 
wonK-n and all organized agencies turned to give a helping hand. Two hundred 
and twenty-five ecclesiastical students of the Theological Seminary volunteered 
as orderlies and muses in the hos|)itals and large institutions. Many of 
them buried the dead, when no one could be had to dig the graves. In one 
cemetery alone, whose yearly number of burials was 5,000, the seminarians 
buried 2.600 corpses in a month. To do this they worked many times far into the 
night, 'i'he Chairman of the Soldiers' Aid Committee of City Councils said: "For 
the care given the lieutenant and his fifteen men who were brought to this city 
and taken to the I'hilopatrian Emergency Hospital lur treatment, no statement 
of our appreciation would be exaggerated." One of the medical chiefs said: "In 
thii In -three years" experience in city hospitals I never witnessed sut-h heroic de- 
votion to duly as that manifested by these Sisters. I have never seen a greater 
demonslration of real charity than has been gi\i'n by the Sisters in their nursing 
of the sick, irrespective of the creed or color of the victims, wherever the Nuns went." 
Mayor Smith said : " Immediate relief was the result of the aid afforded by the Arch- 
bishop. Beyond any doubt the work of the Roman Catholic Church resulted in sav- 

6,34 



ing iiiiiumorable lives." Archbisliup Dougherty met the crisis promptly and 
efficiently. His forces answered every call and without delay. 

The two great sinews of war were men and money. Not only did the Catholics 
give their share of fighting men, but the Catholic Cliurch did everything in her 
power to deepen their sense of duty, to sanctify their endeavors and to hallow their 
sacrifices, deaths and memories. Service flags were raised in every church, and as 
a church function. Sermons and rallies were innumerable; ()ray('rs were unceasing 
— not for slaughter, not for a vain, brutal victory, but for the triinriph of the right. 
Every spiritual and moral safeguard that could be thrown around the soldiers, 
and about the non-combatants, was employed, and every sjiiritual and moral 
heljjful force that could protect innoi'ence and recover the prodigal was made use 
of, regardless of sacrifice. 

In the raising of funds, too, the Catholic Church did her full share. The matter 
of the First Liberty Loan was cjuite new to the people and not so generally organized, 
but active participation was obtained from every pastor, under the leadership 
and inspiration of the Ordinary. In the Second Loan the Catholic Church took 
the lead in the Third Federal Bank Reserve District, and every inlluence possible, 
from the Archbishop down, was used to promote the Loan. Appeals were read 
from every Catholic pulpit, and pastors were empowered to use any availal)le 
church funds in purchase of the bonds. There was scarcely a parish or institution 
in the Diocese that did not invest — some in the thousands — and that did not form 
connnittees or parish organizations to promote the Loan. 

In the Third Loan the activities of the Catholic Church were even greater than 
in the Second. The Fourth Loan was the greatest effort and produced very satis- 
factory results. To the amounts that were credited to the churches must be added 
the subscriptions of the Knights of Columbus, and tlie subscriptions credited 
to the Foreign Language Division of the Liberty Loaii Committee, many of whose 
workers were Catholics. 

The great force of the Church's financial help cannot be named in figures or 
estimated merely in dollars; it was the united etfort of archbishop, priest and 
people, both as to the working force in obtaining sul)scriptions and the moral 
force to subscribe to the Loan. In some parishes an active house-to-house canvass 
was made, through their Church Collections Association, and every individual 
wage-earner subscribed tuv at least one bond. A number of parishes reached the 
half million mark in some of the individual drives, and more than once. One small 
parish subscribed .§71,000. 

In the Third Loan more than $3,000,000 was credited to the work of the pupils 
in the paiochial schools and Catholic convents and colleges. With only 50 per 
cent of the parishes reporting, nearly $7,000,000 of subscriptions were credited 
to the Catholic churches in this Loan; .$10,000,000 of subscriptions were reported 
for the Fourth Loan — with more than 20 per cent of the parishes to be heard from. 
Archbishop Dougherty had accepted $17,000,000 for the Cathofic share of the 
$50,000,000 allotted to all the churches, and it is believed that every dollar was 
paid in. 

In the Victory Loan more than $6,000,000 is of record — always not 
including Knights of Columbus, the Foreign Language Division or private sub- 
scriptions. 

The labors of the men and the women who had to stay at home — how they 

635 



oponod tlioir cliih houses ami tlioir homes to tlie soKliers, how they piox iilod tor the 
men in the ser\ ice the httle things thatcomiled soimich, how they hongiit and sold 
bonds and w'ai' stamps, wonld require space beyond reasonable limits of this presen- 
tation. Some day the full story of America's sacrifices and achievements will 
please God, be told at least in some detail. Some day. too. the work of the 
Catholic Church will be made manifest. Then, so far as Philadelphia is con- 
cerned, the patriotism, the deep spiritual concern, the thirst lor helpfulness to 
country and to mankind of Archbishop Prendergust. of Hishoj) McCort. of 
Archbishop (now, Cardinal) Dougherty will be better known. Then. too. will 
the generous work of the Catholics of Philadelphia, and the inagnilicent sacrilices 
of the Knights of Columbus, be given a merited prominence in the great agencies 
of the World War. 

"America turned the scales in favor of the Allies, and the worlil can thank 
the I Hi ted States for victory. Our soldiers and sailors have covered themselves 
with immortal glory. Our country will now doubtless ent(>r into a new epoch 
of greatness. She should henci'forth lead all nations, not only linancially and in- 
dustrially but also in the cultivation of religion and democratic ideals." This was 
the '"Peace" statement of the Philadel|)hia Catholic journal. The Catholic 
Church through its National Calholit' War Council did its share for right and 
justice and humanity, in the days of the war. Now. in the days of peace, it will, 
through its W'elfare Council, make for the i iilli\ati(m of religion and of democratic 
ideals. 

TIM. WAR ACTIMTIKS OF TllK .IKWISIl CONCMKC V'lK )\S WD 

oiiiKM Ji;wisn ()H(;\MZ\ri()\s ok piiii.\ni:i,piii\ 

I'y H \ijni Lkon II. Clm \i.i;m. Congregation Mik\eh Isiai'l 

The .li'wish organizations, societies and groups of one sort and another liial 
engaged in various war activities were so numerous, and their efforts covered 
such a wide Held, that it would b(^ impossible, within the limits of this work, to 
enumerate their ai'complishments in detail. It may be said, in biief. that there 
was no .lewish organization or institution in existence at the time of the war 
that did not engage in war work. \nd in addition, many .Jewish associations 
were created for the express and sole piupose of war acti\ity chief of which, of 
course, was the Jewish Welfare Board, a nation-wide organization. For the rest, 
the most compn^hiMisixc idea of .Jewish war woik in this city can be gi\en by an 
account of the activities of the most important institutions, and of their leaders. 

Congregation .\dath Jeshurun (Broad and Diamond streets) organized a Hed 
Cross \uxiliary No. 'rl. which met weekly tliroiiglidul the war and for several 
months thereafter. I nder the auspices of I his au\iliar.\ . and of the ( '.ongregational 
organization, "The Adath Jeshurun .\ssembl\. " Liberty Sings and entertainments 
were arranged at the synagogue for men at near-by camps. Seventy-five men of 
the congregation went nito the service. ser\ iiig on land, water, or in the air. 
Three of them were killed on the field of battle: Morris Cioldslein. \aroii J. Price 
and Jlemy I'rank Singer. The men and women of the Congregation and the 
Boy Sct)ut and (iirl Scout Troops of the Congregation participated in e\ery Liberty 
Loan drive. The Congregation has placed a bronze tablet in the synagogue in 
honor of those who served and fell. J^abbi Max D. Klein, minister of the Con- 

(.36 



gregation, spoke at Camp Dix, Camp Lee and Cape May, under the auspices of 
the Jewish Welfare Board. 

Congregation Beth Israel (32d Street and Montgomery Avenue) maintained 
a Red Cross Auxiliary. Eighty-five young men of this congregation were engaged 
in the various branches of the government service. Six of them gave their lives 
to their country: Captain Frederick D. Clair, Sergeant Irving S. Clair, George 
Katz, Jerome Marks, Alexander J. Roth and Benjamin Spitzer. The Daughters 
of Beth Israel took a very active part in Red Cross work and Liberty Loan drives. 
The officers of this organization included Mrs. Fannie B. Lesser, Mrs. Alexander 
Block, Mrs. Samuel Herbach, Mrs. William M. Lewis, Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, Mrs. 
Max S. Apt and Mrs. Arthur Cohen. Rabbi Marvin Nathan, minister of the 
Congregation, conducted services at different camps. 

Congregation Benai Jeshurun (31st and Diamond streets) did not fall behind 
the larger congregations in various patriotic activities. Rabbi Davidovitz received 
a commission as Chaplain in the United States Army, and saw service abroad. 
He was wounded. 

Congregation Beth El (58th and Walnut streets) gave forty of its young men 
to the service of the United States Army and Navy. A B(>d Cross branch met 
every Thursday evening at the synagogue and made material for hospital us(\ 
Sweaters, helmets and wrist bands were knitted, and kits were donated. Com- 
mittees met detachments of soldiers passing through the city and jirovided them 
with cigarettes, coffee and sandwiches. Entertaimiients were furnished at the 
Navy Yard. The Congregation and the sisterhood participated in the various 
drives for Liberty Loans. Rabbi Samuel Fredman received a commission as 
Chaplain in the Army. 

Congregation Keneseth Israel (Broad Street and Columbia Avenue) had 
273 men in the service. The sisterhood of the CoTigregation gave twenty suppers 
and dances to 3,000 enlisted men. They sent to the Navy Yard 11,123 magazines. 
866 books, sheet music, cards, victrolas, records, games and typewriters. To 
the Jewish Welfare Board they sent $700 in money, also books, magazines, games 
a victrola, '"smileage books," and cigarettes. They formed Red Cross Auxiliary 
No. 291, which turned out 7,000 hospital garments, 4,000 knitted garments, 0. D. 
shirts. They donated kits, and participated in a linen shower. The sisterhood 
acted as a sponsor for the LI. S. Transport De Kalh, providing subscriptions to 
twelve weekly and monthly magazines, games, victrolas, books and everything 
needed in provide recreation for the boys. They sent 3,000 copies of Dr. Joseph 
Rrauskopf's discourses abroad, also Hanucah boxes and Rosh Hashana (Jewish 
New Year) cards. Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, minister of the Congregation, was 
summoned to Washington by Mr. Hoover to help in the Department of Food 
Conservation. He served for three montiis at Washington and for more than a 
year afterward in the food conservation work in the City and State. Dr. Krauskopf 
was Chairman of the various Liberty and Victory Loan drives for the Jewish 
Conununity of Philadelphia. 

Congregation Mikveh Israel (Broad and York streets), through the "Mikveh 
Israel Association. " applied in May. 1917, for a charter for a Red Cross Auxiliary in 
the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter. Auxiliary No. 172 was established, the 
officers of which were Miss EUnor Solis-Cohen, Chairman, Mrs. Leon H. Elmaleh 
Secretary, and Miss Aimee Pereyra, Treasurer. A workroom for the making of hos- 

637 



pital garments was opened in the adjoining building, Gratz College, under the 
direction of INIiss Pcreyra. The workroom was open one day a week, winter 
and summer, from June. 1917, to March. 1010. Hospital garments and supplies, 
comfort kitsaud refugee garments were made, ilic kiiilling of all articles iK'ccssary 
for the men in the service, and later for the refugees, was done in the homes 
of the members. In December. 1017. the auxiliary opened an additional work- 
room, under the direction of Miss Elizabeth Solis. at Dropsie College, for the 
making of surgical dressings. Later, Mrs. Cyrus Adler took charge of this de- 
partment, and work was continued until "Noxemher, 1018. Reclamation work, 
the repair of soldiers' garments, was undertaken l)y the auxiliary, under the direc- 
tion of Mrs. Lewis Steinbach. All appeals for clothing, linens, comfort kits, etc., 
were prom|)lly and generously responded to. The women of the ("ongregation 
also worked with the Jewish Welfare Board in its various acliviti(>s. The work 
of the food consen'ation, under the chairmanship of Mrs. luiiest Lowengrund. 
was carried on with much zeal. In the Liberty and \ ictory Loan drives, excellent 
work was done under the chairmanship of Mrs. l-'.dward W hitehill. Miss Amelia 
Tobiason was in charge of the collection of funds for the Belgian children. Fifty- 
one young men of the Congregation were in th(> service of the (iovernment. Of 
that munber. thirteen were privates. The remainder ranged in rank from ser- 
geant to captain in the Army, and from petty ollicer to liiMitenant conunander 
in the \ax'>". 

Among the lunnber were Lieutenant Commander Albert M. Cohen. I . S. IS., 
Legion of Honor; ('aptain Jacques M. Swaab, Croix de Guerre, American Ace, 
who downed eleven German yjlanes. and Sergeant Simon Cohen, Croix de Guerre. 
The Be\. Leon II. Llmaleh. minister of the Congregation, acted as Jewish ("haplain 
at the Philadel|)hia Navy Yard from May. 1917, to June. 1010. He was also 
Chairman of the religious committee of the Jewish Welfare Board, and took an 
active part in all the Liberty Loan drives. 

Congregati(m Rodeph Shalom (Broad and .Mt. \ernon streets) gave 150 men 
to the service. Its sisterhood established Red Cross Auxiliary No. 121, which 
met every Tuesday for two years, winter and sunnner, made over 2.,'300 garments. 
The Liberty Loan Committee produced splendid results. Through the endeavors 
of the Becreation Committee, many I . S. vessels were the recipients of musical in- 
struments, records, games, sporting goods, books, subscriptions to magazines, and 
other helps to tide over many weary hours on shi()l)oard. A unique feature of 
the war work of this congregation was the formation of a children's class. A very 
large proportion of thirty-nine blankets donated by the sisterhood for the use 
of convalescents, was made by this unit. Rabbi Berkowitz, minister of the Con- 
gregation, visited different camps at various limes, conducted services, and 
preached. 

The Philadelphia Section of the (Council of .lewish Women was most actively 
concerned with war work. It estabhshed three Bed Cross auxiliaries, Nos. 200. 82 
and 292. The Chairman of Auxiliary No. 200 was Mrs. J. M. Rice, of German- 
town, in whose home the work of this auxiliary was carried on. It had its sessions in 
I'onjunction with other local auxiliaries, and accf)mplislied nuich in all branches 
of Red Cross work. Auxiliary No. 82. of which Mrs. Max Aaron, was Chairman, 
was the first Jewish auxiliary formed. It met every Friday, all day, and when 
articles were urgently needed, extra sessions were called. It met at the home 

638 



of the Chairman, where the Uving room had been transformed into a Red Cross 
workroom, with oil-cloth covered tables, and modern gauze folding and cutting 
appliances. The chief work of this unit was surgical dressings, of which it pro- 
duced 10,000. Its members also knitted all the needful articles, made house- 
wives, and property bags; and also adopted and maintained a French Orphan 
for two years. The auxiliary consisted of thirty-five women. The Chairman 
of Auxiliary No. 292 was Miss Alice T. Fleisher. This auxiliary was formed 
for the purpose of making surgical dressings, and met on Wednesday from 9 a.m. 
to 5 P.M., averaging an attendance of thirty to forty women. As many teachers, 
and others employed during the day, wished an opportunity to do something, 
the unit opened Thursday evenings from 8 until 10 o'clock. In this group there 
were twenty-five to thirty women. All meetings were held at the Young Men's 
Hebrew Association Building. This unit continued its work until February 20, 
1919. Auxiliary No. 306, also under the direction of the Council, was generally 
known as the "Pajama Factory." It was run systematically on a factory basis. 
A workroom was donated by Gimbel Brothers, and equipped by the organization 
as an up-to-date factory, with motor-driven machines, and other labor-saving 
devices. It was open five days a week, all day. Efficient women, as captains, 
taught and supervised the work. It turned out thousands of pairs of pajamas, 
and, as the emergency demanded, it made also trench sUppers, bed sacques, surgical 
aprons, comfort kits, and Siberian vests. After the armistice, it manufactured 
garments for the refugees. The Chairman of this auxiliary was Mrs. Harry J. 
Bissinger. The Council also formed a Navy Recreation Committee of which 
Mrs. Edwin M. Goldsmith was Chairman. This committee supplied the men 
at League Island with victrolas, records and games. The President of the Phila- 
delphia Section of the Council of Jewish Women, Mrs. Max L. MargoUs, was head 
of a Red Cross canteen auxiliary of one hundred Jewish women, and she served 
as lieutenant regularly once a month for the duration of the war. 

The Big Sisters, through its Junior Clubs, did Red Cross work of different 
kinds, and also entertained Army and Navy men stationed around the city. 



639 




AMEBIC A \ LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 

Philadelphia Dispatch Uffice 

^HK WAR \\()HI\ i>{ \ho \iiicii(aii l>ibran>' Associalii)n, 
known as the A. L. A. Lihraiy W ar Service, was carried on 
with the approval of the L nited States Government, and 
was one of the seven war-work orfianizations aiilhorizod 
by the "Commissions on Traininf; (^.amp Acli\ities'" to 
carry on library work with both the Army and Navy. No 
cliarge of any kind was iiiad<> for this service. 

In June, 1918, The Free Library of Philadelphia 
closed the lecture room of the H. Josepiiine Widener 
Branch, removed all the seats and other furniture IVoiu il 

and turuetl over the entire room, tOfrelhcr with other space in the sa!iu' l)uildinf;. 

to the American Library Association to be used as an ( )\erseas Dispatch Oflice. 

From this time on. while the work remained under the supervision of !■". II. I'rice. 

it was conducted akjug two separate lines, as follows: 

1. The Overseas Dispatch Office, charged with: 

(a) Establishing and maintaining suitable ((illectiuns of reading tnatler ioi 
the use of service men and goxcrnmeni einplo\es al or near Philadelphia. I'orty- 
nine libraries were established locally. In this work, existing organizations 
were utilized for the distribution of books, rather than risk the delay and expense 
of erecting teini)ora!->' buildings for the exclusive use of the A. L. \. 

(b) The direct shipment of books to the A. K. F., naval bases, lunal a\iatiou 
and radio stations overseas. The forwarding of books to camps, cantomnents. 
forts, munition plants and hospitals in the Inited States. 

Shipments of this character were packed in strongly made cases holding from 
sixty to eighty \ohunes each. These cases could be stacked on edge to form 
rough sectional hook cases, thus making the books available for use as soon as 
received. 

(c) The supply of reading matter for use of the men on the battleships, cruisers, 
destroyers, submarines and smaller vessels of the Navy, troop transports, N. 0. T. S. 
boats and to the armed guards on merchant shijis. 

Frequently, on troop transports, from (me to two thousand books were re- 
quired for each trip. Arrangements were made to collect the books when the 
vessels reached France and send them ashore for use at one of the "^ Huts," 
"K. of C." or Salvation Army Buildings near the front. 

Wlien the return movement of our troops from France began, the system was 
reversed, most of the necessary books being placed on board the transport at the 
French embarkation port. On this side the only necessity was to replace badly 
worn books, and supply large (piantities of I lie latest magazines. 

2. A. L. .\. HospiT.\L Service, charged with the sujipK of educational and recrea- 

tional reading to all service men in the hospitals of Philadelphia. 

640 




Ijuuk.sjur Itu- (Jill,! Hoars, al U. S. A. Hospilal Nii. ??. 

Miss Jean E. Graffen who had complete charge of this work, organized well 
equipped libraries at the three largest government hospitals, supplementing these 
by placing small collections of books directly in the wards, solariums and sick 
bays of twelve local hospitals, where the books were freely accessibl(> to the men. 
Twice a week each man was visited at his bedside by the hospital librarian, who 
took a personal interest in providing him with exactly the book or books desired. 
Among these supplied were medical and scientific books for the use of the doctors 
and nurses of the hospital staff, vocational books for the wounded, who, owing 
to partial disability, were seeking new means of support, technical books relating 
to every trade and profession, as well as poetry, literature and drama, to say 
nothing of fiction, for which there was an insistent demand. 

Books impossible to supply from the various A. L. A. hospital collections, 
were borrowed by Miss (iraffen from The Free Library of Philadelphia and sent 
direct to the men reciuesting them, over 9,000 such loans being secured, each 
supplying a specific need. Thousands of magazines and scrap books were dis- 
tributed in the hospitals and to sick bays. 

The commanding medical officers in charge of the various hospitals appreciated 
the value of the A. L. A. Hospital Service, permitting the work to continue without 
interruption during the entire period of the inlluenza epidemic. 

On October 31, 19 L9, the A. L. A. relinquished to United States Govei 
control, all books and library equipment in use at Army or Navy points, 
to this date the various library collections had been reorganized and all 
in poor condition replaced, making it possible to turn over to the government for 
use of the service men at Philadelphia, 16,710 books all in fine condition. Collec- 



nment 
Prior 
books 



f.ll 



tions of books at the clubs and welfare organizations were permitted to remain 
as long as work was continued for the service men, or during the period of demobil- 
ization for ex-service men. 

The American Library Association is indebted to The Free Library of Phila- 
delphia for the necessary space to carry on its war work, for (lie services of Miss 
Craffen and Mr. Price, for the loan of over 9,000 books to the A. L. A. 
Hospital Service, and for its effort in collecting books and funds from the 
citizens of Philadelphia. Thanks are due to the following gentlemen, all of whom 
gave the finest possible cooperation: Hon. William C. S[)roul. ,Iohii Ashhursl. 
11. II. Furness. Jr., Samuel B. Fares, Ciiarles ('.. Kinney. \\. J. -McLaughlin and 
Waller Lee. and to the American Ice Co., American Red Cross, Emergency Aid 
of PeiHis\lvania. .lewish Welfare Board. Motor Messenger Service. Philadelphia 
County Sunday School Association and Y. M. C. A. Transport Service. 

TITK FRi:i: LIBRARY OF PHILADELPHIA 

When the Inited States entered the war, all bulletin boards at the Main 
Library Building. 13tli and Locust streets, and at the twenty-eight brancli libraries 
were used ex(hisi\cly to exhibit posters, placards and appeals in support of the war. 
Over LlOO separate appeals were thus given publicity, and these posters and pla- 
cards now form part of the Library's collection of war postcis. wliich contains over 
15.000 specimens. 

I pwards of a half million leaflets on food and fuel conservali(m. Liberty Loans, 
thrift and war savings stamps were distributed by the library, and bibliographies 
on "Farm Work," "Canning." "Preserving" and "Foods" were given out in large 
numbers. 

Practically all of the twenty-eigiil Fuanch Library Buildings furnished head- 
quarters for local activities connected with tiie war. and their meeting rooms were 
in constant use by residents of the neighborhood engaged in furtliering war work. 

Soldiers, sailors and marines stationed at. or near, Piiiladelphia, were per- 
mitted to retain library books for long i)eriods. without the necessity of paying 
library fines, and later were not even asked to hold library cards, the signature of 
the man and his local address being all that was required. 

The Free Library lent to the A. L. A. llos|)ilal Library Service, for (Ik- use 
of wounded service men in the Philadelphia iiospitals. over niiu> thousand volumes, 
many of them being technical and educational books. 

In May. 1017, arrangements were made through Chaplain C. II. Dickens, of tiie 
Phiiadi'iphia Xav^ Yard, to send a collection of 600 library books for the use of 
tiie iMilisted men at the yard. These wore (iciivered on ,lune 2. 1917, and placed 
in the large recreational tent known as llic " iiee Hive." Through the same 
officer, on August 2d, over 1.100 books were placed in Building 2.'j2 al the Navy 
Yard, for the use of the men at the naval training camp. One iumdred and twenty- 
five books for the study of French, mathematics and surveying selected by the 
officers of the V. S. M. C, were purchased by The Free Library, placed in a special 
traveling library coUeclion, and sent to the I nited States Marine Barracks to be 
used exclusively for instructitm purposes. 

In October, 1917. John Ashhurst. Librarian of The Free Library of Phila- 
delphia, conducted a campaign for a "Soldiers" Book Fund" under the auspices 

6V2 



of the War Service Committee of the American Library \ssociation, which resulted 
in $20,105.93 beinp contributed by the citizens of Philadelphia. Mr Ashhurst 
later applied to the "War Welfare Council of Philadelphia and its ^'icinity" in the 
name of the American Library Association for funds for the second campaifin for 
money for books for soldiers, and received a grant of $150,000 from the "War 
Chest." Both of these sums were raised to support the national work of 
the A. L. A. and were forwarded to the general headquarters of the A. L. A. at 
Washington, D. C. 

During 1918 and 1919 the "Joint Special Committee of Select and Common 
Councils of the City of Philadelphia on the Care. Sustenance and Relief of those 
in the Military and Naval Service of the I'nited States'" appropriated S3, 000 to 
The Free Library of Philadelphia to cover expenses in connection with the collec- 
tion and distribution of " P>ooks foi- Soldiers." 

The first appeal made in Philadelphia for reading matter for soldiers and 
sailors was made by the American Ice Company. On July I, 1917. this company 
mailed with all its bills to consumers, a small slip calling for "gifts of books, maga- 
zines, periodicals and games," suggesting that these gifts be turned over to the 
drivers or other employes of the company, who would deliver them without charge 
to the proper authorities at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 

Later, this company merged its appeal for reading matter with that of The Free 
Library, and continued to give splendid cooperation during the period of th(» war 
by collecting reading matter. 

In September, 1917, The Free Library of Philadelphia began a campaign for 
gifts of "Books for Soldiers," making its first appeal through the Philadelphia news- 
papers of September 18th, and su|iplemented this by the use of posters, placards, 
bookslips and by exhibiting lantein slides at many of the moving-picture houses. 
Further appeals for reading matter were made in March and Decembei', 1918, 
and a final appeal in June, 1919, at which time {iovernt)r Sproul sent a letter t(» 
the Sunday School children of the State, in an eifort to secure additional reading 
matter for the use of returning troops. 

Practically all of the Libraries in Philadelphia, as well as John Wanamaker's 
Book Department, the American Red Cross and the American Ice Company, 
assisted The Free Library in collecting books and magazines for this purpose. 

The residents of Philadelphia contributed 112,143 books and 185,321 maga- 
zines; libraiies outside of Philadelphia collected and forwarded 30,850 books and 
2,621 magazines; the A. L. A. Library War Service supplied 43,866 books, many 
of them newly purchased technical and scientific volumes, and, in addition, 
purchased 6,449 magazines, making a total of 186,859 books and 198. 188 magazines 
collected and distributed through The Free Library of Philadelphia. All of this 
reading matter was examined and that unsuited for use was discarded, the balance 
being marked and arranged in groups suitable for library service. 

From September, 1917, until June, 1918, The Free Library furnished quarters 
at the H. Josephine Widener Branch, 1200 North Broad Street, for work in con- 
nection with the books and magazines collected in Philadelphia for soldiers and 
sailors. Books were sent out with the approval of the A. L. A., every effort being 
made to reach service men from Philadelphia, even when they were in small units, 
and to this end l)ooks were sent to tlie battleships Iowa, Indiana and Missouri, 
as well as to many of the smaller vessels of the LTnited States Navy, while col- 

613 



lections, varying; from a few books to several thousand volumes, were sent to Camps 
Meade. Jackson. (Ireene, Johnson, .McClellan. Lee, Upton, Travis, Hancock and 
to the Hazlehurst Field, Mineola. At Camp Hancock the books sent were placed 
in the V. M. C \. hut. and travc jiood service prior to the opening of the A. L. A. 
camp library building. Libraries for overseas service were given to Army Base 
Hospital No. 38, and to Lnited States Navy Hospital Units No. 2 and No. 3. 
Local Army, Navy. Marine Corps and hospital points were supplied with reading 
matter, as were some of the clubs and organizations serving the enlisted men. 
and books were also sent overseas. Suitable traveling book cases, designed lu iinld 
52 books and a few magazines for use in the field, were mamifactured at the 
U. S. ^L C. carpenter shop. Philadelphia Navy ^ ard, through the kindness of 
Major (Jeneral Waller, from material tDutribided by the War lunergency I nil 
of Philadelphia. Forty of the cases were supplied with reading matter, and saw 
foreign service with the I nited Stati's Marine Corps. 

The library placed Franklin 11. Pi lie in lull charge of the collection and 
distribution of "Rooks for Soldiers." and later granted him the necessary time to 
act as "Dispatch Agent and Supervisor of the A. L. A. Library War Service work 
in Philadelphia and vicinity." Miss Jean E. (iraffen, of the library stalT, was 
detailed to act as linst>ital librarian for the \. L. \. and later organized the .\. L. A. 
Hospital Service in Piiiiadclidiia. while Miss Julia W . WilliauiMin and Miss Mary 
L. Smythe performed effective library work with the A. E. F. 

A large number of The Free Library's assistants devoted their time, after 
library hours. In woik on "liooks for Soldiers." while others volunteered to supply 
ri'ading mailer lo lire meir in tin' hospitals. 

COAlAl L -N IT \ SI \GL\ G 

During the sunnner f)f 1017 the custom of mass .singing was established in 
Philadelphia with the cooperation of the city oflicials and many clubs and socie- 
ties. "Sings" in connection with the Municipal Band Concerts in the city parks; 
"Sings" at the Navy Yard, directed by a song leader appointed by the Ignited 
States (iovernment. and "Home and Neighborhood Sir)gs" became more and 
more popular. 

As the idea was extended throughoirl the city, plans were made for "Block 
Sings." Little organization was required. The families on both sides of a certain 
street simply met together to sing over the wai- songs in honor of their "boys." 
The block was decorated with the national and allied colors, a large service flag, 
with the rnrmber of stars equivalent to the nrunberof men in the service was prom- 
inently displayed and, during some part of the informal program, the names of 
all of the men or women who were away from home were read out. 

The War Camp Connnunity .S(m\ ice aided in the movement. Leaders were 
trained and sent throughout the city. In a few weeks it seemed as if all I'hila- 
delphia was singing. The idea appealed to the imagination and other cities, from 
New York to Los \ngeles, took up the plan so admirably developed in Philadelphia. 

The IVnnsylvania Council of National Defense, and later, upon organization, 
the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, also cooperated with the local War 
Camp Conunimity Service in its efforts to keep the people in a singing mood. 

Among those who from the first took a real interest in the work were Robert 

644 




r.mrtesy of Fvanlc W. Buliler. Stanley Co, of America. 

Mr. lloxie leadiiuj a " l.lhcrly Sirifi.' 



D. Diipps, E. A. \ an \ alkenburg, Couitenay Baylor, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, 
Miss Myrtle Dunn, Mrs. E. P. Lynch, Ilairy R. Whitocraft, A. E. MrKinnon, 
James E. Corneal, Miss Anne McDonough and Albert N. Hoxie. 

During the winter of 1917-18, the "Keep America Singing" idea was taken 
into the schools. Song sheets were dislrilmtcd to the children and leaders were 
sent to direct the singing at various celebrations. Clubs all over the city gave 
entertainments for the men in service, and churches and private individuals 
arranged for various '"parties." Song sheets and leaders were always available. 
In many of the large industrial plants a time during the noon hour was set aside 
for singing. The men who served "behind the lines" thus expressed their vital 
interest in their work as they joined in the very songs which the men were singing 
on their way to tJermany. 

During intermissions at Grand Opera at the Academy of Music, the audiences 
were also led in singing. 

In the spring of 1918, when America was sending tens of thousands of men 
overseas, and when the A. E. F. was about to launch the series of great offensives. 
Community Singing took on the name of the "Liberty Sing Movement." 

The first large "Liberty Sing" was at the Liberty Statue, in June, 1918, when 
the marines just leaving for the front were the "guests of honor. " In passing, it 
should be mentioned that the Liberty Statue was the popular rendezvous, and 
whenever any event of signal importance was announced in the paj)ers or on the 
bulletin boards, crowds gathered at the statue instinctively, sure that a song 

645 



leader would be on hand to help them express themselves in songs and cheers. 

On July 29th thousands of people joined in on(> of the largest of all '"Liljorty 
Sings" at Willow Grove. 

Singing was featured in every Liberty Loan. During the Fourlli Loan, a pa- 
rade of war-time organizations was held and hundreds of song leaders weie 
assigned to the twenty-seven blocks through whicli the parade passed. 

Thanksgiving Day. 1918, had a \ er\ real signihance, and the leaders of Liberty 
Singing assisted the Philadelphia Council of National Defense by supplying a 
cornetist and song leader for the Thanksgiving services that were held in some 
forty or more public squares. At Christmas time, with the cooperation of the 
clergy and choir masters of the city churches, one hundred groups, of thirty singers 
each, marched through one hundred sections of the city, and sang Christinas Carols. 
\\ heri'ver a service flag was seen in a window the singers paused and serenaded 
the members of the household. The first Memorial Day after the World War 
I'nuiid hundTcds of people gathered in the city parks and scpiares lo pay tribute to 
all men and women who. in the long history of the nation, had paid in full nieasiuc 
of devotion the price of freedom. A simple program was arranged l)> the Phila- 
delphia Council of National Defense, a song leader and ((iiiielist were present, 
and at the conclusion of the exercises Taps was soundi'd. 

\\ h(>n the troops returned to the port of IMiiladelpliia. the cIIn chaiiered 
iiv(>r boats to accommodate the relatives who wished to greet the men. It was a 
great welcome that was given, and on the ride down the river and during the 
frequent long waiting for the transports, the crowds were kept busy singing. 

When the men of the 28th Di\ ision paiaded in Philadelphia. 117 volunteer 
song and cheer leaders helped to direct the enthusiasm of tlie throngs that lined the 
streets. Music was furnished by twenty-five bands and forty-three brass cpiar- 
tettes. 

The beginning of real educational Icatures in Conimunil\ Singing was at the 
Music Festival, held in Strawberry Mansion Pavihon, in the fall of 1918. The 
Moravian Troiid)one ('hoir played a number of Bach Chorales, for which they are 
famous, and a quartette of mixed voices rendered a short song cycle. 

B(!sides the regular classes for song leaders, five courses in sight singing were 
started in October, 1918. and contimied throughoMt the winter. 

In the ways enumerated above and along similar lines, many men and woinni 
of Philadelphia who were interested in music helped to maintain the morale of the 
pi-o|)le at Ixiine and lo keep ever present the real and vital meaning of the war. 
When families anil neighbt)rhoods, in smaller or larger munbers, gatheicd and sang 
with one accord the national anthems and the war songs, they were bound together 
by a common feeling. The message of "The Long, I>ong Trail. " " Keep the I loine- 
lires Uurniiig" and ".Sons of America," sung with one accord o\('r here, carried 
courage and faith to all who were serving "over there." 

TIIK inSTOHICAL IIIKKS TO OLD PIIILADKLIMIIA* 

Ten thousand service men, representing every state in the Lnion. were per- 
sonally guided afoot to the historic shrines of the old section of Philadelphia on 
Sunday afternoons by Albert Cook Myers. This Historical Hike, as it was 

*Suiiitnarize(l by tlie Secretary of llu' I'liiladclpliia War History (Commit Ici' from llic ac- 
coiiiil wrillcii h\ \lliort Cook Myers. 

646 




I'lLOIn lij' .laiii.-s A. IK-n(lfrsi>n. 



Hislorical Hikers al I iiiltitrndence Hull. 



called, was begun in November, 1918, and cuntiniied witliout a break until 
December 11, 1919. It was organized and directed by Mr. Myers, without com- 
pensation. The estimated cost was $2, ()()(). There was always a new group of 
men, the sailors being in the majority. The average attendance was from 150 to 
200 and the largest 300 men. 

Notice to the men and much other assistance were given by the War Camp 
Community Service. Posters were displayed and small cards distributed, and on 
Sunday mornings Mr. Myers himself made the rounds of the chief service clubs of 
the city, inviting the men to join his party that afternoon. A twelve-page booklet, 
"What to see in Historic Plailadelphia," written by Mr. Myers, especially for 
service men, included the itinerary of the Hike. Several hundred thousand copies 
were pubhslied by War Camp and distributed gratuitously. 

Promptly at 2:15, on Sunday afternoons, the Hikers started from the Central 
Y. M. C. A.. 1121 Arch Street, two abreast, keeping step to the rhythmic tap of 
the stout hiking stick carried by Mr. Myers, the Conductor, who led the procession. 
Thence they marched to the War Camp Booth on the east plaza of City Hall, 
where other men joined the party. On some of the early Hikes, Ellis Paxson 
Oberholtzer accompanied Mr. Myers and assisted in explaining the points of 
interest. 

Eighteen principal halts were made, as follows: 

Halt No. 1 — Southeast comer City Hall. 

Halt No. 2 — Post Office, at Boyle's Statue of Franklin, the supposed place 
where the kite was flown and the site of the mansion built for President Washington. 

647 



The Continental Hotel was pointed out as tin- lodirin;.' place of President l-inrolri. 
and the Prinee uf Wales (.Edward \ 11 ). 

Halt No. 3 — .4/ the north side of the Old State House and Congress Hall. (Bal- 
cony from which President Washinijton spoke pointed out.) 

Hall No. 4 — Independence Square, at the Barry Statue, for a south view' of 
these old buildings and of the Curtis Building, the American Philosophical Society 
(founded by Franklin in 1743). etc. Here photographs of the party were taken 
by .lames A. Henderson. 

Halt No. 5 — By the north door, the party filed into the Old Stale House 
(Independence Hall). In Independence Chamber and at the Liberty Bell brief 
descriptive talks were given. 

Halt No. 6— Congress Hall, the Capitol of the United States. 17^0-1800. 
Passing the United States Custom House (Second U. S. Bank), the party came to — 

Halt No. 7 — Carpenters' Hall. This building, closed on Sunday, was open to 
the Hikers only by the courtesy of Mrs. J. Howai'd I lill, whose son was in the .\rmy. 

Halt No. 8— /'7rs/ United States Hank. 17^)7 -later the Bank of Stephen 
CJirard. (His story told.) 

Halt No. 9 — .\t the site of the Slate Boof House on 2d Street, which was 
W'illiuni Penn's Home. 1699-1701, and the birlhplaci- of his son John, 1699. The 
adjoining lot is said to be reserved for the Indians in whi<-h to set up their wigwams 
when they come to town. 

Halt No. 10— S. W. Cor. 2d and Market streets— .S;7<> of the Creat Quaker 
Meeting House, in which the youthful Franklin first slept in Philadelphia (story of 
his arrival told). Sites of Old Court House and Market pointed out. 

Hall No. 11 — Christ Church. (Leaflet history distributed.) The Tombs of 
the Signers, James Wilson and Bobert Morris (the linancii'r), viewed. Sitting 
in the pews which had been occupied by Washington and other Fathers of the 
Country, the men were given a brief account of the edifice, often by Ihe rector 
himself, the Bev. Dr. Louis C. Washburn. 

Halt No. 12— OW Houses in Cuthbert Alley. 

Halt No. 13— The apocryphal Betsy Boss House. 239 Arch Stre(>t. 

Hall No. 14' — Was in the spacious and dignified Old Friends Meeting House, 
at Ith and Arch streets. Into this place of peace trooped the uniformed pilgrims. 
Settling into the quaint, time-stained benches of the west meeting room, its colonial 
quietude stole over them and for more than half an hour they were carried back 
by the Conductor to Williant Penn. the early days of the city, and the peculiar 
sect of its founding. Questions and answers as to the Quaker marriage ceremony, 
the Fighting Quakers, and like topics increased the interest. On one occasion, 
the Hike parly was interestingly addressed by the late Isaac Sharpless, President 
of llaverford College. 

Now, each man in turn arose and gave the name of his stale. Here, also, 
the men were inducted by the Conductor into the "Order of 11. II." and given 
the degree of "H. H.," with all the rights and privileges that appertain thereto 
throughout the world. " H. H., " which was to be the password thereafter on meet- 
ing Iheir leader, was explained to mean, on entry into Ihe Hike. "Husky Hero"; 
on Ihe mai'ch — "Historical Hiker"; or on account of the da> "Holy Hikei": 
prioi- to supper — "Hungry Hound"; and after supper — "Happy Hound." The 
hope was expressed that it would never mean "Husky Hobo." 

648 



In cohfiriiialidii of this initiation, catli man stepped to tlie platform and was 
handed a printed diploma card, dated, autographed by the Conductor, and l)earing 
a War Camp hiitton. This cai'd might be kept as a memento but it was the sole 
passport to tht> swim and supper, which followed the Hike. 

Each man also received a copy of Mrs Charles Roberts's foity-page. illus- 
trated booklet on "William Penn," which was especially published, at the request 
of the Conductor, for these parties, by the Society of Friends. 

Halt No. 15 — Franklin s Grave. 

Halt No. 16 — Free Quaker Meeting House (Built 178.3, "In the year of the 
Empire 8." as inscribed on the gable end) by the Fighting (,)uakers, one of whom 
was "Hugh Wynne," the hero of S. Weir Mitcheirs novel. 

Halt No. 17— A^o. 526 Market Street— Jhc site of President Wasliinatons 
Home. 

Halt No. 18 — At the southwest corner of Market and 7th streets, where, in 
a former building, Jefferson Drafted tlie Declaration of Independence. 

The return march brought the jiarty Itack to the Central Y. M. C. A., about 
6 P.M., for a refreshing plunge of about twenty minutes in the swinnm'ng pool, 
which was especially opened for the oc<'asion. The expenses of the swim were 
first met by the War Camp Comnuuiity Service and later by the Y. M. C. A. 

Supper was served, prior to June 15. 1919, by the ladies of the New Century 
t^.lub. When this wai- work of the Club ceased, a number of generous individuals 
and organizations provided refreshments for the remainder of the Hikes at various 
places in the city. Comprising this group were: the War Camp Conununity Ser- 
vice; the Y. M. C. A.; the United Service Club; Mrs. N. Allen Stockton; the 
Ship and Tent Club; the National League for Woman's Service; the Emergency 
Aid of Pennsylvania; the Lutheran Service Club; Mrs. George B. Evans; the Na- 
tional Catholic War Council; Mr. and Mrs. Edward Powell; Mrs. Harry R. Yeager; 
the Peace and Emergency Service Committee of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting 
of Friends; Howard (-iow Welch; Miss Nina Lea; Miss M. Atherton Leach, Miss 
Anna J. Magee, Mrs. Edward P. Davis, and other ladies at Christ Church Neigh- 
borhood House; Mrs. Alvin A. Parker, Miss Mary F. Small and Mrs. J. P. Donald- 
son also were contributors. 

Groups of women volunteers served the food and helped entertain the men, 
among whom were Miss Helen K. Morton, together with members other Girls' Club 
of the Church of St. Luke and the Epiphany; Mrs. N. Allen Stockton and a group 
of young ladies; Mrs. William Francklyn Paris; Miss Levering Jones; Miss Jean E. 
Graffen; Miss Cornelia Greenough; and Mrs. Edward Powell, with a group of other 
ladies of the Red Cross Canteen. 

The table was decorated with flowers and the menu was practically the same 
each time, consisting of cold roast beef and ham, rolls, butter, jam, pickles, potato 
salad, colfee or tea, ice cream and cake, cigars and cigarettes; and second helpings 
were acceptably received. 

Following the supper was a vaiiety entertainment, provided usually by the 
War Camp Conununity Service, through its Bureau of f]ntertainments, headed by 
Miss Clara T. Chase. 

The Conductor presiding, the program began with a Community Sing, usually 
under the leadership of Charles H. Ehrenzeller. Varying from time to time, then 
came the several performers — soloists, musicians, impersonators, magicians, etc., 

649 



often in special costume. In addition to the paid perfonners, many volunteers 
assisted. Amonj: these were Elizal)(>th Latt.i; Professor Paul Pearson of Swarth- 
inore Coilcfie; the venerable actor, "William North" (William Syrett); Howard 
Kuthey Brinton and Sara ^'. Shriner. Brief addresses were given at various times 
l)y Charles Francis Jenkins. John OXiorman and others. Good talent was found 
among the men themselves, and they were particularly pleased to be called upon 
and to have a part in the exercises. At 10 o'clock the Hike party end(>d. and the 
men were contented to go to rest without further diversion that day. 

JEWISH WELIAI^E IK)A1{D 
By E. Z. Dimitmam, Publicity Director 

At midnight on December 31, 1919. the .Icwish Welfare Hoard ullicially ceased 
to exist, bringing to a close more than two and a half years of welfare work. 

When war was declared in April, 1917, the Young Men's Hebrew Association 
of Philadel|)iiia was prepared to enter the welfare field imniediat<'l,\ and its board 
of directors olVered its building and facilities to the Federal. State and ('ity govern- 
ments. Actual welfare work was started at the same time when the Army and 
Navy Committee of the Y. M. H. A. assigned a representali\c to the Pliiladeli)hia 
Navy ^ ard, where he served in the capacity of Jewish Aide to the chaplain of the 
yard. This was the lirst welfare work on the jiart of any American Jewish organi/a- 
tion in the World W ar. Welfare work in the Philadelphia district was thus carried 
on for a number of months under the auspices of the \riM\ and \a\\ Department 
of the Philadelphia Young Mens Hebrew Assoi'iation. 

In September, 1917, the Jewish Welfare Board, Cnited Slates Ainu and Navy, 
was oflicially recognized by the War and Navy Departments as tlu^ Jewish agency 
to minister to the welfare of the men of the Jewish faith in the seivice. The 
National Board then started a campaign of organizing conununity branches through- 
out the country and the Philadelphia branch was one of the first to become aflilialed 
with the National Organization. 

The executive committee was composed of ihc Inlluwini; innnbers: 

l,<'(>ii .1. OliiTiiiiiNcr, (".liiiirnuin; Leon C. Siiiistciii. V icc-t'.liuiniiiiii: Arlliur \. I'lcisliiT, Tn-ns- 
iircr; Irvin I,. Stoiu', Seorrlar>, ; Dr. C\riis AdliT, Diivid liorlin. Mrs. t'cniiimiid Dilslicimor, 
l'"rank E. tliilin, Joscpli 1,. Kun, .\rlliur Ijh-I). Simon Millrr, Mrs. M. C Stein, Morris Wolfe, 
Jolin B. Gol(lenl)erg, Dr. .\. J. Colien, He\ . I^eon H. I'^lniuleli, .Miss Jeanette M. Goldljorg, l.ouis 
E. Ijevinltinl; Mrs. Ma.x L. Margolis, Jerome J. Hotlisctiild, D. Hays Solis-Colicn, Herman VV . 
iMTnlMT^er, v.. Z. Dimitman. Nalliun Klirenreicli. 

The work of the Philadelphia headquarter.s while ct)ndii(lcd along Jewish lines 
was entirely non sectarian. With the men in the service as well as with the families 
at home, its work was done regardless of race, creed or color. Neithei' was its 
work confined to Philadelphia and Philadelphians in the service. While strictly a 
local organization, deriving its funds frt)ni its National Headquarters, it was (juick 
to grasp the opportunity to cooperate with the ,levvish Welfare Board at other 
camps and in other connnunitics. It was also more than ready to coo[)erate with 
the other welfare and patriotic organizations doing welfare work in the Philadelphia 
district and was largely strumenlal in the fdrinalion of a welfare I'onunittee in 
Philadelphia for work with drafted men along non-sectarian lines. This committee 
was composed of representatives of the Y. M. C. A., K. of C, W. C, C. S. and 
J. W. B. 

6.S0 



Tlip fTPiicral activitii's of llip Jewish Welfare Hoard may he jjiouped under tlie 
following suhdivisioiis: 

Field Work 

In the summer of 1018. the National Head((uarters of the Jewish Welfare 
Board assigned its lirst field representative in the Philadelphia district, E. Z. 
Dimitnian. After making a survey of the situation it was found that there were 
in the vicinity of Philadelj)hia eight(>en Army and Navy posts with a total popula- 
tion of approximately 2.3, 000. The largest of these was, of course, the League 
Island Navy Yard, its population varying from fifteen to twenty thousand. Other 
posts included (ireenwich i^oiiit. Frankford \rsenal, Schuylkill Arsinial, (hiarter- 
master's Depot, Naval Home, Fort Milllin, I'ier No. 17, etc. A short time later, 
additional representatives were assigned to the Philadelphia district in (jrder to 
do more intensive field work at the various posts. 

A new problem soon arose because of the taking over by the (iovernment 
of certain institutions for developing the Student Army Training Camps. 

The field work was ade(]uately taken care of at that time by Solon J. Reiser, 
Sanmel iiclinkoll', Dr. A. A. Finkclstein and (.haiies Horn. 

CoOPER.\TION WITH C.\MPS .\ND HOSPITALS 

The Jewish Welfare Board representatives at the nearby camps were in urgent 
need of materials for their work with the men. knitted goods, athletic equipment, 
musical instruments, playing cards as well as furniture and other equipment were 
appealed for. In addition, weekly requisitions were put in for refreshments and 
smokes. Cooperation with camps, however, was more than supplying ecpnp- 
ment. It included the sending of men and women daily to the camps to give the 
"just like home "atmosphere to the huts, the sending of girls properly chaperoned 
for dances and professional entertainments. 

Philadelphians answered every call and the organization was thus enabled to 
supply practiially every demand from Camp Dix, League Island Navy Yard, Cape 
May Hospital, and Camp Meade, as well as the smaller posts in and n(>ar Philadelphia. 
In addition, it was in a jxisition to cooperate with practically every other camp 
in the country in supplying knitted gooils, athletic equipment and nuisical instru- 
ments. 

Jlie General Hospital i)roblcm was a new one. The authorities at the hospitals, 
because of the endless retl tape, w ere not in a position to carry out their educational 
work in the proper manner and called upon the various organizations for their 
support. The Philadelphia headquarters of the J. W. B. were quick to respond 
and, with the generous aid of various Jewish organizations of this city, supplied 
the hospital authorities at Cape May, Lakewood, Camp Dix and Philadelphia 
with material for their educational department. The supplies varied from a keg 
of nails and a pot of glue to a tractor ])lough and a carload of fertilizer, and included 
books on educational subjects, drawing instruments and equipment, baseball etjuip- 
ment, bicycles, etc. 

Recreation and Entert.unment 

Recreation and entertainment for enlisted men were found to be important 
factors of welfare work, in so far as Philadelphia was concerned. The League 
Island Navy Yard, with 20,000 sailors and marines, was only haK an hour from the 

651 




Off for (I Muunliglil Excursion. 

center of the city, and liberty was jiranted each ovoninfi. ('.amp l)i\ was diiU a 
Miatler (if an hour anfl a quarter's travel and proxision had In lir made lo entertain 
thousands of visitin;; soldiers over week-ends. 

More than a million service men were enlertaincd l)\ Ihr local .Icwish Welfare 
Board. 

1"he tirst form of entertainmcnl to he loiuhiited 1)\ the .Jewish Welfare 15oard 
of Philadelphia was dancing. This proved to be very popular with the enlisted 
men. inasnnieh as a select class of girls was always present. \ great deal of credit 
is due to the .'j.OOO girls, whose names apfx'ared on the in\ itation list of the J. \\ . B.. 
for their unselfish and patriotic cooperation. 

For the dances conducted in Philad(^lphia and Camp Dix. the girls were trans- 
ported by means of s[)ecial motor busses. A large nt)n-sectarian connnunity dance 
for 1.000 enlisted men was conducted each alternate week at the Mercantile Club 
on Broad Street. This was one of the most popular events for the service men 
stationed in Philadelphia. E.x-State Senator Clarence \Nolf. President of the 
Mercantile Club, was largely instrumental in securing the use of I he hall fice of 
charge for the .Jewish Welfare Board. 

The enlerlainment program includi'd. at various limes, three dances at head- 
quarters each week; one professional vaudeville entertainment at the Navy Yard, 
one dance at the "\a\ y '^'aid. one vaudeville entertairnnent at the Cajie Ma> ( ;en(MaI 
Hospital, four vaudeville entertainments and one dance at Carni) Dix. one dance 
each at the Krankford Arsenal and (ireenwich Point and one \airde\ille enter- 
tainment at the Naval Home and Krankford Arsenal. 

6.12 



The entertainment program slowly but surely grew until, at the signing 
of the armistice, the Philadelphia headquarters of the Jewish Welfare Boaid 
was conducting each week a matter of about fiteen entertainments, and 
entertaining on an average of 15,000 men. 

Home Hospitality 

In so far as the service men were concerned, home hospitality was the key- 
note of the welfare work. This was especially true in a community as large as 
Philadelphia where so many men were stationed who were strangers in the 
city. 

Philadelpliia headquarters recognized this in the early days of the war. and 
immediately instituted a Home Hospitality Service. Jiy means of personal letters 
to practically every Jewish family in the city, a list of such families was prepared 
who desired to invite service men to their homes for dinners, parties, dances and 
other social affairs. An average of .300 men each week, for more than eighteen 
montiis, were sent to families for this purpose. In this way strangers were 
enabled to make personal contact with the proper people. 

Work with Drafted Men 

One of the most im[)ortant functions of the Board was its work with drafted 
men. Through close contact with the various local draft boaixls, the Jewish Wel- 
fare Board learned when detachments of selected service men would leave for camp. 
In each instance, the men were supplied with many articles essential to their com- 
fort. 

Personal Service Cases 

Some five thousand personal service cases were handled for service men 
and their families. The aid rendered ranged from the supplying of train 
fare to men "stranded" in the city, the investigation of reports of injiny or 
death of local men and the re-uniting of families to the arranging for the 
funeral services of those who died in the service. 

Demobilization Work 

The Philadelphia headquarters of the Jewish Welfare Board was singularly 
honored when the War Department designated it as being in charge of all transjiort 
work at the port of Philadelphia. P]ach transport leaving for overseas received a 
quantity of community boxes, gotten up jointly by the Y. M. C. A., the Knights 
of Columbus and the Jewish Welfare Board, which were to be distributed on the 
return trip to each of the soldiers and members of the crew. These packages con- 
tained two khaki handkerchiefs, three boxes of cigarettes, two bags of smoking 
tobacco, one box of hard candy, four bars of chocolate, three jjackages of chewing 
gum, mints and matches. 

The Y. M. C. A. had chai'ge of this activity at the port of Hoboken, the 
Knights f>f Columbus at Newport News and the Jewish Welfare Board at Phila- 
delphia. 

653 



I'^Ml'LOVMENT 

The finpluymenl problem, in so far as the re-eiuployment of the discharged 
men, ended on November 10, 1919, one year after the signing of the armistice. 
The Jewish Welfare Board closed on that dale its employment department which 
during that period had been very successful in the satisfactory placement of service 
men. 

From June. 1919, when the unemployment situation was at its height, until 
November, a matter of five months, the Pliiladclpliia Jewish \Velfar(^ Pxiaid had 
placed 680 men in positions. 

HospiT.\L Committee 

The Hospital Committee had under its jurisdiction the work at Camp l)ix. 
Cape .May. Lakewood, League Island and at the Naval Home, as well as at General 
Hospital \o. 22. and several smaller institutions, where service men were sta- 
tioned. According to the report of Mrs. l->lkan llcniy. Chairman of the Hospital 
Committee, the following supplies were distributed during l')19: 

\|)plcs l.l.nOO: oranges 37,000; pears 22,.i00: bananas 16.000; choco- 
late buds 2.000 lbs; chocolate bars 10.000; handkerchiefs 18.000; chewing 
gum ."j.OOO; cigarettes 120.000; matches l.'j.OIKI packages; tobacco 7.200 
bags; hard candies 5.000 packages; tooth paste 7,200 tubes; postals 25,000. 

Besides the abf)vc mentioned articles, there wei-c distributed at irregular in- 
tervals, sweaters, socks, games, writing paper, pencils, jjuz/les and i)laying cards. 

Canteen Service 

Another important commilte(> was the Jewish Welfare Unit of the 
American Bed Cross Canteen Service. This committee of one hundred, under the 
direclioii of Mrs. Max L. Margolis, was an indication of the close manner in which 
llic .liwi^h Welfare Board cooperated «illi the Hcd Cross. Tlir unil \\a> cailed 
out iiu an average of twice a month for canteen servi<e at railroad stations. 

Other conuiiiltei^s. all of which contributeil their share towards the work of 
llie organization, and the names of their chairmen are herewith appended: 
Tiansportation. Morton llecht; Propaganda. Jean(>lte M. (Joldberg; Beligious, 
Hev. Leon II. lOlmaleh; Service CAuh. .Arthur lx)eb; Cam|) Work, ivionel 1'. Levy: 
Camp Dix, Benjamin F. Loeb; Statistics. Louis K. Levinthal; S. A. T. C... Henry 
W. Braujie: Finance. Morris Wolf: Civilian Belief. Mrs. ^L C. Stein: Comforts, 
Mice T. Fleislier: luiterlainmcnts. Mrs. A. Bosenstcin; Publicity. Miriam Moses; 
Drafted Men, D. Hays Solis-Cohen. 

Volunteers 

One (>!' the most gratifying results brought abuut b\ the war was the s|)lendid 
maimer in which everyone responded to the call of the Jewish Welfare Board for 
volunteers. In the course of its two and a half years of work, in addition to the 
work of committees, the Jewish Welfare Board availed itself of the voluntary 
service of more than 500 young women who served in the capacity of stenographers, 
typists, clerks and general office assistants. 

654 



IvNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS WAR ACTIVITIES 
IN PHILADELPHIA 

By E. J. Galbelly 

The patriotic sorvices rendeied by the Philadelphia nienibeiship of the Knights 
of Columbus, as distinct from the national undertakings of the Order under govern- 
ment commission, had their inception early in the year 1918. From the very 
moment of the declaration of war by the llnited States, the Philadelphia Knights 
individually took their part in the varied duties incumbent upon them as loyal 
citizens. As a distinct Philadelphia body, howevei-, they were not mustered into 
service until the Third Liberty Loan Committee called for their aid. In answer 
to that summons a meeting was held in the Red Room at the Bellevue-Stratford 
Hotel, March 22, 1918, and the local Knights of Columbus Committee on War 
Activities was then established. The members present on that occasion unan- 
imously elected John V. Loughney, Master of the Fourth Degree for the p]astern 
District of Pennsylvania and Delaware, Chairman of the newly created organization 
known as the "Knights of Columbus Central Committee on War Activities." 
Mr. Loughney retained the chairmanship from that time until the services of the 
committee were taken up by the National War Activities Committee in May of 
1919. At that juncture Mr. Loughney received the appointment of general sec- 
retary for this district, including the Navy Yard, with duties practically identical 
with those he had hitherto had under his charge. Assisting him were the follow- 
ing officers: 

Secretary, Jos. C. McMenaniin, Past Grand Knight of Pliiladeliihia Council; Assistant 
Secretaries, B. J. Martin. Past Grand Kniwlit of Brownson K. of (;.: I^conard B. Botlield, Grand 
Knight of Pinzon Council; Kxecutive Coniniitti'c: James \. Flaliertv, Supreme Knight; James 
J. Baney, Navigator. Archliishop Ryan Assembly, tth Degree; Edward A. Kelly, Chairman 
of the Philadelphia Chapter; Philip S. McDevitl, District Deputy. 1st Distritt; James F. Tobin, 
District Deputy, 2d District; Charles J. McKinney, District Deputy, 1.5th District; and Michael 
K. Brown, District Deputy, I6th District. 

The members of the General Committee were: 

John J. Abbott, Harry J. Baker, Albert J. Becker, James J. Brogan, John J. Brophy, John 
M. Carroll, George A. Cooke, Albert J. Crawford, James Curran, Thomas H. Cullinan. James 
M. Dohan, John P. Donohue, John A. Dougherty, M. J. Geraghty, Chris. Gercke, John W. 
Hallihan, FVank Hardart, William A. Hayes, Robert E. Hepburn, William N. Hussie, lulward 
C. HalUnan, James F. Herron, Wilham E. Howe, William J. Ludes, John J. Lumsden, Francis A. 
McCarron, William B. McNulty, F. L. Maguire, Thomas Murphy, John J. L. Merget, James F. 
O'Connor, John H. O'Gorman, Thomas A. O'Hara, George P. Philips, I. A. Quinn, John \. 
Quinn, Thomas K. Quirk, Frank M. Rourke, Gerald Ronan, Harry Schmidt, I^awrence B. Smith, 
William D. SpiUan, Edw. H. Thaete. Dr. Charles W. Wang, James W. W afer, Dani<-I W adi', E. P. 
Worthington. 

The immediate project in hand was a drive for the Third Liberty Loan, 
which was to open on April 6. 1918. Plans were laid for a thorough canvass 
of the Cf)uncils of the Knights of Columbus in this city and three members of the 
Council were appointed to address each meeting of the respective Councils during 
the intensive campaign, in order to sell bonds to the amount of iS.^OO.OOO. This 
was the quota of subscriptions set for the Knights of Columbus Committee. When 
the returns were made from its headquarters, 15.37 Chestnut Street, tlie smn 

65.5 




Mttrnttui Srmcr nl l\ . <>i t . tiitiiiiirnf. .\(iiy )nrii. 



was full IK I III l)c more than lliriccovcr-siiljsciilicd. as IkhkIs aiiiniintiiig to $1,695,000 
liad Ix'cii sold. 

Tlic cainpaifjn for the Fourth Lilirrl\ l.oan was condnclfil li\ practically the 
same coniiiiillcc \\\{\\ only minor chaii^.'cs in personnel. It was delermiiied to 
follow tlie fieiieral method which liad ludut;ht so nuicli success in the prcNious loan. 
Speakers were assijinod to address the members at I heir various meetinfis and 
at the day and exeninj; f^atherinfrs in the I'cnlcr of the city, as well as in the north- 
east and northwest districts. At the very outset of the drive. howe\er, the plans 
were thrown into confusion by the influenxa epidemic. 

It will be recalled also that the war was at a critical sla^'e duiin;,' these weeks 
and it was niori' than e\ei- urgent that the Loan should he I'ulU suhscrihed. Ac- 
cordingly new processes had to be set in motion to provide \m(ii( an funds for the 
victorious prosecution of the internaliotial strufigle. With indomitable spirit and 
resource, notwithstandini; the disi oin-agemenls of sickness and death and the re- 
sultant general disorganization. Ihr Knight of Columbus (.onunittee took up this 
task anfl the palriolisn) of the peojjle rallied to the (lersonal calls and mail solicita- 
tions of the campaign workers. At the close of this memorahle dii\ i' a new victory 
had been won for liberty and the knights of CoininlHis hiadquarteis had to its 
credit the total of S2. 223.900 in loans sold. 

In the interval between its work in promoting the Third and Fourth Liberty 
Loan, the committee was actively engaged in raising money for the War Chest. 
Its force of stenographers and tele|)hone operators was furnished with ofTices in 
the Liberty I5uilding, where the War Chest had its heailiiuarters. In addition to 

656 



this equipment the committee had two fiekl teams, each comprising twenty men, 
making daily calls on prospective subscribers. Reports of their canvass were made 
every day at the luncheon in the Bellevue-Stratford and the sum of $300,000 in 
pledges was the reward of the teams' efforts. 

An interesting feature of the War C.hest promotion activities was the exhibi- 
tion which the Knights of Columbus gave in conjunction with the French War 
Exposition in the Earle Building at Tenth and Market streets. A presentation 
of the Knights of Columbus services in the camps at home and at the various 
battle fronts abroad was made. A model of the Knights of Columbus building 
at Camp Meade was shown, together with one of the tents that had been used in 
the war in Franc(\ equipped with i)honograph. cigarettes, smoking tobacco, writing 
paper, games of all sorts, etc. Photographs of Knights of Columbus work at 
camps and cantonments were also on view. During this exhibition, secretaries 
were always in attendance to answer questions and give information, and to accept 
pledges to the War Chest Fund from those who thus saw the practical object 
lesson of the causes to which their subscriptions were to be put. 

The next work of the Knights of Columlnis was in connection with the Victory 
Liberty Loan. In its efforts to continue its successes, the Knights of Columbus 
worked under the same general committee with headquarters in the Penn Square 
Building. A booth was also established in front of the Benedict Service Club at 
1019 Market Street, with such remarkaljle results that it had the proud distinction 
of making the largest return of bond sales of any booth in the cit;y. As accounting 
in part for this, it may be mentioned that service men were sent out in tanks from 
this rendezvous accompanied by Boy Scouts, to aid the campaign. In the evening, 
concerts were given at this central point by the St. Francis de Sales Cadet Band 
and Four-Minute Men addressed the assembled people. Through the efforts of 
the Knights of Columbus Committee a total of .$1,279,500 in subscriptions to the 
\ ictory Liberty Loan was secured. 

Special hmitations permit only a summary of the welfare activities of the 
Philadelphia Knight.s of Columbus in behalf of our soldiers and sailors during the 
period of demobilization and readjustment to the orderly life of the community. 
A brief rec( >rd ( )f these seivices is made here in the interest of historical acciuracy. 

The first American troops to return from Europe to the port of Philadelphia 
arrived on the Harerford in February, 1919. Knights of Columbus secretaries 
were among the welfare workers which distributed hot coffee, cigarettes, candy and 
chewing gum to the men. They acted also as postmen and messengers in 
forwarding letters and greetings from the returning troops to their families. 

In April. 1919. a Knights of Columbus booth was opened in the City Hall 
courtyard where direct comnnuiication by private wire to Camp Dix. New Jersey, 
was installed. At this booth were established headquarters for all returning troops. 
All information regarding the arrival of soldiers, the conditions of health, the 
approximate date of discharge and other desired items were passed through this 
clearing house to the soldiers" families. An employment agency for discharged 
men was conducted in the same place. Countless other conmiissions for service 
men from out of town were also undertaken. The motor convoys that were at 
this time passing through Philadelphia on their way to New York, Baltimore and 
Washington, almost invariably rested over night in this city and it frequently 
fell to the attendants of the booth to provide the men in charge with food and 

6.57 



lodgin^rs. At the ferry the free canteen service of the Kmg;hts of Cohinibiis was 
in constant requisition for the men in uniform who were moving in a continuous 
stream to and from Camp Dix. The Knijihts of Cohimbus secretaries jjhiyed tlie 
role of "big brother" to these young soldiers who found tliemselvcs in Philadolpliia 
far from their own homes. 

The various transports were met from time to lime, and their soldier passengers 
received at the hands of the committee the creatui'e comforts in the form of a wel- 
come home package which they so much appreciated. And then came the 28th 
Division and the city's hearty welcome to its war veterans. Before the parade 
of these troops, they were served with coffee and sandwiches and a great 
number of the men were guests of the Knights of Columbus of Philadelphia 
for the night preceding the parade. In due course, the 70th Division also arrived 
and the welcome accorded them was the same as the earlier comers had received, 
except that the parade feature had to be dispensed with. After disembarkation 
of the TOth Division, only two or three more transports brought troops to the 
port of Philadelphia. 

The United States Naval Hospital also claimed llie commiltrc's atleiilion. 
and through the courtesy of the American Him! Cross Field Director. Wilfred C. 
Craig, space in its building was allotted the knights of Colundius workers. 
Welfare kits and comforts to the sick and wounded soldiers were distributed. 
^ arious forms of entertaiiuneiit were staged in the hospital witii the assistance of 
talent recruited from the vaudeville houses in this city. Dances for the con- 
valescents were held in the Red Cross quarters. Cards of invitation to the ladies 
were issued with strict surveillance liy the Knights of Columbus Committee in 
conjunction with the Red Cross. Refreshments were served at all liiese dances 
and parties. Every Friday evening motion-picture plays were shown to the men. 
Viilomobile jiarlies were organized and weekly trips to \llanlic City and lo the 
Knights of Columbus Country (^lub of De Solo Couniil at Ciarden Lake, N. J., 
were provided. These week-end excursions were in great favor with the service 
men, who were given the use of the club quarters, canoes, bathing facilities, base- 
ball equipment and free dining-room service. The average number of the men 
in uniform at these parties was sixty. About the same mimber were welcomed 
weekly at the St. Lawrence Country Club in T'pijcr Fraiikfin-d where, under the 
auspices of the Alliance Catholic Women severtd picnics were lield. Together with 
the Jewish Welfare Board, the Knights of Columbus conducted two service shows 
a month at the Mercantile Club which were usually attended by about 600 men. 
At all th(Ne War Welfare enterprisers Secretaries Waller J. Dorsey, John A. Cuiming- 
ham and James L. McCann rendered efTicient service. The other secretaries on 
the Philadeljihia staff were Thomas D. Kane ;md John V. Tjoughni'N. Jr. 

In this connection a word should be said about the s(Mvices that centered 
at the Knights of Columbus building at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, begin- 
ning in \pril. lOir,. and continuing to October- ill. 1010 a fidl year after the signing 
of the armistice. This building was the Knights of Columbus headquarters for the 
marines and sailors who found there, not only safe and sane entertainment to their 
likitig. but also the free creature comforts of which these brave boys stood in need 
during their absence from home in liie crilical days of demobili/ation. l-]special 
attention was given to those who were in the hospital. As they became 
convalescent, volunteer automobiles were provided for their use. Aboard the 

6511 



ships in the docks at the yard, the Knights of Cohimbus workers organized dances 
and served refreshments. With a fine touch of sympathy, the unfortunate inmates 
of the "brig" were likewise kept in view. Whilst mindful always of the rules of 
discipline, the Knights of Cohunl)us saw to it that every permitted privilege was 
granted those who were for the time "out of luck." Books were furnished and base- 
balls and bats and equipment for other games were secured for their amusement 
and recreation. Victrolas and records were supplied to three "brigs" and to several 
ships. The battleships Nevada and Idaho each received a player piano. Sui3pli(^s 
of all kinds were put aboard all outgoing steamers. In this work Secretaiies W. A. 
Davis and Joseph E. Donnelly rendered efficient service. 

Side by side with these useful activities stands the free evening school in- 
augurated by the Knights of Columbus in Philadelphia for men and women mustered 
out of the Army and Navy. For this educational undertaking the Knights leased 
the building at the southwest corner of Broad and \ ine streets in December, 1919, 
and, through the kindness of the trustees of the Roman Catholic High School, 
secured also the use of their classrooms for the same purpose. Public announ<'e- 
ment of the free courses was made by advertisements in all the Phila(lcl|)iiia papers 
on Saturday evening and Sunday morning, January 17 and 18, 1920. On the 
following day the registration of pupils began. Within one week l,.'?!i5 applications 
were received and 1,000 pupils were on hand for the formal opening of the school 
on January 26th. Actual class exercises began on Monday evening, February 2d. 
The average number of teachers in charge of the classes has been twenty-one. By 
April 1st, the number of registrants had reached 1,945 and at that time twenty- 
eight teachers were employed. 

A Labor Bureau for ex-service men was started on June .'3, 1919, and within 
a few months had placed over 12,000 men in gainful occupations. 

The Knights of Columbus participated as a body in these public movements 
during the war and the successes which attended their ell'orts have established them 
permanently in the estimation of Philadelphians as a great Catholic and (latriotic 
organization. Ihis is evidenced by the playful naming of the steamship Casey 
in honor of the Knights of Columbus. This boat, a product of Hog Island was 
launched on October 11, 1919. At the launching. Supreme Knight James A. 
Flaherty was complimented by having his little daughter selected as the boat's 
sponsor. The patriotic exercises f)f the day were held under the auspices of the 
Knights of Columbus of Philadelphia. 

THE BENEDICT SERVICE CLUB 

The Benedict Service Club was operated under the auspices of the National 
Catholic War Council, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Division, and governed by the 
following men: John J. Sullivan, j)resident; J. Percy Keating, vice-president; A. L. 
Fitzpatrick, secretary; John \ . Loughney, treasurer; James M. Willcox, assistant 
treasurer; James A. Flaherty, Ignatius J. Horstmann. James F. Herron, Michael 
J. Slattery and Miss Katherine M. Walsh. 

The forerunner of the Benedict Service Club was the Catholic Philopatrian 
Literary Institute, 111 1 Arch Street. This institution was one of the first to turn 
over its entire building to the use of the city in combating tiie terrible infiuenza 
epidemic. The nursing staff during the epidemic being recruited from the sisters 

6.59 




Cnurtoay of Ihr Fhllndelphla "Trcs*, 



Three Is iiiilx iif Seri'icr. 



(if varinus ((iinciils. wlio administered S(i ell'eclively In tin' iilaii\ cases that came 
under their cliaifie as to earn tiie unstinted |)raise of eveiy piiliiic iiewspapcM'. 
Several of llie mms wliile on diit\ at this teni|)orary hospital fell \ictinis to tiie 
terril)le scoiirfie. 

After the passing; of the inlluenza epidemic, the Philopalrian (liil> was taken 
over as the orifrinai scTvice chib operalinj; under the National ( 'alliolic \\ ar ( '.ouncil 
in IMiiladelphia. but even this well eipiipped chil) house };rew so rapidh in po|)ularity 
as to be altofii'ther inadecpiale for its purpose. It was then decided that some- 
thinj.' on a l)i(,'};er scale must be done to meet the emerfrency, and after very carefid 
search and survey by Michael .1. SlatterN. I';xeculive Secretary of the National 
Catholic War Council, quarters were establislu'd at 1010-21 Market Street, a 
spacious five-story buildin;!. It was here the Benedict Service Club was opened 
February. lOl'J. The formal opening on March 16, 1919. was attended by his 
(irace. Archbisliop DoujiliertN. who dedicated the institution In the needs of the 
men of all cr(>eds in the Army and Navy. 

The National Catholic War Council, knowing that Philadelphia, which was 
in close proximity to Camps Meade and Oix and the great Navy ^ ard at League 
Island, would be confronted with one of the hardest problems of the country 
because so many service men would be visitors in the city during the demobilization 
period, saw the necfl for placing its largest service club in a city where the most 
good to the greatest number could be accomplished. 

The services of the Club were rendered exclusively to men in uniform, and the 
ex-service men who were seeking an opportunity to get back to a normal condition. 

660 



I*]ntertainments were held tliree nifilils a week under the (hrection of Jatiies W. 
Wafer who called upon the various ( '.athoUc societies in the city to furnish them. 

The work of the Mliance of Catholic Women will never be forgotten by the 
boys who visited the Benedict S(>rviie Club. The cafeteria came under their 
particular charge, and over four hundred Catholic women, under the able direction 
of Miss Katherine M. Walsh and Miss Mary Clare, served in relays from early in 
the morning until late at night waiting on the tables and ever finding ways of 
cheering up the boys far from their home towns. 

The figures taken from the records of the club show in an unmistakable manner 
the valuable accompUshments of the Benedict Service Club during the single 
year of its tenure at 1019 Market Street. Two hundred and twenty-eight thousand 
men were registered. One hundred and thirty-seven thousand meals were furnished 
at an average cost of twenty-seven cents per meal. Nearly 80,000 men were ac- 
commodated with lodgings and 11,000 men were furnished witli positions through 
the free Employment Bureau Service. Thousands of inquiries were handled relative 
to vocational training and as many more relative to War Bisk Insurance. The 
club also served as a clearing house for many anxious mothers who were desirous 
of locating their boys in France. Over 6,000 meals were served gratis and :i.000 
free beds furnished to those boys who were short of funds. 

The need of a service club in Philadelphia created the desire to perpetuate 
the work, and as the spacious building at 1019 Market Street was entirely too large 
for the present needs, smaller quarters have been obtained at 1.57-.59 North 
Fifteenth Street, where the work will go on and the same high standard of service 
will be continued. 

THE SALVATION ARMY 

By Colonel R. E. Holz 

In the war work of the Salvation Army in France, the Atlantic Coast l^iovince, 
of which Philadelphia is the headquarters, was well represented. In the lirst 
party which sailed August 12, 1917 — were two staff-captains, Wm. Ilalpin and L. 
Allison Coe. There were eleven in all in the pioneer party, seven men and five 
women, and two were sent by the Philadelphia headquarters. With every party 
that sailed up to 1919 other representatives were sent. A total of twenty-five 
overseas workers representing our Philadelphia headquarters did splendid woik, 
and were known from the Gondrecourt area to Coblenz and Brest. 

Apart from the overseas work, there was much work done at home by a large 
corps of officers and workers. The work at the Pershing Hotel, Atlanta, (ia., the 
large building at Camp Gordon, Petersburg, Va., Newport News, Va., Baltimore, 
Md., Philadelphia. Pa., Washington, D. C, and Camp Meade was directed from 
Philadelphia. Men from all over the country were cheered and helped, and the 
touch of home that one always received helped to steady men when they f(>lt like 
giving way to temptation. All over th(> State of Pennsylvania, and everywhere 
in Philadelphia, men can be found who speak of the Salvation Army in the most 
laudatory terms. They call Salvation Army men and women "regular guys" and 
"real people." 

The hospitals were not forgotten and delicacies of various kinds were regularly 
distributed to the "boys." 

661 




IritcTiiatlona 



Ciiinmiinilcr 1 1 inkle and llw (icrinin Flay which he hrniifjlil frani Mel:. 

One boy cominfj out of the ether, hearinfj a Salvation Army woman war 
worker say, "'It's all rifrht. son." said. "Mother, run your finpers thronph my hair 
like you u.s(h1 to do." 

Of course, slie did so and the boy was(juieted. 

The slory of the Salvation Army war work ean trutiiltill\ be said to iiave been 
the doing of Ihe little thinj;s to " llie least of these my bretiiren." The boys multi- 
plied the little things and bulked them up. and built a monument of love out of 
them in memory of tliis body of Christian men and women whose service 
was not a purchasable quantity, but who did what they could, remembering it had 
been said that even a cup of cold water given in His name would not lose its re- 
ward. Through the mud and rain of France they tramped the darkest nights 
found them heading for the front, when they were seen from Seishpny to the 
Argonne. They cared for the living— comforted the dying: buried the dead and 
placed llowers and tlie flag for which the boys had died o\(>r the rough mound 
of earth surmounted by a White Cross, which marks the resting place of the boys 
of the (iolden Star. The boys sing: "Though she called each a Mrolher. she was 
more like a Motiier, Salvation Lassie of .Mine." Douglnuits cooked by the Salva- 
tion .\rmy Doughgirls cheered the hearts of thousands of Doughboys— then they 
made pies, cookies and big cakes that were just like mother used to make. The boy 
that ate the first doughnut said: "(iee! if this is war, let it continue." If he had 
been a pessimist before, the doughnut converted him into a smiling optimist. 

The religious side of things was not forgotten and men of all shades of religious 

662 



belief — the Catliolic, tlie Protestant and the Jew crowded into the meetings. 
Tliey knew that no man's faith would be insulted, but that they would be made 
better men and helped in going over the top, or going West, or just doing the 
sordid every day round of drill, with heavy pack and aching feet. 

Colonel R. E. Holz, who directed the affairs of the Atlantic Coast Province for 
twelve years, was transferred from Philadelpliia to New York in 1920. In the 
rearrangement of areas, Philadelphia is now the Headquarters for Eastern Penn- 
sylvania, Southern New Jersey and Delaw'are Division. Lieutenant Colonel 
Arthur T. Brewer is the Divisional Commander and Major Wm. H. Barrett, 
(ieneral Secretary. Both reside in this city. Lieutenant Colonel Brewer has been 
an Officer of the Organization for thirty-six years and Major Barrett for twenty- 
three years. 

THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB 

The first United Service Club for enlisted men was formed in this city by the 
Philadelphia Army and Navy Camp Committee of the National Congress of 
Mothers, as a result of a meeting held in the Acorn Club on May 25, 1917. The 
women who met and established the LInited Service Club were called together by 
Mrs. William T. Carter, Mrs. Frederic Schoff, Miss Maiy S. Garrett and Mrs. 
Joseph P. Mumford. 

The Board of Managers of the Children's Hospital, 22d Street below Walnut, 
gave the Hospital building for use during the period of the war. With the support 
of interested men and women the necessciry equipment was secured. The Navy 
Yard detailed men to assist in running the Club. Among the many features of 
the Club were the dormitor- 
ies, cafeteria and recreation 
rooms. The Mothers' Annex 
was opened as a place where 
the next of kin could find a 
place to meet with their boys — 
often the last time before they 
went overseas, and in all too 
many cases, the last time that 
they saw their boys. 

The Board of Managers was: 
Mrs. William T. Carter. Chairman : 
Mrs. Frederic Schoff, Vice-Chair- 
man: Miss Mary S. Garret, Mrs. 
Joseph P. Mumford, Mrs. George 
H. Earle, Mrs. John Gribbel. Mrs. 
Spencer K. Muiford, Mrs. William 
Simpson, Jr., Mrs. Edward T. 
Stolesbury. Mrs. Jones Wister. 
Mrs. J. Albert Caldwell, Mrs. 
William M. Field, Mrs. William 
Iv Lingelbach, Mrs. William A. 
I'latt, Miss Clara T. Chase and 
Mrs. J. A. Carter. 

An Auxiliary Committee on 

ll^ntertainmentS was composed ojuittsy of Frank W. BuWer, Stanley Co. of Americ*. 

of a 150 prominent women. Service Men at the Club. 

()63 




Over SOO.OOO enlisted men enjoyed the privileges of the Ciul). The iiicri of 
the British and Krencii ships were also entertained wliile in port. 

The motto of the Board of Managers was "Do for these boys what \oii would 
like some mother to do for yours, wherever he may be". 

WAR CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE 

The War C.amp Commmiity Serviee, or War Camp, as it was generally 
known, commenced operations in .May, 1917, and ceased its work on October .'51. 
1919. In the beginning work similar to War Camp activities was carried on under 
the Philadelphia District Committee of the Commission of Public Safety of the 
Connnonwealth of Pennsylvania, through a sub-committee on recreation, co- 
operating with the Playground and Becreation Association of America and I lie 
Army and Navy Departments" Conmiittee on Training Camp Activities. 

Robert D. Dripps was the original Chairman of the sub-committee of the 
State Commission, and at the time of the organization of ^^'ar Camp work. Ira W. 
Jayne and Cheney .lones were, successively. Directors. 

With the development of the Commission on Training Camp Activities, War 
Camp greatly expanded its work in Philadelphia. Mr. Dripps was Acting Director 




Eerstone Phuio studio. 



The Staff. 



h 



following Mr. Jones, and was succeeded by Courtney Ba\loi. wlm had ins nead- 
quarti'rs in the Widener Building. 

Among those who were interested in promoting the W'ar Camp, and « h<> scr \c(l 
on its Executive Committee, were: Robert D. Dripps, Chairman: Mrs. Ivlgar W. 
Baird, Mce-Chairmaii: I.ieiilcnanI Colonel C. li. Hatch; Mrs. .1. Willis Marlin; 
.Mrs. Barclay II. Warburton: Albert Cook Myers: Leon J. ()berma>er; Michael 
J. Slattery; Charles A. Stinson. 

Til • other two directors of the War ( '.ariip were, successively, Calvin L. Lewis 
and Olin F. .McCormick. Mr. McCormick, who had been an a.ssociale director 
during the entire period of the work of the service in Philadelphia, tenuinaled its 
activiti(>s on October .31. 1919. The general sco|)e of the War C.amp was con- 
tinued by Conununity Ser\ice, In 'orporaled. under- the direction of Fred A. 
Moore. 

War C.amp was instituted under tin- direction of the War and Navy Depart- 
ments, Commissions on Training Camp Activities for the purpose of providing 
the armed forces of the United States with adequ; te recreational facilities during 
their leisure time, and for the purpose of maintaining at a high standard the 

664 




Courtesy \A' 



Nai'Y ) (inl liiidlh. 



tiioialc of tlio civilian population in comnuinitics adjacont to arnied camps, par- 
ticularly those fiioiijis of the civilian po])ulation which were enf^aged in war in- 
dustry. 

It was successful in its endeavors, coordinating the work of existinj;' orjianiza- 
tions, assisting the development of new ones and in acting as a clearing house for 
the dissemination of general information. 

The Philadelphia branch was di\ided into five divisions, namely: the Service 
Division, the Women's Division, the Special Division for Colored Organization, 
the Community Singing Division and the Merchant Marine Division. 

The Service Division maintained a Booking Bureau from which welfare organi- 
zations, both in and out of the camps, secured entertainment talent, vaudeville 
artists, motion pictures, singers, orchestras, etc. This bureau provided for organi- 
zations at the Navy Yard, Camp Dix, Cape ,Ma\. Mli^ntown, etc., and at welfare 
clubs in Philadelphia and vicinity. About 1,1 00 full performances were given, 
in which approximately 6,800 performers participated, one-third of whom were 
paid and the balance were volunteers. 

The entertainment department was instrumental in securing the production 
of the finest sort of vaudeville performances in various theatres in Philadelphia 
during the winters of 1917-18 and 1918-10. These productions were a gift to our 
armed forces by the Theatrical Managers' Association, theatre owners, actors and 
actresses, Stage Employees' Union and the Musicians' Union, all of which gave their 
services without compensation. Over 12,000 men were entertained at these per- 
formances. 

This department was able to induce well ovfM- 1,000 citizens of Philadelphia 
to entertain in their homes no less than 120.000 enlisted men. One of the staff 
of the War Camp Community Service was officitdly assigned to the Navy \ ard to 
organize parties of men to attend functions of various kinds, and to see that they 
reached their destination. Transportation was paid, if necessary. 

r)().j 




.1 Lilnrlv PurU 



Tlic department operated a transportation service, wliicli incliidi'd dmm 'l.iWO 
\()lunt('(>is, wlio took men from central puiiils to enterlaiiimenis and dances. They 
also arranged for siglit-seeing trips for men wlio were wounded or sick. More than 
200,000 men were thus given automobile service. 

\notlier liranch of the Service Division was known as the Cooperation Depart- 
ment, which efinip|)ed two canteens and tin'(M' service clubs. Tiic canteens were 
operated !>> I he \ational League for Woman's Service. One of the clubs was 
operated by the .Tewish Welfare Board. Tiie cante(>n in another club was con- 
ducted by the American Red C.ross and tlic lialance of the work was done directly 
by War Camp. One of the most successful of the.se clubs was for colored men. 
Fn these clubs and canteens about S.'i.OOO men wer(> served. 

The department assisted in the organization of six of the special service clubs 
for enlisted men in Philadelphia and gave assistance of various kinds to thirty-five 
other local organizations which were operating clubs, either wholly or in part, 
for the use of our armed forces. 

An Information Department was established which provided a good informa- 
tion se^^^ce covering every conceivable item of interest to enlisted men and their 
relatives. In particular, information regarding incnnrmg transports was supplied 
in cooperation with the Emergency Aid and Philadelphia Council of National 
Defense. Four information booths for the use of men in uniform and civilians 
were maimed. The one on the Ivisl Plaza of City Hall, in charge of .lohn W. 
Basford, known to the men as "Dad," was especially popular. Over (me million 
and a half copies of the Weekly Biillelin, published by the War Camp, were dis- 
tributed. Each bulletin gave briefly a summary of events for service men in 
Philadelphia. The names and locations of the more important places of historic 
interest were published in a special bulletin. 

666 



In brief, the Service Division, through its various branches came in contact 
with, and served, over 2,250,000 men. 

The Women's Division organized recreational and educational groups among 
approxiniat(>ly 13,000 girls, which consisted of workers in munition factories, yeo- 
wonien, and otiiers. The Colored Department of this division organized over 3,000 
girls in similar groups. 

The special division for colored organizations provided recreational and educa- 
tional facilities for returned (colored) soldiers and sailors. Groups of about 20,000 
colored citizens were organized in this service, and the Berean Army and Navy 
Section of the War Camp, which was located at 1930 S. College Avenue (for use 
by either white or colored men), was one of the finest service clubs in the country. 

The Community Singing Division was organized for the purpose of keeping 
the citizens of Philadelphia in the singing frame of mind and to inspire theii- patriot- 
ism. Over 2,800 "Sings"' were held, in which something like 0,000,000 people 
participated. 

The ATariiie Division endeavored to do for the members of the Allied Merchant 
iMarinc the same sort of service which the Service Division did for the armed forces. 
It provided special entertainments for the crews of foreign vessels and stimu- 
lated activity along the water front. It also cooperated with the Seaman's Insti- 
tute, and a large part of the work which it assisted in developing will be permanent. 

Sight-seeing trips about the city for service men had their inception in 
the early summer of 1918. These were first arranged by Albert Cook Myers. 




Courtesy W. C. C. S 



Al the Berean Club. 
667 




C.iiirtfSj' W. C. C. S. 



Brazilian \aval Officers «/ I luliiniKlcncc Hull. 



a \((liiiil<'cr iiiciiilxM' of War Camp StafT, for thn mon on giiaid at ('lamp's Sliip- 
yaid. Later in tho summer. Burton Alva Kunklc Ird |)arlics on Saturday after- 
noons finm the \avy Var<l to points of interest in old Pliiladelpliia. Oilier 
jiuides for similar Saturday aftiMiioon pilfriimagcs were \lliert .1. iidnuiiids and 
A. J. Kincaide. 

Amoiif.' those who served on the Stall' of War (".amp were: Howard (^ow 
Welth, llorlipii W. \Vhit<'. Miss Clara T. Chase. Miss Helen i:. P(.rterli<-ld. .lames 
K. Corneal. Miss Anne McDonough, Miss M. S. Liddie. I.etijamin K. Ammons, 
F. C. I'.rennaii. .1. V. Fairlamb. Miss T.. IT. Masmi and II. T. I'.aiiielt. 



Tin: WAR E.Mi:n(ii:xcY unit 

Early in April. I'llT, two nicMidiers of the Fimrth Street Chili in I'hiladelphia 
held a discussion rejrarding the best means of maintaining' those ideals which had 
IcmI the United States into the Great War, by helping the men who were enlisting 
in the service of their country. The War iMiiergeiicN I nit was I lie e\eiiliial 
outcome of this conversation and as an organization (le\elo|)ed Ihidugh the in- 
spiration of Frank C. Brodhead and his associates. 

The plan outlined was tf) provide a service, social, educational and moral, 
which was not otlu'rwise taken care of by the (iovermnent. That it accom- 
plished its purpose is proven by the simple record of its achievements. The suc- 
cess of the unit in meeting the abnormal demands of war limes is but a proof of 
the universal, whole-hearted cooperation of its members. 

The first meetings were held at the Fourth Street Club in April, and plans 
for the work outlined and developed, and departments of activity organized. 

(i61i 



The suggestions of Major General Littleton W. T. Waller were most helpful. 
An important feature of the early activities of the unit was the providing of 
clean, healthful entertainment for the sailors and marines stationed at tlie navy 
yard. Tickets for moving-picture theatres and other amusements were placed on 
sale here at reduced rates. Through the courtesy of Harry T. Jordan, Manager 
of Keith's Theatre, the unit was able to supply performers from the local vaude- 
ville houses for entertainments within the yard. Moving-picture (ilms were fur- 
nisiied through a special arrangement with Stanley Mastbaum, of the Stanley 
Picture Corporation, and with David R. Sablosky. 

Albert N. Hoxie acted as Director of Community Singing in Philadelphia for 
the unit. He was assisted by Professor Burton T. Scales, of Girard College. 
Group singing in the barracks, at entertainments, etc., was a feature of the work. 
E. J. Berlet. President of the Walnut Street Business Men's Association, was of 
material service in keeping the activities of the unit before the public. 

In August, 1917, Clarence C. Zantzinger secured permission from the Fair- 
mount Park Commission for all enlisted men to swim and play baseball, etc., in 
Fairmount Park. The following month, the Athletic Association of the I'niversity 
of Pennsylvania, at the request of Paul Thompson, agreed to admit all men in 
uniform. withf)ut charge, to the Pennsylvania football games. 

Tiie Magazine Distribution Department got in touch with the circulation 
managers of several periodicals, and thousands of up-to-date magazines were sent 
to the yard for distribution. Through tlie courtesy of F. C. Stiefel, the unit was 
provided with ample quarters for the receipt and distribution of these publications. 
To serve a similar end, thirty portable traveling library cases were designed 
by the unit for use overseas and filled by the Free Library of Philadelpliia. 

There was increasing need for instruction in training enlisted men for pro- 
motion as commissioned or non-commissioned officers, or for greater efficiency in 
their immediate duties. Regular classes were established in the Navy Yard and 
at other outside points. At some of these classes the attendance was over two 
hundred at each session. 

Professor \ incent B. Brecht was in charge of the Educational Department. 
He had about tiiirty coworkers as members of his faculty and first estal>lished a 
series of classes at the marine barracks in the Navy Yard. Courses were arranged 
in automobile mechanics, surveying, typewriting, conversational French, science 
of telephoning, building roads and railroads, engineering structures, electricity as 
applied to military training, filtration, etc. For the tecimical subjects of engi- 
neering, the cooperation of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia was secured and 
C. F. Puff, Jr., obtained, largely from the Club, a competent staff" of teachers. 

Classes in navigation were held in the seamen's barracks of the Supply and 
Receiving Ship, at Pier 19, North Wliarves, at the ITnited Service Club, at the 
Rotary Army and Navy Club, at the Radio School, and at Essington, Pa. In- 
struction in navigation at Pier 19, and the Rotary Army and Navy (!'.lub was 
supplemented by courses in seamanship. Largely from instruction and training 
received in one series of these classes in navigation and seamansiiip, 150 enlisted 
men subsequently secured their commissions as officers. 

Classes of instruction for prospective pay clerks and assistant paymasters 
were conducted at the Rotary Army and Navy Club, and a course in steam and 
marine engineering instituted at the Fuel Oil School in the Navy Yard. 

669 



One of the most interesting navigation and French classes was made up tjf 
officers and men stationed on mine sweepers, off Camden, N. .1. Opportunities for 
learning French, through conversational methods, were likewise offered at the 
Spring (jai'den Institute to soldiers qualifying for drivers and chauffeurs over- 
seas and at the Frankford Arsenal. 

The Representation Department, which kept in personal loiicii with hundreds 
of officers and men in all branches of tiie service and transmitted tlicir ideas and 
suggestions to those in charge of the various departments of the unit. In this way, 
the unit was enabled to cooperate coiistanllv with the War Camp Community 
Service, the Representation Department taking entire charge of the Sunday evening 
entertainments given by them, in connection with the Theatrical Managers' 
Association of Philadelphia. An average of three thousand soldiers, sailors and 
marines were entertained in this way every Sunday (^vening. The thanks of 
everyone concerned are due Fred. G. Nixon-Nirdlinger and Harry T. Jordan. 

\l the suggestion of Lieutenant Coimnander F. R. Payne, I'. S. N. (retired), 
the unit secured the services of R. R. I']vans and R. (). Frick, for free legal advice 
to the marines stationed at the Navy Yard and for consultation, at their law offices, 
for all enlisted men. Joseph W. Shannon helped to continue tliis service with great 
efficiency. 

At its early meeting the War Emergency Unit took steps toward studying 
the problem of the re-education of those men who were inca|)acitated through 
service to their country. A survey and bibliography of this subject, prepared 
by \\ illiam H. llussie, was used by societies and organizations nationally. D. C. 
McMurtrie, Director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
valued Mr. llussie"s knowledge and broad vision so highly that he made iiim a 
member of his stall'. O. F. McCormick, who was active in llir wmk of securing 
entertainment fur the men at the Navy Yard, later became Director of the Phila- 
dclpliia activities of the War Camp Comimmity S(>rvice. 

I nlil .lutie. l')l!{. the work of thi' unit had been linanced partly by individual 
subscriptiiiiis and |)artly by the War Cami) Cdnununity Ser\ ice of the (^.ommission 
on Tiainiiiir Camp Activities. It seemed advisable to turn to other sources for 
support, anil therefore an appeal was made to the War Welfar'c Council of 
Philadelphia and an appropriation from the War Chest was paid monthly from 
July, 1')I8. to the unit. 

The work continued with increased efficiency until \ii\ ember-, when, after 
the signing of the armistice it was seen that the emergiMuy was over, the l^oard of 
Ciovernois voted to discontinue activities after the iUst <>f Decend)er. 1018. 

From the highest officials of the Navy and nf the Marine Corps to the blue- 
jacket and private, only words of conunendatidii have been received for the work 
of the unit. This unique organization, held togetluM- by the unselfish ed'orts of 
its founder and his pioneer associates, assisted by the cooperation of lire members 
and conscientiorrs instructors, accomplished an important task. It trained iirnirmei'- 
able men to better their positions in the service and by maintaining an opportunity 
for intellectual activity, it enabled these men to return better equipped to civil life. 

The officers of the War lunergency Cnit were: 

llonorai^ President, Major General I>ittletoii \V. T. Waller, U. S. M. C; 
Honorary Vice-Presidents, John fJribbel, Edward T. Stotesbury, Chaplain Curtis H. 
Dickins, t!. S.N. 

670 



Board of Governors 

Preisideiit, Cornelius Bodine; Vice-President, Harry T. Jordan; Treasurer, Edward Ilsley; 
Secretary, E. Earl Daniell: Publicity, George I. Bodine, Jr.; Representation, Frards C. Stiefel; 
Advisory, Olin F. McCorniick; Executive Manager, Frank C. Brodhead. 

THE WAR SERVICE COMMITTEE OF THE HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA* 

No local organization gave greater pleasure to the men in service than "The 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania." Thirty-three Satinday evening receptions, 
free to soldiers, sailors and marines, were held at the buiicMng of the Society. i:5()0 
Locust Street, between May 1918-19. Over .32.000 men were entertained. The 
largest attendance was 1,400 and the average was 1,000. Thanks for the good 
work done were expressed in person by both the Secretary of Wai' and tlie 
Secretary of the Navy. 

Albert Cook Myers, a member of the Society, suggested these receptions, and, 
together with Ernest SpofTord, Assistant Librarian of the Society, organized and 
directed the work in connection with them without compensation. The Council 
of the Society, in April, 1918, agreed to open the building one night a week in order 
that the men stationed in Philadelphia or in the city on leave might examine the 
remarkable collections of historic interest. A War Service Committee was ap- 
pointed, consisting of Charlemagne Tower, John Frederick Lewis and John Gribbel. 
to represent the Council of the Society. Having power to add to its numbers, 
it made Mr. Myers and Mr. SpofTord, Chairman and Secretary, respectively, of the 
Executive Committee. The late John W. Jordan, Librarian of the Society, was 
also for a time, a member of the Executive Committee, and took much interest in 
rearranging the Museum collections for the opening night. Francis Howard 
Williams, Treasurer of the Society, acted in like capacity for the Committee. 

During the later period of the receptions, Francis Rawle, the late William 
Drayton, Edward Robins and Harrold E. Gillingham, also served f>n the War 
Service Committee. 

The first of the receptions was held on Saturday evening, May 18, 1918. It 
was for officers only. The building was beautifully decorated wilii flags and flowers. 
A Guard of Honor, of soldiers and marines, was present. The Secretary of War, 
the Hon. Newton D. Baker, was the speaker of the evening. Orville Harrold, 
the American tenor, sang. All of the later receptions were for enlisted men. 

No pains were spared to bring these receptions to the attention of the enlisted 
service men. Neat signs of welcome were placed on the exterior of the building. 
A special poster was printed and widely distributed, giving a list of some of the star 
exhibits displayed, viz.: The Wampum belt given to William Penn by the Indians, 
"Mad" Anthony Wayne's sword and camp kettle. Robert Morris' gjeat money 
chest, Frankhn's punch keg, Washington's desk, John Paul Jones' sword given 
to him by King Louis XVI of France, Lincoln's law books and fiuniture, the auto- 
graph manuscripts of "The Star Spangled Banner," "Home, Sweet Home," and 
"Hail Columbia." Each week, moreover, 12,000 printed announcement cards, 
cut to fit a sailor's pocket, were distributed in over one hundred camps and 

*Sumniarized by the Secretary of the Philadelphia War History Committee from the 
records of Albert Cook Myers. 

671 




f)72 



like places. In this distriliution, as well as in many other ways. War Camp Com- 
munity Service greatly aided. The Boy Scouts also were willing helpers. The 
hours for the reception were from 7 to 11 o'clock. The uniform admitted the 
service men. but cards of admission wer(> strictly required for all civilians. The 
officers and members of the committees had their appointed |)laces and functions 
to jierform. The five great rooms of the building and all the special facilities for 
such fun(^tions were made freely available. The stately entrance hall was hung 
with Hags of the Allies, and from the galleries of the Assembly Hall, intertwined 
with bunting, were suspended the standards of the city, state and nation, along 
with the beautiful and costly historic flags and banners of the Pennsylvania Society 
of the Sons of the Revolution and other patriotic organizations. 

A band or orchestra, stationed in the Assembly Hall, enlivened the evening. 
The tables in the main reading room were covered with magazines, which, after 
the receptions, the men were permitted to take with them. Cigars and cigarettes 
were provided, and many of the men lingered in this room to read, smoke or chat 
with one another or with those chosen to assist in entertaining. 

A catalog of the Society's collection of relics, manuscripts and paintings was 
prepaied by Mr. Myers. Competent guides described the collections, particularly 
those in the two museum rooms on the second floor. 

At 8 P.M.. the exercises proper began in the Assembly Hall, the Chairman of 
the Executive Committee presiding. A Liberty Sing was led by Albert N. Hoxie, 
Director of Music at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 

About 8:.30 o'clock, an eight-minute address was deUvered on some topic 
of historic interest. The speakers were: Hampton L. Carson, S. Davis Page, 
Charles Wadsworth, Jr., W. Herbert Burk, Ex-Governor Edwin S. Stuart, John 
Cadwalader, Major (icneral Littleton W. T. Waller, William W. Porter, Calvin L. 
Lewis, Charles Francis Jenkins. Hollis (Jodfrey, Cheesman A. Herrick, Charlemagne 
Tower, Mrs. Charles Roberts, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Thomas WiUing Balch, the 
late Thomas Skelton Harrison, Thomas Lynch Montgomery, P^llis Paxson Ober- 
holtzer, the late John W. Jordan, W. W. Keen, William E. Lingelbach, Russell 
Duane, Major General Charles H. Muir, and Albert Cook Myers. 

Following the address were special musical features. Among those who, 
as volunteers, delightfully assisted in this way were: May Ebrey Hotz, Lewis L. 
Howell, Elizabeth H. Latta, Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theatre, Mrs. Phillips 
Jenkins and her students. Aline van Barentzen, the Orpheus Club of Philadelphia, 
and Henry Gordon Thunder. A special dramatic entertainment was given on one 
occasion by Mr. and Mrs. Otis Skinner. At another time a quaint Indian game 
was played by a group of red men impersonated by students of the School of Indus- 
trial Art, costumed under the direction of the artist and Indian authority, Charles 
H. Stephens. 

At 9 o'clock dancing began, under the oversight of certain ladies of the Com- 
mittees. Each week about 200 girls were invited as dance partners and to assist 
in entertaining. The dance in progress, supper was served under the direction 
of Miss Helen K. Morton and Miss E. Mae Myers. Among others who assisted 
them were the Emergency Aid Aides in their attracti\e uniforms, usually under 
the command of Miss Marys B. Clark (now Mrs. George Harrison Frazier, Jr.). 
At the coffee urns presided Miss Lydia T. Morris and Mrs. Charles Roberts, or 
other efficient helpers. 

673 




Rau Art Studios. Inc. 



\ l.aler Ri'ception lo Soldiem. Snihirs mid \hirr 



Many woiirulcfl mm woro entortaincd, and givon special rare and attention. 
Frequently, men convalescing in city hospitals, were bronglit in motors to the 
receptions through the kindness of Mrs. George W. C.hilds and others. 

The visitors came from every State in the Union, the territorial possessions 
and the Allied countries. .Ml branches of the service were represented. On the 
whole they were splendid young nirn. luanv of tiicni of (Ik- keenest intelligence 
and finest sensibility. 

The expenses of the receptions, amounting to about $18,000. were met by 
a special fund contributed on appeal by a long list of members of the Society. 
Individual members and organizations who defray(>d the cost of specific evenings 
were Mrs. .1. Bertram Li[)pincotl. WaltiT ,1. Lippincott. the Pennsylvania Society 
of Colonial Dames of America, the Colonial Society of I'ennsylvania, the Pennsyl- 
vania Society Sons of the devolution, Thomas l^eWitt Cuyler, the late 
Mrs. James MifTlin, the Transatlantic Society of America, Miss Anna ,1. Magee, 
Mrs. William Brooke Hawie, Alexander Nan Rensselaer, Misses hjiiily and Laura 
Bell. Miss Lydia T. Morris, Mrs. Arthur II. Lea. Thomas Willing Balch, the late 
Thomas Skelton Harrison, Miss Nina Lea, and groups of men and women. 

This generous financial support would have been wholly inadequaU; but for 
the voluntary services of a devoted and self-sacrificing band of workers who gave 
themselves personally to the cause, .\mong the most active members of the 
sub-committees on reception, entertainment, etc., beyond those previously men- 
tioned, were: Charles S. Bradford, Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Brinton, Misses Kezia 
R. and .Martha Bunting, Miss Jane Campbell, Miss Helen Louise Coates, Mr. 
and Mrs. James de W. Cookman, the late Miss Anne H. Cresson, Mr. and Mrs. 
Leonard H. Dudmau. Mrs. Waller J. Freeman. Miss Jean K. Crafi'en. ATrs. William 
S. Hallowell, Mr. and .Mrs. John W'. Jordan, Wilfred Jordan, Bevan Jordan, Mr. 
and Mrs. Alfred R. Justice, Mrs. Nathaniel Seaver Keay, Gregory B. Keen, Mrs. 
A. H. Lane. Miss Mary B. Latta, Miss M. Atherton Leach, Howard W. Lewis, 

674 



Mr. and Mrs. M. P. McGeehan, Miss Elizabeth D. McMahon, Mrs. Sara P. S. 
Mitchell, Mrs. Alvin A. Parker, Miss KUa Parsons, Mrs. Henry Pemberton, Jr., 
Mrs. Edward Robins, Mrs. Ernest Spofford, Mrs. James Starr, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. 
Spencer Trotter, Miss Anne Holhngsworth Wharton, Miss Bertha S. Wetzell, 
Miss Mary E. Wood, Mr. and Mrs. WiUiam K. Wood. 

At the outset, the entire staff of the Society volunteered to do their part in the 
work, and their willing services greatly helped the undertaking. In addition to 
those already mentioned, they were: Miss Jane C. Wylie, Albert J. Edmunds, 
Miss Mary M. Townsend, James W. Pawson, Miss Lihan T. McMahon, George 
H. Fairchild, Miss Martha F. Grant and Miss Martha B. Thompson. Further- 
more, the helpful suggestions and the hard work and late hours recjuired from the 
faithful guardian and caretaker of the building, R. Albert Stenberg, were indis- 
pensable to the success attained. 

It is impossible here to chronicle all the kindly assistance and encouragement 
from outside sources, but mention must be made f)f that received from the city 
press, which was ever friendly and appreciative. 

The final reception, on May 17, 1919, was in honor of the men of the 28th 
Division. Major General Chai'les H. Muir, who was present, together with his 
staff, made the address of the evening. 

The receptions became famous all over the country and were the theme 
of letters to the home-folks and of pleasant reminiscence on ships at sea and in 
the camps of France. 

They will ever be held in appreciative and grateful remembrance by an im- 
portant element of our young citizenship, and will redound to the credit of the 
Historical Society and to the city of Philadelphia. 

THE YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
Walter M. Wood. General Secretary 

The war work of the Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia should 
be divided into two classes: First, that done by the Metropolitan Y. M. C. A.; 
and, second, that wiiich was directed by the National War Work Council. 

Of the three national campaigns conducted by the National War Work 
Council of the Y. M. C. A. for $3,000,000, $.35,000,000 and $100,000,000, respect- 
ively (each quota was exceeded), the Philadelphia district contributed approxi- 
mately $10,000,000 for the three campaigns. 

WORK OF THE METROPOLITAN Y. M. C. A. 

The general statement issued by the Metropolitan Association covering the 
period from April, 1919. is prefaced by figures giving the names of secretaries and 
members who enlisted in the service of their country. The Honor Roll of the 
Central Branch alone includes twelve secretaries and 1,700 members. An unusually 
high percentage of members and secretaries also engaged in war welfare work 
in the city and in the camps and overseas, William 0. Easton, Executive Secre- 
tary of the Central Branch serving as Associate National Educational Secre- 
tary. 

As soon as Camp Meade was organized, a number of the directors of the Phila- 

675 




Class in Triijonomelry. 



(Iclphia \ssociatinn. incliKlinf: some of llio loaditif,' hiisinoss mm of the cily. vol- 
iiiitccic(l llicir soi\ ices as Y. M. (".. A. spciclarios for slated periods of time on such 
a basis as would permit of an adjustment with Ihcii imsincss schedules. Among the 
men wlinsetxcd at ("amp Meade may he menlioiied the folliiwinir: Ivlvvard 11. 
Bonsall. William M. Longslielh, Edward W. Mcholson, .lolm \V. Dorris, and 
J. Willison Smith. 

The services n>ndered by the Metropolitan Association, under the direction 
of IVesident Joseph M. Steele, and (len(ral Secretary Walter M. Wood, were 
larp^ly with service men at the regular branches. Thai work is best shown by 
the use of a few figures and in pres<>nting them the Metropolitan Association 
stresses the fact that these figures do not include the wiirk done under the War 
Work Council in and near Philadelphia. 

Over 517.000 men made use of the V. M. C. A. buildings in IMiiladelpliia. of 
which mnnber IT.'). (•()() secured slei^ping accormuddation and ! I."). 000 used (he baths, 
lockers, swinuning pools and gymnasium. \ tulal uf o\er 91,000 attended regular 
meetings and 11.700 were entertained in Ikiiucs. churches, and theaters under the 
direction of the Young Men's Christian Association. 

Owing to the proximity of Camp Dix, the Washington barracks at Cape May, 
and the increased number of men at League Island, the Metropolitan Y. M. C. A. 
was confronted with a nundier of problems. Not only did it have the men in the 
service to consider but also, on account of the great increase of industrial workers 

676 



in munition factories of Philadelphia and at Hog Island, its general activities were, 
of necessity, greatly expanded. 

Special educational classes wer(> estahlished in which :5 10 took the courses in 
aeroplane work; 103 studied in the courses in wireless: 181 took up ship blueprint 
reading, while sixty-three enrolled in the courses in navigation and seventy-five in 
ship fitting. 

So great was the demand upon the various branches of the association tliat it 
became imperative to find larger and more suitable accommodations. Therefore, 
the First Regiment Army at Broad and Callowhill streets was fitted up as a club- 
house. The chairman of the connnittee in charge was Richard L. Austin, and the 
executive secretary was L. W. Fountain. During January, 1919, and the nine 
months following over 27,000 men were cared for at the armory. Entertainments 
for 9,000 were provided there and each man received a gift package from the 
department. Not only were the men provided with sleeping acconnnodations and 
entertained, but 3,000 iclief cases were also handled, and over one hundred posi- 
tions secured for returned turn. The total innnber visiting the armory and making 
use of its equipment was oNcr r)5,000. 

In the spring and sunnner of 141') thousands of returning troops came to the 
port of Philadelphia. Mr. keeler the Transportation Secretary arranged for the 
reception of nineteen troo])ships and the proper care of the men who were trans- 
ported from the pier to C.amp Dix on fifty -eight troop trains. In practically every 
case all returning troops were served with a gift box and thousands of postal cards 
were distributed and many telegrams to relatives sent fiee of charge. The gift 
boxes were packed by a voluntary committee of ladies under the chairmanship of 




Library al League Island. 
677 



Miss Warren of the Penns\lvaiiia Kailroad liraiuli. Equipment for caifjo boats 
was supplied, consisting of a pliono-irapii and records, testaments, sonj: sheets, 
pamphlets, books, games and stationery. This equipment was also furnished to 
eleven coast-guard stations through Mr. Welch of the War Camp ("ommunity 
Service. 

The retain of troops to the port of Philadelphia, and the very large number of 
demobilized men coming to this city from many camps, necessitated the assign- 
ment of nine special secretaries, and four members of the regular staff to help dis- 
charged service men to find themselves in civil life. \or was this work confined 
to men of American birth <mly. Thousands of men w ho were born in other lands, 
or whose parents had come as immigrants to this country served with the Vmerican 
forces. Special attention was given to those men whose limited knowledge of the 
English language and lack of understanding of Vmerican ways often caused ap- 
parent injustice. This special work was under the direction of ( 1. T. Demberg. In 
connection with the work for demobilized men, special service was organized for 
the colored men of the city. This work was largely personal in character: the men 
being helped to secure allotments, insurance, lost discharges, etc. Three hundred 
and forty-four colored men were placed in positions. 

In the second place, the work of the National V. M. V.. \. in the servii-e of the 
troops is of special interest to Philadclphians. for during the Civil War two secre- 
taries from this city served with the L nion forces. Work was carri(>d on by the 
Y. M. C. A. during the Spanish and Russo-Japanese wars and when the National 
(uiard regimi>nts were called to the Mexican border, it had its secretaries with the 
troops. 

At Camps Hancock and Meade, and wherever Philadelphia men were sent, 
they found the Y. M. C. A, ready to serve. The Med Triangle workers were on the 
piers to greet them, and bid them "(iod Speed." In many cases they went with 
them on the transports and continued their activities in places of danger and need, 
in the front line. 

Doctor Cornelius T. McCarthy, the fust American medical officer to receive 
lln> lirilish Military Cross, and subsequently the Bar. was with American Engineers 
at Cambrai in the fall of 1917. Doctor McCarthy, in letters to friends, paid high 
tribute to the Y. M. C. \. In closing one of these letters. Doctor McCarthy said: 
"Thank Cod for the Y. M. C. A. For three days we were unable to get supplies 
to the front beiause of heavy fire, and we were sustained by the supplies of the 
Y. M. C. A. hut, whose workers were with us at the time." 

Three hundred and thirty-three Philadelphians, of which number 27)'.\ w ere men 
and eighty were women — served with the "Y." One hundred and twenty-five 
worked overseas and 208 in the various camps at home. 

WOHK CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL WAR WORK COINCIE 

The statement issued by J. D. Sutherland, Philadelphia representative of the 
Nati(mal War Work Council, covered the period from September. I<)17, to Decem- 
ber. P)I9. a total of 27 months. 

The work of the Na\'>' Y. M. C. A., including two buildings, one in the city 
at l.Uh and Shunk streets and the other, the Navy Y. M. C. A. building at the 
League Island Navy Yard, were placed at the disposal of the War Work Council. 
During the war period over 600,000 Navy men secured sleeping accommodations 

678 



and used tlie geni-ial eliib facilities, including baths, lockers, game rooms, reading 
and writing rooms. Thousands of men desiring accommodations were turned 
away, every available inch of s|)ace in the city Navy building being packed to 
capacity. 

The building at the Navy Yard proved inadequate to meet the demands of war 
time, and on September 20, 1917, a type '"E" building, including an auditorium 
and social rot)m, was dedicated. A stafl' of five secretaries consisting of one building 
secretary, two reUgious work secretaries, one social and one educational secretary 
were placed in charge. 

I'ndcr the chairmanship of Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge, a committee of 
Philadelphia women was organized to conduct a canteen for the sale of ice cream, 
cake and soft drinks. Mrs. John W. Geary, a member of this committee, furnished 
the social wing of the building. 

Edward Bok presented a swimming pool at League Island, 75 feet long 
and 25 feet wide, with a depth of 4 feet at the shallow end and 9 feet at the deep 
end . 

The Commandant at the Navy Yard was so pleasetl with the pool and the 
possibility that his men could be given instruction in swimming, that he issued a 
schedule of hours for the different detachments stationed at the yard. 

In the second "Y" financial drive for §.'55, 000,000 a troop of nine Boy Scouts 
of Merion, Pa., raised $32,000. This troop decided to present this entire amount 
to the National War Work Council for "Y" work and requested that $15,000 go 
to France to provide a hut for the Army and the balance of $17,000 to provide a 
modern gymnasium for the men of the Navy and Marine Corps at League Island 
Navy Yard. This building with full equipment, including apparatus, wrestling 
mats, hand ball and basket ball courts and full gym equipment, had a seating capac- 
ity for 1,500 men. It was dedicated June 5, 1918. The association in this dis- 
trict was particularly fortunate in having such a complete physical equipment 
and the men of the service took advantage of the entire plant to its fullest capacity. 

In September, 1918, the influenza epidemic which swept the country reached 
League Island Navy Yard and on September 11th the use of the buildings was 
offered to the medical authorities and on September 12th they were taken over. 
The auditorium and social room were taken by the Navy and provided quarters 
for 200 patients: the gymnasium was taken l^y the U. S. M. C. and also provided 
quarters for 200 men. The staff of secretaries volunteered to Ccue for these men, 
and during a period of three weeks rendered remarkable service in caring for the 
sick and ministering to the parents and relatives of the men who died. The 
entire yard was quarantined for a period of six weeks and when conditions improved 
at League Island, members of the staff gave their services in city hospitals where 
the epidemic had made particularly hard inroads among the population of the 
city. 

Figures summarizing the work from September 20, 1917, to July 1, 1919, 
show that the attendance at the building totaled 2,103,920 and that 544,400 
letters were written. The secretaries sold money orders totaling $53,998.26 and 
cashed checks on a daily average of $250, amounting in all to $150,000. 

The secretaries in charge of religious work conducted 205 meetings with a 
total attendance of 44,206. Three hundred and twenty-one Bible classes were 
organized with a membership of 5,461; over 8,000 copies of Scriptures were dis- 

679 



tril)iite(l and 1. 000 personal interviews held with the tmni for the discussion of in<ii;d 
and religious subjects. 

In the Educational Department 13,896 mem attended 39 lectures. There wei-e 
361 educational classes with a total att(>ndance of .').328. 

The library was operated under the lulucalional Department and 11.392 
books were put in circulation. The swinnning pool was used by 48,679 men, 
and 108,38.5 took advantage of the facilities olFered by the gymnasium and its 
equipment. Motion-picture entertainments proved popular, as usual, and the 
Social Department reported that 127,025 men enjoyed the fdms. 

Besides the work at League Island, the Philadeljihia district organized and 
developed activities in seven other places: 

Paoli — Camp Edward C. Fuller, for Signal Hattalion, V. S. M. ('.. operated 
frotn ,Iune to September, 1918. 

I"()HT MiKKi.iN — .\nununition base, three miles below League Island on the 
Delaware River. Extension program from INavy Yard for 300 marines. 

Frankford Arsenal — The government prepared a room inside the ars(>iial 
for association purposes and the "Y" secretary also had charge of a communitN 
house outside of the arsenal for recreation purposes. This work was carried on 
from September, 1918, to January, 1919, for the 600 Army men at this 
place. 

(iRKi-:.\\vir.ii Point — The association equipped a building whicii the (iovern- 
ment provided and detailed a secretary on full time for work with 800 men of tiie 
I nited States Army and Motor Transport Corps for a period covering .lanuary, 
1919, to July, 1919." 

Lnited States Aumv Husi'Ital No. 22 (Blockley), Philadelphia — From 
IVbruary to .May, 1919, the (jovernment provided a room in the hospital for 
association work and during the months of May and June the activiti<'s were 
continued in a large tent. A secretary on full time looked after the needs of 600 
wounded overseas men and 100 detachment men. 

Besides the above camps, etc., the Philadelphia (MstricI included the very ex- 
tensive work at Wissahickon Barracks, Cape May, .\. .1., and work at the sub- 
marine base, Sewells Point, N. J. 

The war work of the association in this district was taken over by the (iovern- 
ment on January 1, 1920, the; activities being coulined now, as before the war. 
to the p(>rmanenl work in the Y. M. C. A. at the League Island Navy ^ ard. 
at the Navy Y. M. C. A. Building, at 1 3th anrl Shunk streets, and in the 
various branches of the Association in and near the city. 

A large number of Philadelphians enlisted for overseas service with the Y. M. 
C. A., and some of them were placed in executive positions of considerable impor- 
tance. Among these may be mentioned Franklin S. Edmonds, who organized 
the first Leave Area of the A. E. F. at Aix-les-Bains, and later was head of the 
Soldiers' Leave De[)artment Y. \\. C. A., A. 1*]. F., and also head of the Legal 
Department of the Y. M. C. A. and Liaison Commissioner with tiie American Bed 
Cross. 

John L. Clarkson, of the Philadelphia Association, was placed in charge of 
the pioneer educational work with the A. E. F. overseas and later was c(unmis- 
sioned a Major, (jeorge W. Braden was first the Physical Instructor at l\w Leave 
Area at Aix-les-Bains, and later was in entire charge of the physical woi k of the 

680 



Y. M. C. A. with the Italian Army (Caso del Soldato). He was made an Hondiaiy 
Major of the Itahan Army. 

0. Howard Wolfe was head of the Personnel Department of the Y. M. C. A.. 
A. E. F., dmint; the last six months of the war. H(jward Butcher, was Treasurer 
and Assistant Chairman of the Finance ( '.ommittee. Charles ( '.arver. J r., was Divi- 
sional Secretary of the Auvergne Leave Area. Later he was in charge of the Leave 
Area of the Riviera, the largest in the A. E. F.. where 150,000 men were entertained 
for seven-day vacations. 

Miss Gertrude Ely was one of the pioneer women secretaries, and served with 
the 1st Division until after it had maiched into the Rhine \'alley. Mrs. D. Rraden 
Kyle was one of the j)ioneers in organizing the First OlFicers' Clnb at Cannes. 
Miss Lulu Dnhring was in charge of the women's work in the Auvergne Leave 
Area. 

There were many others in this service whose work was of equal merit, so 
that Philadelphians may recall, with proper pride, their part in this notalile work. 

THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 

By Dorothy Bauer 

" To stand behind the girl behind the man behind the gun" — this was the task 
undertaken by the Young Women's Christian Association of America when the 
country faced the jjossibility of taking jiart in the European war. 

The immediate tasks lay in safeguarding the moral conditions in the neighbor- 
hood of Army and Navy training camps, and welfare work among wt)men who en- 
tered uew industries in the unusual conditions created by war. 

Oflicers of the Army and the '^'oung Men's Christian Association centered 
their activities on men in camp, and it was essential in safeguarding the men 
in camps that there be established cooperative work of women for woukmi in the 
conniiunities where men were (juartered. 

The organization which in times of peace and under ordinary circumstances 
is al)le to carry out a program is naturally the one to which the comnnmity tinns 
in time of emergency. The Young Women's Christian Association had the 
machinery, the equipment and the motive to do such work effectively. 

Added impetus was given to the plans of the National Roard l)y telegrams 
from the War Department Conunission on Training Camp Activities, and from 
the general secretary of the International Committee of the Y. M. C. A., which 
set forth the need iov expert women workers. 

The acceptance of this sudden challenge to prove their ability to help in the 
social, industrial and economic readjustment of the Hves of thousands of women 
and girls in our country culminated in two war meetings on June 6 and 7. 1917. 
at which a War Work Council was organized. 

The National Roard authorized the creation of a War Work Council con- 
sisting of one hundred women. Some were National Roard members and field 
work representatives; others were women of varied interests wht) were not, at the 
time, connected with the association. 

The function of the council was to act as a committee of the National Roard. 
and use the resources of the Y. W. C. A. in meeting the special needs of girls and 
young women of all countries affected by the war. 

681 



The council included wdincn of ail classes, of all dcnominalions. ev(>rywhere. 
Philad('li)liia members were: Mrs. Edwin C. Grice. Mrs. William !.. McLean. Mrs. 
John Markoe and Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury. 

All the activities of the council were directed by sj)(>cial commitl(>es which 
operated in stntions of the country where the need was greatest. The Hostess 
House Committee, for instance, planned to erect such buildings at points where 
they would he easily accessible tn the soldiers of the 1 nited Slates Army and their 
women relatives. 

Other committees directed the work of social morality; supervised bureaus for 
training volunteers for special service: undertook to solve housing jiroblems; 
launcluHl work among colored women and girls and outlined plans for work over- 
seas. 

In the various localities the type of activity was adapted of necessity to the 
local conditions. Patriotism was stimulated by the organization of patriotic 
leagues among girls who were lured by the novelty of the uniform; Americanization 
work was started among foreigners and interpreters sent into their homes to ex- 
plain the object of the war; and social connnunity centers were established. 

All these activities were carried forward under the insignia of the Blue Tri- 
angle, which was recognized on both sides of the Atlantic as the symbol under which 
America's womanhood rendered service. 

In approaching the war problems at home, the War Work Council was enabled 
to facilitate its work by the existing geographical units of the national organization, 
which is subdivided geographically into eleven lields. Philadelphia contains the 
executive oflice of the l">ast Central Field, which comprises the states of Pemisyl- 
vania, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia. 

In this held the first Hostess House in .\nu'rica was erected. \l Mlcnlnwu. Pa., 
where the ambulance corps was stationed at Camp Crane, the building was 
erected with Miss Mary Truman in charge. Ultimately the need of a permanent 
^ . W. C. \. became ap|)arent. and in August, 1918, the National War Work Council 
rented a building, where the membership mounted rajjidly to :!..'}()(). 

Mrs. 11. S. Prentiss Nichols was appointed Chairman of the War Work Council 
in the East C(>ntral Field. 

Members of the committee included Mrs. Frederic M. Paist, Mrs. Frank T. 
Griswold, Airs. .John White (leary, Mrs. W illiam C. Ferguson, Dr. Ella B. l]\(iitl. 
Mrs. Charles J. String and Miss Isabel Ce,st. 

The erection of a hostess house at Camp Meade, Maryland, followed soon 
after the opening of the camp. 

Apart from these two centers, however, the main problem of the field diuiiig 
war days was the industrial woman. Hundreds of foreign-born and colored women 
were brought into the Stale to work in the munition factories. The influx was so 
great that IMiiladelphia is rated now as the third largest city of colored po|)ulation 
in the 1 nited States. 

These facts, as they emerged from the chaos and confusion of the war, ne(u;s- 
sitated many radical changes in the usual assoc^iation program, and the activities 
subdivided broadly into foiu' phases: 

I. The establishment of Industrial Service Centers to furnish living accom- 
modations and recreation facilities for industrial women. 

II. The introduction of an Americanization program among foreign-born 

i-)K2 



women tu acquaint them witli the causes of the war; to read and translate to them 
the letters sent from husbands or sons who were drafted ; and finally to teach them 
the language (jf America — their adopted country; its customs, and the methods 
of preparing food that help in food conservation. 

III. The introduction of a program of social morality by a series of lectures 
given by women physicians — an undertaking that was financed jointly by the 
Y. W. C. A. and the Women's Council of National Defense. 

IV. Special work among colored women. 

One of the chief centers for Y. W. C. A. work amrmg industrial workers was 
the Frankford Arsenal at Bridesburg. where thousands of additional girls were 
employed to meet the pressure of war conditions. In October, 1918, an Industrial 
Women's Service Center was established. The recreation and club rooms were 
immediately crowded to capacity and the demand for a cafeteria was so instan- 
taneous that one was installed. The establishment of clubs in the center led in- 
directly to Americanization work, owing to the fact that there is a large Polish 
settlement near by numbering 6,000. This led to the addition of a Polish worker 
to the staff; English classes were started for mothers and the school principals of 
the district gladly welcomed the Y. W. C. A. in coping with a situation which one 
of them described as "serious." 

Here is a quick glance at the activities of the Arsenal Club girls, who on March 
17th gave a Saint Patrick's dance with sailors and marines from the Navy Yard as 
guests. After developing the recreational facilities of the center to the greatest 
possible degree, the girls expressed a wish for talks on personal appearance and 
hygiene and these were started under Doctor Rachel Williams of Philadelphia. 
The association workers rejoiced to find that there were tangible results almost 
instantly; the talks were followed by the disappearance of those large-sized ear- 
buns that had been filled formerly with "me aunt's hair." 

A big factor in this phase of the work was emergency housing for the employed 
girls who, in many instances, came to Philadelphia from other cities. Of the many 
centers either built or rented for the purpose, the National War Work Council ob- 
tained one of the most pleasant in a residential down-town district in Philadelphia, 
where forty girls could be acconnnodated. This was known as the Rosemont House 
and it has been continued as a permanent living place for girls. The majority of 
the original occupants were employed at Hog Island and the applicants from the 
near-by offices were so numerous that a long waiting list w-as started. 

Business EngUsh and business arithmetic were thoroughly taught and for 
diversion the girls exercised in the gymnasiums, held club suppers and minstrel 
shows and invited their men friends to popularity parties on Saturday nights when 
there was dancing, and games were played. 

Such programs as these did much to alleviate the irresponsibility bred among 
many younger women by the sense of uncertainty and disaster that accompanies 
war. Moreover, it prepared them to some extent to grapple with the changed 
conditions of the reconstruction period when the slackened war industries dropped 
the unskilled workers from their jobs. 

Wherever the American woman went, no matter what her mission, the Blue 
Triangle went with her. One of the most humanitarian dwellings it adorned was 
the Players" House which ultimately was erected in all the camps for the 
actresses and singers who volunteered their services in amusing the men. The 

683 



other camp facilities offered the women no opporluiiity to assume their inake-iip: 
to snatch occasional periods of rest, or to stay over night, if irregular train 
service prevented their return to town. All the Blue Triangle Players' Houses 
were operated as hotels for transients and wore planned usually to accommodate 
about thirty-five guests. 

The contemplation of the industrial girls war-time problems led ahnost in- 
evitably to the Americanization work wliich was such a vital part of the associa- 
tion's program at that time. 

The influx of foreign workers and the i-ii'cumslances that caused America's 
entrance into the war. made the machinery of the association doubly valuable. It 
is the one organization that deals with alien-born grou|ts in their own language. The 
workers whom the organization employed to carry the creed of Americanization 
into every foreign household, included: Italians. Hungarians. Spaniards. Russians. 
Poles. Syrians. Lithuanians. Portugui'se. Serbians. Mexicans. Japanese and Chinese. 

These 'N . W. C. A. workers translated the newspaper articles to the women 
whose husbands or sons had been drafted into service and who could not under- 
stand the purpose of the war. They explained the food saving regime of the 
administration; assisted in writing letters to the men in the camps and explained 
the modern principles of child welfare, homekeeping and cooking. 

The purpose of the social morality program was to obviate the grave situation 
which confronted the conmumities adjoining the camps where thousands of men 
were concentrated. The lonely soldier, bored, indoli'nt. homesick and craving 
diversion, was confronl(>d by the young girl whose truly unselfish desire to serve 
her country, was too often, mistakenly directed towai'd the individual wearer of 
the I nited States Anuy uniform. 

The girls' ignorauice of life and war conditions was a menace, and the Bureau 
of Social Moralitv which the ^ . W . ('.. A. had established when troops were ordered 
to the Mexican border suppHed the ground work for the continuation t)f such lec- 
tures. The government, recognizing the urgent need for such education, took 
advantage of the experi(>nce accumulated by women pion(>ers already enrolled in 
the \ . \\ . C. A. and jointly with the association, financed the work carried out along 
these lines, under the Women's Council of National Defense. Women physicians 
lectured in the high schools and colleges. They talked to church groups, house 
maids, department store girls, welfare workers and war workers. In all, there 
were more than 2,000 lectures given in 225 communities of thirty-eight slates and 
the total at tendance is estimated at 1^.50,000 of which Pennsvlvania had a large share. 

When the association confronted the problem of the colored women who had 
come north in great numbers, as their men were utilized for war industries, the 
center of activity shifted to Philadelphia, lleie. tiie field w()ik(M's made a j)ioneer 
effort to supply education and wholesome anuisemenl for the colored girls who 
were employed in such industries as tobacco stripping, shirtwaist factories, steam 
laundries and in domestic service. There wer(> more than a thousand so employed, 
and to reach them four clubs were organized with volunteer colored teachers 
who were graduates of high and normal schools. Soon the need of larger and more 
extensive quarters was appar-ent. and a house irr the dowii-towri section was utilized 
as a club. 

The association attempted to supply new needs as (prii kis as they arose. The 
war created a demand for women as employment managers and industrial specialists. 

681 



The National War Work Council, on the advice of the Tnclustrial Depailiiient, 
financed an industrial training course at Bryn Mawr College where it opi-raterl 
under the Carola WoerishofTer Foundation. This course started in .lime. 1917, 
when Doctor Susan M. Kingsbury enrolled twelve students. Miss Anna BezansDii, 
the Instructor, selected the class from a large number of applicants and permitted 
none to enter the course, she would not hire, were she the employment 
manager of a factory. Miss Bezanson herself had practit'a! i^xperience in one of 
the largest razor manufacturing concerns in the country. The course was con- 
ducted in the closest cooperation with the government and with large employers 
of labor who recognized it as the preliminary change in a sweeping reconstiiiction of 
the industrial educational system of the country. 

The students spent two days of each week in large plants, usually in Phila- 
delphia. Two days were spent in the service departments of various concerns 
learning the details of organization and personnel work. Then the students entered 
the factories as actual woikers in the different processes where they learned machine 
and hand work from direct experience. They acquired, also, the viewpoint of tlie 
industrial worker, and it is related of the first group that "they eslublisiied a siilendid 
record for rehability and although they had to leave for work at o.i)() a.m. not 
one was ever late for her factory." 

When graduation came, the employers who had helped train the students, 
asked for their services in employment work. The course was a splendid pre- 
Uminary for all attempts at intelligent legislation on the woman-in-industry situa- 
tion. The experiment was so successful that after hearing the report, the War 
Work Council voted for the continuance of the course and appropriated $8,000 
to be given in the form of scholarships. 

Another interesting innovation which was inlroducted, with (he happiest 
results, at the Germantown Y. W. C. A., 5820 Germantown Avenue, was the course 
to teach leaders of recreation the gentle art of "breaking the ice." Miss Edna 
Geister, who has a peculiar genius for entertaining was guiding genius of the course 
and under her tutelage the girls were taught to keep "things going" at those mixed 
parties where reserve hangs like a thick mist upon the men and girls who are un- 
acquainted with one another. As a result, many hundreds of service men have had 
their evenings turned to riots of fun, instead of enduring dreary ice-cream festivals. 

The colorful chapter of association work, however, is summed up in the word 
"overseas." Witli the exodus of American women to France, the Y. W. C. A. 
went also, for the Triangle stands as the eternal symbol of spiritual, physical and 
mental welfare. 

American women served as telephonists, telegraphists with the Expeditionary 
Forces. The Y. W. C. A. housed them and provided them with such comforts as 
the war-ravaged countries might permit. Work was also started for the nurses, 
and at the request of the French ( lovernment, fifteen recreational and educational 
centers were established for the "Midinettes." 

Philadelphia gave its quota to the workers overseas. Among the workers was 
Miss Marjorie Persons, a former secretary with the East Central Field, who served 
as Secretary for the Hostess House at Tours and later went to Treves, tJermany. 
Miss Agnes Winters, a volunteer worker at the Lighthouse, worked with the French 
Industrial Women at Bristol. Miss Ethel Johnson, of Germantown, was transferred 
from the Y. W. C. A. in Palermo to another station. 

68:1 



Other Philadelphians who are listed as having done war worii service for the 
Y. W. C. A. before May, 1919, are Miss Eleanor B. Barker, Miss Gertrude Bingham, 
Mrs. Florence Burt, Miss Eva Chadwick, Miss Faith Clark, Miss Ethel Erskine, 
Miss Clare Evans, Miss Chailotte Foster, Miss \'era Freeman, Miss Emily S. 
Galbreath, Miss Helen Gillette, Miss Mary Goodhue, Miss Grace HamiU, Miss Eva 
Hartman, Miss Genevieve W. James, Miss Beulah E. Knauer, Miss Edith Ci. 
Knowles, Miss Marguerite Lautenbach, Miss Eleanor P. Monroe, Miss Harriet 
E. Norris, Miss Marion 0. Perkins, Germantown, Miss Margaret Biegel, German- 
town, Miss Buth P. Bing, Miss Anna M. Scott, Mount Airy. Miss Louis(> Sautcr. 
<iermanlown. Miss Grace Sheppard, Germantown, Mrs. Nancy M. Wilson, -Miss 
Helen Williams, Germantown, and Mrs. Selina Wispetal. 

I hi: womw supthagh: paiitv ok i'iiiladelpiii\ 

COUNTY* 

The Woman Suffrage Party was one of th(> first organizations to recognize 
the need for a properly chaperoned place of pleasure for the soldiers, sailors anti 
marines who were strangers in this city, and for the young women whose acquaint- 
ance they sought. 

Altogether over 300,000 men, who were quartered in IMiiiadelphia or in Ihr 
camps surrounding the city, were entertained by a committee of women repre- 
senting the Woman Suffrage Party, under the cliairmanshi|) of Mrs. Joseph M. 
(Jazzam. 

The first entertainment was held in Mrs. Gazzam's drawing-room, and later 
at the Suffrage Headquarters. 1723 Chestnut Street, and at various other places. 
Dances were gi\en twice a week, frequently special enlcrtinnmeiit was provided 
and refreshments were always served. 

The work of the Woman Suffrage Party received widespread conunendalion 
and letters of appreciation were received from the President. Secretiuy of War 
Baker, Secretary of Navy Daniels, General Pershing and \(lniiral Sims. 

Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theater, was a generous conliilmlin' iind supplii'd 
a number of vaudeville acts. Colonel Dulfy ga\e Ihe use of llie i)annHiin at Ihr 
Rittcnhousc; Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, the Rev. Carl E. Grammer, Ihe 
Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins and the Rev. (ieorge Herbert Toop were also acli\e in 
their cooperation. 

Among the workers on the original committee were: 

Mrs. .losi'pli M. Gazzaiii, Chairman. Mrs. Ildi'ii Spooner, Vicc-Cjliairmaii. 

The Misses \nna Harris Snyder, Kdilh Smiley, Marfiarcl Hoherts. Hi'htMca lluiil. \mi 
Harncil and Miss Shedke; Mrs. G. A. Piersol, .Mrs. A. Foster. Mrs. .\. K. Burns. Mrs. ( i. \. Dunn- 
ing, Mrs. H. RaiKiiel, Mrs. Kohn, Mrs. I. Eachue, Dr. I. li. .Moore and Or. Marion Self. 

After the armistice, although the Suffrage Party thuugiit its war work siiould 
come to an end, a committee continued the work at the request of the Wai- 
Cam]) Conununity Service and the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Daniels, ;in(i 
renamed their parties the '"Theodore Roosevelt Dances for Enlisted Men." 
This committee was composed of Mrs. Joseph M. Gazzam, Chairman; Mrs. Helen 
Spooner, Secretary; and Miss Edith Smiley, Treasurer. Assisting, as aides, were 

•Summarized by the Secretary, Philadelptiia War History Committee, from various reports. 

686 



the Misses Ann Harnod, Paulino Mitchpli, Katlieiine McDonald and Margaret 
Roberts; Mrs. A. Foster and Dr. Marion Self. 

Included in this post war work were the monthly parties of girls, properly 
chaperoned, who were taken to the dances at Camp Dix. 

WAR WELFARE COUNCIL 

By D. S. Blackman 

Philadelphia anticipated the National War Chest liy the organi/ation of a 
local council to secure funds from which contributions for approved war work 
could be made. 

In April, 1917, the city and four adjacent counties were called upon to conduct 
a drive for the National War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A., immediately follow- 
ing which the American Red Cross appealed to the public. Therefore, it was 
decided to organize for one general solicitation, and a meeting for a discussion of 
plans was called by Samuel T. Bodine, Cyrus II. K. Curtis, Alba B. Johnson, T. 
DeWitt Cuyler, James \. Flaherty, Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, (ieorge II, 
McFadden, E. T. Stotesbury, John Wanamaker. 

At this meeting, held on December 21, 1917, Mr. Stotesbury was elected chair- 
man and a permanent organization was authorized to "Regulate and conduct all 
War Fund Campaigns in the most effective manner in order that all citizens may 
render the greatest possible support to the United States Gf)veiiunent." 

A committee was appointed to further the plans and intluded Horatio G. 
Lloyd, Chairman, Percy M. Chandler, George H. Frazier, John J. Henderson, 
R. Leo Hunt, David Rirschbaum, John H. Mason, W. Hinckle Smitii, P. C. Staples, 
Hugh I. Wilson. 

On February 6, 1918, the committee rendered its report and the following 
officers of the War Welfare Council for Philadelphia and vicinity were elected: 
E. T. Stotesbury, President; Joseph R. Grundy, Vice-President, Bucks County; 
H. A. Beale, Jr., Vice-President, Chester County; Percival Roberts, Vice-President, 
Montgomery County; Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Vice-President, Delaware County; 
Hugh I. Wilson, Secretai'y; Drexel & Company, Treasurer. 

An executive committee was appointed consisting of: Horatio G. Lloyd, 
Chairman; John H. Mason, John J. Henderson, Albert E. Berry, Edward W. Bok, 
David Kirschbaum, W. Hinckle Smith, Percy M. Chandler, Hugh I. Wilson, 
R. Leo Hunt. 

Through the courtesy of John Wanamaker, Campaign Headquarters were 
established in the Liberty Building. The first task confronting the conunittee 
was that of preparing a suitable list of names in order that as many duplications 
as possible might be avoided, and that all interests without regard to creed, in- 
dustry, etc., might be appealed too. The second task, was to fix a quota, and the 
sum of $20,000,000 was decided upon by the Budget Committee under the chair- 
manship of Percy M. Chandler. 

Twenty-nine teams, totaling id I workers, were organized. The following 
served as captains: Albert E. Berry, General Director; Henry G. Brengle, Louis 
Wolf, C. C. Harrison, Jr., N. W. Corson, Thos. DeWitt Cuyler, Ely K. Selig, Sol. 
Bacharach, Arthur G. Dickson, E. T. Stotesbury, E. W. Clark, Morris L. Clothier, 
John F. C. Harvey, Ernest T. Trigg, John P. Connelly, James A. Flaherty, Percy 

687 



C. Madeira. Samiiel D. Lit. ('.. Ht'irnaii Krumbliaai. CaKiii \1. Sinstli. (leortic II. 
Frazier. William C Fiirber. William P. Cost. William CcmsIIov, Louis (!. (iralL 
William l\. Ilaidl. .1. ll(i«ai(l IVw. Mbcit Wolf. William \. ll.'xamcr. 

Divisional directx)rs were also appointed t'oi- the n[\ and included: 

Tlioiims Sliallcross I)i\ isimial Dircctiir, \\ est l'liit;i(li>l|iliia 

Hon. .lolin M. Patterson Di\ isicinal Dirciliir. Siiilli IViilmli'tpliia 

Thomas K. Armstrong Oivisional Diri'ctor. Norlli l'liila<li'lpliia 

J. Howell Cummings Di\ isional Director. Konsinglon 

George D. Porter Di\ isional Dire<-tor. (lorniantown 

E. J. Lafferty Divisional Director, Oak Lane 

John Walton Divisional Director, Northeast Philadelphia 

Directors for work amon^' employes included: 

Alba B. Johnson. (Chairman. Manufacturing Kmployes 
Ellis A. Ginibel. t'.hairman. Retail Employes 
Joseph J. McLaughlin. Chairman. Public Employes 
Herbert J. Tilv, Chairman. (Jeneral Employes 

The lulucational Committee, which was in realit\ the l*ul)licil\ Ajiencv, 
directed by David kirschbaimi, prepared comprehensive literature includiiif; 
posters, etc., for making known the real intent and pinpose of the i)roject. 
\boMt 2.7M) War Chest Clubs were established by the directors of the Kmployes 
|)i\isi(iii: the Board of Kducation allowed solicitation in the schools, and outside 
street car advertising was permitted by the Philadelphia Papid Ifansit Company. 

In Philadelphia about .500,(100 people madi' iiuli\ idiial contributions and in the 
four i-ounties 250,000 more persons had a share in the work. 

There was also created a special committee on disbursements, of which Samuel 
T. Hodine was Chairman. Associated with Mr. Modine were Percy M. Chandler, 
Thomas DeWilt Cuyler. Samuel S. Fels, James \. Flaherty, Horatio G. Lloyd, 
George Wharton Pepper, Percival Roberts, W. llimkle Smith. 

The recorded pledges and payments totaled >!20,()7;5,»()8.52. of wiiich sum 
$K),28<I,0'):?.2'> was subscribed in Philadelphia and SI,:}}U,7T5.2;5 was subscribed 
in the four counties. To March 15, 1920. $I5,502,7K5.70 (or 71.9%) had been 
paid in. The disbursements to beneficiaries anutunled to $15,311,553.11, and the 
ixpenses were $:r2,:5:?0.20, less the sums of ?!(i7,500 and §75,000 received from the 
.Vmerican Ped Cross and the L nited W^ar Work Council, respectively, to facilitate 
the collection of pledges. 



68!) 




CIVIC CLUB OF PHILADELPHIA 

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, President 

]HIS CU R was founded in 18Q1 to arouse in the women of 
Philadelphia an appreciation of their ei\ic oblif,'ations. 
Recognition of civic obligations is, however, an important 
foundation stone in the structure of patriotism, and with 
such a ft)undation it is not surprising to find the niemhers 
of the Civic Club identified with a large number of war- 
time activities — giving to these personal service to the 
limit of physical strength, and financial aid to the limit of 
of their resources. 

The Club's roster (which covers more tlian six pages 
of the Civic Club Bnllrlin issued for January and February, 1^18) shows that of its 
members, including those of ward branches, 559 worked in the ranks of the Emer- 
gency Aid of Pennsylvania, .'ill rendered service through the American Red 
Cross, 27 were associated willi the work of the National League for Woman's 
Service, and 17 with that of the ^ . W. C. A. These are but four of the many 
groups with w liich members allied themselves. This service included pid)lic speak- 
ing in behalf of production and conservation of food supplies, in behalf ol' all the war 
loan drives and for the various war relief emergencies arising from lime to time. It 
included the gifts for foreign needs, of three ambulances, of et.h(>r in large (juantilies, 
of surgical instruments and supplies, of food for the children of a Belgian village, of 
provision for the salaries of nurses and helpers — all these through the generosity of 
a member of the Club's Roard of Directors. From another mendier came the gift 
of the Y. M. C. A. swimming pool at the Navy Yard. 

Another piece of personal service took the form of the translation of an im- 
portant article on "The TUilization of the IXTaimed for the Scientific Organization 
of Work" and published in the bulletin of the Taylor Society. Artist members 
contributed posters for war relief benefits, singers gave their voices for the enter- 
tainment of soldiers and for assistance in emergency drives, devotees of the drama 
interested themselves in the Stage Women's War Relief, and those trained in social 
welfare kept in touch with the families of enlisted men and in special work designed 
to keep families and soldiers in touch with each other. 

The executive service rendered by members, outside of their individual work 
and contributions, forms in its recital a long and impressive list. They served 
as guides and administrators for numerous efficient groups and bureaus, both at 
home and abroad. In this particular field may be mentioned direction of com- 
mittee work, of hospitality to enlisted m(»n, of hospital work, and of reconstruction 
work in devastated countries. Thus much for the work of individual members, 
who gave freely and generously of time, strength, talent, and mone>. 

The club as an organization made itself responsible for the direction from 9 
A.M. to 1 P.M. of the Information Rooth for Enlisted Men, located on the east plaza 
of City Hall — a work begun January 28, 1918, and continued daily until June :5t). 
1919 ; and the collection of forty colored lantern slides showing views of Philadelphia, 

689 



which were presented to the National War Work Council of the Y. M.(".. A. for 
use in its "huts'" in France. 

Through sucli patriotic work as we find Hsted in its roster did the C.i\ic 
C.hib show its right to be counted among those groups who stood fast in the hour 
of national peril. 

THE NEW CENTURY CLUB 
Mrs. II. S. Prentiss Nichols, President 

On Septenilier 30. 1914. at the meeting of the Executive Board of the New 
Century Club. Pliiladelphia. the President spoke of the outbreak of war in l^urope. 
never dreaming that America would ever be involved, and suggested that relief 
work would be needed. The International Committee at once took it up and within 
a week the committee was at work. 

The far ilung battle line finally reached these shores and in April, 1917, 
the I nited States joined the Allies against the cruelties and aggressions of 
(lerniany. What had been a philanthropic elfort to relieve the snU'criiigs of 
countries across the seas became a sublime expression of love of this country 
and her own beloved sons. As part of its contribution to this great call the New 
Century Club decided to devote its energies to war work. An appeal to the club 
brought a swift response from its own incumbers of more than §.i.0()0 to finance the 
undertaking. The plan decided upon was to open the club house Sunday afternoons 
and evenings for the use of the men in the service. .\ great host of more than 
20.000 men in uniform were guests of the club week by week, until aft(>r the signing 
r)f th(> armistice. Siunmer and winter the club house was open every Siuiday. 
Writing materials, reading matter, quiet comfort all Sunday afternoon, a hot supper 
served by the loving hands of club niendiers, and in the evenings music and ad- 
dresses by men of distinction and inlluence. Kchoes of gratitude came from many 
mothers in distant homes for this friendly mothering of their sons. 

The club also instituted a policy of open meetings lor all women wli(>ther club 
members or not. and such subjects as the Council of Defense. Med Cross. lOmergency 
Aid. International Friendships, War-time Prohibition, lufncation of Soldiers, Need 
of Nurses, etc., were presented. (Ireat throngs came to hear eminent sj)eakers, 
among them Dr. Anna Howard Shaw; Mrs. A. Burnett-Smith, sent to the United 
States by the British Government; Madame Louis Cazamian who was sent here 
with the French Commission; the Contessa Cipriani representing Italy, and many 
other distinguished women and men whose great souls kindled an an.swering fire 
of patriotism. 

'I'he first me(>ting of women in IMiiladelphia to assist in the Liberty IjOan was 
held in the New Century Club, June, 1917. to which the presidents of 125 
women's clubs were invited. For the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Liberty 
Loans .^722,800 were subscribed through thi- did) in the club house. 

The club house was given over to tiie use of the IMiiladelphia Council of Defense, 
under the chairmanship of Mrs. Henry D. Jump, during the summer of 1917, and 
was a veritable hive of patriotic industry. 

Four members of the club. Miss Klla Ide Kcnne>, Miss .Marion S. Comly, 
Miss Frances M. White and Miss Jessie B. Wilkinson, rendered war service over- 
seas. 

690 



PHILOMUSIAN CLUB 

By Mrs. Edgar Marburg, President, 1916-1918 

With thirteen years of continued progress when the United Stales went to 
wai', the Philomusian Club responded with enthusiasm to every call to duty. 
The first thing done was the purchase of a large service tent, which was 
presented to the League Island Navy Yard. Furnishings and various supplies 
were later installed. 

Pianos, victrolas, sheet music, magazines, books, games and puzzles were sent 
to the battleships Iowa. Indiana and Massachusells. The U. S. S. Missouri was 
furnished with a library of 700 books. 

In the fall of 1917 Mrs. Henry D. Jump was appointed Chairman of the 
Patriotic Work Committee. She was also Chairman of the Woman's Committee 
of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, and organized in the Philo- 
musian Club, the West Philadelphia unit of the Woman's Committee, with 
the members of the executive board of the club as the directors of the ten 
departments. Existing club committees were used as working units of these 
several departments. 

The Finance Committee secured the sum of ■S700. by means of two card 
parties at the club and two privately aiTanged benefits, with which to begin definite 
war work. 

The Liberty Loan Committee of the club cooperated in the October, 1917, 
drive. 

The Registration Committee was composed of the Club Membership Com- 
mittee and used the club house as Registration Headquarters for the December 
drive and the two succeeding ones. 

The West Philadelphia Chapter of the Red Cross was officered by members of 
the club. The Philomusian Red Cross Committee organized an auxiliary and 
placed and manned a booth in the club house during the December membership 
(Red Cross) campaign. 

The French Relief Committee, working under the Allied Relief Committee of 
the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, was composed of junior members of the 
Philomusian Club, and directed by a senior committee. Efforts were concentrated 
on the French towns taken over by the French Relief Conmiittee of the Emergency 
Aid for reconstruction work. In October, 1917, four boxes of women's and chil- 
dren's clothing, sweaters and underclothes (partly worn), five pounds of stick candy 
and three dozen jars of jams and jellies were sent to Trellequiers Aumant in 
charge of their church. This shipment was followed in December and January 
by larger supplies of similar character, together with $125 for the purchase of 
stoves. Later, 10 large packing boxes and $450 were sent. 

The Knitting Committee made thousands of knitted garments. 

These knitted Eurticles were distributed among twenty camps in the Llnited 
States. The war fund of the club appropriated $100 for free wool and $50 was 
paid monthly for the same purpose. One hundred of the sweaters listed 
above were finished in two weeks as a result of an S. O. S. on behalf of the men 
of the 22d Infantry regiment at Hoboken, N. J., the wool Ix^ing furnished by a 
club member. 

The Committee on Food Production and Food Conservation held a food 

691 



rxhihif. cooperating with the 27th and 46th Ward Civic Branches (West Phil- 
adelphia). Housekeepers' Protective Association, West Philadelphia Hijjh and 
Klementary Schools, Drexel Institute, the Hathaway Shakespeare (Women's) 
C.lub, and the West Philadelphia Readinjr (Women's) Club. 

The exhibits showed war bread with its recipe, meat, fats, butter and sweets 
substitutes. 

Exhibits were h<>ld of the war-time flour, war-time "at homes." war-time 
socials, and war-time club teas. 

The Library Committee, cooperated with llie V M. ( 1. \. in providing reading 
matter for camps and navy yards. 

One of the most notable achiexfiiicnts was the dub hospitalit\ to men 
in the service. Beginning in a small way, these Sunday night suppers rapidly grew 
to tremendous proportions. Over twenty-two thousand men were given a taste of 
home life by the kindly hostesses, served a delightful hot supper, and entertained 
afterwards. Speakers, musicians, entertainers, all were glad to give their talents to 
cheer "our boys." \\ riting paper, reading matter, "smokes" were furnished for 
these meetings b> mcmlMTs and friends. A clergyman in the neighborhood ob- 
served that when he saw our stalwart guests who had been invited for 6 o'clock 
supper arriving at 2. he realized that the Philomusian Club was giving these boys 
imich more than the supper, something of real value that they wanted and needed. 
One of the sweet-faced motherly mendiers of the club reported meeting a group of 
sailors going through \\ anamakers. She noticed they were smiling at her in a very 
friendly fashit)n. and as she passed one .said. "Hello, lady; I met you at the Philo- 
musian C.lub." 

The largest lunnbi'r entertained any one evening was 158. These represented 
forty-six States and six Allied countries, as was discovered at the roll call of States. 
The .service flag of the club, representing the husbands, brothers and sons of the 
members, had 1 10 stars, ranking from lieutenant colonels to "doughboy.s" and 
"devil dogs." Six of the men made the supreme sacrifice: Lieutenant Knox B. 
Birney, 6th Kngineers; .Midshipman William S. Crowell, I nited States Mavy; 
Ensign (ieorge B. I-]vans. Jr.. 1 nited Stales Naval .\ir Service; Captain Howard 
C. McCall, Company C. .")9th Infantry; Lieutenant .]. C. Morris Small, Cnited 
States Navy; Lieutenant I'.manuel W. Wilson. 22d Infantry. 

Lieutenant Bii'ney received the Croix de (inerre and Captain McCall the 
Distinguished Service Cross. 

A member of the club, Mrs. \. E. Lehman, went to France to do war work; 
she was partly financed by the club. The French (Government awarded her the 
Medal of Honor for her heroic service during the typhoid epidemic at Luzancy. 

The dub planted three trees on the Lincoln Highway as memorials to the six 
gold stars. Through the conservation committee one hundred fruit tr{>es have been 
planted in Northern F'rance and are called the I^hilomusian Club Orchard. 

Through the Department of Kducation three French orphans are being 
educated. During the last year of the war, meetings were held at the club for 
the mothers of men in the service. The realization that mothers must not only 
stand back of their boys, but must also do this cheerfully, to preserve their morals 
was the inspiration for these gatherings. 

The report for one season of the philanthropic, patriotic and relief work is as 
follows ; 

692 



Mrs. Henry R. Swopp was Cliairman of this committep. With the exception 
of hohdays, the members of this committee met every Monday and Thursday from 
9 A.M. to 5 P.M. to sew and make surgical dressings. Twenty-five thousand five 
hundred and seventy-six of these dressings were made and distributed to the Red 
Cross, the Little House of Saint Pantaleon and to hospitals. 

Complete outfits for four French orphans, each containing seventeen garments, 
were made and contributed, and thirty-six Christmas packages were packed and 
sent to soldiers. Over twelve hundred garments were made by the committee and 
distributed in various directions, more than eight hundred knitted articles were 
made and given away. 

At the request of the (iovernment for help in the reclamation service, more 
than a thousand overcoats, 300 shirts, 200 blouses and 400 pairs of socks were 
mended. 

Three hundred and twelve linen articles were sent in response to a call IVoru 
the Government for linen for hospitals in France. 

The canteen workers of the club supplied over eight thousand men in the 
service with cigarettes, apples, ice cream and other eatables. 

Beside tliis committee that was organized for war work, all of the club luin- 
mittees contributed in some form of service. 

The class in Current Events contributed .§650 for anestiietics. This was 
sent through Dr. Rose of the Little House of Saint Pantaleon. Through other 
committees French orphans were supported. Kits, shot bags, magazines and 
other articles were sent. 

The Patriotic Finance Committee, under Mrs. Joseph H. Parvin, raised .f6,172 
to be used for patriotic purposes. A member and ex-president of the club, Mrs. 
B. F. Richardson, was Chairman of the Women's Committee of West Philadelphia 
for three of the Liberty Loan drives. The club purchased $6,100 in Liberty bonds. 

Under the leadership of Mrs. Edward C. Bendere, her Committee on Thrift 
Stamps and War Certificates made a record unsurpassed in either City or State 
for Women's Clubs — a sale amounting to $165,000. 



mi 



PHILADELPHIA CLLBS 




HE CLUBS of Philadt'lpliin were active in war work. As 
organizations many of tlieni carried out definite war-time 
programs, and all of them through their meml)ers were 
represented in the military and ci\ iliaii elforts made in the 
prosecution of the war. 

It has been somewhat (hllicult to secuie an adequate 
statement relative to the work of tiie chihs, but the reports 
sent in by a number t)f them are indicative of tlieir general 
spirit. 

.\ER() CU B OF 1>ENNSYLV.\NI.\ 

Taking rank in the list of states according to the number of officers who served 
in the I nited States Air Service during the World War, Pennsylvania stands fifth, 
having furnished, according to actual official figures. .')83 flying and 161 non-flying 
officers; a total of 1.017. I iidoubt«'diy a greater luimber came from I'hiladi'lpliia 
than from any other section of the State. 

Closely interlinked with th(> early history of mechanical flight is the aerial 
activity of many IMiiladelphians. and a bri(>f sketi'h of the State's most active 
organization in connection with aeronautical matters during the war follows: 

The .\ero Club of Pennsylvania was organized [December 17, 1909. It stands 
for the encouragement and development of interest and activity in aeronautics 
and aviation, it is the governing body in its field in the Commonwealth and 
recognized and authorizefl by afliliatioii with the \ero Club of America, the 
national body. 

Karly in the spring of 1916, Philadelphia's first aviation school was organized. 
.\ number of the club members, including Judge ,1. Willis Martin and Bobert E. 
(jlendiniiing, incoiporated the Philadelphia School of Aviation, with the object of 
instructing a volunteer force in the event of war. Mr. (ilendimiing was President 
of the corporation. A bill was introduced in City Councils providing for the leasing 
of the old Eazaretto grounds at Essington to the school for a period of ten years, 
at a nominal rental of a dollar a year. Mr. (ilendinning, in outlining the plan, 
stated that the main purpose of the school was to instruct students in aviation 
as a step toward preparedness. This school and its founders and j)upils played 
a most important part in the aviation history of Philadelphia, as more fully 
described in the accompanying chapter. The school was formally opened on 
May 12th. and the large body of invited guests was addressed by the late Admiral 
Bobert K. Peary. Flights were made by Chief Instructor Walter .lohiison. 

On March 8, 1917, it was definitely announced that the War Department 
had decided to take over the Philadelphia School of Aviation. This information 
was conveyed to Bobert E. (ilenflinning in a telegram from (leneral (Jeorge O. 
Squier, (>hief of the Signal and Aviation Section of the Army. 

In response to a call for a loyalty and allegiance meeting sounded to the 
members of the club by its President, Joseph A. Steinnietz, in a circular letter 
dated April 6th, the memorable and historic date of the L nited States entry into 
the great world's struggle, a large number of the members and their friends assem- 
bled in the office of Mr. Steinmetz on the afternoon of April 7th. 

694 



The members were honored by the presence at the meeting of Captain A. A. 
Cunningham of the aviation section of the Marine Corps and Captain W. C. 
Ocker, who had recently been placed in charge of the newly acquired Essington 
Aviation Station. 

President Steinmetz, after calling the meeting to order, related fully the 
objects of the special meeting, the general condition confronting the United States 
and its citizens. He suggested possible ways and methods by which the mi-mbers 
of the club could best serve their country. The meeting was addressed by Captain 
Ocker and Captain Cunningham. 

After a roll call of all persons present at the meeting, the assembly was 
requested to pledge a solemn oath of loyalty and allegiance to the United States. 
The following day the members of the club, by permission from the proper 
authorities at Washington, visited the Covernment Aviation Station at Essing- 
ton to pay their respects to Captain Ocker and inspect the grounds and equip- 
ment. 

On the date of the meeting at Mr. Steinmetz's office it was publicly announced 
that his office would, until further notice, serve as a military exchange and head- 
quarters for the Aero Club of Pennsylvania, also as the local uptown office of 
Captain Ocker and Captain Cunningham and other government officers of the 
aviation section, whenever they desired to avail themselves of its use. 

Through this office and the efforts of the club's president, hundreds of young 
men entered the aviation service. Many became pilots, gunners or observers. 
Many hundreds were placed in positions as industrial war workers in the various 
aircraft factories, ammunition plants and other war-material producing plants 
of the country. 

In September, 1917, it was announced that Major Robert Glendinning 
had been placed in charge (tf the task of constructing the enormous aviation field 
for the use of war machines of I he I'nited States Army in France. It was slated 
that this aerodrome would be one of the largest in the world aiul would be built 
close to the section of trenches which the American troops would hold. 

Early in 1918, the Aero Club of Pennsylvania made the suggestion to the 
Philadelphia Y. M. C. A. that the association found a school of aeroplane con- 
struction, and upon invitation of the Y. M. C. A. the club appointed the follow- 
ing committee to meet with the committee of the Y. M. C. A.: Joseph A. Stein- 
metz, Dr. Geo. S. Gassner, William D. Harris and William H. Sheahan, Chairman. 

That such a school was a necessity was shown by the urgent call sent out by 
the Naval Aircraft Factory at League Island, that a force of 2.000 was needed 
at the factory to bring the plant to quantity production. It was decided to admit 
women to the classes in the lighter work of aeroplane construction. Competent 
instructors were secured and it was planned to open two courses; one for the 
training of field mechanics and ont^ (ov shop mechanics. The school was a success 
from the start: hundreds of young men enrolled for the various com'ses and were 
quickly trained for aircraft work. Several women became skilled workers and 
were placed in the Naval Aircraft Factory. Until the close of the war the school 
filled a place occupied by no other institution in the State, by furnishing skilled 
workers for the aircraft industry. The manager of the school during its year of 
existence was Lincoln R. Soule, First Vice-President of the club. Members of the 
directing committee were Joseph A. Steinmetz, President, and William H. Sheahan, 

695 



Director of the Aero Club. The school made a brilliant record and full credit for 
its organization must be given the Aero Club. 

THE ART CLUB 

Sixty-seven (67) members of the Art Club were in the service. Contribu- 
tions to the Tobacco Fund amounted to §237. 

Exhibitions of war pictures were made from lime to time in tiie art gallery, 
and the cluV) contributed .?12 per month tn the \merican \rtists' Wur I'inergency 
Fund. 

The subscriptions to the Liberty Loans were as follows: 

First Liberty Loan ." $106,000 

Second Liberty Loan .').')! .700 

Third Liberty Loan 607,050 

Fourth Liberty Loan . 1.608. 100 

Victnry Liberty Loan L08').000 

Tin: i:ngineers' club of ]>iiiladelphia 

It was to be expected that the inenibers of tlie I'^ngineers' Club of IMiiLidclphia 
should take an honorabh- part in llie Wnrid War. As a matter of fact, they per- 
formed an exceedingly important part. 

In the Army were 276 men. including one brigadier general in charge of the 
transportation system in France, tiiirteen colonels, eleven lieutenant colonels, thirty- 
two majors, sixty-one captains, and over one hundred lieutenants. Naturally, 
the largest number. 101. were in the engineer corps. Ordnance came n(>xt with 
fifty-five, fiillo\MMl by artillery, twenty-nine; infantry, nineteen: (piartermaster. 
eighteen; and air service, eighteen. 

In the ISavy. there were fifty-seven, including three rear admirals, four lieu- 
tenant conunanders, twenty-seven lieutetianls and twelve ensigns. 

Many of these officers were occupying positions of great responsibility and 
of an importance above their rank. That the value of their services was recognized 
is shown by the fact that among the 176 Army officers who icturncd tilled blanks, 
there were 180 promotions or an average of more than one for each. (Three 
were promoted four times, and several were promoted three times.) Among the 
Navy list, there were thirty-seven i)roniotions out of thirty-nine officers reporting. 

The fourteen citations and fifteen decorations from foreign governments 
awarded in the two services add their testimony to the ability and resourcefulness 
of their recipients. Ten members were wounded, and seven gave their li\('s. 

Sergeant Edward Williams Barker. U.S.A., died March 17. 1918. Camp 
Meade, Admiral, Md.; Lieutenant Hichard F. Day. U. S. A., died Sept. 25, 1918, 
Cermont-Farrand, France: Lieutenant S. C. lletherington, U. S. A., died Sept. 28. 
1918, Argonne, France; Lieutenant Frederick B. Prichett, U. S. A., died Sept. 6, 
1918. France; Lieutenant Harry Walter Prince, U. S. A., died .lune II, 1918. 
England: Ensign J. R. Zeckwer, U. S. N., died Oct. 15, 1918. Philadelphia; 
Corporal Coleman R. Havens, U. S. A., died Dec. 9, 1918. France. 

One hundred and nineteen Army officers saw foreign service, aud twenty Navy 
officers. Thirty-seven remained in the Reserve Corps of the Army and twenty- 
five in the Navy, while a considerable number have remained in the regular service. 

696 



ImpDi'taiit as was the participation of the club inenil)Ois who ontpred the 
military service, it was perhaps equalled in importance by the work of those who 
took part in civilian service, both governmental and non-governmental. 

In governmental work, nine occupied responsible positions on the great 
advisory boards, such as war industries, etc., thirty-four were connected with 
the Emergency Fleet Coi^^oration, two of whom were in exceedingly important 
positions, ten were under the Fuel Administration, twenty-four under the Navy 
Department, twenty-seven under the War Department, and nineteen under 
miscellaneous boards and committees. 

In non-governmental work, six were engaged in Liberty Loan Campaigns, ten in 
the design and manufacture of munitions, twenty-two in the manufacture of other 
essential war materials, five in plant construction, twelve in plant designing, 
three in plant operation and eight in shipbuilding. 

That over five hundred of our members should have volunteeicd tlieir services, 
for nearly all were beyond draft age, is an impressive proof of their patiiotism. 

MARKHAM CLUB 

The Markham Club as an organization did not engage in any particular 
war work, but over ."50 per cent of its entire members were on active service. 

MERCANTILE CLUB 

Beginning with 1917, the club spared no ell'ort in assisting numerous enter- 
prises which had for their object the comfort of men in the Army and Navy, and the 
raising of the loans for the prosecution of the wai'. 

One of the first tangible evidences of the interest of the club members was the 
purchase of an automobile ambulance, which was presented through the American 
Red Cross to Base Hospital No. 20. The sum of $676 was given to the Emergency 
Aid of Pennsylvania for its Tobacco Fund. 

One of the most successful afl'airs given under the auspices of the club in 1917 
was a National Patriotic Bridge Tournament. As a result of it .SI. 925 was turned 
over to the Red Cross. In 1918 the club raised, in the Third and Fourth Liberty 
Loan drives, the sums of $609,200 and $1,322,900 respectively. The subscription 
to the Third Liberty Loan exceeded that of all of the leading clubs of Philadelphia 
but one, while for the Fourth Liberty Loan the Mercantile Club had the prcjud 
distinction of being the only one to secui'e a subscription from each member. The 
100 per cent flag was presented and received with great enthusiasm. 

Fifty-five members were in the active service, while many others held important 
positions in civifian work. 

The War Camp Community Service was given the use of the social hall for a 
number of dances for Army and Navy men. These and other entertainments were 
largely attended. 

During the period of demobilization the club continued its interest in the wel- 
fare of the troops, and many soldiers and sailors were received and welcomed 
in the spring and summer of 1919. 

Subscriptions to the Victory Liberty Loan were the largest (>{ any Loan made 
by the club and amounted to $1,152.5, 000. For the second time it received the 100 
per cent flag. 

Ml 



THE PENN CLl B 

C.liarh's J. Cohen. Secretary, reports llial ainoii^' the members of tlit- club 
who served in the World War were: Major C.harles J. Biddle, Captain Ceorge 
Wentworth Carr, Major John Lewis Kvans, (Captain C. Fonlaine-Maiiry l.,eid\, 
M.l~).. Major Ceorge William Miller. M.D., Lieutenant A. Charles Myers, ^L^j•"■ 
S. \\ Welherill. .Jr.. Major Benjamin H. Whittaker. 

At a meeting of the club members in January, 1018. the club, by t'ortnal 
resolution pledged its support to the Covernment. 

Subsequent to the signing of the ai'mistice a reception was given to the miMU- 
bers on the honor roll. 

THE PHILADELPHL\ CLUB 

The Philadelphia Club reported that no direct action was taken in relation 
lo war .service. One hundred and ninety-live members were in the various branches 
of the service and contributions to the Liberty Loans were made by the club and 
b\ ils members. 

PHILADELPIHA COUNTRY CLUB 

The Philadi'Iphia Country Club, in a very brief statement, reporttnl that for 
sixteen SundaNs an average of one hundred st)ldiers and sailors were entertained. 
Transportation on special trolleys was provided. 

Ditmer was served at 12.30 and a supper at 7->.'M). During the afternoon base- 
ball, football, golf, tennis and other sports were indulged in. There was special 
music provided, and the guests always seemed to have an enjoyable time. 

In 1918 three acres of the lawn were plowed up for a war garden. 

This club, as others, participated in war activities through its members, but 
its facilities for organized efforts were limited. 

RACQUET CLL I'. 

The Uacquct t.lub began its war-work aiti\ities with tiic first Liberty Loan. 
lulward H. Nash, Jr., a member of the did), was requested by the Associated 
('lubs C.urnmiltee to secure subscriptions, lie |)Mrsiied this work during the first 
two loans. 

WTicn the preliminary work began on Ihe Third Loan a more vigorous cani- 
|)aign was instituted, and Ihe Pxiard of ( Jon eiiiois of the club coiifirmed the ap- 
pointment of the Chairman of the Third Libeil> Loan ('onwnittee. Ilemy 1*. 
Baily, and gave their hearty support, not onh to this loan, but l<i all the subsequent 
loans. 

In the Fourth Loan. Mr. Baily associated with liitnself a larger conmiittee. and 
the hearty support of the entire club and the results were very gratifying. 

With Ihe experiences of the four loans, work for the \ ictory Liberty Loan 
was started by a very large committee, whose Chairman was Albert K. Kennedy. 
Every active member of the club supported Mr. Kriined\ and his associates, and 
the sum of over .'?2. TOO. 000 was subscribed. 

The following amounts were subscribed through the club to the dillerent loans: 
First Liberty Loan, $303,000; Second Liberty Loan, $323,550; Third Liberty 
Loan, $54LL50; Fourth Liberty Loan, $2,127,500: I'iflh Liberty Loan, $2,727,500. 

698 



Of iho 780 active members in tlie clul), about 280 wen> in the service, so that 
the club rendered a 100 per cent service durinji the period of the war. Besides 
the work on the Liberty Loan, the members of the Racquet Chib enthusiastically 
backed up the membership drive of the Red Cross. A committee was appointed 
and a great majority of the members and nearly every employe joined. 

The Rac{ju(>t ( 'lub also welcomed the officers of our Army and Navy and 
officers from forci^jn countries, and entertained them dinini;- their slay in the city. 

THE ROTARY CLUB 

The Rotary Club of Philadelphia, after the entrance of the United States into 
the World War. pledged its service as a body of Philadelphia's representative 
business men to war welfare work. 

"Service" in war or in peace is in the slogan of Rotary. Vi'ter many plans 
had been discussed, the Rotary Club of Philadelphia finally and unanimously 
decided that its slogan could have no better application in war welfare work than 
in caring for the enlisted soldiers, sailors and marines in Philadelphia. The first 
Rt)tary Club house ever established in the Lfnited States was founded in this city, 
and was dedicated at an enthusiastic meeting of Rotarians on February 9, 1918, 
and in keeping with the service for which it was ojjened was called the Rotary 
Army and Navy Club. 

This house was turned over to the Rolaiy Club by the Board of Directors 
of the Evening Home and Librar> Association at a rental of SI per year during 




Reception Room, Rotary Army ami Naiiy Cluh. 
699 



tilt' period of tlic war. This generous act on the pari of this association enabled 
the l^olary C.Uib to use its funds for the necessary work at hand. 

Charles A. Tyler, Assistant Treasurer of the Public Ledger Company, as Presi- 
dent of the Kotary Club of Philadelphia, presided at the ceremonies. George A. 
Ileiu'icli, Manager of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, was Chairman 
of Finance Committee; Leon Beck, of Chailes Beck Company, was Chairman of 
luitertainment Committee; and Charles A. Stinson. of Catchel & Manning, was 
Chairman of the House Committee. 

The other members of the committee were: Frederic B. Barnitz, C. Edwin 
Bartlelt. Albert E. Berry, E. Lewis Burnham. Henry W. Bnse. Henry S. i-^vans, 
(iuy (iundaker, Harris B. Hatch. L. Miiiford llunuichouse. D. J. Murphy. Jr., 
Vi. IL Jackson, George W. Jacobs, Harris J. Latta, Allen M. Matthews. M. W. 
Montgomery. Foster AL Reeder. Alfred Scholes. Charles A. Tyler. Charles J. 
Welford. 

The Rotary Army and Navy Club had no ofhcers. It was operated by a 
committee of Rotarians comprising the chairmen of three committees that were 
appointed 1)\ the Board of Directors to manage its afl'airs, namely, a Finance Com- 
mittee, an Entertainment Committee and a House (^.onunittee. The club was main- 
tained by voluntary contributions from the members of the Rotary Club of Phila- 
delphia. The uniform of an enlisted man constituted the membership lee. 

The club house was a spacious three-story double building, located at 2.') S. 
\ an Pelt Street. Major (ieneral Littleton W. T. Waller. V. S. M. C, one of the 
guests at the dedication ceremonies, complimented the Rotary Club of Philadel- 
phia for "its aihievement in behalf of the men of the united service in fitting up 
so sjjlendidly a club house for the entertainment and comfort of soldiers, sailors and 
marines during their hours of leisure." 

Colonel Louis J. Magill. I . S. M. C. Conuuander 8. F. Leiper. l. S. N., and 
Major Clement AL Pike, ['. S. Ordnance Department, were among the Army and 
Navy guests. Letters of regret were received from Rear Admiral lienjainin Tap- 
pan, Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and Lieutenant Colonel T. B. 
Franklin, V. S. A. Both of these officers thanked the club on behalf of the enlisted 
men. 

More than two hundred and fifty members of the Rotary Club attended the 
opening. Following a cafeteria supper on the third floor of the building, the mem- 
bers and guests assembled in a handsomely furnished lounge on the first floor U) 
hear the reports of the committees. 

The house had been empty but three weeks previously. The connnittee 
started with only .'?I..500, and an empty building which needed paint and repairs. 
Of course this was put up to the members of the Rotary ( "ltd) as a business proposi- 
tion, and every one who handled anything that was needed to furnish a house of 
this character in the way of furniture or building materials, submitted estimates 
for the work. Some of these estimates were as high as .$1()() or S.500. The work 
and materials were donated by each Rotarian who had any part in it, and the com- 
mittee was given a receipted bill. 

On the first floor of the club was a large and handsomely furnished lounge 
to the right of the entrance and a well-stocked library to the left. Adjoining 
the lounge was a billiard and pool room, while a counter cafe was handy to all the 
rooms. The writing room and headquarters, office, dormitories and individual 

700 



bedrooms were on the second floor. Sliower baths were on every floor. A \avge 
assembly room was on the third floor. The rules and refj;ulations were issued by 
Mr. Stinson, Chairman of the House Committee, as follows : 

"Boys, this house belongs to you; make your own rules." 

The club was equipped with 132 beds. It also had a well-stoiked canteen 
with tobacco, cifiars and candy on sale. There was a charge of 3.5 cents per night 
for beds and 15 cents for cots. This charge included washrooms and all toilet 
facilities with towels and soap. Meals were furnished approximately at cost. 
The total sleeping capacity of the club house was 231. 

The Navy Department assigned a chief yeoman and six second-class yeomen 
to operate the club. The chief yeoman had charge of the building, and his assistants 
did the greater part of the work. 

The Entertainment Committee established regular Saturday night dances. 
Vaudeville entertainments, musicales, boxing bouts, etc., were also provided on 
other nights. It was discovered early that the dances were the most pojiular form 
of entertainment; therefore, dancing was especially featured. 

The dances became so popular that finally dances were established on Wed- 
nesday and Saturday nights, and these dances were attended by approximately 
two hundred boys and one hundred and fifty girls. The dances were absolutely 
free and, in addition to the music, refreshments in the way of ice cream and cake, 
free of chaige, were furnished also. 

One of the outstanding features of the work, and an indication of the whole- 
hearted manner in which the Rotarians entered into the spirit of the club, was 
the fact that the Rotary Club membership of 315 was divided into thirty-one 
committees of ten men each, thus making a connnittee for every day in the month. 
Each such conmiittee was responsible for the entertainment features at the club 
on a given night in the month. The members of the Rotary Club, therefoie, gave 
not only of their money, but also of their time and interest. Their wives also 
acted as hostesses on Sunday afternoons and evenings, and nmsical entertainment 
was provided, with light refreshments. 

More than 60,000 enlisted men were entertained by the liotary Army 
and Navy Club from the time it opened until several months after the armis- 
tice. Almost immediately after the club was opened, the Rotary Club of Phila- 
delphia observed that while training camps had been established by the Govern- 
ment for the instruction and advancement of enlisted men in the Army, no such 
provision had been made for the enlisted men in the Navy. The problem then 
confronted the club of providing a means whereby the Army and Navy Rotary 
Club might afford the enlisted men an opportunity to advance in the ranks of the 
Navy and thereby be more useful to the Government and achieve greater distinc- 
tion for themselves individually. In order to accompUsh this instructive feature, 
it was decided to consult with the War Emergency Unit of Philadelphia, 
of which Brigadier General Littleton W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, was Honorary 
President, with a view to having oflicers fioni the service assigned to the Rotary 
Army and Navy Club as instructors. 

Although the War Emergency Unit found, owing to the exigencies of the war, 
that it was impracticable to obtain the assignment of officers for this purpose, 
through the assistance of that body, the services of Dr. J. M. Babb, Professor of 

701 



Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania. Professor J. E. Saint-Seine, a 
French Instructor. Charles P. Paff. Jr.. of the l-lnfrineers Club, and John F. Lewis, 
a noted maritime lawyer, were secured. \\ illiam H. Hay. a graduate of the Naval 
Academy, a veteran of the Spanish-AnKM'ican War, and a member of the Pliila- 
di'lpliia Rotary Club, joined the ranks of the instructors furnished by the War 
Emergency Unit. The Assembly Hall, three nights each week, was turned into a 
school for the officers, and the following subjects were taught: 

Study Inslriiclor 

Navigation and mathematics Professor J. M. Babb 

Seamanship and duties of an officer. William II. Hay 

Hulr> of tln> mad at sea .luliii I'. I,c\\i> 

Engineering < liarl<>s F. Palf 

l"r(>nch .1. !■]. Saint -Seine 

Liuimery W illiam II. I lay 

An intensive course was adopted with iii>lrintiiiii gi\ cti in llui'c distinct studies 
each school night, hjght hundred men took the entire course, which was limited 
to l\\ent\-four periods of instruction in each snbjtH-t. Many of the "boys" were 
college graduates. As a result of this training T.'j per cent of llw 800 students who 
took the course passed rigid examination at the hands of the I nited States .Naval 
E.xamining Boards and received commissions. The remaining 25 per cent were 
awarded higher ratings. The pupils who took advantage of this "training camp" 
came IVom thirty-eight dill'erent states 

The officers of the Rotary Club of Philadelphia during the years of tlie Hotary 
Army and Navy Club wen*: 

1917-l'*18: Charles A. Tyler, President; Leon Bed. I'irst \ ice-l'resident; 
Charles A. Stinson, Second Vice-President; Charles II. Sassaman, Secretary- 
Treasurer; Cieorge M. Painter. Sergeanl-al- Arms. 

1918-1919: Charles A. Stinson, President: Charles B. Faircliild. Jr., I'irst 
Mce-President ; Benjamin Adams, Second Vice-President; Frank C. Harris, 
Secretary -Treasurer; Ceorge M. Painter. Sergeanl-al-\rms. 

The officers of the Rotary .\rniy and Navy Club weie: 

1917-1918: George A. Plenrich, Chairman f)f Finance Committee; Leon 
Beck, Chairman of Entertainment Committee: Charles A, Stin.son, Chairman of 
House Committee. 

1918-1919: Allen M. Matthews, Chairman of Finance Committee: Benjamin 
.\dams. Chairman of Entertainment Committee: M. W . Montgomery, (.hairman 
of House Conunitlee. 

TMVERSITV CM B 

Fromllie\ery beginning of the (ireat War in \pril. I'H7. to its close in No\cm- 
ber. 1918, the University Club did its part in men. and money and work. Those 
members who were ineligible for active service found ample scope for llieii' energies 
in the various lields of activity which were pres<'nled. Some served on dral'l boards, 
or as legal advisers to such boards. Others Ijecame inspectors of aims and muni- 
tions in the various factories. Others were to lie fouiwl acti\cl\ empktyed on the 

702 



various committees, medical, social or benevolent, which were engaged in ministering 
to the wants of soldiers and sailors. In this last branch of the service which in- 
cluded the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., and all other agencies except the Army and 
the Navy, 102 members, beginning with the honored president of the club, were to 
to found. One hundred and sixty-eight were in the Army in the various corps, 
medical, infantry, artillery, and ordnance. At the head of this list stood the man 
whom all Philadel|)hia delights to honor, and who has been called the field mar.shal 
of the medical profession. Dr. W. W . Keen. 

Two hundred and twenty-three were in active service in the Navy. Some 
were either heads or surgeons in hospitals units. Others were chaplains who cared 
for tht> bodily as well as the moral, and spiritual welfare of those to whom they 
were called to minister. Others were officers in the line, or the marine corps. 
I']ach man did his duty no matter what sacrifices it entailed, or what danger 
might be incurred. "Phey left their professions, medical or legal, without a thought 
that they might never return, or if they did, that they would be compelled to begin 
again at the bottom of the ladder. It is this fact, that so many members of the club 
are professional men who must toil assiduously in order to keep up, which makes 
their services so unique. To mention their names, or to try and give an account 
of what they did and where they went would be like reading the pages of the 
Gazelle. They were to be found in the hospitals everywhere. They were in the 
trenches in Flanders and in France. They were at Chateau-Thierry and San 
Mihiel as well as at Arras and Cambrai. 

Those who could not serve in the Army and Navy found places in the 
Home (iuard, and ilieerfuUy did the humble duty of making the city safe 
and orderly. In all, 193 members of the club, over 40 per cent of its 
membership, were in one way or the other actively engaged in serving their 
country. 

When the various loans were b(»ing floated by the Government a special com- 
mittee was appointed to have the oversight in each instance. The first loan was 
taken up by the banks and other financial institutions, and so no particular stress 
was laid upon the subject, l^ut when the other loans were launched the clubs were 
requested by the (iovernment to take the matter up with their members. What 
the University Club did is shown by the following table: 

Second Loan .SIO.5.000 

Third Loan 58.5,800 

Fourth Loan. 1,012,300 

Victory Loan 823,000 

Total $2,952,100 

In addition to these activities, the members of the club purchased and 
equipped two ambulances. At the same time they were instrumental in main- 
taining through the whole period of the war a fund for the purchase of tobacco in its 
various forms for the .soldiers and sailors who were in active service. 

Magazines and periodicals were sent to the hospitals and depots for the use of 
those who were invalided. 

In fact, there was no branch of the many lines of activity which were neces- 
sitated by the war in which the members of the club were not prominent. 

703 




r.nirt<-sv <il Krnrik \V. lluhliT. SluiiU-y Co. ot Anurlca. 

S/nff itf ihe *2Slh Division in fronl of llw f'nion fjfunn' 

llli: UMON LEAGUE 01- I'l II l.\l)i;i.I'l II \ 

linniediately following the declaraliim uf \vai- a special meeting was liekl. 
February 8, 1917, and the following resolulioii. presented by fortnci- l^icsidcnl 
C. Stuart Patterson, was unanimously adopted: 

"The Union League of IMiiladdpliia. pullitig counliN alinxc |)ar(N. pledges lu 
the President of the United Stat<»s its loyal support in whatever action may be 
necessary to defend llu- United States, and to maiufaiii the rights of its citizens on 
land and at sea." 

The receipt of this resolution was formally acknowledged !>> Ilir l'ri'>i(lciit. 
February 12, 1917. 

On March 22, 1917. a letter was received from the INhiyor of Philadelphia 
retpiesling the appointment of an advisory committee, available for immediate 
conference should occasion arise. A special meeting of the Board of directors was 
called on March 21, 1917, and the following mend)ers were appointed a committee 
for the i)urpose named: \ ice-President Miers Busch, former President Edwin S. 
Stuart, George W. l-^lkins, .1. S. W. llollon, and Samuel M. Clement, Jr. 

At a meeting of the Board of Directors, h(>ld April 10, 1917, a letter was received 
from former President lulwin S. Stuart, suggesting the appointment of a special com- 
mittee by the Union League to take appropriate and })atriotic action in support of 
the Government of the United States during the war. The suggestion was approved 
by the board, and a committee was authorized, to consist of the officers and former 

701 



presidents, with power to the chairman to add to the committee from the general 
membership. 

This special committee consisted of President John Gribbel, former Presidents 
C. Stuart Patterson, Fldward T. Stotesbury, Edwin S. Stuart, and Dimner Beeber; 
Vice-Presidents Miers Busch, Charlemagne Tower, William C. Sproul and William 
T. Elliott; Treasurer James E. Mitchell, and Secretary John W. llainer. 

The most important work of this committee was "The Annex," the idea and 
plan of which were developed and completed by President John Gribbel and Vice- 
President Miers Busch during the summer and turned over to the board for oper- 
ation about the middle of September. 

At the same meeting of the Board of Directors it was resolved tliat the dues uf 
every member of the Union League engaging in the military service of the United 
States during 1917 should be remitted. Similar resolutions were adopted each 
year during the entire war period. 

On December 9, 1917, William C. Sproul became President of the Union 
League, and a general reorganization of special committees took place in order to 
meet changed conditions, therefore at a meeting of the Board, held January 8, 1918, 
the following resolution was adopted: 

Resolved, That a standing committee, consisting of the executive officers, the 
ex-presidents, and ten members of the Union League, t(j be known as the Com- 
mittee on National Activities, be appointed by the president, the duties of the said 
committee to be to cooperate with the standing committees in matters pertaining 
to tiie various patriotic move- 
ments in which the LTnion 
League may be engaged, and 
other matters of similar na- 
ture which may be referred 
to it by the president. 

In accordance with tiie 
above resolution, the presi- 
dent appointed the following 
committee: William C. 
Sproul, Miers Busch, Alex- 
ander W. Wister, Jr., Charles 
R. Miller, Charles A. Porter. 
Jr.. John W. Hamer, James 
Iv Mitchell, C. Stuart Patter- 
son, Edward T. Stotesbury. 
Edwin S. Stuart, Dimner 
Beeber, John Gribbel, George 
P. Morgan. J. S. W. Holton, 
Robert P. Hooper, Clarence 
Bispham Collier, Thomas B. 
Harper, Robert M. Stinson. 
Joseph M. Steele, A. E. 
Pfaliler, Walter I. Cooper, 

, . -J- Cuurtesy of the Pliiladelphia "Press." 

Benjamm H. Ludlow. Members of Ike Union League at the Liberty Statue, 

The chief work ol this Armistice Day, i918. 




705 



committee was connected with the various Liberty Loans, and the greatest energy 
was displayed both in the publicity campaigns and in securing subscriptions to 
the loans. 

The menibersllip of the T'nion League included many men of great importance 
in the corporate and financial life of Philadelphia who were making large 
subscriptions through their various organizations. Inil in their loyalty to the Union 
League they placed through that institution subscriptions totaling $28,878,600. 
divided as follows: First Loan. Sl.7.-,0.()00: .S,.,-,,u(l Loan. .S:?.,58().()0(): Third Loan, 
$.3,139,400; Fourth Loan, $9,191,200; Fifth Loan. $11,218,000. 

These results far exceeded those of any similar organization and equaled 2}/2 
per cent of Philadelphia's enormous total ($1,069.21:5.000). 

On May '.'>. 1918. during the Third Liberty Loan drive, the I'nion League held 
a patriotic demonstration culiuitiating in a parade of 667 members to the Liberty 
statue at liroad and South Pemi Scjuare. where addresses were made by former 
Presidents Stotesbury, Stuart and Beeber. 

The records of the I nion League show the number of members in the uni- 
formed service to have been: Army and Navy. 181 : Wvd Cross. 18: ^ . M. (".. A.. I.'i. 

A large proportion of llu' membership was disfjualified, by age, for active 
uniformed service. An attempt was made to keep an accurate record of work done 
by meud)ers in various civil ca]jacities. but this was abandoned because almost 
every member was found to be fully engaged according to his ability, means or 
opportunity in some of the main chaiitalile or patriotic activities carried on 
throughout the war. 

During the entire war period. 1)\ most liberal interpretation of "fourteen-day 
card" regulations, the officials of the l']merg(>ncy Fleet Corporation and many 
olTicers of the Arm\ and Navy were granted club privileges, and everything possible 
was done for their comfort and to assist them in their work. 

In short, to the limit of its scope and resources, the I nicm League of Phila- 
del|)hia evidenced adherence to its motto: 

"Amoh Pathi i: Ducit." 

"THK ANNEX" 

\t a nuM'ting of the Special t'ommittee of the Lnion League, held on .Fuly 21, 
I''I7. it was brought to the attention of those present that the large <lub houses 
were almost deserted during the summer months, and that arrangements might be 
made to open a portion of them, at least on Sundays, for the use of enlisted men 
on leave ov(>r the week inid. The committee carefully considered this subject with 
a view of offering Lincoln Hall but as that did not seem to be practicable, it was 
decided with regret that the lnion League could not undertake this work on its 
own premises. The suggestion was then made that a room or building might be 
.secured in the neighborhood, whereupon President John (iribbel and V ice-President 
Miers Busch wer(> appointed a special committee to secure suitable accommodations. 

Mr. Bryant, a member of the 1 nion League for many years, at once took great 
interest in the plan, stated he was tiie owner of the church at the northwest corner 
of Broad and Spruce streets, which was for sale, and that he would be glad to offer 
the use of the i>ropcrty, free of all rent, to the I nion League, for the purpose named, 
for as long a period as it cared to maintain such a club, and with permission to make 

706 



such changes as in the judgment of the Union League officers would best adapt it 
to the purpose. The only restriction imposed was that possession shrnild be given 
within a reasonable lime in the event of a sale being effected. This most generous 
proposal was promptly accepted, and President Gribbel and Vice-President Busch 
were appointed a special committee to make the necessary changes and improve- 
ments. 

On August 20, 1917, a circular was sent to members of the llnion League 
describing the work undertaken and asking for .S.30,000 to put the plant in commis- 
sion and maintain it for one year. On September 21, 1917, a second circular was 
issued stating that over $15,000 had been subscribed by 540 members of the Union 
League, and asking that subscrijjtions be made payable by monthly charges to the 
members' house accounts. From that time the subscriptions were always suf- 
ficient to maintain the plant. 

At a meeting of the Board of Directors, August U, 1917, the committee sub- 
mitted a contract for repairs, which was approved, and the committee was also 
authorized to purchase a motion-picture equipment. 

The general contractor for renovating the building was the firm of John B. 
Wiggins & Co. In presenting the final bill the contractors generously deducted 
about 10 per cent of the amount, making the total $.3,000 net, and asked that the 
amount deducted be considered as their contribution to the cause. 

After the building was cleared it was found that an entire new floor would 
be required, and through the efforts of Edward F. Henson the lumber necessary 
was presented by members of the Union League dealing in that material. 

The total cost of equipping the building up to the date of formal opening was 
$5,729.88. 

The care of the building was made a part of the duty of the House Committee 
of the Union League, the members of which were Miers Busch, Chairman; 
James E. Mitchell, Edwin F. Keen, Samuel M. Clement, Jr., Joseph W. Cooper. 

The formal opening took place on September 17, 1917, and addresses were 
made by President John Gribbel; L. W. T. Waller, Major General U. S. M. C; 
Benjamin Tappan, Bear Admiral, U, S. N.; and Charles A. P. Hatfield, Colonel, 
U. S. A. 

The building was open from 9 a.m. to 11.30 p.m. each day, including Sunday, 
and the following equipment was provided: Lunch counter, cigar stand, barber 
shop, shower baths, four pool tables, two shuffle boards, checkers, several large 
writing tables, newspapers, magazines, novels, victrola, two pianos, stage with 
drop curtain and set of scenery. 

From the opening date in September, 1917, until November, 1918, when the 
influenza epidemic temporarily interrupted the work, entertainments were given 
each Friday evening, consisting of motion pictures and vaudeville, arranged by 
Harry T. Jordan, Manager of Keith's Theater. After the performance cigarettes, 
ice cream and cake were provided. The attendance averaged 500, occasionally as 
many as 700. Once each month a boxing entertainment was arranged. 

On March 1, 1918, a very effective drop curtain and one set of scenery (land- 
scape) were provided, and the Union League employes arranged the necessary 
electric lighting. 

During the winter of 1917-18 a series of dances was given on Saturday evenings 
under the auspices of the following ladies: Mrs. William C. Sproul, Mrs. George 

707 



H. Earlo. Jr.. Mrs. Williani M. Field. Mrs. James Large, Mi.ss Pauline Davis 
Bowie, Mrs. Juhn Gribbel, Mrs. lluward \\ . I'age, Mrs. W. Howard Pancoast, 
Mrs. Edwaid M. JefTerys, Mrs. John B. DeCoursey, Miss Clara T, Chase, .Mrs. 
W. Morgan Churchman, Miss Margaret C. Faulconer, Miss Certrudc H. Leidy, 
Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger. 

During the same period another series of entertainments was arranged for 
Sunday afternoons, the committee consisting of: Mrs. Franklin McCrea Wirgman, 
Mrs. James DeW. Cookman, Mrs. George Burton. Mrs. \\ . Bt'\ riolds W ilson. Mrs. 
William M. Field, Mrs. Scammon Jones. 

Beginning July, 1918, the House Committee arranged for molion-picture 
shows on Sunday, Monday and Wednesday evenings, and with a hooking agency 
for eight acts of vaudeville for each Friday evening, beginning December 6, 1 91 8. 
These were continued until the building was finally closed on June 23. 1919. 

The most iuiporlanl contribution in the way of entertaimnent was that of the 
motion-picture exchanges in providing practically an unlimited number of films for 
all entertainments. The films were usually new and were often shown at the 
Amiex weeks in advance of release in this city. This feature gave the Aimex an 
enviable reputation among the enlisted men and drew large audiences. 

In addition to the above, special entertainments wer(^ provided by members 
of the Union League and their friends. 

On Thursday, February 7, 1918, the members of the I nion League and their 
families were invited to inspect the building between the hours of I and 11 p.m. 
Refreshments were served and a nK)tion-picture entertainment given in the evening. 

In July, 1918, a special committee of 200 members of the Union League was 
organized for the purpose of giving clo.se personal attention to the Aimex and 
helping to entertain the enlisted men. This committee was organized by J. S. W. 
Hollon as Chairman, and Charles S. Calwell, George H, Grone, William 11. Lyman 
and David Halstead, ^ ice-Chairmen. Each vice-chairman took charge for (tne 
week, assigning four or live members of the committee for duty during one after- 
noon and evening. 

The opportunity alfordcHl the men for the conduct of their correspondence 
seemed lu be much appreciated, and the amount of mail matter sent and received 
was very large. A special post-oHice box was placed in the vestibule. Writing 
paper was supplied, printed with special headings, and a large quantity was 
undoubtedly carried away by the boys for use elsewhere, as it was estimated that 
over a million sheets of paper were supplied. 

Considering the large number of enlisted men present daily, it was feared 
that there might be dilliculty in maintaining discipline. During the whoK; time the 
.\nnex was open there was not the slightest trouble in this respect. The men seemed 
to appreciate the opportunities given them and were alw'ays well behaved. 

There is no doubt that from the point of view^ of the enlisted man the Annex 
was a success. It was operated as a man's club, and the men came and went with- 
out restricticm. The committee was often thanked by the boys individually for 
what was being done, and the story of the hospitality of the citizens of I'hiladel- 
phia, and especially of the members of ttie I nion League, has been carried to many 
parts of the I nited States. 

To provide a working forc<>, for Friday evenings to serve refreshments, the 
following employes of the I iiion L(>ague contributed their services for the entir(> 

708 



period during which the building was open; WilUam F. lloniilicr, Josepli D. 
Gregory, Wilhani A. Cloak, William H. StaufFer, Jr., Eli C. Sehruidl, Mortimer 
Skeggs. 

Appreciation of the service rendered by Thomas B. Harper should be recorded. 
Having time at his disposal, he spent a large part of each day at the Annex, looking 
after details and giving personal attention to the inquiries of the enlisted men and 
helping them out of their troubles. 

The House Committee, wishing to arrange some special entertainment for the 
Christmas seasons, and not having facilities at the Annex, decided to give dinners 
on Christmas Eve, 1917 and 1918, in Lincoln Hall. A notice was [josted on the 
bulletin board in the Union League stating that the cost would be $2 per plate, 
and members were invited to entertain as many guests as they wished. In 1917, 
248 boys attended, and in 1918 upwards of 2.50. On each f)Ccasion members of 
the Union League came in during the evening and made short addresses. Dinner 
was served at 6:30 and the entertainments lasted until 10:30. The feature of the 
1918 dinner was the attendance of about twenty Japanese, the crew of a freighter 
then in the harbor, and after the singing of the Japanese national anthem by the 
men, the interpreter in charge of the party made a short address. 

One of the diflicult problems was the lunch counter, and it was finally decidi^d 
to run it on a very small scale, the articles sold being Umited to sandwiches, pastry, 
ice cream, coffee and soft drinks. A uniform price of five cents was charged for 
each item with the exception of ice cream, which sold for ten cents. The total 
receipts were $12,864.86, a trille less than the cost of the supplies. This shortage, 
together with the equipment and wages made a total operating loss of $3,189.53. 

The House Committee was unable to make any exact statement regarding 
attendance. However, it is fair to estimate it at upwards of 600,000. 

On June 2, 1919, the committee was notified that the building had been sold, 
and requested to vacate the premises in twenty days. Accordingly, on Monday 
evening, June 23, a fmal entertainment was given and addresses made by the 
President of the Union League, Edwin S. Stuart; Vice-President Miers Busch, 
Thomas B. Harper and William Bryant. 

On Tuesday morning, June 24th, a force of men began to clear out the build- 
ing and distribute the equipment and gifts. All gifts were carefully packed and 
returned to the donors. 

While mention is made herein of those who have been particularly active, 
there has been no attempt to include all who are entitled to commendation. It 
is the thought that for this work credit is due to every member of the Union 
League. 

THE WAR ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE 
By Major R. B. Owens, D. S. 0., Secretary 

Soon after the entry of the United States into the World War, searches were 
made and hsts were prepared for the National Research Council, covering such 
subjects as the submarine, the torpedo, etc. 

At the request of Major' (!en(>ral (leorge 0. Squier, Chief Signal Officer, a 
recruiting and examination station was established at the Franklin Institute for 
applicants for admission to the aviation service. 

709 



Over two thousand young high school and college students and graduates 
were exa:iiined as possible ofiicer personnel for the signal corps and air service, 
about one-half of which number were recommended by the Institute for com- 
missions. 

The work of examination was conducted by Captain (now Major) R. B. Owens, 
D. S. 0., Secretary of the Institute and later by Dr. George F. Stradling of the North 
East High School. Philadelj)hia. and Chairman of Department of Physics, Collegiate 
Science, A. E. F. laiversily Beaune. 

A school in wireless telegraphy was conducted during the winter of 1917-18 
in response to an urgent demand from the Federal Board of Vocational Education. 
It was open only to those young men who were in the first draft. The total en- 
rolment was 210, of which number ninety-one completed the course and were 
inducted into the service in the spring of 1918. 

The oflicers of the institute on active duty were: 

Major R. B. Owi-iis. D. S. O.. Scm-lary of tiie Institute, wlio served as Chief of Intelligence 
Division, Signal Corj)s. and later as Chief Sifrnal Oflieer of American troops in ICnKland: 

("hiirles Day, of lh<' Hoard of Managers, who was appoinli'd a nienil>er of the ,\rniy War 
("ouncil; 

William Chattin Weliierill. a mi'iiilier of the Hoard of Managers and Chairman of the 
Institute's Committee on .Science and thi' \rls. u ho hecame an Knsign in the \\ialion 
.Section of the Ihiited States Navy, and 

Theobald F. Clark, of the Board of Managers, who was conmiissioni'd a ( 'iiptain of Xrlillery. 

()l the Institute's membership, neariv lit per cent were engaged in war work. 

Eighty-four members held conunissions In the \rm\, tifl\-li\e of whom were field 
oflicers or officers of higher rank; Iwenly-elghl meml)ers of llie Institute were officers 
of the Navy; 1.59 meml)ers of the Institute were on acthe (iovernment service without 
military rank; twenty members of the Institute were honored for their services by tlie 
American. British. Krench. Bi'Igian or Ilalian ( io\ernmenl. 

I'he ollicci's of Ihc institute dining tlie duration of tiie war were: 

President Dr. Walton Clark 

Vice-Presidents ("ofeman Sellers. Jr., Ili'iiry Howson 

and fjouis K. Levy 

Secretary Major l\. B. Owens 

Acting Secretary Dr. (leorge A. Iloadley 

Librarian .\lfred HIgling 



710 




THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
DURING THE WAR 

By George E. Nitzsche, Recorder 

N no period of American history has the need for university 
and college trained men been greater than dining these 
strenuous times, and the paucity of educated men will 
continue. In reconstruction days more engineers, 
tliemists, doctors, lawyers and other professional men will 
he needed than dming any time in the world's history. 
It was with the pm'pose of preparing just as many such 
men as possible that the university authorities decided at 
the begimiing of the war, not only to keep every one of its 
schools open the same as before the war, but also to es- 
tablish additional courses. s(j that men might be better equipped to meet the prob- 
lems which that crisis had produced. 

In this connection Provost Edgar F. Smith, who has done so much to l)uild 
up and develop the University of Pennsylvania during the last ten years, did nuich 
in "keeping the home fires burning" in our American universities, l)y doing every- 
thing within his power to counteract the pernicious information which was being 
spread throughout the country that nni^ ersity work was not important, and that 
its continuance would become less imperati\e during war times — dangerous propa- 
ganda, which he helped to contradict absolutely, convincing the public that the very 
contrary was the truth. 

"One of the greatest and saddest calamities already obvious as a lamentable 
result of the war, for European nations," he said in a statement which was pub- 
lished in newspapers throughout the entire country, "is that the intellectual llower 
of their population is being destroyed. A great swath of destruition has been 
cut through the ranks of educated young men who were to form the intellectual 
leaders of the coming genera- 
tion. They are gone. The 
world has lost them. And 
those nations in the coming 
years will be so nuich the 
weaker and less progressive, 
less able to master the future's 
problems. 

"We do not know how 
deeply the fate of war will 
ultimately spread death in our- 
Army. But we do know that 
the cessation of one year's full 

quota of educated men at our ,. , ■, , j o • r.; • n u ■ -, 

. . . . hnlublalare and Service Flag at the Unwersity 

umversities would be snnply of Penmyhania. 

711 





Dfinohitizniion, Unirersily of Pennsylvania. S. A. T. C, December ?/, Ii)l8. 



niic whtilc >('ar losl in tli(> onward niarcli of progress duriiij; tlif next generation. 
I, it IIS make sure, then, that the ranks of science will not be depleted." 

In accordance with the spirit of the Provost's declaralion. the Iniversity 
upciicd it,s doors in the fall of 1917 as usual, but necessarily with fewer students. 
During the sessions of 1916-17 the total University enrolment was approximately 
').()()() students; of these more than 2,000 had volunteered or entered upon some 
(jo\ernment service prior to the close of the sessions in June, 1917. About 69 
per cent of the Law School students voluntarily enlisted prior to June, 1917, as 
did two-lift lis (if the medical faculty. 

The I niversity contributed liberally of its resources and its (■(luipmcnt to 
the cause of democracy and humanity. Her campus, buildings and laboratories 
were frequently used by various regiments of engineers, infantry and other units; 
classes in French and other subjects were conducted for men in the service; also 
various schools were opened under Government auspices for training army medical 
oHicers in oral surgery, neurological surgery, general surgery, (irlhopedic surgery, 
and a school for training men for navigating the seas and commanding our new 
merchant marine. 

The first I'nited States Ordnance School was established at the T'niversity. 
In the Engineering Department there were given special lourses preparing men for 
the signal service, radio, etc. Most of the members of the aviation examining 
boards throughout the United States were likewise trained at the parent unit 

712 



organized at the University at the beginning of the war. Tiie University Hospital 
eondiu'ted a number of special courses for nurses and nurses' aides. (Jn July I, 
1918, an Officer Material School was established in the Engineering Building of 
the University, under the auspices of the United States Navy, which was conduct(xl 
for enUsted men showing special ability. Each course extended over a period of 
three months, and was attended by a squad of 200 sailors, who were quartered in 
the University dormitories. 

Besides this, the University organized among her sons three ambulance units, 
a Base Hospital, several Bed Cross units and various detached units. Its hospital 
set aside 2.50 of its beds for the special use of the Army and Navy. Many of the 
University laboratt)ries were turned over to and used by the Government and its 
special experts. Various laboratories in the Engineering Building were turned 
over to the United States Shipping Board, in which it carried on routine work for 
the department of concrete ship construction of the Emergency Fleet. The 
various testing laboratories of Uw Engineering School also were used by the 
Ignited States Signal Corps Instruction Department in testing airplane tubes, etc. 

In all departments of the Iniversity new subjects were introduced and old 
subjects modified, so that the regular students had special opportunities to prepare 
for military, naval or other Government service, or for constructive work in 
industries related to the wai'. In the professional schools many such courses 
were ofTered, The College, for instance, offered to regular students courses in 
elements of navigation, bacteriology, general inorganic chemistry, organic 
chemistry, surveying theory and practice, elementary military French, military 
French reading, composition, conversation, scientific reading and French insti- 
tutions, elementary, intermediate, and commercial Spanish and Spanish-American 
institutions, elementary Bussian and Italian. Even tierman was included in five 
special courses, which included elementary military German course, one in military 
German reading, another in German composition and conversation, one in military 
German scientific reading, and finally one in advanced German military reading 
and composition. There were seven courses in military science, and courses in 
practical and economic geology, history of Europe since 1815, history of Europe 
and America since 1870, preventive medicine, various courses in higher mathemat- 
ics, general physics and psychology. 

In the Towne Scientific School the courses given in normal times also prepared 
students for various branches of the Government service requiring a technital 
knowledge. The students whose scholastic records were satisfactory could enlist 
in the Enlisted Beserve Corps of the Army and finish their studies at the Univers- 
ity. Badio communication and internal coml)ustion motors as taught in this 
school deserve special mention. — November 18, 1918. 

THE PHILADELPHIA BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH 

In order to meet the demands of war time, the Bureau of Municipal Besearch 
extended its general information service so that questions of war-time interest as 
well as those of municipal interest might be answered. 

Through the generosity of a patriotic supporter, funds were provided for the 
conduct of a war-information office in City Hall courtyard. Fiom early in the 
morning until 8 o'clock at night, a staff was constantly on duty to furnish infor- 
mation to citizens, soldiers, and sailors, as well as to strangers in the city, about 

713 



all kinds u( war-tiinc aclivitifs. to sell Liberty bonds and War Savings Stamps, 
and to receive donations to the Red Cross and other war welfare agencies. 

During its latter months, in addition to the foregoing activities, the staff at 
the booth answered an average of 12.i inquiries daily, and distributed a vast 
amount of war lileratiue. 

One of the most important services of the booth was the answering of technical 
in(]uiries of soldiers, sailors, and their relatives regarding allotments and war risk 
insurances. Coupled « iih this was the furnishing of prompt and accurate informa- 
linii lo needy dependents regarding tlie appropriate war relief agency in each case. 

Tile posting of tlie oHiiial casually lists, the advising of prospeclivt^ soldiers 
about selecting a branch of the service, the I'urnishing of information al)()ut war 
gardens, canning, etc., and the guidance to entertainment and lodgings for 
strangers in uniform were among the man\ other useful services of this booth. 
The oflice was maintained from March 20, 1918, until Januar\ I. I'M'). It left 
behind it a memorable record, having answered over 22..")()0 (piestions on a great 
vari(>ty of subj(>cts. 

\iii)tlier interesting war service rendered by the Bureau of Municipal Research 
was a rapid man-power survey of Philadelphia mad<' in June. I'fUi. for the I nited 
States l-]niplo\ment Service. This sur\('y consisted of ascertaining the number 
of men in I'liilailelphia who were employed as civilians in all blanches of th(> 
public service- federal, state, county and numicipal. 

NOinil WIKHICW CIVIC LEAGUE FOn IMMICHANTS 

Philadelphia's alien population is a large one and rumors of war brought 
increased activity to the Philadelphia odice of the \ortli \meri<an Civic League 
lor Innnigrants. which had for years allem|ited to keep open chamiels of com- 
tnutiication between the citizens of Pennsyhania and the great foreign-speaking 
])0[)ulali(in of the c(inuuiinwcaltli. 

Prominent Pliiladelphiaiis, who had long sMn|)athized wilii the pioneer 
league movement to instruct and protect immigrants lo this country. I'ound that 
their influence in the foreign colonies had become a national asset. As a ccm- 
sccpieucc their secretaries in Pliiladelphia, as in other parts of the Inited States, 
became particularly useful in explaining the draft, and assisting the Government 
in its Liberty Loan and War Stamp drives. 

Hefoic the declaration of war the President of the League, who had the coopera- 
tion of the Settlement Houses in Pennsylvania and other industrial states, had been 
able to secure a large staff of volunteer foreign-speaking workers. These were at 
once offered to the (ioxernment for the purpose of olfsetting ( lerman propaganda 
and stimulating interest and patriotism. The list included lunnerous residents 
of Philadelphia and the industrial counties of the Stale. 

While no advantage was taken of th(>se overtures league officers mobilijced 
the volunteer material at their command and prepared for any contingency, after 
impressing upon the (lovernment in Washington the necessity of putting Presiden- 
tial proclamations into the foreign languag(>s spoken by a large proportion of the 
jjopulalion. 

In Philadelphia, Casimir A. Sienkiewicz, the Executive Secretary, strengthened 

his connections with the various foreign groups in the State with which he was 

already in touch, 

714 



Shortly before hostilities opened there had been much unrest amonfj the 
working-people of the State, and the league, on the representation of its Philadel- 
phia members, had hastened several agents to the city in order to offset the work 
of disloyal orators. In doing this it had become acquainted with many high- 
minded men and women of foreign parentage, who were deeply interested in the 
cause of the Allies. These people, too numerous to name, performed a war ser- 
vice to the connnunity which is deserving of the highest praise. Surrounded 
by German sympathizers and enemy agents, open to the appeals which reacht'd 
them through revolutionary channels, they were not only prudent and discreet, 
but also, in their intercourse with the racial groups to which they belonged, directly 
cooperated in bringing about the objects which the Government and the patriotic 
populace had at heart. 

Hardly hat! the draft become operative before the President of the League — 
informed of the fact that residents of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania would be 
assigned to Camp Meade, arranged to give the commanding officer such coopera- 
tion as the latter should find convenient. It at once developed that the Army 
authorities were in need of the kind of assistance that the League was qualified to 
give. A secretary at once reported to the Chief of Staff and assisted in comijleting 
arrangements which continued to be of value to incoming recruits with foreign 
connections. 

As in the case of the draft — so in the matter of the mobilization of funds and 
War Victory workers — the League was not only instant in its offers of service to 
various boards and committees which had these affairs in charge, but also was in a 
position to indicate the best api)roach to men antl women whose European connec- 
tions found them ignorant of American processes. This work was so well organ- 
ized that before the Liberty Loan campaign was well under way the representa- 
tives of the Federal Reserve Bank of the Third District connnandeered the services 
of Mr. Sienkiewicz, and placed him in charge of the campaign among the foreign 
people of Philadelphia. 

Mr. Sienkiewicz, as has been seen, was in a position at once to secure the 
support of the different groups of foreigners which included Poles, Italians, Rus- 
sians, Hungarians, Jugo-Slavs, Lithuanians, Jews, etc. An instance of the manner 
in which he reached foreign residents appears in the great meeting of the Poles 
held at the Opera House where Mr. Sienkiewicz presided. Enthusiasm ran high 
and a large sum of money was subscribed. 

While foreigners, who wished well for the Republic, undertook, under the 
guidance of men trained by the League, to swell the available war funds in the 
treasury, other agents like Mrs. Suzanne Baranowska. long identified with the 
League, continued to work among the groups of people suspected of foreign 
allegiance — transmitting to headquarters copies of literature circulated among 
the foreign people, and becoming the medium through which false reports, dis- 
tributed by enemy activity, were corrected. In this work Mrs. Baranowska had 
the assistance not only of paid agents of the League, but of many volunteers. 

In November, 1918, the President of the North American Civic League for 
Immigrants, at the request of the Secretary of War, took up his residence in 
Washington, becoming identified with the Militaiy Intelligence Section of the 
General Staff. The activities of the League thus became coordinated with those 
of the military authorities. 

715 



Ill Iciest injr ovents followed. An immediate call was sent out to foreifrneis 
loyal to the Allies, in all industrial centers. No conmumities were (|uicker in 
their response than those in Philadelphia. A larpe and willinj; stall" of men and 
women, who fully enjoyed the confidence^ of communities from Pittsburjih to Phila- 
delphia, was iuunediately formed. This group continued to report to the 
President of tiie Leairue. for the information of the Army, until the end of 
the war. 

M(>anwhile serious difficulties commenced to develop throughout liie country 
because of himdreds of thousands of non-luifrlish-speaking men drafted for military 
purposes. These were reached by the foreign-speaking sectiim of the general 
stall', which, subject to Army domination, directed J^eague effort in the Army. 

Pennsylvanians should note with pleasure that among the most valuable of 
civil foreign-speaking agents directly attached to this bureau, were several resi- 
dents of the State. The task committed to their charge was an e.vceedingly tlifli- 
cult one. it being their duty not only to assist head(]uarters in removing cause for 
complaint in the Army, but to instruct the authorities as to enemy propaganda, 
and provide reliable foreign-speaking persons as inler[)ret('rs and lecturers. 

Wdiking under exceeding difliculties, these pcnplc were deserving oi" the 
highest praise. 

lU)^ SCUL IS OF AMKIllCA 
Philadelphia Council 

Dr. Charles D. Hart, Chairman 
Charles Edwin Fox, Scout Coimnissioner 
E. Urner Goodman, Scout Executive 

After the declaration of war with Germany, the fdllnwing message, m sub- 
stance, was sent to the government at Washington; 

'The Boy Scouts of America can be depended upon 
fill all service of the character for which they have been 
trained and which they are qualified to render." 

Out of a total membership of .')..'5()(), of which the large majority was under 
eighteen years of age, .')()() answered the call of their country for active military 
or naval service. This proportion of enlistment caused a .scarcity of leaders, 
which in normal limes woidd have been a big problem, but which, under war 
conditions, made the work of the Boy Scouts even more difficult. 

In the work of the Liberty Loans the Scouts acted as messengers and clerks, 
and established an eiuiable record. 

In the first Liberty Loan $317,000 worth of bonds were sold, while in the 
Victory Liberty Loan the Scouts secured ."$6,100 individual subscriptions, totaling 
in bonds, ii; 1 0.1 00,200, an average of over .S2,000 for each Scout. 

In order to meet the food crisis which became more and more apparent, 
war gardens were urged upon the Scouts, and the result was that in 1917, ■'ilS 
individual gardens were planted at an average cost of §13 per garden and an 
average profit of .$19 per garden. In 1918, while the number of gardens was 
one-third less and the cost one-third more, there was a corresponding increase in 
profit, 

7ir. 



Upon tho launching; of the War Savings Stamp campaign, the Scouts im- 
mediately sold these securities by means of a special postal-card scheme, and 
during the year of 1918 purchased or sold stamps to the value of .$950,000. 

The Scouts, as noted above, served many organizations in the capacity of 
messengers. Among the larger campaigns in which this service was rendered were 
the War Chest drive, in which thirteen organizations were included, the Christmas 
roll call of American Red Cross, and during the influenza epidemic, in many 
sections of the city. Scouts were drafted as lamp lighters in districts not covered 
by the regular workmen, and in some cases they acted as emergency letter 
carriers. 

At the request of the government, a nation-wide drive for the census of all 
black walnut trees in the immediate neighborhood was undertaken. The local 
troops assisted in this work, and the grand total throughout the United 
States was 900.000 feet of black walnut which filled two hundred lumber cars. 
The development of the use of poison gas during the war necessitated an unusual 
amount of high grade carbon for gas masks. At the request of the Gas Defensive 
Division, they assisted in the collection of peach stones and nut k(>rnels. 

As distributors of war placards the Scouts covered the entire city. As a matter 
of record, approximately two million four hundred thousand jiieces of government 
literature were carefully delivered. 

During the influenza outbreak 40,000 placards were distributed for the 
Department of Pubhc Health. It was during this epidemic that the Scouts 
were called upon for a variety of special services in the cleaning up of houses and 
institutions; the setting up of cots; the distribution of medical supplies, and in one 
instance cutting wood for an institution where no coal could be had. 

The week of January 20-25, 1919, was set aside as Scout Book Week, when 
books, victrola records, etc., were collected and placed at the disposal of wounded 
soldiers through the instrumentality of the Philadelphia libraries. 

It would be impossible to give an exact resume of all of the activities of this 
organization during the critical period of the war and the serious days which fol- 
lowed the signing of the armistice. When the call came, individually and as an 
organization, the Philadelphia Council of the Boy Scouts proved itself true to 
its motto: 

"BE PREPARED." 



GIRL SCOUTS OF PHILADELPHIA 

EUen Mary Cassatt, Commissioner 
E. Gwen Martin, Assistant Commissioner 
Katherine Hutchison, C.hairman Local Council 
Mrs. \ ictor L. LaveU, Director 

Upon the outbreak of the war the services of the Girl Scouts of Philadelphia 
were offered to the American Red Cross and the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. 
Through these two organizations and through other war agencies the Girl Scouts 
aided materially in the work in Philadelphia. 

Five thousand surgical dressings were made for the Red Cross, usually at the 
church where the particular troop was organized. 

717 



To the Red Cross were delivered over fi\e hundred wool outfits and several 
thousand sweaters and pairs of socks. 

During the Liberty Loan Drives over $3,000,000 worth of bonds were sold, 
as well as S300,000 or more of Thrift Stamps and War Saving Stamps. 

In the various community canteen centers, the (iirl Scouts canned more 
than 5.000 quarts of fruits and vegetables during the time when food conservation 
was necessary. A large quantity of the material used for canning was raised by 
the Scouts themselves in the l.'jO war gardens which they maintained. Th(>se 
war gardens were developed in various playgrounds and in a number of the 
yards of the houses of the girls" parents. Many of the Scouts gave special tinic 
to work in those gardens belonging to the National League for \\ Oman's Service. 

As messengers, the Girl Scouts of Philadelphia rendered a great service. 
They were in constant demand both by the governmental biu-caus and local or- 
ganizations. They distributed 7.r)00 posters for the Kood Administration and 
delivered many times that number of other posters, placards, and letters and other 
forms of printed material for scores of war-time committees and societies. 

r!ie\ brought a touch of home life to the men in service by arranging many 
entertainments in their own homes, and by cooperating with th<' various canteens, 
clubs and other social organizations for the entertaiiuiicut nf soldiers, sailors and 
marines. 

The pliglit of the children in the Allied countries touched the hearts of th(> 
girls, and several of the troops adopted one or more war orphans. 

Organized for service, the (iirl Scouts of Philadelphia pla>c(l their part during 
the entire period of the war, many of them assuming larger iiomi' duties in order 
to relieve mothers and older sisters for l\ed Cross Work. 

At the time of the influenza epidemic daily requests caiiic in to headiiuarters 
IVom Scouts desirous of joining llii' hospital workers corps. .\o work was loo 
dillicult or menial for them to do. The\ scrubbed floors, acted as porters, washed 
dishes, made beds, served as messengers and nurses' aids, and performed willingly 
any task assigned them. "They labored with a cheerfulness that was all but 
inspired," said the matron of one of the larger hospitals in the northeast section 
of the city. They were stationed at the M(>th()dist. Stetson, St. Mary's, Roosevelt, 
KrankfonI and \ortlii'asl Hospitals. This work was all done after their school 
hours. 



711! 



THE BRITISH AND CANADIAN RECRUITING MISSION 

By S. C. Simonski 




^HEN tlip (iroat War broke out in 191 (, tliore were in the 
United States a large number of British subjects who, 
feeUng impelled by love of country, or love of adventure, 
were keenly desirous of entering tiie ranks of regiments 
fighting under the British flag. 

Unless they had resources f if their own to go to Canada 
or to England, it was impossible for them to get into uni- 
form, for America, jealous of her neutrality, could not al- 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ low recruiting for the Allies in the United States. 

When. hi>we\ ei'. America thiew her enormous resources 
on the side of the Alhes and entered the war. Brigadier General W. A. White, 
C. M. G., and a staff of veterans of the Great War were sent to New York to organize 
the British and Canadian Recruiting Mission, and on June 7, 1917, recruiting for 
the British and Canadian Armies was opened to British subjects in the United 
States. 

Previous to this, large numliers of young Americans fired by the desire to 
fight for the right, had made tln^ir way to Canada and to Europe entering the 
ranks of the Allies, and it is a curious fact that when the armistice was signed almost 
one-half of the cadet aviators in training in and about Toronto, Canada, were 
yf)ung Americans who, to get into the great game, insisted that they were the off- 
spring of British subjects, or were in fact British subjects, when enlisting. 

The United States was divided into sections, and the Philadelphia section was 
organized under Lieutenant (Jolonel F. C. .lamieson, with headquarters in New York. 
The officer in charge of the Philadelphia district was Colonel St. George L. Steele, 
C. B.. a British staff officer. For many years ('olonel Steele saw active service in 
India: and in 1900, during tht^ Boxer Rebellion in China, he again distinguished 
himself and was decorated by his sovereign. 

On his staff in Philadelphia were the following officers and non-commissioned 
officers. Major C. P. R. Dugmore, B. A., Captain W. P. F. Latham, B. A.. Cajjtain 
W. D. Powell, C. E. F., Captain R. H. Sheard, M. 0., C. A. M. C, P. E. Faed. 
M. 0., C. A. M. S., Lieutenant L. D. Gibbs, B. A., Lieutenants J. Newson, A. I. F., 
T. E. Allen, B. A., J. W. P. SkidiiKjre. C. E. F., Regimental Si-rgeants Major J. D. 
McCullough, C.E. F., F.W.Wells, C. E. F., Sergeants McLeod, B. A., M. McFarlane, 
B. A., E. C. White. B. A., K. P. Fletcher. C. E. F., A. D. MacKenzie, C. E. F.. 
E. Dunk. B. A., G. R. L. Porter, C. E. F., H. Brown, C. E. F., Pte. Boyd, C. E. F. 
The Philadelphia division took in Eastern Pennsylvania, Southern New Jersey, 
Delaware. Maryland and the District of Columbia and had branches in the 
principal cities in these states. 

Through the courtesy of Messrs. (iimbel Brothers, the second story of 23 
S. 9th Street was turned over to Colonel Steele and stall' gratis until July 27, 1917. 
when Colonel John S. Muckle procured, without rent, from lion. Hampton L. 
Carson, representing the Weightman Estate, tlie use of the first floor of the build- 

719 




Courtesy of X, T. Slilptmlldine Corp. 



lirillsli-CiiiKulian Itecniilimj Campaign. 



inj; at the southwest (■oiiior of Juniper and Chestnut streets. 

When the great rejiislralion of males hetwe(Mi the ages of IwimiIn-oiic and 
thirty-one took place in United States, it was found there were here a trifle over 
.'l.iO.OOO lirilish and Tanadian subjects. In the IMiiladeliihia section alone there 
were over 10. ()()() Hrilish subjects, men of draft age. 

The large industrial institutions of the city were \isited by oilicers of the 
Recruiling Mission and at the noon-hour meetings were held which resulted in large 
nund)ers of Drilishers joining the colors. Parading through the streets headed 
by Scottish pipers and drummers also aroused enthusiasm. A number of British 
veterans of former wars jjromplly came forward to offer their service. Late in 
.lul>, I'UT, Colonel Steele organized a cixiliati conunitlee for the purpose of getting 
in actual personal tout h with the large number of men whose names were on the 
draft list, but who could not be drafted into the American service on account of 
being British subjects. The head coiiwuittee was made up as follows: 

Colonel John S. Muckle, Honorary Chairman: S. C. Simonski (who was with 
the Royal Canadians in the Hoer War in South Africa i, \ctive Chairman: Colonel St. 
(ieorge L. Steele. C. B.. and M. Mdwards. a young Canadian newspai)i'r man attached 
to the mission, as Secretary. These gentlemen organized sui)-committees whose 
duties were to call upon the British subjects and present to tlicm the necessity of 
their coming forward and joining the colors. 

A plan, afterwards called the "Philad<-lphia IMan," originated and put into 
effect by Air. Simonski. with the aid of th(> local draft boards, was used throughout 
the whole liiited Slati's. \ arious draft boards lent their ollices to the Biitisii and 
Canadian Recruiting Mission and the British subjects whose names were on llie 
list were asked by post-card to re|)ort at difTerent times at these draft board rooms 

720 



where they were interviewed by officers of the British and Canadian Recruitinf; 
Mission. Men without dependents were urged to enlist. Men with dependents 
were also urged to enlist with the knowledge that the British Patriotic Funds and 
the American Red Cross would take care of their dependents with the help of the 
various i\rmy allowances. As the men volunteered for enlistment, they were sent 
to (rianada to report at the various training quarters. All volunteers had the privi- 
lege of choosing the branch of the Army or even the particular regiment in which they 
wished to serve. Of the first 12,000 British subjects who responded to the call for 
volimteers, so strict was the medical examination that only one in three was taken. 

On .July 18, 1917. a meeting of Philadelphia citizens was called at the Union 
League to make arrangements to bring a regiment from Canada to aid recruiting. 
Colonel Muckle was made Chairman of the Citizens' Committee and as a result of 
his subsequent visit to Ottawa, the 5th Canadian Highlanders of Montreal, the 
Canadian Recruiting Regiment for the famous 42d "Black Watch," commanded by 
Colonel Burstall, arrived in Philadelphia on Sunday morning, September 30, 1917, 
and remained three glorious and busy days. On the evening of September .30th, 
the officers of the regiment were the guests of Colonel and Mrs. Muckle at the 
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. 

The officers were quartered at the Adelphia Hotel on Chestnut Street, and the 
men and non-commissioned officers were quartered at the Y. M. C. A. on Arch 
Street. Great mass meetings were held at the MetropoUtan Opera House on 
Broad Street, also at the Academy of Music and at the Forest Theatre. 

Early in October, General White, Chief of the British and Canadian Recruiting 
Mission in America, and a group of famous Great War veterans addressed the 
citizens of Philadelphia from the stage of the Academy of Music. So great was the 
enthusiasm for recruiting aroused at that meeting, that men actually climbed 
from topmost galleries to the stage to present themselves for enlistment. One 
British veteran of the famous Lanchester Regiment, sixty-two years old, with a 
war record of twenty-three years, pleaded to be taken. On Saturday, January 5, 
1918, the British official war exhibit was opened in the armory at Broad and Callow- 
hill streets. Here were shown captured German guns, uniforms, rifles, helmets, 
gas-masks, bombs, torpedoes and even a great Austrian Skoda gun — guns taken 
from some of the celebrated German commerce raiders were also shown. Opening 
addresses were made by Major General L. W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, and 
Brigadier General W. A. Wliite, C. M. G. 

In January, 1918, the British official war pictures were shown in the Hale 
Building. One of the most striking pictures showed the Canadians at the "zero 
hour" leaving their trenches at Ypres to attack the Germans. 

In the mean time wonderful stories of fearful battles in the air were astonish- 
ing the nation, and at the invitation of the Recruiting Mission, Lieutenant E. 
Flaschere, a famous French Ace, whose uniform showed the Military Medal, Mih- 
tary Cross, the Legion of Honor, the British Military medal and other famous 
decorations gave an exhibition of aeroplane work on Sunday, April 14, 1918, that 
thrilled a crowd of 40,000 people at Belmont Plateau. A few weeks after this, 
Philadelphia had the opportunity of witnessing the first British lank, the Britannia 
rolling through its streets. This armored car driven by powerful gasoline engines 
was commanded by Captain Haig and crew, aU of whom had been wounded at the 
Battle of Arras, the first battle in which tanks were employed and w hen tanks were 

721 




(.'olirtt'sy of Ilio Plillaili-Iplila "Inquirer. 



British Idnl; an llic I'urkuav. 



a {•oniplolp surprise for the (icrmaiis. At, (liis liriic llic Parkway in Pliiladclpliia 
was being cleared of buildings, and to show the wonderful work, of the lank it was 
run over ditches, hills and rubble, and indid up with battering down a two-foot 
brick wall t)f a house tiiat was being deinolislu'd. 

A few days later, assisted by several companies of the I nited States Marines, 
and with Lieutenant Flaschere's fighting SPAD aeroplane overhead, the tank gave 
an exhiliiliun of the new inelhod of alla<k before a very large number of tlii' citizens 
of IMiiiadelphia and Army and ^»a^al oflicers at l^eague Island. 

After seeing its great power, people did not wonder that the Germans took to 
building concrete and steel shelters as the only means of protecting themselves 
from the jiowcr of this terrible instrument of war. 

Meanwhile the property at Juniper and Chestnut streets was no longer avail- 
able, and on January 16. 1918. Colonel Aluckle secured gratis from the Lea Estate 
the use of the second floor c)f the building at the northeast corner of ITlh and 
Chestnut streets. On Man h I . I 'i I !{, the Mission again moved, going to the second 
fliior of the building at the soulliwcsl corner of Kith and Ch(>sfnut streets. 

When the problem of taking care of the dependents of enlisted men came 
up, Colcmel Steele called together public-minded citizens and organized a British 
and Canadian Patriotic Fund, of which the P)?ilish Consul Ceneral, T. R. Porter 
of Pliiladeljiliia «as the oflicial head. 

In British Societies and the Canadian Society of I'hiladelphia, large sums of 
money were raised to alleviate the distress of dependents and to take care of 



returned soldiers incapacitated for further work. In May of 1918, Captain Rad- 
cliffe Dugmore, famous as a newspaper correspondent, soldier, author and lecturer, 
gave a very interesting talk on African wild animals at the Academy of Music, 
illustrated with lantern slides and colored moving pictures, in aid of the British 
Patriotic Fund, the lecture having been arranged by Major C. P. R. Dugmore, 
B. A., second in command of the Mission in Philadelphia. 

The officers and non-commissioned officers of the Mission rendered various 
valuable services to the United States during the flotation of the Liberty and 
\ ictory Loans by showing the people that there were various ways of fighting the 
enemy as well as by shouldering a gun and marching to the trenches. 

It is a curious fact that every time the enemy gained a victory, the rusii of 
recruits to the Mission was greatly augmented: in fact, one looking over the record 
could tell just when the Allies were gaining their successes and when they were 
meeting with reverses from the number of recruits presenting themselves. The 
high water-mark of recruiting was during the week of March 2, 1918, when 
1 ,089 men were recruited in the I Inited States for the British or Canadian Army. 
In the mean time the British had been forming what is known as the Jewish 
Battalion and recruits came freely from the United States to join that section of 
the Army. Two thousand three hundred and twenty-nine were recruited; great 
impetus for this was given by the news of the capture of Jerusalem by General 
AUenby. 

In the mean time, diplomats in Washington and in Downing Street and on 
"the hill" at Ottawa had entered into an agreement whereby American citizens 
in Canada or Great Britain of draft age could be drafted into the Canadian or 
British Army and British or Canadian subjects (exclusive of Irishmen) residing in 
the United States and of draft age could be drafted into the American Army; 
thus all British subjects in the LTnited States between the ages of eighteen and 
twenty-one, and thirty-one and forty-five were required to register, as the Britisli 
Army took in, subject to draft, all males between the ages of eighteen and forty- 
five, while in the LInited States the draft age was from twenty-one to thirty-one. 

This arrangement rendered the work of the British and Canadian Recruiting 
Mission in the United States unnecessary and on October 14, 1918, the Mission 
closed its work in the United States. The total number of recruits gained through- 
out in the LTnited States was 62,000. Philadelphia district had time after time 
the enviable record of gaining more recruits in a week than any other section of 
the country excepting the headquarters section. Over 4,000 recruits were sent 
to Canada or Great Britain from the Philadelphia district. 

In July, 1918, Colonel Steele was sent to Russia and took as a member of his 
staff Lieutenant Skidmore, C. E. F., who, during his stay in this city, had become 
popular with its citizens. 

The first British soldier to be buried in the L nited States in over one hundred 
years was Sergeant Malcolm MacFarlane of the Recruiting Mission, a veteran 
of a number of battles in Flanders who, stricken with pneumonia, died and was 
buried at Mt. Moriah Cemetery, where a beautiful tombstone marks his last 
resting-place. 

Colonel Steele was succeeded by Major C. P. R. Dugmore, who in turn was 
succeeded during the last few months of the Recruiting Mission's existence by 
Captain W. P. F. Latham. 

723 




("iMirt<'sy iif ihi- riilladtlDhla "rress." 

IJ. S. S. ""^Ifaverfitni" hriru/s Jirsf troa/is n'furnini/ to f*li{ltiiielphi(i. 



721 



THE RETURN OF THE TROOPS 

^ ELC'.OMED by gaily decorated committee boats, greeted 
by bands f)f music and acclaimed by thousands of people 
lining the Philadelphia and New Jersey banks of the Dela- 
ware, the U. S. S. Haverford arrived at Pier 53 on ,lanuary 
:?0, 1919. The 2,100 troops on board, of which fifteen 
were Philadelphians, composed the 65th Coast Artillery, a 
number of wounded officers and men. and a Casual ( 'om- 
])any of negroes. 

Far down the river the welcome began. The il'dy of 
Camden, chartered by the Citizens" Committee of Phila- 
delphia, The Feurtesx, crowd(>d with men and women from New Jersey, the tug 
Adriatic with a Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania on board, and a 
score or more of other craft heralded the Haverford on her triumphal trip up the river. 
Two thousand school children, each with an American flag, were massed on 
the Government pier at Gloucester and sang a welcome as the Haverford approached. 
At Hog Island and at otliei- large jilants on both sides of the river, work teni])(>r;ir'i]> 
ceased while the liiousunds of employes occupied every vantage point and hurled 





iirtF^v of FratiU \V Buliler, sraiiley Cu ot America. 

lied Crosx nnti other nrganizalions wailinn to greet the retuniiiKi tninps. 



72S 



^^^^■^^^Hl 




., 1 ft E fe 






Courtesy of Fr.i 



/•'ir»i licyinunt uf Marines paradiuij iin liniiul SIreel. 



thoir cheers across the water. As the transport passed League Island. Ilio <:iins 
there hooined in sahite. 

\t the pier, representatives of the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Colum- 
bus, Jewish Welfare Board, and Salvation Army had everything in readiness to 
make the men feel at home. Sandwiches and coffee, "smokes," candy and other 
gifts were provided. 

Following these interesting ceremonies, the men marched from the i)ier west 
on Wasiiington Avenue to Broad Street between densely packed lines of cheering 
relatives and friends. At Broad Street they entrained for Camp Dix, where after 
submil ling to another process of fumigation, they received their families or returned 
tu I'hiladelphia on leave. 

The successful handling of the Ilaverford at the municipal pier and the ease 
with which the men were taken from the dock to camp received fa\(iial)lc ((inunenl 
from the end)arkati()n oflicers at Hoboken, and resulted in additional transports 
being sent to this port throughout the spring and summer. 

On February 8th the city witnessed a parade of ,")00 marines, veterans of 
Verdun, Belleau Wood, ChaU^au-Thierry, the St. Mihiel salient, Champaigne and 
the Argonne. These men, xmder command of Lieutenant Colonel 11. D. South, 
with Major A. J. Drexel Biddle as aide, marched from Broad and South streets 
around the east side of City Hall and west on the I'arkway to Logan Square. 
The reviewing stand, erected on the north plaza of City Hall, was occupied by city 
oilicials and distinguished guests. At Logan Square the members of the various 
women's relief organizations welcomed the men. .\n escort of honor was com- 
posed of marines and sailors from the Navy Yard. The music was furnished by 
the celebrated Marine Band from Washington, which led the column. 

726 



In the evening the men were entertained at Keith's Theatre. So great was 
the throng that in an endeavor to attend this celebration over 2,000 were unable 
to get nearer than the doors of the theatre. 

With the report that a large number of troops would soon ('()in(^ to this city. 
Mayor Smith requested Judge J. Willis Maitin, Chairman of the Piiiladelphia 
Council of National Defense, to appoint a special committee to make all arrange- 
ments for welcoming returning transports to this city, and to serve as its chairiTian. 
On the committee thus appointed were the Presidents of Select and Common 
Councils, the Chairman and Secretary of the Councilmanic Committee on the Care, 
Sustenance and Relief of those in the military and naval service of the United States, 
and the Executive Manager of the Philadelplua Council of National Defense, who 
acted as secretary of the committee. Representatives of the various welfare 
organizations were members of the connnittee and a review of its work is in- 
corporated in the report of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense. 

The preliminary work of the committee prepared it for the far larger task of 
welcoming back the men of the 28th Division. 

WELCOME TO THE 28TH DIVISION 

When the morning papers of the city carried an announcement early in Ajiril 
that the 28th Division was ready for its return to the United States and that the 
War Department was in a receptive mood for a request that the Division be paraded 
before demobilization, the Secretary of the Welcome Home Committee telephoned 
to the Adjutant General at Harrisburg, and arranged to leave at once with him 
for Washington, to ask. in the name of the State and City, a divisional review in 
Philadelphia. The followiug day, General Reary and Mr. Guenther visited Rrigadier 
General Edward D. Anderson and Colonel Joseph R. McAndrews and received 
the assurance that the War Department wf)uld make every effort to accede to their 
request. From the very beginning the 
War Department gave its most cordial 
and effective cooperation. 

It soon became apparent thai, 
owing to the unexpectedly rapid 
movement of the troops, only a part 
of the Division woulil ariixc l(ig('lh(>r 
and it was finally arranged that tlKtsc 
units which were distinctively Phila- 
delphian in personnel, or whose men 
came from the eastern part of Pennsyl- 
vania should be held at Camp Dix fur- 
parade. All other units were imm(>di- 
ately demobilized or, as in the case 
of the western Pennsylvania troops, 
were sent to Camp Sherman for a 
parade in Pittsburgh. 

Meanwhile the city of Philadelphia 
planned for that day when it should 

^ ' _ (',iiirt.-»v ul IIk- I'liihuK'Iphia "Press." 

honor its own sons. Mayor Smith, who Men on Ihe U. s. s. ••Nurihlitnil." 




was ill at tlic time, called a meeting at his (ilenside home and a|>|)()iiitf(l additional 
members to the Welcome Home Committee. 

The committee in charge of arranging for the parade of the Keystone Division 
was as follows: Hon. Chairman, Hon. Thomas B. Smith; Hon. Vice-Chairman. 
Hon. J. WiUis jMartin; Chairman, Joseph Widcncr; Secretary, J. Jarden Guenther; 
James E. Lennon, Dr. E. B. Gleason, George Wliarton Pepper, Isaac D. Hetzel. 
Col. Richard E. Holz, W. J. Dorsey, Leon J. Obermayer. J. D. Sutherland. Dr. C. .1. 
Hatfield, Calvin L. Lewis, John T. Windrim, limanuel Furth, W. Freeland Keii- 
drick, Hon. John M. Patterson, Wilfred Jordan. Joseph P. ( laflney, Charles B. Hall. 
Vdjutant-General Frank B. Beary, George S. Webster, Dr. Wilmer krusen, W. II. 
Wilson, Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Alfred E. Burk. Robert E. Lamberton, James A. 
Flaherty, John F. Diigan, Dr. W. W. Trinklc. James Willard. Mrs. Barclay II. 
VVarburton, James F. Herron, George W. B. Hicks, James B. (corneal, Richard ,1. 
Beamish, E. J. Clive. 

The ofliccs of the committee and of the various sub-connnitteeswere established 
ill the Liberty Building and additional members added to the executive and clerical 
staffs of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense. John Saeger Bradway, 
Lieutenant (j. g.) I'. S. N. R. F., who had recently returned from overseas dut>. 
was appointed assistant to the Secretary and acted as liaisijn officer between the 
"G. H. Q. ", the Port of Debarkation and Camp Dix. 

In order that some record may be kept of the preparations made to honor 
General Muir and his men, a rapid review of the work of tlie committees will show 
how the city was literally transformed and how every effort was made to give a 
welcome worthv of the occasion. 




I'yloiis mill Ihroraliuiis on (^liesliml .S/rcc/. 
72K 



'I'he Committk.e on Decokations received a number of suggeslions and finalK 
developed plans which gave to Philadelphia a colorful effect never before equaled. 
A request to all citizens was made in the newspapers for general decorations through- 
out the city and every thoroughfare was festooned with flags and banners. 

The Chestnut Street Business Men's Association arranged for special decoia- 
tions on that street from river to river. The trolley poles were gilded, and suspended 
from each were blue silk banners edged with gold giving the names of the important 
engagements in which the 28th Di\ision participated. The various stores and 
office buildings were draped in bunting and the entire scheme culminated in the 
magnificent decorations on Chestnut Street in front of Independence Hall. At 
the corners of 5th and 6th slnv'ts were erected great pylons upon which were super- 
imposed heraldic figures. From these pylons to the buildings were suspended 
silken canopies in the city colors. 

The entire north side of Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th streets was 
banked with grandstands for special guests and on the south side of the street, 
flanking the entrance to Independence Hall, were the reviewing stands occupied 
by the Governor of the State, the Mayor of the City and other oflicial guests. 

In front of Independence Hall, where the Statue of Washington usually stands, 
but which had been remo\ed for repairs, the Liberty Bell was placed on a special 
pedestal, behind which, and forming a picturesque setting for the bell, were standards 
of Allied flags, banners with symbolic devices and a semicircle of evergreens. 

By courtesy of the Liberty Loan connnittees, the decorations of the 5th Liberty 
Loan campaign were left standing on Broad Street, north and south, and presented 
a picture to the marching host that will never be forgotten. The Stars and Strif)es 
blended with the flags of the Allies and streamers and banners flanked the \ ictory 
Statue, the dazzling whiteness of which was even more elTective with a temporary 
back-ground of blazing scarlet. 

The plazas of City Hall were appropriately decorated, while from each window 
of that huge structure the American flag fluttered in the soft May breezes. 

The Parkway from Broad Street to Spring Garden presented an ever changing 
spectacle. The circle at Logan Square was marked by a series of flagpoles with the 
American colors. The grandstands, artistic as they were in design, were made 
more so by the fluttering pennants which were placed behind the topmost seats. 

The Committee in Charge of Boat.s and Stands arranged f(3r the steamers 
which took the relatives down the river to meet the incoming transports. Its 
greatest service, however, was the erection of the grandstands, a work which was 
compUcated by the shf)rtness of time. For two weeks previous to the day of the 
parade, the Parkway, and Chestnut Street at Independence Hall, were ablaze with 
lights, for shifts of men worked day and night to provide accommodations for the 
thousands who desired tickets to the stands. 

On the Parkway from Logan Square to Spring Garden Street, were a series of 
stands accommodating 17.000 people. These, with the exception of a limited 
number of sections reserved for the State Legislature, were occupied by the ne\t 
of kin of the men of the 28th Division. 

The Councilmanic stand was erected on the east side of City Hall. On the 
west side of Broad Street and south of Arch the members of the Draft Boards of 
Philadelphia reviewed the parade, while at the end of the Parkway the members 
of the Park Commission occupied a special stand. 

729 




X 





The paradt' on the Parkway passing in review b^ore 18,000 "next of kin.' 

730 



Tlie way ill whicli Iho nirnihors of this coimnittee sought to take care of all 
who had any claim is exemplified by the fact that when the Mayor of a neighboring 
city, who had misunderstood the directions by which tickets could be secured, came 
down with a request for 750 seats twenty-four hours before the parade, the com- 
mittee erected a special stand overnight and tluis took care of the entire delegation. 

The Parade Committee had chai'ge of all matters pertaining to the military 
side of the parade, the route over which it was to go, etc. The Adjutant 
General, Frank D. Beary, was Chairman of this Committee. He and his fellow 
members, after a series of conferences, also arranged for the transportation of troops 
from Camp Dix to Philadelphia and return. E. J. Clive, Terminal Manager of the 
Federal Raiiroatl Administration, and liis associates were indefatigable in their 
efforts and made possible the movement of troops with the least delay. 

The Reception Committee arranged for the reception of General Muir, 
and the members of his staff, by Mayor Smith on the morning of May 14th, and for 
the banquet tendered by the Mayor in the name of the city in the ballroom of the 
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel on the same evening. 

The Entertainment Committee had one of the most difficult problems of all, 
but its work was greatly simplified by the cooperation of Frank W. Buhler, repre- 
senting the Stanley Corporation, and Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theatre. These 
gentlemen arranged with the theatrical interests of the city to admit the men of 
the 28th Division to their theatres on the evening of the 14th without charge and 
also provided other forms of special entertainment. 

The Committee in Charge of Hotel Accommodations arranged for a suite 
of rooms at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel for General Muir and the members of 
his staff, and the Committee in Charge of Quarters for the enlisted men 
rented a number of buildings in the city and provided them with cots, etc., for 
the enlisted men. A box breakfast was served on May 15th to the men who 
reported to their quarters. 

The Committee on Music arranged for the placing of song leaders and cheer 
leaders along the entire route of the parade. These men, trained by experience 
during the entire period of the war, kept the expectant throngs in a songful mood 
and made possible a continuous applause as the troops marched by. This latter 
effort was important not because the crowds became weary with passing troops but 
because, as was so clearly shown at the parading for the 27th Division in New York 
City, it was the head of the column that received a tremendous greeting, while the 
last companies of the various regiments marched between silent spectators. 

The Automobile Committee, cooperating with Captain (Mrs. Thomas) Elwyn 
and the Red Cross, arranged for the transportation of olhcers and men on the day 
preceding the parade and also on May 15th. 

WOMEN'S WELCOME HOME COMMITTEE 

At a meeting called by Judge Martin in his chambers on April 11, 1919. 
representatives were present from the following organizations: American Red 
Cross; Council of National Defense; Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania; National 
League for Woman's Service; Navy League; Pennsylvania R.R. Women's Divi- 
sion for War Relief. 

The following officers and committees were appointed: Mrs. William C. 
Sproul, Honorary Chairman; Mrs. Thomas B. Smith, Honorary Vice-Chairman; 

731 



Mrs. Frank I). IJcarv. I loniiiiir'N \ icc-C liairiiian; \lis. liaiclav H. \\ arhiiilnii. 
C.liairman; Miss Mai\ i^. Scldcii. Secretary. 

Executive Comiiiittee: Mrs. l")()l)soii Altemus. Mrs. Edgar ^^ . Baird, Mrs. 
Henry C. Boyer. Mis. Henry B. Coxc. Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, Mrs. Geo. W. 
Childs Drexel. Mrs. Thomas L. Elwyn. Mrs. John White Geary, Mrs. John ('.. 
Groome. Mrs. Henr> D. Jiiniji. Mrs. Ernest Law, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, INIrs. Nor- 
man McLeod. Mrs. Louis ('.. Madeira, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. Eugene 
Newbold, Mrs. H. ,S. Prentiss Nichols, Mrs. Louis R. Page, Mrs. James Starr, Jr.. 
Mrs. Edward T. Stoteshury. .Mis William ('•. Warden. 

Sub-committees were appointed which subseciiientK made and perfected ar- 
rangements for the reception, care and feeding of the ofTicers and men of the 28th 
l")i\ision. during their sta\ in I'liiladelpliia on May 1 Ith and 15th. 

Headquaiteis were estal)lislied in the oftices of the Philadelphia Council of 
National Defense. Liberty Building, and at the final meeting of the Executive 
Committee on Ma\ 23. mi^. the \aiious chairmen reported on their work. 

For the F>xecutive Committee. Mrs. Warburton, Chairman, stated that Mr. 
(ialfney had sent to the Women's C'onuiiittee, for distribution among the women's 
war relief oiganizalions. r>iW tickets for the grand stands, most of which were 
returned to the Women's Welcome Home Committee for distribution among the 
families of the soldiers who were unable to procure seats. 

All oxerhead expenses, incliidiiig piinting and postage, were met b\ the 
W omen's Committee. 

Canteen Committee 

Mrs. George W . ( liilds Drexel, Chairman 
Mrs. (^'oige W. Mo\d. \ ice-Chairman 
Mrs. Geoiire li. |-;\ans. Asst. Vice-Chairmaii 

The Canteen Committee icpditid that as a part of the reception given t<i the 
men of the 28th Division on the 1,5th of May the Canteen Department of the 
American Bed Cross supplied 1'».0(I0 Imt meals. 

Thanks to the kiiidiie>s nf \li. Shil)e, the ball park and its facilities were most 
graciously given to the C.it> Im this use. Here the canteen with its 300 officers 
and workers had a long. can\as-c<ivered mess shack, through which the men passed 
in c()mpanies. First getting plates, cups, knives and forks, the men passed through 
at the rate of 146 per minute in cafeteria style, and each received his share of 
12,000 lbs. of beef. 8,000 lbs. of mashed potatoes, 2,500 gallons of hot coffee, 38,000 
slices of bread with butler, and 2.000 large sponge cakes. Each company had 
an allotted section of the grand stand in which canteen women passed the chocolate 
donated by the Wilbur Cdinpain and served water or filled canteens from the 
large ice wati'r barrels. 

A first aid dressing station under a doctor, a nurse and tliree assistants from 
Army Base Hospital No. 22 was kept very busy, and over 150 patients, chielly 
footsore ones, were treated. .Ambulance, bandages, pillows, blankets, etc., were 
also at hand for aii\ emergencies. 

Farge nund)ers of box lunches were delivered to Shibe Park, presumably by 
the generosity of the city. Thi'se boxes, along with the cofl'ee antl food left over, 
were sent to North Philadelphia and other stations and given to the departing men 
for their suppers. 

7S2 



At the request of Geneial Miiii'. his Adjutant, ('.dlouel Cleuient, spoke to the 
canteen workers and, congratulating; and thanking them un behalf of the oflicers 
and men of the Iron Division, said that he had never seen, in America or overseas, 
any branch of the Army function inoic efTiciciitly than (hd the Philadelphia Red 
Cross in its feat of serving Id, 000 men in 110 luiruilfs. 

Tiie men, after enjoying a good meal, were bodily rested, and left the held 
with much cheering. 

Information Booths at Stations 
Mrs. (ieorge Dallas Dixon. Chairman 

The members of the Pennsylvania l\.\\. Women's Division for War Relief 
were in the booths at the seven stations, including Market and Chestnut Street 
Ferries, from 7 a. m. until 10 p. m. on Wednesday and Thursday. May 1 tth and 1.5th. 
Hundreds of visitors came to the booths with retiuests for all kinds of information 
and the members of the committee were supplied with a brief statement covering 
the general facts relative to the parade. 

People were directed to rest rooms for families i>{ cnlistetl men from out of 
town to the Emergency Aid at 1128 Waliuit Street, and to the National League 
for Woman's Service, at 170.'? Walnut Street, while for oflicers' families the Acorn 
Club, 1018 Walnut Street, and Oflii'ers' Club House of the Emergency Aid, 221 
S. 18th Street, were open. 

Persons with children were sent to a nursery at Ith and Cireeii Streets (Friends' 
Neighborhood House), where children were cared for and given lunch for 25 cents. 

Committee For Ri:(.epti()n ok Nurses 

Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. Chairman; Mrs. .1. Barton. Miss Florence Caldwell, 
Mrs. Wm. B. Campbell. Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt. Mrs. E. Walter Clark, Mrs. 
Wm. J. Clothier, Mrs. Theo. W. Cramp, Mrs. Charles Da Costa, Mrs. Thomas 
J. Dolan, Mrs. Norton Downs. Miss Helen Fleischer, Miss Susan C. Francis, 
Miss Josephine Frazier, Mrs. (ieorge H. Frazier. Mrs. John H. Gibbon, Miss 
Mary K. Gibson, Miss Mary (lirvin. Mrs. Jos. L. Hoppin, Mrs. Charles E. Inger- 
soll. Mrs. Sydney W. Keith. Mrs. Aitluu H. Lea. Mrs. Jos. L. Leidy, Mrs. Norman 
MacLeod. Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Mis. Win. B. Mercer. Mrs. J. Kearsley Mitchell, 
Mrs. B. L. Montgomery. Mrs. Bandal Morgan, Mrs. Wm. Norris. Mrs. Frank T. 
Patterson. Mrs. Wm. Potter, Jr.. Mrs. Philip M. Bhinelander. Miss Anna Bogers, 
Mrs. Benjamin Bush. Mrs Charles Scott, Jr., Mrs. Charles H. Scott, Mrs. Jos. N. 
Snellenburg. Mrs. F]dward T. Stotesbury. Mrs. Bowland Taylor, Mrs. (i. W. 
Irquhart. Mrs. Alexander Van Bensselaer, Mrs. Henry P. Vaux, Mrs. Charlton 
\ arnall, Miss Boberta M. West. 

The nurses were taken in motors by the National League Motor Corps, and 
immediately after the parade they were taken to the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, 
where a luncheon was served, which was very much enjoyed. The committee 
and the nurses gratefully acknowledged the courtesy of the State in providing 
transportation for the nurses to and f\tm\ their honii's in dill'erenl parts of the 
State. 

The committee's expenses amounted to nearly eight hundred dollars, which 
was entirely subscribed V)y members of the Beception of Nurses' Committee. 

733 




Photo by I. 



Uiirscas \urses. 
Committee i-oh I^eckption ok Oekicers 

Mrs. l'](hvai(l T. Stolcsbiirv, Cliairmaii 
Mrs. Dobson .Mlonms, ^ ico-Chairmaii 

At tlic Army and Navy OfTicors' ('lnli House <>( llic limcrf^ciicv Aid. llic day 
before the parade. 100 extra cols and 200 IJankels. wliicli «erc loaned 1)\ the iMarine 
Barracks and Ordnance Department, were placed in the ballroom to accommodate 
the ofTiceis of the 2i?th Division who a\ ailed themselves of the privil(>f;e of stop- 
l)inf,' at the chili. Meals were also served ihe ollicers for two days, and the dance 
held Wednesday e\eninfr. May I llli. I'or llieir entertainment was largely attended. 



TB.4NsponT\Tio\ Committee 

Mrs. Thomas L. Mlwyn, Chairman 
Mrs. Norman MacLeod, ^ ice-Chairman 
Mrs. John White Gearjs Vice-Chairman 

With the help of the American Red Cross, Emergency .\i(l. and .Junior Service 
Corps of the National League for Woman's Service, transportation was fnrnished 
for .582 wounded men and 225 overseas nurses. The motors were crowded owing 
to the fact that preparations were made for only half Ihe innnber, hut reserve 
motors were brought into use, and Ihe cars carried double the original number of 
persons. 

734 




n uumictt iiini of tliv Division. 

Committee for Visiting Families 

Mrs. John C. Groome, Chairman; Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Vicc-Chairinan; 
Mrs. J. WilHs Martin, Vice-Ciiairman; Mrs. Henry C. Beyer, Mrs. James Starr, 
Jr., Mrs. Louis C. Madeira, Mrs. Henry D. Jump, Mrs. Ernest Law, Mrs. Eugene 
Newboid, Miss Edith D. Sheldon. 

Members of this connnittee were on duty at headquaiters in the Liberty 
Building all day and evening from Saturday, May 10th. until after the parade. 
The office force of the Council of National Defense volunteered to assist the com- 
mittee during the evenings and on Sunday. 

The committee made all arrangements for out-of-town guests to be accom- 
modated in the homes of members of the American Red Cross, Navy League, 
National League for Woman's Service, and Emergency Aid, who had previously 
offered to be hostesses to these families. Tickets given by the Emergency Aid 
and National League for Woman's Service on their stands were also distributed 
among out-of-town families, besides those on the city stands donated by Mr. 
Gaffney to the women's war relief organizations. 

Through the courtesy of the Councilmanic Committee the following informa- 
tion, on a slip, was mailed to all out-of-town families with the tickets issued for 
the stands by the committee : 

"Ttie Women's Welcome Home Committee, Liberty BuildinR, Broad and 
Ctiestnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa., has arranged for a committee to meet 
trains on all railroads arriving in Philadelphia on May 1 tth and the morniiiK 
of the 15th. There will also be an information booth in each station and at the 
ferries. Tickets for box lunches at 25 cents each can be obtained at station. 
These box lunches will be supplied at the information booth on the Parkway. 
Free rest rooms at 1128 Walnut Street and 1703 Walnut Street." 

A letter was also sent to all newspapers in the State giving the same information. 

735 



Lunch for Relatives Committee 

Mrs. JaiiK's Starr. Jr.. Chairman, Mrs. II. L. Cassard, Mrs. .loliii MiisIhkI, 
Mrs. 'I'hotnas Rcath. Mrs. Howard Sraver, Mrs. W. 0. Peobles. 

One thousand \h<\ lunches were sold from the National League Booth at 22d 
Street and tlie Park\va\ to the visiting: families at 2.') cents each, the tickets for the.se 
lunches ha\ iiit: heeti procured at the information booths at the railroad stations, 
and at I he licad(]iiart<'rs of the Women's Committee. 

Reception at Stations Committee 
Mrs. iMiirenc Ncwliold. Chairman 

Sevent\-ii\c women on this connnitlee worked in three shifts. At North 
Philadelphia Station families were sent to lodgings, and wounded men sent in taxis 
to SiM'ond Regiment Armory. Five taxis were placed at the disposal of the Com- 
mittee by an anonymous donor'. \t Broad Street Station and Reading Terminal 
visiting relatives were met by a reception committee and directed to lodgings. ( )ne 
woiuide<l man was sent to the hospital. Many people met at the gates were a<ivised 
as to car routes, rest rooms, theatres, etc. The West Philadelphia and B. & O. 
Stations were also covered by this committee. 

Pnii.vKKi.PHi V Ho(i\i Hi:(.isrin 
Miss Edith 1). Sheldon. Chaiiinan 

'the occupants of 17.") houses registered roouis for \ isilors. of w liicli nimd)er 
140 were inspected, through the kindness of the Emergency Aid and the National 
League for Woman's Service, who pro\ided motor- tr'ansportation for the visitors. 
Altogether l.'jtl accommodations were procured and prices per night per person 
averaged 7.') cents to S2.00. 

FiR.sT Aid Stations 

Mrs. Hutton Keruiedy. Chairman 

These stations were authorized by Dr. \N ilrner- krirserr. Director of the Depart- 
ment of Health and Charities, and Dr. R. Owen. Police Surgeon. V'wv stations 
were established at the following points: Academy of Music; 835 Chestnut Street: 
71.'? Market Street; Cimbel's Oarage (22d and Parkway) and the corner of Rroad 
and Brown streets. The irse of these places was kindly given by the owrier-s — 
the Directors of the \cadem\ of Music, Gimbel Brothers, theDobson Instate and 
the Oldsmobile Company, (iimbel Brothers also lent all the chair-s needed. The 
Salvation Army lent eight cots and the Hero Manufacturing Company the completi' 
outfit of their first aid room and the use of a truck on the 14th and l.'ilh of May. 
Two more stations were added when the Disaster Committee of the Soirlheastern 
Pennsylvania Chapter of the Red C.ro.ss oll'ered the use of a tent on the Parkway, 
and the Independence Square Auxiliary offered the use of their workroom. 

Pnrock Water stands wer-e placed in those stations not furnished with drinking 
water. Comfort stations for the use of women and children were arranged for' in 
the Catholic Girls' High School, the Wills Eye Hospital, Spring Garden Street 
Market and Spring Garden Street Methodist Church. 

7:t6 



Dr. Owen sent a city doctor to each station as well as a complete first aid out- 
lit. Dr. krusen sent two city nurses to eacii station and three Wcirden attendants 
of the Emergency Aid were also in attendance. Numerous fainting cases were 
brought in, cases of severe heart collapse, collapse from exhaustion, and one soldier 
with heart trouble. 

National League for Woman's Service 
Mrs. Edgar W. Baird, Chairman 

Three hundred wounded men from Base Hospital No. 22 together with their 
nurses viewed the pai'ade from special seats and were provided with box lunches. 
The headquarters of the National League at 170:5 Walnut Street were equipped 
for the convenience of visiting families and twenty-five beds were installed for the 
use of women relatives of the troops. 

By courtesy of the Fairmount Park Commission, information booths were 
erected on the Parkway and were mamied from 8. 150 a.m. untU 2.15 p.m. on the 
day of the parade. Twenty-five members of the National League and Junior 
Service Corps were on fluty at the booths. 

The Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania 

Head(|uarters at I 128 Walnut Street were used as a rest room on the day of 
the parade, and one huiidrMl |M'ople from Lancaster were entertained there at supper 
after the parade. 




Courtesy of Frank \V. Buhler, Stanley Co. of Anit-rica. 

Wounded men walcliiiKj I he imrade. 

737 



Reception CoikonxTEE For Wounded Soldiers 

Mrs. William G. Warden, Chairman 
Mrs. Louis R. Page, Vice-Chairman 

This committee arranged with the War Camp Community Service to care for 
some 500 wounded soldiers who had hvi'u with the Division and who were coming as 
special guests of th general conunittee fnjm out-of-town hospitals. The plans 
provided motor service at the station and sleeping (juarters in the buildings of 
various welfare organizations. On the morning <if the parade the Women's 
Committee, together with the oilicers of the War Camji Conununity Service, 
took charge of the soldiers and provided taxis or arranged for seats on (he line of 
march for those who were unable to parade. 




Courtesy o< Frank W. Buhlcr, Stanley C« 

Men of the :'s;;'; l>i:i.-,ioii arriviinj u/ I'liilwli-lpliia. 

THE DIVISION \RR1VKS HOME 

S|)len{lid as were all welcomes given to troops rcliirniiij; to the |)orl of Phila- 
(ii'lphia. it seemed as if a great reserve of enthusiasm had been saved to lavish (tn 
the men of the 2f!lh Division, the first units of whicii, 1,383 strong, arrived on IIk^ 
transport ('uiianddiiiiKi on \pril 27th. Rut all records for liitniiltuous gi'celings 
wtM'c broken on April :U)lh when the transports UwcKr^' and l'i)((ili<iiilus rmvxl up 
the river from the Delaware Rreakwater. A score or more of river craft, headed 
l)y the committee boats and the steamers chartered by the City to carry the relatives 

738 



and friends of the men, met the ships almost as far down stream as Chester. Neither 
transport reduced speed and few of the smaller boats were able to keep abreast. 
The scenes which greeted the Haverford on her maiden trip with troops to Phila- 
delphia were reenacted and tens of thousands of men, women and children on both 
banks of the river cheered and sang as the men passed by. 

The arrival of these two transports was so uncertain that General Beary was 
in Camp Dix when the word came that they had passed Reedy Island and before 
the General was found in camp and notifled the ships were well up the river. How- 
ever, he reached the pier as the Mecury was docked and with Mr. Guenther went 
on board and welcomed Major General Charles S. Muir and the members of his 
staff. 

General Muir, or "Uncle Charlie" as he was affectionately known by his men, 
was the one casual officer on board. The General had commanded the Division 
during its days of fiercest fighting and was the only officer with two stars to lead 
his men over the top. Modest in the extreme, he acknowledged that he wore the 
Distinguished Service Cross, Croix de Guerre, and the insignia of the British Order 
of St. Michael and St. George. With the General were Lieutenant Colonel Fred 
Taylor Pusey, Lieutenant Colonel Sidney A. HagerUng, Lieutenant Colonel Charles 
F. Clement, Major Edward Hoopes and Captain H. M. Gioss, all of the Divisional 
staff. Captain Robert Aulanier, who had served with the Division as French liaison 
officer, was also on board. 

After the brief and informal words of welcome. General Muir and his staff 
were escorted to the LTnion League Club, where they were entertained at dinner. 
The next morning they went to Camp Dix in motors driven by members of the 
Junior Service Corps of the National League for Woman's Service, and Philadelphia 
knew that the plans for the Divisional parade were fast drawing to a successful close. 

The two weeks between May 1st and 15th were busy ones. General Muir 
ordered headquarters established in the Mayor's reception room at City Hall, which 
had been tendered to him, and in the offices of the Philadelphia Council of National 
Defense. 

While final preparations were being made, other units of the Division arrived 
and were met with the same cordiality and enthusiasm as those who came before. 
Friends and relatives, officials from many nearby cities and towns, haunted 
the headquarters in their eagerness to secure tickets for the committee boats. The 
City spared no expense and in almost every case was able to meet the demand, 
except only when an unheralded early or late arrival of a transport made it impos- 
sible to secure proper accommodations. 

As the plans matured, it was deemed wise to bring the troops to Philadelphia 
the day before the parade, and May the 14th dawned clear and bright. Early in 
the morning. General Muir and his staff crossed from Camden. At the foot of 
Market Street a great ciutain was suspended. As the General, accompanied by 
his officers, approached, a fanfare of bugles sounded, the curtain was drawn aside 
and the welcome of the City was extended by Mayor Smith. At the same time four 
horsemen dressed as colonial cavalrymen rode north, south, east and west from 
City Hall, accompanied by buglers and heralds, also moimted and in colonial 
costume. 

Ferryboat after ferryboat brought the troops. Out Market Street to Broad 
most of them marched, and then turned north or south to their respective barracks. 

7:i9 




Mayor Smilh, at fool of .Market SIreel, welcomes General Muir and Staff. 



'I'roops quartered at any great distance In mi llir Iciiy were taken by trolleys and 
in motor trucks to their several destinations. 

As each unit reached its barracks the men went on leave, and the center of 
the City was soon crowded wilii luifrer. home-loviiif; men, each with a little Red 
Keystone on his shoulder. 

V banquet was jziven by the Mayor in the name of the City to (leneral Muir 
and his stall' odiccrs. in the liallrooni of the Hellevue-Slratford Hotel. I'revious to 
the banquet a reception was tendered to the visiting; ollicers in the Clover Room. 
There, surrounded by the men who had shared with him the vicissitudes of many 
cainpaigns. (icniMal Muir was wcK-onicd by several hundred distinjiuished Phila- 
delphians. During the banquet, and at the request of Mayor Smith, the (iovernor 
of IVnnsylvania, Hon. Wm. C. Sproul. presented to ( leneral Muir, in the 
name of a grateful City, a handsome medal of gold, bearing a replica of the 
Liberty Rell. 

A dance for the junior oflicers was given at the OHicers" Club, on Mast Hilleu- 
house Square and a number of other entertainmenl.s given in their honor. 

As the enlisted men were in large m<'asure from Phila(lcl|)liia, home was the 
place to which most of them went, taking with them their "" buddies" who were 
strangers in the city. The theatres and moving-picture houses were all open to 
men in uniform and special entertainments were arranged by the Y. M. C. A.. 
K. of C, J. W. R. and other welfare agencies. 

Tin 



THE PARADE OF THE 28th DIVISION 

The parade started exactly on time. General Muir and his staff assembled 
at the Union League and proceeded to Broad and Wharton streets, the order to 
march being given at 10 a.m. precisely. 

The route of the parade was — 

From Broad and Wharton north to Chestnut, east to Third and north 
to Market. West on Market to City Hall, rounding City Hall to Broad 
Street. Then north to Arch, west, lo the Parkway, out the Parkway to 
Spring Garden Street. East to Broad, north to Lehigh Avenue and west to 
Shibe Park. 

From earhest dawn the crowds had been collecting along the line of march 
and it is estimated that over 2,000,000 people thronged the sidewalks, occupied 
the stands, or waved their greetings from office buildings and private homes. 

At Independence Hall the men were reviewed by the Governor of the State, 
the Mayor of the City and representative men and women. The men marched 
platoon front, and as each platoon approached the Liberty Bell the order "Eyes 
Right" was given, and officers and men saluted as they passed. 

When the head of the colunm swung around Logan Square 17,000 men, women 
and ciiiidren rose en masse. These, the next of kin, were the ones who truly 
shared in every sacrifice, and the City spared no expense nor effort to give them 
an opportunity to see their "boys." From all over the State they came; from 
hundde homes and statelv mansions. Thev knew, as no one else knew, what these 




PlMtn 1>y L. R. Snow. 



.S7o/c and City Offirinh on Grand Slanil al Indejirndenfc Ihill. 
711 



slocl-liolinotofl men had done. Perhaps tlieir cheers were not so loud, hardly a 
throat that did not have a catch in it. hardly an eye in that great throng that did 
not glisten. p]ven those who could not see the marching troops were there. A 
father and mother, both blind, declared that they would know when their son 
passed by. 

Some were there whose loved ones never would return. On their sleeves 
was the "star of gold." They saw the Company and Platoon with which their 
loved ones had gone away, pass in review; they recognized tiic oHicers and some of 
the comrades in arms. Somewhere, far over the sea, was a grave; above it a tiny 
cros.s; there all that was mortal lay sleeping. Such cannot die, they only go 
before. So, while eyes were moist and hearts were tender, joy and pride, which 
no others could experience, sustained these relatives. They, too, had paid the 
price. 

Here on the Parkway were the wounded from (io\ermnent Hospital No. 22 
at .34th and Pine streets, as well as many other former 28th Division men. too 
crippled to ride. On Spring (harden Street at 23d Street were the grand stands 
erected by the Red Cross, Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, and the National League 
for Woman's Service. 

At four points along the route of the parade were massed some L'j.OOO school 
children, each waving an American flag. At the Hidgway Library on South Broad 
Street were 1,.500 students from the South Philadelphia High School; at 17th and 
Spring Garden streets there were 1,000 students of the (iirls" High School, and in 
front of the Central High School at Broad and Creen streets 2,000 scholars 
were grouped. The heights of the old Reservoir at the Spring Carden Street 
entrance to Fairmount Park were reserved for 10,000 children composed of students 
from (iirard C(»llege. members of the Boys' Brigade and the Boy and Cirl Scouts. 
The general publii- rushed the guards holding this place and many of the children 
were unable to reach the sections assigned to them. 

One feature of the parade brought home to all the price which the Division 
had paid in flesh and blood. A gun carriage drawn by eight white horses, each 
led by a wearer of the Distinguished Service Cross, or some other special medal of 
honor, was preceded by a bugle corps sovmding a funeral dirge. On the caisson 
was a great wreath, in the center of which were the figures representing the number 
of 28th Division men who died in the service. While the cortege halted at Inde- 
pendence Hall, a detail placed at the base of the Liberty Bell sixty-seven smaller 
wreaths, each with a number representing the major casualties of the several 
counties of the State. 

At Broad and Diamond streets, General Muir saw his "boys" pass in final 
review, and they in turn saluted " I ncle Charlie" for the last time. How 
proudly the (ieneral sat his horse and watched his men go by, but when the 
last khaki-dad soldier had swung past the Old Warrior turned away with eyes 
unashamedly wet. 

At the conclusion of the parade the men were dismissed at Sliibe Park, wliich 
had been lent to the City by Mr. Shibe, where they were fed by the Canteen of the 
American Red Cross. 

Late in the afternoon the first of the troop trains left JNorth Philadelphia 
Station for Camp Dix, and by dark the last tired soldier had entrained. 

Within a few days complete demobilization was affected and the Division, as 

742 



a fighting unit, was but a nioniory. Originally a Division composed of National 
Guard troops from Pennsylvania, its severe casualties had necessitated over 20,000 
replacements, so that when the Division scattered from Camp Dix, the men with 
the red Keystone on their shoulder went back, not only to the sbtty-seven counties 
of Pennsylvania, but also to practically every State of the Union. 

The old Keystone State gave of her best. Nor will the Commonwealth 
ever forget the service her sons rendorefl to her, to their Country, and to the 
world, comrades of the Iron (28th) Division, in the grim but glorious days of 
1917-18. 

The transport Peerless, with the 108th Field Artillery, was delayed and did not 
reach Philadelphia until May 17th. A committee went to Camp Dix and invited 
the men to parade, but Colonel Frank Lecocq and his officers decided that under 
the circumstances it would be better to demobilize at once. 



RETURN OF THE 79TH DIVISION 

When the 79th Division, composed of the National Army men from Phila- 
delphia, started home, preparations were made to welcome them with the same 
enthusiasm as was shown to the 28th Division. Wireless greetings were sent out 
from the office of the Welcome Home Committee and when the trcmsport Virginian 
arrived at Newport News, a committee, appointed by Mayor Smith, was present 
to tell the Philadelpliians on board how proud the City was of them. 

Headquarters of the Welcome Home Conunittee were established in the 
Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City, in charge of Lieutenant John S. Bradway, 
and each transport, upon arrival, was met. Mayor Ilylan's committee was most 
gracious in providing tickets for the boats which went down the bay and hundreds 
of Philadelphia relatives and friends took advantage of the opportunity of cheer- 
ing and greeting the troops as they came up the river. 

When Major General Joseph E. Kuhn, Commander of the 79th Division, 
stepped off the Kroonland at Hoboken, on Thursday, May 29, 1919, he was met 
by Mayor Smith and a committee, including Mr. and Mrs. Percy C. Madeira, 
Mr. and Mrs. Jay Cooke, Joseph C. Smith, Secretary to the Mayor, D. W. Harris, 
Clerk of Select Council, and Lieutenant Bradway. 

In his brief word of welcome to General Kidm, Mayor Smith said: "Pliila- 
delphia and Pennsylvania are proud of you and your men. We want to do them 
all honor. We want them to parade before us so that we may see them and that 
they may know the full strength of our admiration. It is our wish to entertain 
the officers and men of the Division in a way befitting the City and State and we 
ask cooperation in these plans." 

After the last of the 79th Division troops had landed, Philadelpliia was caught 
in a heat-wave of great intensity. Letters and telegrams from officers and men 
poured into the offices of the Mayor and Committee and, reluctantly, the City 
yielded to the reasonalile requests for immediate demobilization and gave up all 
plans for a parade. 

As long as transports came to the City they were received with true hospitality, 
and those in chaige of theii' reception found real satisfaction in greeting the men 
and in making possible their welcome by their relatives and friends. 

743 



\khival ok Troopships. 1^1*^ 



Haverjord 

Skinner 

Bristol. . 

\ortliluiui 

Huicrfonl 
( Miiun(hii(iii(i . 
Pocaluinlus . . . 

Merniry 

Miiiii 

Kd. iMckeiihuch . 
Suntu Olii'u . 
Peerless . . 



Jan. ;?()tli 
Feb. Isl 
Feb. l.Uh 
Feb. 21st 
\laiTli 2:kl 
\\ni\ 27tli 



April 

April 

Ma> 

Ma> 

\la> 

Max 



:5()tii 
:{()tli 
Itb 

loih 
i:iili 

ITlh 



('(ilamares. . . . 

[hirer ford 

Mdloikd 

Dakutun 

Shoshone 

ri'suii 

OhiiHiri . . 
Ikikolan . 
Sanio liarlxint 
llurerjord . 

Maui 

/■;/ Orienle 



May 


l.-)tli 


Mav 


l')tli 


\Ia\ 


2:th 


May 


■29lh 


.liiiie 


2<i 


Max 


:!()tii 


.lime 


22(1 


.lime 


2f)tli 


.liiK 


2:ui 


Auj:. 


2(1 


All-. 


irnii 


\ut.'. 


2:,iii 




iiirti'sy of Frank W. Iluliler. Stanley Co. of America. 

IMurniity Trwips Marchinij from the Dock lo the Train. 



7JI 



VOCATIONAL TRAINING 
By Robert J. Fuller, District Vocational Officer 




HE WORLD WAR forced upon the world many new con- 
siderations. Never before was the need so great for human 
resources at the front in actual coniljat, for supporting 
forces near the front, and supply units ix-hind the lines. 
Never before was the need so great for producing war ma- 
terials in the manufacturing centers. These vast opera- 
tions and the mo\emenl of the before unheard-of numbers 
of men required utihzation of practically every available 
person in every country involved. Never before had so 
many individuals been injured in actual combat. It 
was early found that many of those who were injured could further participate 
in military activities. To rehabilitate them quickly and to get them back into 
some service where they could render real assistance was the problem whicii 
confronted all nations. Further than that it was found that some of them could 
not assist directly in the war, but could be utilized in their own communities 
upon work which might have a direct bearing upon the actual combat. The 
replacement of these men into economic civilian chaimels, brought about legislation 
by the United States looking to the immediate need and to the future rehabihtation 
of the disabled soldiers, sailors and marines. This act, known as the Rehabilita- 
tion Act, was signed by the President, June 27, 1921. 

The Rehabilitation Act placed the responsibility of retraining the disabled 
soldiers, sailors and marines upon the Federal Roard for Vocational lulucation. 
This board had previously been engaged in the work of training men for specific 
vocations, and had assisted in the war in training men for war production. These 
experiences peculiarly fitted this organization to deal with the specific duty of 
retraining these ex-service men and reestablishing them on a civilian basis. A 
complete plan of organization apart from its other departments was set up by 
the Federal Board. This organization was known as the Rehabilitation Division 
of the Federal Board for Vocational Kducation. 

The organization included the establishment of fourteen district olTices 
throughout the United States. The cities selected for district oflice-i included 
the largest and most accessible centers within the areas to the served. The 
territory covered by District No. 3 included the states of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware, with the district office at Philadelphia. 

Preliminary plans for organization and securing for District No. 3 proper 
offices as well as clerical and other- personnel were begun October 16, 1918. The 
persons working upon this preliminar> organization were Dr. J. W. Miller, Field 
Representative of the Washingtt)n or Central office, Russell C. Lowell, Dr. Arthur 
J. Rowland and Jerome B. Scott. The first offices for this work were in the 
Penn Square Ruilding, where four rooms were occupied on the tenth floor on 
October 21st. The organization consisted of Mr. Lowell, district vocational 

7 1.'-. 



officer, Dr. Rowland, training ofiicer. Mr. Scott, placement oflii'or. JMr. Lowell 
remained with the organization barely three weeks, leaving to accept an impor- 
tant position in Indianapolis on November 9th. Dr. Rowland was then made 
district vocational officer on November 11th. and served in that capacity nntil 
July L"), 1919. 

Prominent men of the city, including the Mayor, the Superintendent of 
Schools, Dr. John G. Clark, Herman \j. Collins, E. C. Felton and John Krazee, of 
the I 'nited States Em[)loyment Service, J. Hampton Moore, M. C, George Wharton 
l'ep|)er, C. L. S. Tingley, John A. Voll, and others were visited, and their interest 
secured for the promotion of tliis work. In addition to individuals, several 
prominent welfare and civic and national agencies were visited for the purpose of 
securing their full cooperation in carrying out the program. These agencies in- 
cluded the Chamber of Commerce, Philadelphia War Council, Pennsylvania 
and Philadelphia Councils of National Defense, I nited States Labor Service, 
American Red Cross, War Risk Insurance Rureau, I nited States Public H(>altli 
Service, various labor organizations, local educational officers and State officers in 
charge of Industrial Education, and Manufacturers" and Employing Associations. 
!>ater, cooperation was had from the I'llks, the I'lnuMgency Aid of Pennsylvania, 
the Salvation Army, the Y. M. C. A., tiie American Legion, the National (Catholic 
War Council and the War Camp Community Service. 

Several vocational advisers were secured to make contact with the men calling 
at the district office, to secure data concerning their disabihty and educational 
and occupational experience, as well as their desire for a future occupation. 
The advisers not only interviewed the men in the district office, but endeavored 
to interview them at the hospitals before the men were discharged in an eil'ort to 
make their training follow very closely their discharge from the liospital and the 
service. The advisers, were asked to make contact with men who had already 
been discharged in various towns and connnunities throughout the State. 

The number of cases or claimants known to the offiice increased from slightly 
more than one hundred at the opening of the office to more than eleven thousand 
by July l.j, 1919, the date wh(>n Dr. Rowlanil severed his connection with the 
service. Under the Rehabilitation Act of the Government, it was not possible to 
provide all men with training and maiiilenaiKc. The Hciiabililalion Act. limited 
training to those men who were sull'ering from a disabili(\ which, in the opinion of 
the Federal Roard, amomited to a vocational handicaj). Previous to July 11, 1919, 
training could only be granted to those who had actually received an award of 
compensation by the Rureau of War Misk Insurance. This nc'cessitated action 
by that bureau previous to action by the Federal Board for Vocational liducation. 
The volume of work which the War Risk Ruri'au had to |)cifo[ni niiidc it impttssible 
for them to act (juickly. Hence up to July 1.'), 1919, only 33f! men had been j)laced 
in training in this district. 

The results of the experiences that the board had in handling its work made 
it necessary for several amendments to the oiiginal Mehabililalion Act to be 
passed. The volume of work to be done made the Amendment of .Inly 11, 1919, 
the most important and the most far-reaching of any pjissed up to that date. 
This \iiH'ndnient clarilied the situation and made it jtossible for the Federal 
Roard to act in the placing of men in training previous to anv decision by the War 
Risk Insurance Rureau. The real progress of the board then, begins as of that 

Xlft 



date. Witliiii six iiionlhs IVniii that time more than 2,500 men had been ae- 
tually placed in training as of December 30, 1919, and by June l.i, 1921,10,500 
had been placed in training. 

On Jnly 15, 1919, I'el W. Lamkin, who later became Director of the Federal 
Board, succeeded Dr. Rowland as acting district vocational officer for a period 
of one month, at the end of which time he was relieved by the appointment of 
Charles E. Cullen, August I. 1919, and he in turn by Robert J. Fuller, November 
1st. At the time Mr. Cullen left the oflice l,f)58 men had been placed in training. 
The number of persons employed, iniluding a medical staff of seven members, 
vocational advisers, training officers, placement officers, and clerical force, had 
increased to 181. 

Soon after November 1st certain reorganization plans were developed for the 
purpose of expediting the entrance of men into training and their follow-up while in 
training. This resulted in lessening the amount of delay in ofl'ering training to 
the men and the actual placing of them in training and rendering them full service. 
In fact, the perfecting of the organization and of the plan of work made it possible 
for large numbers of men to be placed in training, so that by the end of the year 
1920 a positive advance had been made in the work of the board. 

Certain well-known institutions of the city were approached by the training 
officers of the board, and arranged to provide courses of study and instruction for 
the trainees. The aim of all of the training was to make it possible for 
the man to return to civilian employment with a definite employment objective. 
Among the institutions which were utilized should be mentioned the Llni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, in practically all of its departments, Jefferson 
Medical College, Temple 1 niversity. Spring Garden Institute, the Pennsylvania 
Academy of the Fine Arts, Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial 
Art, Pierce Business College, Banks' Business College and many other private 
and semi-private institutions. Altogether, there were about fifty institutions 
in the city which were utilized. 

About 25 per cent of the training was j)rovided by industrial establishments in 
and around the city of Philadelphia. They provided training on the job 
for the men under the direction of a counselor, or adviser, who was in the 
employ of the concern. Men were placed with such firms as A. B. Kirschbaum 
Company, John Wanamaker, Edward C. Budd Manufacturing Company, 
Baldwin Locomotive Works, and with about four or five hundred other industrial 
establishments. Thus it will be seen that the citizens of Philadelphia cooperated 
very materially with the Federal Board for Vocational Education in making 
possible a program of training for the disabled ex-service man which would enable 
him to "carry on" successfully in a given occupation. 

The Act provided very generously for maintenance while in training. No 
country up to this time had made such generous provisions for maintenance as did 
tliis country, nor was this to be wondered at, because no country had entered the 
war with a sincerer purpose to sustain an ideal. Various amounts were allotted to 
the man for his maintenance, with the first aUotnient of $65 per month for a single 
man, to which was added the allowance for dependents, which amounts varied with 
the number and relation of dependents. It was soon found that this amount was 
inadequate, so that in the Amendment to the Act of July 11, 1919, the sum of 
$80 per month per single man was allotted, together with the several additions for 

747 



dependents. W itii the present high cost of living in the large centers of the country, 
it is not thought tiiat even this sum will he finally adequate to provide a sufficient 
amount of money for the maintenance of the men while they are receiving their 
training. Such provisions as these indicate the whole-hearted support which the 
people of the United States wish to gi\e to the men who risked their lives as a 
sacrifice to the fiu-therance of ideals, as well as to the welfare of the citizens of 
this country. 

The Rehabilitation Act made it necessary to set up proper checking to ascertain 
the following facts: (1) Whether or not the man was honorably discharged; (2) 
Whether or not the man had a disability which was incurred, increased, or aggra- 
vated in the service; (3) \Miother or not the man had a Nocational handicap; (4) 
Whether or not, in view or the extent of the disabilit\. training for this particular 
man was feasible. In other words, the necessary opeialion of the ollice was to inter- 
view the man to ascertain the above fads. After the preliminary interview, he was 
examined by a medical ollicer. and the necessary records secured. These records 
were then submitted to the eligibility officers, who passed upon the rights of the 
man to receive training under the Act. Following the award of training, the man 
was turned over to the proper training officers and inducted into institutional 
or job training. The type of training selected by the man, with the advice and 
assistance of the training oflicer. depended upon the man's previous educational 
and occupational history. up<»n his desire, and upon his disability. Each case 
was treated indiNidually. and there was no attempt to handle the man on a series 
of group decisions. 

The work which Congress placed upon the Federal Hoard under the Mehabili- 
tation Ai't was a pioneer one. \e\er before hud any country undertaken a 
program of rehabilitation which involved so many considerations, and which 
aimed directly to teach adults an entirely new occupation fidui the one which llie\ 
had j)reviously known. All of the difficulties in the adminislration of the Act 
could not be foreseen, either by the legislators or those primarily responsible f'oi- 
the functioning of the work. This led to some confusion and misimderstanding 
in the earlier administration of tlu' service, but was finally clarified and readjusted 
until there was a smooth and harmoni(tus working organization. The effective- 
ness of the work and its results cannot he measurt'd at this lime. It will remain 
for time alone to determine whether or not the iiueslmeiit for this task was wisely 
made by the United States (iovernnicnl. 1 1 is predicted, however, that as an 
economic ami st)cial development this work will be far reaching in results. An 
e\ idence of this is tlie wide consideration b\ the \arious slates of plans for the 
rehabilitation of the disabled in industry. National legislation is in process. 
Thus the country itself is to be concertied with the conserNation of hutnan resour(;es. 

From the small organization of four or li\e people, who were originally re- 
sponsible for the work in this district, the organization has grown to include some- 
thing more than ."S.'iO persons. This |)ersoimel is iTiade up of medical officers and 
nurses, training officers, placement officers, vocational ad\ise[s, and clerical stall'. 
There are more than 9,500 men in training in the district, and more than JO.-lOd 
have been placed in training to date. They are studsing in mori' than 220 educa- 
tional institutions in the State and in 1, 1 00 industrial and conunercial es- 
tablishments. The types of training ofl'ered and the employment objectives of the 
men vary from short intensive courses in Knglish, leading to definite trade occupa- 

7 Hi 



tions, up to post-graduate courses in medicine, where the general practitionei-. wlio 
has become disabled tlirough the war, is given a specialized course. Ah'cady men 
have actually been rehabilitated, and there is positive evidence that their in- 
creased earnings as a result of the training will, at the start, be IVom 
$300 to $500 per year more than their pre-war wage, and that as in the case of all 
persons who have been trained, these amounts will be greatly increased by their 
experience. At this date applicants and claimants are requesting admission into 
training courses. Action is being taken on all cases wherever the facts entering 
into eligibiUty can be determined in favor of the man. Recent legislation and 
regulations have made possible a closer coordination of this work with the Bureau 
of War Risk Insurance and the Public Health. There is every reason to believi^ 
that the vast majority of the men who are entitled to training under the Rehabili- 
tation Act will have completed such training within a reasonable period of time. 

^IHE WAR DEPARTMENT'S WORK FOR THE RE-EMPLOYMENT 
OF DEMOBILIZED TROOPS* 

Philadelphia, the largest city of the greatest industrial State in the I'nion. 
had indeed an interesting history in the movement for the restoration of its 
soldiers, sailors and marines to civilian occupations, and the unusually orderly 
way in which this assimilation was accomplished is notewoithy. 

Early in March, 191Q. (\)lonel Arthur Woods, former Commissioner of Police 
for New York City, who had served with distinction in the Army's Air Service, 
was appointed Assistant to the Secretary of War. and placed in charge of all the 
War Department's activities with referenc(> to the problem of the transfer of 
soldiers, sailors and marines to civilian life. Demobilization had been going on 
for four months. Some ."5.000.000 soldiers were to be helped back into civilian 
occupations. From an Army strength of .'5,700, 000 on November 11, 1Q18, when 
the armistice was signed, 1,400,000 had been already demobilized, leaving 
2,300,000 still in the service. 

For the Secretary of War to enter the field of em[)loyment was at the best a 
delicate proposition, as the economic situation throughout the country between 
employer and employe was more or less precarious. The sudden termination 
of almost all war contr'acts made general business abnormal and chaotic. Huge 
amounts of capital were tied up in these projects, and it was the diitv of the War 
Department, in order to stimulate new business, to settle all such contracts 
promptly and fairly, so that the ordinary business of the country might be taken 
up again. 

The Army Ceneral Staff reported the following summary of labor conditions: 
"The Industrial Report for March 1st shows eighty titles reporting surplus and 
fifteen shortage. All centers in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are 
shown on the surplus list, the estimated surplus in roimd figures being 367.000." 

With labor conditions already bad and twice as many men to l)e demobilized 
as had been, the situation was uncomfortable. The scheme of demobilization 
was almost purely military, and there had been considerable discussion by the 
Secretary of War, and his associates, as to whether the unemployment that ex- 
isted in the country during the winter months might not be avoided by a different 

*Rcports of Ch|>I. .Icilin I'arlter Hill edited l)y ttie Secretary of tin- I'liil icli'lfiliin War History 
Committee. 

T4<) 



propaganda. Provision was made that tlio men who had no eniploN incut to go 
to, might have their discharge delayed at their own request; and. on the other 
hand, men for wlioin there was particular need in their homes, either because of 
domestic distn^ss or industrial demand, might he released in advance of their 
fellows. Great Britain had planned an industrial scheme of demobilization, but 
was forced to abandon it and resort to a purely mihtary one, for the ri^ason that 
the latter was more expeditious and gave far less dissatisfaction on the part of 
individual men, who, although they were willing to stand being held in the 
service along with other men of their organization, would not submit to being 
held for industrial reasons while other m(>mbers of their organization were being 
discharged. 

However, there was considerable elasticity given to the Army demobilization; 
it being, of course, the desire both of the great mass of people and of the men who 
were in the service that demobilization proceed as fast as possible. International 
and industrial conditions weighed very little beside this desire. Consequently 
no set })rograni for relieving unemployment by slowing up demobilization was 
feasible. Whatever was to be done by the \\ ar IJepartment in the way of smooth- 
ing over the soldier's return to private life, was to be done by acconnnodaling 
civil conditions to the exigencies of demobilization and not conditions of demobili- 
zation to the exigencies of industrial life. 

The great industrial State of Pennsylvania faced the problem in a way peculiar 
to no other State. The Army's largest df^mobilization camp was located forty 
miles away at Camp Dix, in the Stale of New Jersey. More than HO per cent of the 
returning American Army passed through the port of New York City. In view 
of this. Pennsylvania, with its tremendous natin^al resources and equally gigantic 
manufacturing enterprises, was destined to be the largest field for this gr-eat work 
of taking care of the returning men. 

Philadelphia, especially because of its proximity to demobilization camps, 
had dillicull problems of employment to face. Thousands of men debaiked at 
the port of Philadel|ihia. and hundreds of thousands, demobilized at Camp \)\\ or 
at the camps near New ^ Ork City, came for many reasons to the " City of Mrotherly 
Love." Therefore, a large part of the work in Pennsylvania was centralized in or 
directed from this city. 

It might be well to diagnose what might be termed the psychology of the situa- 
tion. Return t(j civil life was to be more than glad homecoming, hand-shaking, 
and story telling. There must be jobs for the men. During the winter, industrial 
prospects had jtredicted very grave increases of unemployment by early summer, 
if industrial conditions did not improve radically. I'he natural thing which followed 
inunediately uj)on the cessation of war and the industrial actixities devoted directly 
to the war, was a wave of uncertainty which confronted the business world as to 
what was to be done next. From the employers' standpoint it was found that, 
although they realized the services of our Army and knew that the men who com- 
posed it must be taken back to civil life, nevertheless, they had not adjusted their 
obligations in this quarter to their policy of conservatism in another. It was 
perfectly human for them to be hesitant about increasing their payrolls when 
business was bad. Appreciating their own dilliciillies, thciy were inclined to feel 
that the Government should help share them, and that the service men themselves 
must share them. On the other hand, this instinctive and perfectly natural feeling 

750 



did not harmonize with the ideas in the soldiers" minds. The change in ambition, 
and even in character, which Army Ufe had brought about in service men was some- 
thing which business men and other persons who stayed at home were quite unable 
to understand. Tlie service man, as hkely as not, was unwilling to go back to 
his former occupation, and unwilling to accept the wages he had formerly received. 
As between the state of mind of the employer, therefore, and the state of mind 
of the service man, there was almost a deadlock — a deadlock which was due not 
to selfishness, lack of patriotism oi- ignorance, but rather to the fact that immense 
experience had supervened, and had not only changed industrial and domestic 
conditions, but had changed as well the disposition, the ambition, and the habits 
of men both in and out of the service. 

Still another factor that affected the re-employment as much as any other one 
was the ambition of labor as a class to maintain the high level of wages in effect 
during the war. This ambition was fortified by a natural reluctance to accept 
reduced wages for any reason, and a specific desire to maintain high wages when 
the cost of living was so high. The outcome was a series of threatened strikes, 
which created an industrial situation so unstable that it was impossible to get a 
large number of men promptly assimilated. 

The many Welfare Organizations, already in the field, namely, the American 
Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Association, 
War Camp Community Service, and others, were struggling valiantly with the 
employment situation. It was, however, not surprising that whatever existing 
agencies were at work for the returning soldiei's, they were unable to overcome 
the difficulties. 

The United States Employment Service established Inneaus for the place- 
ment of the returning soldiers, sailors and marines, in more than 2.000 cities and 
towns throughout the counti-y; but it is a fact, whether excusable or not, that the 
service as a whole did not ha\e the confidence of the employers of the country. 
But because of the failure of its appropriation, early in the year 1919, whatever 
work the service had been able to do was from that time impaired by fiscal uncer- 
tainties, and consequently lowered esprit de corps as well as by the lack of confidence 
on the part of business. Its adversities wrecked its morale and efficiency to a 
great degree, and all but deprived it of control of many of its local bureaus. 

Those who had improved by their exi^eriences in the service were not often 
understood by those who sought to secure employment for them. A consider- 
able number of discharged men who misinterpreted the service rendered them, 
fiillowed the lines of least resistance; some begged money on the streets; some 
peddled more or less worthless articles on the strength of the public interest in and 
appreciation of the uniform ; some lived on the hospitality of the people, and shirked 
every opportunity to secure legitimate employment. Then, there were those who 
felt because the Government had taken them from a good job the Government 
should secure a good job for them. In some cases, the men had grudges against 
the Government. They exaggerated the faults of the service. They assumed the 
attitude that the Government, in order to square itself with them, must give thnn 
well-paying positions. Each had in mind the kind of job he wanted, and it was 
frequently one that he was not qualified to fill. 

These were the conditions as found by the War Department representatives 
in Philadelphia in March and April. 1919. It had already been decided by Colonel 

751 



Woods that efforts should be directed toward securing the coordination of the many 
existing job-finding agencies and cooperate with them. It was also decided that 
the public shf)uld be acquainted with the changed attitude of the discharged man 
and his needs, through a campaign of education in the press. 

The coordination of the job-finding agencies was not, however, feasible in 
many hualities. In Philadelphia a large booth was erected in the courtyard of 
the City Hall, in which representatives of all the welfare organizations, together 
with representatives of the United States |-jnployment Service, combined to sim- 
plify this great work. This centralization plan made it possible for the discharged 
man arriving at the city to secure attention to any legitimate need as well as direc- 
tion to any job for which he was fitted. 

Melations were established with the American Legion. In its plan of mutual 
helpfulness it had institut<>d an employment program which, although it nevei- 
became active, was able to assist other belter organized ollices belonging to the 
State lunployment Service. 

At this time. Captain John Parker Hill, relieved from diil> on the (Jeneral 
Staff of the .\rmy, was assigned to this work for the State of Pennsylvania. The 
fact that Captain Hill was a native of Philad<'li)hia made his progress less dillicult, 
and assisted greatly in relieving the seriousness of the ollicers" situation. He was 
aided by Lieutenant J. B. Dolphin, a native of Kane, Pa., the latter making his 
headquarters at Pittsburgh. 

After conferences with tiovernor William C. Sproul and former Lieutenant 
Governor Frank B. McClain, Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Slate l']m- 
ployment Service and the Pennsylvania atid Philadelphia Councils of National 
Defense, a vigorous campaign was launchetl in Philadelphia, where the oMicers" 
situation was most acute. At this time, approximately ,iOO discharged oflicers 
were out of em|)loyment in this city alone. 

The Philadelphia Chamber of Connnerce prompllv accepted its share of 
responsibility, and through its President, Ernest T. Trigg, and the Industrial 
Committee, gathered together a general committee of IMiiladrlpliia business men. 
who pledged themselves to employ as many of these rehirniug ollicers as possible. 
The gentlemen who served with Captain Hill in this capacity were: Walter K. 
Ballinger, Samuel T. Bodine. Matthew C. Hru-h. lldward (!. Budd. .1. Howell 
Cummings, Cyrus 11. k. Curtis, Aha ( .. I)inkc>. \\ . .1. Ilagman. "Salhan T. 
Folwell, David Lupton, Joseph B. McCall, James W. Bawie, Samuel Bea, Joseph 
jM. Steele, Ernest T. Trigg. Samuel M. \ audain. .lohn Wanamaker. and C. II. 
Wheeler. 

In large newspaper advertising space Philadelphia employers wen- appealed 
t'> by this conunittee. 

As to the results obtained, much can be said. During the month dl' .Scpicinber. 
in Philadelphia alone, 211 discharged officers were permanently placed in positions 
ranging in salarv from $2,000 to $8,500 per year. This did not include an\ 
turn-over. 

The large manufacturing plants in and about the city responded quickly. 
Hog Island, the l^mergency Fleet Corporation's largest shipyard, absorbed many 
ex-soldiers and sailors. During the year 1919, more than I, 5, 000 ex-service 
men were employed by this big company. Its President. Matthew C. Brush, 
issued instructions that preference in positions for which they could qualify be 

752 



given to the enlisted man. In addition to this, the Walter Reed Hospital at 
Washington, D. C, was visited by the Hog Island officials, and some fifty maimed 
and wounded soldiers were removed to the shipyard and given employment. 

Another striking instance of the interest of one of Philadelphia's big men in 
taking care of the discharged soldiers was given by Samuel M. Vauclain, of the 
Baldwin Locomotive Works. 

He made request upon the Philadelphia Bureau for 500 ex-service men monthly, 
to be absorbed in the company's plants at Philadelphia and Eddystone. Dis- 
charged officers readily found prominent and responsible positions in these organi- 
zations through Mr. Vauclain's personal influence. The Baldwin Company had 
extensive plans for world business in locomotives. Executives were needed, and 
the men who were most successful with the Army forces abroad and at home 
were given preference. 

The New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, N. J., the Cramps 
Shipyard, farther up the river, gathered in these men. The same was true of 
the Philadelphia Electric Company, the United Gas Improvement Company, 
the Brill Car Works, and the Wanamaker Store. 

It should be remembered that in order to facifitate the work of the employ- 
ment of the soldier after discharge, cards had been prepared and filled out by the 
troops while they were on transports returning to this country. These cards were 
delivered to the United States employment representatives at the ports of de- 
barkation, sorted, and forwarded to the proper states. 

One of the most pressing problems, next to the organization of proper employ- 
ment facilities throughout the city, was that of peddUng and panhandling by men 
in uniform. These practices had arisen during the winter months when, in many 
cases, the men engaged in them had really the excuse (jf unempUjyment. They 
were carried on, however, because they were found to lie quite profitable, not 
merely to the soldiers engaged, but even more so to their promoters, who recog- 
nized the connnercial value of the discharged soldiers' uniform and proceeded un- 
scrupulously to exploit it. The Federal law gave no assistance in meeting this 
problem, inasmuch as it permitted discharged soldiers wearing the red chevron 
to wear their uniforms indefinitely. 

On the prominent corners in Philadelphia dischai-ged soldiers sold books 
of so-called patriotic songs and verses. In many cases peddlers in uniform were 
imposters, not even service men. Arrests were made, and these practices soon 
ceased. 

Another big problem confronting the discharged soldier was that of radicalism. 
In view of the radical tendencies apparent everywhere in the world as a result of 
the war, the influence of radicalism upon the discharged soldiers was an important 
matter to observe. Apparently the only generalization to make is that the Amer- 
can soldier took sides toward radicalism, just as other elements of the population 
did. Naturally he represented them all. Here and there he identified himself 
with Bolshevism or some sort of radicaUsm,but far more consistently has he aligned 
himself against it. His sympathies were largely dependent upon the treatment he 
had received. If he got a job and a prompt settlement from the Government for 
compensation, bonus, allotment, or back pay, he was unruffled by discontent. If 
he got no job, or if the Government bureaus paid no attention to his letters, he 
quickly grew bitter. 

753 



Philadolpliia experienced very little of tlie trouble of many other rities; in 
fact, several radical meetings in the smaller towns and cities of the Stale were 
completely broken up by service and ex-service men. 

The rehabilitation of men disabled in service was (m(> of the most important 
measures of reconstruction, it having been ])rominent in the programs of all 
countries participating in the war. In our own couutrN. the care of the disabled 
man. both that of training him and of tinditig einploNuienl for him. was placed b\ 
Congress in the hands of the Fcd<>ral iioard for \ocational llducation. a bod\ 
already in existence before the war. 

In the hands of the Federal Board it was found that the problem was IxMiig 
dealt with as an educational rather than as an economic one. Plieic was extreme 
slowness in considering applications, in determining awards, in starling training, 
and in finding employment. The work was iTiade(iuatel\ deccntrali/.ed. so that men 
were not onK forced to await interminably for the selliemeni of their claims, but 
were in many cases left uninformed as to their rights to training and their means 
of securing it. The l']mployment Bureaus helped in this respect in placing these 
men while waiting the long delayed action of the Federal Board. 

Out of thi> stufly of the problem of aiding the disabled men grew the idea of 
training a man for a better job than he had before. Lack of skill was as much 
an economic disability as the loss of a hand or eyesight. I ntiuestionably there 
was little difliculty in securing employment for men who were skilled workers be- 
fore they entered the service, but many men. who were unskilled, returned from 
their Army expeiience with a larger ambition, and so were not salislied to go back 
to unskilled employment. In many of the city's industrial plants training classes 
were established where it was possible to provide men with training for skilled 
work, and at the same time give th<'m. while leaining. a living wage. It was found 
that industrial training eliminates much labor turn-over, and is a big factor not only 
in increasing production, but also the efliciency of the workers as well. The achieve- 
ment of this end was especially necessary with a huge body of returning soldiers 
who could never be contented with the job they had before going into the Army. 
It was also economically necessary with men in general who have powers for pro- 
duction which society needs, but which remains useless because of the lack of train- 
ing for their development. 

The booklet. "Where Do We (Jo From Here?" written b> Major W. B. 
Maloney, of New ^ ork. was distributed to the discharged enlisti-d men at all em- 
ployment bureaus. It was designed and prepared with the idea of covering as 
nmch as possible of the first-hand information the icturned soldiers needed. 
The fact that the soldiers" point of view was c(tnsiderably changed by their service, 
that they retin-ned to civil life with difTerent ideas about what lhe\ should do. and 
that many changes had come over the civilian surroundings they had formc-riv 
known and to which they nnist be adjusted afresh, constituted the basis of the 
booklet. It endeavored in the first j)lace to tell the .soldier where he could get a 
job. It advised him that he should take any job he could get, rather than await 
indefinitely for just the right one to turn up; and encf)uraged him to make the 
most of his and)itions and work out III' the job he had. ex eii if he llioiighl il was 
not up to his desires. 

In order to make Ihi' return of the soldiers to (heir former emplo\inenl less 
uncertain, a certificate, commonly called the "Citation."" was devised, in which 

7.51 



the War and Navy Departments acknowledged tlie assurance made l)y an em- 
ployer that he would take back into his employ all returned service men who had 
formerly been with iiim. These citations were numbered and engrossed, and a 
signed statement of the company desiring one was required in each instance, and 
kept on file by the War Department. With but few isolated cases every business 
organization placed their request for this citation. 

The City Council authorized a loan of $15. 000. 000 for a public works progiaui 
to extend over a period of two years. Conferences between tlie War Departuicnt 
representatives. Captain Hill, the Mayor, and the Council's financial leaders hail 
considerable to do with expediting this program. In the stinndatifjn of public 
works no local publicity or [)romotion work was attempted. It was simply a case 
of trying to get under contract immediately work which was dormant, but which 
was approved by the public authorities and was popular with the people. Tact, 
diplomacy, usefulness and cooperation prevailed at all times. 

This unusual if not unheard-of "butting in" campaign was waged without 
a single complaint or discordant note. 

The problem of bonuses for soldiers haunted, no doubt, tlie legislative halls 
of every state in the I nion after the war. Pennsylvania was no exception. What 
could the great Keystone State do for the soldier in a substantial way? Towns 
and cities were building monuments and auditoriums, with local pride, in memory 
of those who had heard the country's call and of those who had made the 
supreme sacrifice. 

A bonus proposition, namely, a gift in money, auliiorized by the Stale Legis- 
lature, was not altogether a welcome one to the soldier who rather wanted prompt 
industrial relief and assimilation into civil life. The argument that the Couuuon- 
wealth and the country owed the soldiers a debt is unquestioned. They had left 
their jobs, and gone away to fight, exposing themselves to danger and hardships, and 
receiving the monetary reward of one dollar per day. Many ofthe.se meti went forth 
from a high impulse to save the country, and the only way to pay them was to 
honor them by making the country worth saving. The wounded ones should be 
cared for. and the incapacitated should receive our most generous aid. The widows 
and orphans have a claim upon our pension funds, but the attempt by any mon(>y 
bonus to even up the wages of these men who risked their very lives, showed a 
failure to appreciate values. One might as well pay a friend for his loyalty, or 
a parent for his care, as to pay any money to a soldier for his heroism to his state 
and countrv. 



T.'iS 



THE AMERICAN LEGION 




OH (iod and Country we associate ourselves for the follow- 
ing purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of 
the I nited States of \inericu. to maintain law and order; 
to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per rent Amer- 
icanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our 
association in the Creat War; to inculcate a sense of in- 
dividual obligation to the community, state and nation; 
to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; 
^^ to make right the master of might; to promote peace and 
good will on (>arth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity 
the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our 
comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness." 

In the early part of 1919, several thinkitig men wearing the uniform of the 
Inited States Covernment met in Paris to consider ways of organizing a helpful 
instrument for the benelit of those who dedicated themselves to their country 
during the W orld War. Many names for this veterans' organization were suggested 
and that of "The American Legion" was most popular. A caucus at a later date 
was arranged in St. Louis, Mo., in which city delegates gathered from many states 
of the Union. Temporarv plans were formulated for the establishment of posts 
throughout the country and Ceorge Went worth Carr was chosen to outline a plan 
of organization for Philadelphia and to place before a second meeting of the inter- 
ested World War veterans concrete suggestions as to how the movement might 
be promoted. 

Applications were being received almost dalK for rhaiters for American Legion 
Posts in Philadelphia County, one of the requircuicnls being Itial fifteen ex-service 
men or women in this city must sign an application in triplicate and subscribe 
fifty cents for the privilege of receiving a charter. I'hiladelphia led in this work, 
rapidly increasing the number of local posts until it reached some sexciitN- 
five active posts. 

The Legion made its fu-st appeal for cit>-wide recogniticm in the form of a 
membership drive. 

This etl'ort was under the direction of a .special com- 
mittee, and it was culminated in a rally of ex-service men 
which packed the Academy of Music, and was marked 
by the presence of Cardinal Mercier, the beloved Belgian 
prelate. Cardinal Mercier opened iiis heart to these Am- 
erican soldiers, sailors and marines, and gave an inspiialicm 
and an endorsement to the Legion whidi eihoed from 
coast to coast. The city was awakened to the apprecia- 
tion of the fact that the T-egion constituted a vital force 

in the conununity which deserved to be recognized; almost from that da> the 
influence of the Legion has impressed itself upon Philadelphia. 

During the past Iwn years the Legion in Philadelphia County has be(>n 

756 



.^.fV'i'IV^,.. 




well represented at the State conventions held in Harrisburg, 1919, and in 
AUentown, 1920, and the National conventions held in Minneapolis, 1919, and in 
Cleveland, 1920. 

A county committee was organized with ecpial representation from tlie various 
posts, such an organization being necessaiy to coordinate the work of the Legion 
in a large city and in order also to give the struggling posts the benefit of ideas 
formulated by the more prosperous and more rapidly developing units. 

Early in 1920 the French Government decided to pay a lasting tribute to the 
men who gave their Uves in the World War, and designated the American Legion 
to distribute on behalf of the French Government Memorial Certificates. These 
were to be presented to the families of every American soldier, sailor or marine 
who had given his life in this country's service during the World War. Philadelphia 
numbered among its soldier dead approximately 2,000. This was no easy task, 
for the addresses which were provided by the War Department were found 
to be frequently incorrect, but the detail was carefully worked out and the 
certificates were delivered by the Legion at a fitting service in the Metropolitan 
Opera House. M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador, delivered a message tu the 
American people. 

A call was issued through the National Headquarters to adopt the war orphans 
and as a result several of the Legion posts in Philadelphia are carrying as a permanent 
expense to the post $75 per year for the upkeep of one poor child who has been left 
uncared for as a result of the war. 

The posts made large contributions toward the fund recently sent to France 
for the care of the fields where our heroes are resting. Whenever there has been 
a call for funds to help here or "Over There, " Philadelphia posts have been and will 
be ready to do more than their share. 

Another of the early problems of the Legion was to arrange for firing squads 
so that iniUtary funerals might be conducted and the war heroes laid to rest with 
fitting ceremony. 

An employment bureau was organized for the purpose of assisting com- 
rades to obtain employment. It is daily brought into direct contact with men 
who served overseas for a period of two years or more who are actually without 
food, shelter and clothing. A fund was raised to help these men to obtain relief 
and hundreds of comrades have been assisted in this way. It has been impossible 
to place all who applied for employment, but it is estimated that it has succeedetl 
in placing at least twenty-five per cent in various lines of employment. 

A Committee on Disabled Soldiers and Medical Aid was organized, their 
object being to assist all comrades with physical or mental disabilities to secure 
compensation through the War Risk Insurance, Vocational Training and United 
States Public Health Service. 

Other committees which were formed for the benefit of the ex-service 
men in Philadelphia were Americanism, Legal Aid, Membership, Entertain- 
ment, Athletic, Post Financial Appeals, Memorial Day, Armistice Day and 
War Memorial. 

At the Harrisburg Convention a suggestion was offered that a vessel con- 
structed by the New York Shipbuilding Company be named "The American 
Legion." This was accomplished and the launching was attended by Senator 
Freylinhuysen of New Jersey; by Franklin d'Olier, then National Commander 

7.57 



of llic Legion; (ieorgc F. Tvler. llic Ociiartiiinit ('oiiiriiaiKh'r. and scores ol' Legion 
and city notables, the ship being christened by Mrs. KreyHnhuysen. 

Great work has been accompHshed l)y the \inerieanisni Committee of the 
American Legion in the city of Philadelphia. Many classes of instruction of vari- 
ous lines have been conducted by Legionaires in an effort to make real American 
citizens of those not born in this country and living in this country in obscure 
corners inhabited only by people of their own nationalit>. where American customs 
are not in use. 

Tiie Philadelphia County Committee deiided to hold an Annual American 
Legion Field Meet toward defraying the expenses of the committee and for 
use in assisting the ex-service men. The (h'st meet was held in Septemb<'i' of 
P)2() at Franklin Field and was notable because of the presenc(> of the Olympic 
stars who came direct from Antwerp, and who were acclaimed l)y thousands 
of admirers. 

The second meet was held on June 1. l')21, and was an overwhelming success 
from an atliletic standpoint. The proceeds of the meet were divided among the 
various posts and the County Committee. 

During December, 1920, the State Kirst \ ice-Commander. David IL Simpson, 
conducted a campaign to raise a fund among the Legionaires of Philadelphia for 
Christmas cheer for the disabled soldiers and sailors who were in hospitals in 
Philadelphia. Three thousand l\\o hundred dollars were raised for this piupose; 
numerous gifts were given to each of the wounded, concerts were held at the hos- 
pitals where a suflicient number of wounded men warranted. 

The next undertaking was holding an \ll-\merican Day. "To stress and 
emphasize the loyalty and need of national service." \ccordingly the County 
Chairman called a meeting in the Mayor's reception room of all patriotic and 
civic organizations in the city. The Mayor addressed them, and a result of this 
me(;ting was the Ail-American Mass Meeting and Parade on April 7, 1921. All the 
leading patriotic and civic organizations participated; two meetings were held — one 
at the Metropolitan Dpera House and the othei- at the Xcademy of Music — a 
parade consisting of ^0,000 members of the \arioiis organizations and one of the 
largest displays of the American flag ever known. 

TllL MILITAKV OUDLU 1)1 loHliK.N \\,\US Ol 1111; I .M TIM) 
STATES, PENNSYLVANL\ CONnL\NDKHY 

By Ogdkn D. Wilkinson, Secretary 

This Order is a Military Organization «ilh patriotic objects and covers the 
period of American History sini'e national independence. The conditions of mem- 
bership are restricted to actual service by (or to descent in the male line only, from) 
commissioned officers in a foreign war. 

In order to guarantee per[)eliiily for a military organization of this character, 
it was necessary to make it national and to include all wars, thus assuring a veteran 
element in the membership. 

The Pennsylvania Commandery was instituted \pril 2'). Ifi')."). with the fol- 
lowing oificers: 

Commander, Captain C. lollis Stevens. Vicc-Coiiiiiiaiiilir. .I^iiiics Midliii. Sccri'turv iind 
Treasurer, T. Willing Balch. 



"Pile meniberslii|) increasi'd steadily and during the years iinnicdiately i'ollow- 
iiig the Spanish-American War many distinguished onicers were em'olled. General 
Pershing was admitted to Companionship in the Pennsylvania Commandery when 
serving as First Lieutenant of Cavah'y. 

Many of the officers now at the head of several departments of the various 
branches of the service were members of the Pennsylvania Commandery in the 
early days of their career. During the World War there was no service 
rendered the United States Govermnent, whether of the simplest form or of the 
most vital importance, in which Companions of the Pennsylvania Commandery 
did not participate. 

Realizing that the ('.(^nmandery could be of great assistance to officers who 
were strangers in Philadelphia by providing a comfortable and attractive room in 
which they could slop to read and rest or meet their friends, headquarters were 
established on tlie loliby Uoor of the Belle vue-Stratford Hotel in November, 1917. 

The activities of the headquarters were varied and numerous. The homeUke 
reception room was appieciated by officers stationed in and near Philadelphia 
as well as by those who were spending a few hours or days in the city. 

Desirable accommodations were secured for officers and their families and 
much other assistance rendered. 

Medical attention was secured and after- bringing the matter to the notice 
of the office of the Surgeon General, a Medical Department of the \rmy was finally 
established in the Philadelphia District. 

The present olliceis of the Pennsylvania Commandery are as follows: 
Commander, Adiiiitiil Hulicrt E. Cuontz, U. S. N., Chief of Nh\:iI Oiicnitions, Washington, 
D. C. Vice-Commanders: Major General \\ ni. M. Black, U. S. A., Retired.; Brigadier General 
.Smedley D. Butler. U. S. M. C: Brigadier (ieneral Jo.seph A. Gaston, U. S. A., Retired; Cap- 
lain Mitchell C:. .MacDonald. U. S. iV., Retired. Secretary, Captain Ogden D. Wilkinson, Q. M. 
Registrar, Lieutenant Alliert L. Byrnes, tl. S. N. R. F. Treasurer, Lieutenant Colonel George 
B. Zane, Jr., N. G. P.. lietired. Chaplain, Major Henry A. F. Hoyt, N. C. W. Retired. .Fudge 
Advocate, Major John Glover JVliiir, H. S. M. ('.., Retired. Surgeon, Colonel Richard tt. Harte, 
M. C. 

MILITARY ORDER OF THE WORLD WAR 
Bv Captain Robeson Lea Perot 

The Military Order of the World War is the outgrowth of a society stai ted 
by a few ex-officers of the World War in 1919 at a meeting held in Detroit, wlien 
the temporary name of ""American Officers of the Great War" was adopted. 

At the first National Convention, which was also held in the city of Detroit, 
on September 6, 7, and U, 1920, the present name was adopted, as was the follow- 
ing preamble to the Constitution, which states clearly the aims of the organization: 
To cherish the memories and associations of the World War wageii for humanity; 
To inculcate and stimulate love of our Country and the Flag; 
To ever maintain law and order, and to defend the honor, integrity and supremacy of our 

National Government and the Constitution of the United Stales; 
To foster fraternal relations between all branches of the Military and Naval Services; 
To promote the cultivation of Military and Naval Science, and the adoption of a consistent 

and suitable Military and Naval policy for the United States; 
To acquire and preserve records of individual services; to encourage and assist \n I he 
holding of commemorations and the estabUshment of memorials of the World War; 
And to transmit all of these ideals to posterity, we unite to establish the 
"MILITARY ORDER OF THE WORLD WAR." 

7.59 



Any commissioned officer who served in liie armed lurces of the I nited Stales 
or its Allies during the World War, and was commission(>d before the promnlgaliou 
of peace, is eligible for iioiiiinatioii for meinlxMship in this society. 

At the first National ("onvention. at which sc\enly chapters were repre- 
sented by membership, the Rev. Dr. Edwaid M. .lefferys of Philadelphia was 
elected Chaplain General of the National Organization and Captain Robeson Lea 
Perot was elected Conunander of the riiird Deparlnient. 

The departments, which are nine in nwinber, correspond lo the \riny C'orps 
\r(>a Departments, in accordance with Army Reorganization ])lans now in process 
of development. 

The Greater Philadelphia Chapter was the first to organize and al a meeting, 
held on .\ugust 27, 1919, twenty-five local officers signed the application for a 
charter. 

By courtesy of the management, the Hotel \\alt<>n was made iiciniancnl 
headquarters and all meetings are held in its parlors. 

Many subjects of great importance in connection with matters of natinnal 
interest and ftn the benefit of disabled soldiers and sailors, have been discussed 
by the chapter during the last three years and in several cases submitted with 
reconnnendations to the Senators and l{epresentatives in Washington and 
llarrisburg. 

The present officei-s are: 

Commander I.ieiilcniinl Coloiirl \\ illiain K. Ashlon 

Vice-Ciiiiiiiiaii(li'r Caplnin KriHliTulv It. Naile (Navy) 

Adjutant Captain Nhirray II. Spalir, Jr. 

Treasurer Captain I'^lw{)od W. Miller 

Assistant Ad julanl Lieutenant .1. Itussell Ixjng 

Historian Captain llol>eson I^ea I'erot 

Chaplain Rev. Dr. Edward M. JelTerys 

Staff: 

I.,ieutenant Joseph Bonn l.,ieulenant J. Russell \a>i\i^ 

Lieutenant Colonel Hieliard 11. Ilarte tJeulenant Arthur McKeo^ili 

Lieutenant George K. Lippincotl Captain Howard II. MeKnighl 

WTIOWT. \MKRICAN WAR M()Tlli:ns 

PllILAI)ELPHl.\ ChAPTKK 

The National American War Mothers were organized in the spring of 1917 in 
Indiana. Membership in the organization was open to any molher whose son or 
daughter was in the service of the United Stales during the period of the World War. 

The Philadelphia Chapter, of which Mrs. John M. (iailagher is President, was 
organized as the result of a convention of the National American War Mothers, 
held in Washington. D. C, in the fall of 1919. Mrs. (iailaglier, who attended the 
convention, decided to organize the women in and near Phila(iel|)hia and called two 
meetings for that i)tu[)ose; one at the home of Mrs. Williani Hatcman of Wayne, 
and the other at the New Century Club in Philadelphia. 

A permanent meeting place was seciu'ed in the (]uarters of the Pliiladelphia 
Chamber of Commerce and a constitution and by-laws were adopted. The follow- 
ing officers of the Philadelphia Chapter were elected: Mrs. J. M. (iailaglier, Pres- 
id(>nt; .Mrs. \\'. Hancock. \ ice-President; Mrs. 11. L. Cassard, \ ic<'-President; 

760 



Mrs. Kirk W. Magill, Recording Secretary; Mrs. L. Titus, Corresponding Sec- 
retary; Mrs. Wni. Rock, Treasurer; Mrs. Wm. Rergner, Historian; Mrs. Alice 
Dougherty, Auditor; Mrs. T. M. Raxter, Director; Mrs. J. Delton, Director; 
Mrs. J. Archer Rulon, Director; Mrs. E. Sayen Schultz, Director; Mrs. Charles 
Young, Director. 

The Philadelphia Chapter did a great deal of work for League Island, and at 
Christmas time prepared over 200 packets, which were packed at the home of Mrs. 
J. R. MacPherson. A delegation of the mothers also visited the Navy Home at 
Gray's Ferry Road and Camp Dix. The chapter also cooperated with the War 
Risk Insurance officials in reference to certain cases where incomplete addresses 
made the work of the bureau difficult. 

On Memorial Day members of the chapter united with the Legion posts and 
Veteran Organizations in decorating the graves in various cemeteries in and near 
Philadelphia. 

Members of the chapter contributed to the fund which was raised for the 
MacMonnies Statue of Liberty, presented to France as a gift from the people of 
America. Contributions were also made to the Memorial Chapel at Valley Forge. 

On June 5, 1920, the Philadelphia Chapter attended in a body the launching of 
the steamship Gold Star, named in honor of the men and women who died in service. 
Mrs. Gallagher acted as Sponsor and christened the ship as it left the ways, at the 
Hailan Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, Del. The huge service banner 
emblazoned with a large gold star was draped over the prow of the ship and was 
afterwards presented to the Philadelphia Chapter by the officials of the company. 

The present Officers (1921) are:- 

President Mrs. J. M. Gallagher 

First Vice-President Mrs. Blanche Bellak 

Second Vice-President Mrs. E. Jordan 

Recording Secretary Mrs. Kirk W. Magill 

Corresponding Secretary . .Mrs. Maud Cluley 

Treasurer Mrs. William Rock 

Auditor Mrs. Leo Titus 

Historian Mrs. Martha E. Rossiter 



761 




PlllLADELPHIAS SERVICK FLAC 

"Home are the men, whose vahanl line 

Hurled haek Ibe Teuton's mad ad\anee, 
Save those who guard the mighty Rhine. 
Or sleep, forever blest, in France." 

fA'lIl. tlu' records of the W ai' Dcpartiiifiil aie tdiiipli'tetl. 
it will lie impossible to ^ive the exact imniher of Philadel- 
phia men and women in the service of their coimtr\. 
iSeveitheless, by comparing the available lists, it has been 
estimated that at least 90,000 Philadelphians joined some 
biancli of the Army. \a\ y or .Marine ('.or{)s. 

With tile demobilization of tiie 28th and Tyih l)i\i- 
sions. an efTort was made to secure the service records < if l he 
men in tliosi> two divisions, as well as of all olhers who had 
been returned to this country, whether the\ had been di.s- 
eharged or not. The Philadelphia Council of National Defense was instructed by 
Mayor Smith to direrl this work, and a (dmmittee was a|)poinle(l b\ .Iiidg(^ Mailiii 
to cooperate with the Pennsyhania War History (.'.ommission. Charles 15. Mall. 
Secretary of the ( '.oimcilmanic Committee for the Relief and Sustenance of Soldiers' 
Families, was appointed Chaiinian. The l"'xeciitive Manager of the Council of Oe- 
feiise was matli' Secretary. The details of the work wei'c developed as rapidK as 
possible, and the activities of the committee directed IVoni the ollices of the Council 
of Defense in the Libert \ Building. 

hollowing the examples of other cities, the Philade!i)liia ( '.(uniuittee arranged 
for a house-to-house canvass by the Police Department. I lie Captain of earii of 
the forty-one Police Districts being instructed as to any special details and features 
of the work. Ma>or Smith issued a prodamatitin designating KiidaN. .lime 
27th, as the da\ upon which the canvass should be started, and called upon all 
citizens to aid in "making Philadelphia's war records complete". The newspapers 
of the City ga\e generoiisK of (heir columns, and a special appeal was made Id all 
clubs, societies, churches, lodges and other organizations to assist in this conipre- 
liensive endeavor. The original plan was to have all blanks distributed on Friday 
and Saturday and collected during the early part of the following week. The 
magnitude of I he woik and the size of the area covered made it impossibles 
to carry out such a plan, and the actual time required for the distribution atwl 
collection was more than two weeks. 

The Pennsylvania W ar History Commission had printed 100.000 record blanks 
which were delivered to the Bureau of Police at City Hall, after which they wei-e 
sent lo the various police stations. The territory covered was, of course, the 
entire City, j)r 126 square miles. Considering the difficulties of such work the results 
were satisfactory. In many cases no one was at home when the police called. 
Again, changes of address complicated the work and in a few cases any response 
was refused. I lowever, when the blanks were collected and arranged alphabetically 
it was found that over 50,000 had been returned, of which 12.000 were bmuglil 



762 




c-iurtesy of the Philadelphia "PresB." 

(kivcrnitr Sprtml tinii Crurrii! Ht'tirv (irririnif (il inr <ifiirnl ■'^inrnl. ;a/// hirisntn l*iiriiilr. 

in person or mailed to the oflices of the Council of Defense, 1,500 went directly to 
the Pennsylvania Commission and the remaining: .'5!?. 500 were collected by the police. 
Letters and diaries were handed in and many of them were extremely in- 
lerestinj;. Some were full of woeful tales in which the Medical Corps and various 
welfare organizations wei'e impartially assigned to the eternal abode of blistering 
heat. Others will add materially to the sum total of knowledge of the work of 
the A. E. F. Excerpts from a few only can be incoiporated in this printed story 
of Philadelphia's participation in the World War. They have l)een laigely taken 
from letters from men who served in special units in order to emphasize the wide 
range of service rendered, f^very one of them breathes the true American spirit 
of pluck and determination undismayed by temporary discomfort or pain. 



Sergeant William \ . Whalen. 3d Company, 4th Mechanical Air Service, 
wrote to his mother from Romorantine, France, under date of January 9, 1918: 

"At last I am able to reveal to you the course of events in which I have parti- 
cipated since my d(>parture from the U. S. A. After being two days at sea, we 
dropped anchor in Halifax Harbor, where we enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the 
old French city and the sm'rounding country. 

"After we sailed from Halifax, all went well until we had been out fifteen 
days, when suddenly all on board were startled by a terrible thud caused by the 
explosion of a depth-bomb dropped by a ship on oiu" port side. (We were one of a 
convoy of twenty-three ships.) It was only a few seconds until the decks, rafts, 



and riggings swarmed with eager-hearted, red-bluoded Sainniics. awaiting a glimpse 
of the first Hun 'Sub' whose periscope soon sprang to our view from a breaking wave. 
Its course was directed towards our ship, but was soon turned 1)\ the lire from 
our guns. Soon a fatal shot was Iked. Tliere was a mighty explosion and a 
huge flash of flames. The wild cheers from the enthusiastic boys rang out from 
the depth of their hearts. 

"In England our journey was thruugli the most pitlun'S()ne snulhern part and 
justly deserves the name of the 'Garden Spot of the World". Our first view of 
France was through a heavy mist and fog early one morning as «e approached l^e 
Havre. We spent the first night in camouflaged tents to outwit any scouting 
planes of the enemy. The following day we started on again. The scenery 
through the Doine ^ alley reminded us of some of the fertile valleys at home, but 
the cities of iioueii, Paris and Orleans, as well as the French villages, have particular 
characteristics of their own and are different from any we had seen before. 

"This camp is known as Air Service Production Center Mo. 2, and is the 
largest of its kind in France. There are a large luunber of factories and plants f'oi- 
the assembling, repairing and salvaging of planes, a wurk to which many soldiers 
are detailed. French women are also emi)loyed in certain departments, but the 
hardest and most undesirable is done by Chinese labor. Men of almost every 
nationality are seen in the streets. The production here surpasses that of any 
manufacturing city of 200,000 in the states. 

"We have here the second largest refrigerating plant in the world, great 
railroad yards, miles of warehouses and extensive flying fields. This camp is in 
direct communication with the front at all limes, by wire and rail. ' 

Norman Ilulme, an architect, served willi the Staff of the Chief l^^ngineers, 
First Army. In a letter to Major General .lames B. ('nrycll. \. (!. P. (Retired), 
he spoke of his experiences after leaving New ^ ork : 

"Never was there brought together such a body of \rm\ mm and welfare 
workers as composed the passenger list of the French liner lUicliiuubcnu. on which 
it was the good fortune of my company, the l.^Slh Iwigineer Motor Company, to 
sail for 'Over There.' 

"First, because of their air of importance, a Congressional t^.ommittee on a 
tour to investigate everything and anything pertaining to Army woik: next, the 
representatives of the great welfare organizations whose number included the 
President's .son-in-law, a member of the ^'oung Men's Chiistian Association T nit; 
Red Cross chaplains, doctors, secretaries and membeis of that wonderful self- 
sacrificing body of Army nurses, wlio ImIit jnsllx earinil tlir name of 'Roses of 
No Man's Land,' Knights of Colund)us Secretaries. Salvation Army lassies of 
'Doughnut' fame, Jewish Welfare workers and a number of reporters and writers 
headed by Robert Collier. 

"As to the motley assembly of fighting men. there were American engineer and 
cavalry troo[)s, naval gunners and aviators. Freiuh chasseurs, all wearing wound 
stripes and distinguished service medals, Polish troops, recruited in Canada, wearing 
old British red-coat uniforms. American Army and Navy officers on detached service, 
members i)f the French Diplomatic Coi[)s, Polish oflicers, and Chinese interpreters 
for duty with British labor troops. 

"Despite the babble of tongues, it was our good fortune to arrive safely at 

761 




courtesy of Frank W, Bulilt-r, Stanley Co. of America. 

Parade of llie iSUi Division passiiiy Die U. S. Cusloni House. 



the Jiaibor of Boidt^aiix witli its fjraiul watfM- frcintage on the River Garoniip. One 
swelled with pride as he entered the port, for there were miles of wharfage under 
American control, a large portion of which was built by our engineering troops. 
Ih)w gratifying it was tf) see the tremendous work which had been accomplished 
by the American Advance Guard. 

"Like all American troops, upon disembarking we had to face the hardships 
of a five-day 'rest', consisting of continuous policing of camp and personal equii)- 
ment. This prepared us for a three-day journey north by freight to Le Havre 
which gave an exceptional opportunity to study the condition of France where 
only women were left to maintain the normal function and routine of industry. 
The outstanding feature of this trip was a wonderfully eijuipped United States 
Army Hospital train on its way to a base hospital. At once interest was lost in 
its mechanical perfection, because its human freight of wounded doughboys con- 
veyed a message that made one thrill. How they smiled through Itaiidages and 
splints, and displayed 'Iron Crosses' and other trophies taken from the Boche, and 
were optimistic as to their ability to go him one better at their next meeting. After 
our troops saw such painstaking provision for the 'return,' should one be necessary, 
there was no further complaint regarding the '(^.hevaux Limited' in which we 
were going forward. 

"According to novelists, France always appears sunny, however, she received 
us with rain and continu<'<l licr welcome in such fashion on alternate days for three 

765 



siicc'ossive iiionllis. Of course, it has its compensatiun, for the couiitr\ hlooius like 
a garden and so one can understand the pride the Frenchman takes in ' La Belle 
France.' " 

Some idea f)f the problem of providing food for an Army is given by Corporal 
Howard J. ("liii. Q. M. ('.. of Bakery Company ?s'o. 102. who sent with his service 
record a report prepared by Captain Harold B. West, Q. M. C, the ofllcer in charge 
of the bakeries at Is-sur-Tille. France, where the A. E. F. established the largest 
bakery in the world. The story of this plant reads like a fairy tale: 

"With a capacity for output of 800,000 pounds of bread per day, it was housed 
in two immense ordnance buildings, constructed of steel and corrugated iron, each 
:i80 feet long by 2 10 feet wide, connected by a covered run-way. Besides containing 
the appliances for making bread, tliese buildings had storage space for 19.000,000 
(XJundsof raw material, including flour, salt, lard substitutes, sugar, bread sacks, etc. 
In a two-story ])ower house, 90 feet by 60 feet, two 7.50 horsepower turbo gener- 
ators were installed which guaranteed sullicient electricity for power and lighting. 

"A double track railroad spur, capable of holding forty American freight cars 
at one time, ran along thi> north side of the building. These cars w hich iield approxi- 
mately 65,000 pounds of Hour, were conslanlK changing, and on one occasion 
2,037.82 1 pounds of material were unloaded in twelve hours. 

"When in full operation, the bakery used 600.000 jjounds of Hour. 10.000 
pounds of salt and 1,000 pounds of yeast per day. This vast amount of material 
was handled almost exdu.sively by machinery, and its metamorphosis from the raw- 
state into the finished product was one of the wonders of the \. I'".. F. i'^very pre- 
caution was taken to insure the proper kneading, baking, packing and shipping 
of the bread so that it would be of uniform (piality and size. 

■'The ])ersoiuiel i('(|uire(l for (he full operation of llic plant was 20 ollicers, 
511 soldiers and 200 (colored) stevedores." 

Alfred !]. Dahne was with the Headquailers Trooi) of the 3d Division and 
gives an accoiuit of delivering messages under lire: 

"M\ comrade and I were sleeping back to liack. Strange to say when we 
heard the shells with llicir 'Zdwic-bang." bulh of us were on our feet facing each 
other. 

■ in came an orderK and liamlcd uic a bunch of messages. My comrade and 
I started on an awful trip. It seemed as though the air was singing with shells 
which broke all around, but my name was not on any of them. Along the roads 
the scenes were lierce — horses and men lying dead and dying. Some poor fellows 
had their gas masks half on, but were so weak fiuni unimds thai lln'v had iiol (he 
strength to put them on and they died that wa\. 

"Tiie next day the barrage had died down to normal and on Ihr lliird da\ nut, 
the boys started their victorious counter attack. They chased the Huns over the 
Marne and just kept them going." 

The ex])eriences of a "runner" are recounted by Private F. \\ . Fund of Com- 
pan\ \l. 1 15th Ihiited States Infantry, who says: 

' " One thing I'll never forget is the glorious sight on the morning we were waiting 
to 'go over." F\eryone must have thought of the Star Spangled Banner. There 




Cnurtesy of tlu' Phihiilcliihia "I'rfss." 

Slate OJJln'(il.'< on (iniiid Sliiiid iipixisilr I iKlr/ifiiili'iirf Hull. iW// /'(('(.s7i/;i I'linidr. 



was the 'Dawn's early light, the rocket's red glare, and the bombs bursting in the 
air.' Everybody seemed thrilled and the captains were yelling to ki-eji the men from 
crowding over too fast. 

'"Very soon another runner and I were sent ahead on a trip. Of course, our 
destinations were moving ahead all the time and we traveled a couple of hours 
before we caught up to them. Returning, however, it was just the opposite, and 
we could have been back in less than half the time, but we were interrupted. First 
interruption on the way back was a meek little 'Deutscher' who seemed to spring 
from nowhere, his hands up and yelling "Kamerad." I don't think runners are 
supposed to take prisoners, but when they are thrust upon us and we are bound for 
the rear it seemed 0. K. This fellow said he had a fiiend in a dugout who wanted 
to get captured. A couple of our Ixiys came along just then and we all went t)ver 
to the dugout. The other Boche was right on the job and tickled to death to be 
captured. The other boys had to go ahead, so we hiked away with our two birds, 
.lust went back till we met another bunch of prisoners, when we pushed ours in with 
them and beat it back to our H. Q. 

'"That afternoon 1 had a sweet job — I was ordered to stay with the colonel. 
All went well while he walked, but then he got on a horse with long legs and I was 
not with him again until he got off. 

■"Next morning the colonel, or I. got lost. At least, we were not together and 
it was up to me to locate him. Not such a job. for all I had to do was to go forward. 
After locating him I had it pretty easy, compared to the previous day. ,Tust a 

767 



few short trips. Of course, machine gun bullets, shells and air planes were flying 
everywhere, but nobody seemed to give them a thought. We would sit there on 
the liillside watching the high explosives land just a few yards away. 

"About 5 P.M. a couph' oi shells dropped twenty or thirty yards away. 1 did 
not stop to see what the others did. I just dropped flat, and was barely down when 
shell NO. ."? comes over and a piece of it gets me on the back of the right hand. 
Didn't hurt a bit when it hit, l)ut felt like something very big had bumped against 
me. I could wiggle all ray fingers so I knew that no bones or tendons were broken. 
When lleiuie ceased firing 1 beat it down the hill and lan into soni(> lieutenant who 
opened m\ first aid packet and tied me up. I went up the hill and got my pack 
and raincoat. Also several things in my pack that 1 wanted. No one else in our 
bunch was hurt. Wasn't tiiat lucky? 1 got a drink of water and started back 
t<i the dressing station. About a (piarter of a mile I was stopped by a medical man 
who looked at my hand, tied it uj) again and put a tag on me. 

"Soon I ONcrtook a lieutenant who was hikiiii.' back to some II. Q. lie wasn't 
very husky looking, still he insisted on carrying my pack for me. That was the 
beginning of a number of kindnesses which I had never thought existed in the 
Army. Before leaving, he lightened my pack by taking out my bayonet and 
shovel and I then hiked on merrily. 

"What a sight along that road! Vnimmiitioii wagons, ambulances, reserve 
troo[)s going up. bunch(>s of wounded and prisoners, and further back supply 
wagons and rolling kitchens. I'.very now and then a bunch of engineers who 
worked night and day with siirlU (irnppin;: ail around. I'll take back what I us(>d 
to sing about the lazy engineers. 

"About half way back the pleasant odors of a kitchen gre(>ted me and I 
slopped. Some engineers were getting supper. .More kindness. Nice steak, gravy, 
prunes, bread and colTee. (\n(l they cut my steak, too.) My, but it was good!" 

Pri\ate Lund Ihen gi\es his impression of the splendid medical attention which 
was immediately given him : 

"Couldn't walk extra fast in the nuid and daikncss, but 1 reached the dressing 
station at 8 p.m. (about seven or eight miles). (lot right into an ambulance with 
some fellows, who could sit u|). and continued the journey. It was after midnight 
when we arrived at the field hospital, but I don't think we traveled far for there w(!re 
so uumy terrible delays. There I received a shot of antitctamis serum, also some 
hot cocoa and cookies from the American Red Cross. Next we crawled into some 
nice warm blankets and it did not lake long to fall asleep. 

"We were awakeniHl at () a.m. More hot cocoa and cookies and then we got 
on a truck and rode a couple of hours to a bigger field hospital. 'I'here our wounds 
were redressed and we got sponge baths and Ihey took all our clothing away. They 
gave us pajamas to wear, then I was put in \\ ard No. \'.\. nice long room with a 
stove in the inirldle. \ cry few stayed in their cots, but wrapped blankets around 
them and gathered al the stove. Looked like a bunch of Indians. 

"Some cheerful bunch of cripples around that stove. I'.veryone telling when 
and where he got it. WC refought the whole war sitting around that stove. They 
gave us all we could eat at meal tinu'. Who wouldn't be cheerful? 

"We got on a train that forenoon, but it was no "10 hommes, 8 chevaux' alfair 
at that time. A new American Red Cross train as comfortable and easy riding 
as a Pullman. Next day I received a complete new outfit of clothes — even heavy 

768 




Courtrsy of tlit 



riiiladfliiliia "rrtss." 

SdhiliiHi /III- L/liirlv lii'll. -^Slh Dirisliin I'liriiil,: 



woolens. C'est la guerre. Had a hot shower bath — first in a loiifi time. Next 
morning 1 located the barber shop and was relieved of a weeks wiiiskers. Barber 
sure was busv shaving. I had tt) return the luliowing day for a hair cut. 

'"Had movies at the Red Cross hut a couple of nights. Dorothy Gish in tiie 
'Little School Ma'am' was pretty good. 

"Keep well and happy and remember that you are not to worry any more." 

Captain Cornelius T. McCarthy was with tlie American Engineers at Cambrai 
in l<»17. and was the first American medical ofTicer to receive the British Military 
Cross aTid Bar. He served as an American Medical Officer with the 9th Essex 
(British) R(>giment. His citations commented upon his heroism in working 
during gas attacks without his mask, the mor(> readily to render aid. 

Captain Mc(^.arthy relates a thrilling experience which occurred on May 27, 
1918, while up at the front: 

■■ Reaching the Auchon-Viller's and Mailly-Maillet roads, a high explosive bar- 
rage caught our last company. It was pitch dark, but, having an electric torch, I 
could see here and there a battered mass of humanity. Lying beside a young boy, 
I felt the warm blood spurting from an artery of his leg. I lightly adjusted his first 
aid (hessing around his thigh. A gas shell burst near by. Before I could adjust 
my mask I received the contents in my face. Finally, getting the mask on, 1 
staggered across the road, stumbling over the mangled body of my orderly. Re- 
moving the mask, I shouted for Corporal Poole. A voice answered: 'I am here, but 

769 



my leg is broken. I can't move.' I asked: 'Where's Garrett?' He replied: 
'By my side. Look at him, he is bleeding from the neck.' Stumbling to his side, 
I fiiimd him dying, muttering: "They got me after three years.' 

"As 1 la> beside (jarrett a helpless feeling gripped me. However, as Medical 
Oflieer, it was my duty to get them to the dressing station. On my wav to llnd 
the stretcher bearers 1 ordered the men to stay where they were as cpiietly as 
possible. In response, one voice feebly sang out: 'Don't be long Doc, I'm 
slipping.' 

"The \illage through which T passed to the dressing station was luider bom- 
baidmciil. \t the station 1 secured Private Haley and eight slrelcluM- bearers. 
Heturning with the wounded I heard groans from the cellar of a demolished house. 
Private Halc\ and I rushed in the gas-filled cave, finding Sergeant Baxter, with both 
legs severed. In the darkness 1 dimly saw bra\f llale\, with his mask (ill', un- 
selfishly hel|)ing Baxter. Although I shouted to him lo adjust his mask, his delas 
in doing so causi>d his rleath later. 

■"The last man being dressed, and now ba(il\ ga>^e(i invsell'. I crawled into an 
ambulance, nnich in in-ed of a little first aid m\self."' 

Lieutenant John Emil l']igenauer, who seived with tin' (idlli I . S. Inlanlry, 
lorwarded a co[)\ of Thr Didniond. the weekly publication of the ."itli l)i\ision. 
in which a number of Philadelphia men serxed. 'Phis copy was printed in Luxem- 
bourg, April 29, 1919, and, inter alia, contains the following statement of interest 
to the people of Philadelphia: 

"The division was first commanded b\ Major (leneral Charles II. Muir, who 
was directed by General Order No. l.'5.5 War Departnirnt. December 8, 1917, to 
proceed to Gamp I^igan. Houston. Tex., to connnand the ."ith Di\ision (regular), 
but telegraphic instructions from the War Depaitment. dated Deceinbei- 2."), I'M?, 
directed Major General Muir lo proceed from Gamp Logan. Houston. Tex., to 
G,:iinp Hancock, (ieorgia, to command the 28th Division." 

The work of the Signal Platoon of Headquarters Gompan\ Ili9, I . S. Infantry 
is told by Corporal Henr\ D. Cox: 

"It was the duty of tliis bi>d\ of men (average platoon strength, sixty-five 
men") to keep all signal apparatus in working order, inslal and o])(>rate all instiu- 
meiUs. including telephones, buzzerphones, wireless. T. P. S., and other forms of 
communication and to maintain this service at all times within the regiment, as 
well as lines running to brigade and division headquarters and the units on our 
right and left. Of course, this means hard work. 

"This platoon worked under direct shell fire for the first time on July 7, 1918, 
in the vicinity of St. Agnes, Nonde-en-Brie, Chateau-Thierry and Grande Foun- 
tain. 

"Telephones lines were laid and maintained, besides buzzerphone lines, in 
the heaviest of the shell fire and gas at these points. One man. Sergeant Herben, 
of the Signal Platoon, and formerly of Company K, 1st Begiment N. G. P., sent 
and received 367 messages in three days' time, during the most trying and critical 
period of this (jperation. (Crossing the Vesle Biver.) 

"Sergeant Baymond (Platoon Sergeant), also did exceptional work here and in 
the Argonne offensive, and receiv^ed a commission while in France, He is 
married, lives in Philadelphia, and is an old N. G. P. man." 

770 




General Price saluliiui llie Liberty Bell. 28th Division Parade. 

Private Albert Dick, who served with the 95th Aero Squadron, wliich was 
known as the ''Flying Circus," sent home the fuliowing interesting account of his 
experiences : 

"This is the first American Pursuit S(|uadr(iii on the front and has a very high 
record for victories over the Hun, having brought down about seventy-five German 
balloons and planes. Our squadron has taken prominent parts in all the big drives. 
They were on the front of the Chalons (Champagne sector) during the big 
German offensive in March. This squadron did effective work in directing 
artillery fire and in bringing down many observation and bombing i)lanes and 
balloons in the Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and Argonne Woods, north of A erdun. 
Tliis squadron has had with it such prominent flyers as Major Lufberry, Captain 
Eddie Rickenbacker, Captain Douglass Campbell and Lieutenant Quentin 
Roosevelt." 



The letter of Personnel Corporal Raymond A. Sholl, Headquarters Company, 
54th Pioneer Infantry, gives his unexpected experiences at the front. The 54th — 
the 3d Battalion of which was commanded by Major David R. Simpson, of this 
city — had been ordered to a certain camp for training, but the orders were cancelled 
and the regiment sent to the front. Writing from Dun-sur-Meuse, France, Corporal 
Sholl says: 

"The Slar>i and Stripe.'^, the A. E. F. paper printed in France for the Americans 
here, has gotten up a sort of letter writing day to Dad. They are asking every 
American here to write home to Dad on November 21th. They also want each 
man to tell his experiences in France, and also to state just where he is located at 
the time of writing, so here goes: 

771 



"We were on the ocean just two weeks and Thursday morning. September 
12th, we sighted land. Running up a bay hned on either side by great roi-ks, we 
finally docked at Brest, France. Here we marched after getting off ship through 
Brest and out into the country to a rest camp. We got into camp at about 6.30 
in the evening. It was already dark and we had lo i)itch pup tents and sleep in 
the mud. We remained in this place (rest camp is I lie big joke, as the fellows 
worked about twelve houi's a day) for a few' days. 

■■fjater. we were again placed forty men in one car and taken north. We did 
not know wiiere we were going, but toward evening we began to hear a dull i lunbling. 
\t first 1 didn't know what it meant, but it soon dawned upon us that our train 
was approaching the western front. We rode all night and in the morning we were 
again dumped off our train at a place called Fleury. In the afternoon I received 
my first gas mask instructions. 

"While several of us were gathered thtMc, someone looked up and pointed onl 
some tiny clouds bursting far above us. No one knew what it meant until it was 
explained to us that a (ierman plane was overhead and was being shelled by our 
anti-aircraft guns. This was my first sight of a (ierman plane, but it was not the 
last sight by a long shot. 

"We .saw a \ol of Fritz in the air and, in fad. it became a connnon sight to see 
II un planes come over in nund)ers from one. lo possibly a dozen, but our anti-air- 
craft, usually kept them up i>retty high, so that they were harmless during thi> da>. 
They came o\er on several occasions at night while we w<mt camped here, and after 
dropping a few bombs turned around and went back home. They came over so 
often that I could tell the purr of their motors when llie\ were miles away. They 
.sound entirely dill'crent from any other motor. 

"On Saturday, October 12th. we packed up and hiked back to Aubreville. 
which is about fifteen miles northwest of \<'rduii. I h-re five of us lived together 
in a little shanty by the .side of the stable. W C had several night raids, too, but 
I took no chances. As soon as I saw old Fritz coming I knew it was best to beat 
it into a dugonl. 

"On Frida> morning, .\u\ ember 1st, I was awakeutul by a great rumbling 
and trembling of our little house, and I knew that another drive had started in the 
Argomie. At about :5 \.m. I got up, went outside, and saw that the whole sk\ was 
allame with a great light and the noise of the barrage was terrible. I learned the 
following morning that it was the greatest and most deadly barrage ever put o\er 
duiiiig the war. The ( iermans that were left (lew so fast that our meti h:id to 
chase them in auto trucks. This was the beginning of the end for, once more. 
Germany's best men were beaten and were licked for the last time. 

"And now 1 am sitting in a little room in an old hotel which, several weeks 
ago. was occupied by the (iermans. It is situated in the town of Dun and lighl 
along the river. There is not much nion' to lell. but 1 am glad that the censor's 
lid is lifted so that I can tell you where 1 am. ( )ur entrance into the zone of action 
was a great surprise lo me. as we were to go into training, but at a moments notice 
orders were changed with the result that I have seen a lot more than I would ever 
have seen in a Iraining camp. ()ui- men deserve a lot of |iraise, too. as lliey worked 
right in the Argonne on roads wliicli had to be kept o[)en in order to make the big 
drive a success, and many a flay they worked under shell fire for eight hoiu-s and 
longer." 

772 



Wliil"' on tlip siibjoct of pioneers, the Colli )\viiijr poem- -author unknown — is 
of interest. It was sent with the Service Record of Private W. ( i. Alfleck, Company 
A, 59th Pioneer Infantry. 

THE PIONEERS 
We read about the doughboys and their valor, which is true. 
And of the gallant part they played for the old Red, White and I'.lue: 
We read about the H. F. A. and their ever-roaring guns, 
Also the heavy part they played in blowing up the Huns; 
The Infantry, the Cavalry, the hardy Engineers, 
Rut we never read a single word about "The Pioneers." 

They slept in pup tents in the cold and worked in nuid and mire. 
They filled up shell holes in the roads, 'most always under fire; 
Far o'er the lines the scout plane goes, directing the barrage. 
Just as the zero hour draws nigh, or just before the charge. 
As o'er the top the doughboy goes, to put the Hun to tears, 
Rut who went out and cut the Wire? "The Husky Pioneers." 

They buried beaucoup horses, and carried beaucoup shells. 

From every dump on every front, the kind of work that tells. 

A heavy pack on every back, on every track in France. 

They never wore the "Croix de Guerre" — They never had the chance. 

And as the heavy trucks rolled by. they wf)rked to calm their feais. 

Who made the rocky road so smooth!'' "The same old Pioneers." 

Each branch deserves much credit, and I like to read their praise. 
We heljH'd them all, both great and small, in many different w^ays; 
The Shock Troops, and the brave ^Marines, the Ammunition Train. 
The Signal Corps, the Tank Corps, and the Observation Plane. 
The War is won. the work is done, so here's thi'e(> hearty cheers. 
For the outfit that I soldiered with, "The Good Old PIONEERS." 

(One of Them.) 

In two long It'ttcrs. ( '.hailes Fredeiick West shows war at its best and at its 
worst. Of the former condition he writes: 

"In some of the towns where we stayed, the women and girls came out to kiss 
lis. and gave us chicken dinners and all the milk and wine we could drink. At one 
village where we were quartered. I met a French woman who invited me to her 
house and who gave me a big dinner. When I got to the house I had to kiss the old 
lady and her two girls, and when I left I had to do the same thing. During the meal 
they had the laugh on me because I did not drink any wine. They told me that 
1 was the first one that they had met who did not drink. I told them I liked milk, 
so one of the girls went out into the barn and milked the cow. so I could have all I 
could possibly think. After that nice meal. I was there for supper every night. " 

Private West then sketches another scene in the theatre of war. He says, 
that later on, while waiting for things to happen we were billeted in barns, 
barracks and broken Ijuildings where the French soldiers slept, and they were 
full of cooties. 



"You may not think this is true, hiil llic coolies who are witli the boys are 
game, courageous and true. They will stick to a man under shell fire and they 
keep him in motion when he longs to sleep. Machine gunners who know how to 
sweep the enemy front with their rat-a-tat-tat machines, have yet to learn the law 
of separation, from some old cooties. 'I'hey are th(>r(> to th(> last. The cooty is 
not an optical illusion. One of the boys who has been up the line and who saw 
plenty of the fireworks told me very soberly that he had not seen a single cooty 
in France. He was right, becaus(> they are not single! They are all married and 
have large families." 

Private (later Sergeant) Sanmel (i.Rossiter was kept on the move, as chaulVcin- 
for Brigadier (i(>neral Thomas W. Darrah. commanding tlii' .^.'itli Inf'aiilr> Brigade 
of the 28th Division. Rossiter enlisted in the 1st Brigade. 7th Division, on ,lune 
20. I')1T. and when the (niard was federalizerl he was sent to Camp llancuck and 
assigned as chautl'eur for the Brigade car of Brigadier (ieneral F. \\ . Sliliweli. 

After the Brigade reached France, Colonel George E. Kemp, of Philaflelphia, 
was Acting Brigade Commander until .luly !5d. when ( Jeneral Dariah assumed coin- 
mand at midnight. Half an hour later, the entire Brigade was ordered forward 
in a defensive operation on the Marne. Rossiter was thereafter continuously under 
(ire until the signing of the armistii-e. 

In his letters home, Rossiter describes .some of the iiairow escapes anil wild 
rides that were his. In one letter he says: "During the night of August 8th-9th, 
while sleeping in the car. it was struck by shrapnel, one piece of which tore a hole 
through the door, while smaller prices ripped up llu' upholstery." 

In relating what he considers his most exciting experience, he wrote, late in 
.luly, l')18: 

"Lust Sunday ni)jl>t, at mImhU sovcii o'(l<K"k. I was <tri\lni,' llii' (ii'iiiral from ('oiinnoiil In 
Kresnes, and when we came to an intersivlion of tliree roads In- onlered me to lake llie one to the 
niihl. We tiad gone but a very sliort distance wlien we came lo front line trenches occupied l)y 
our own lirigade. Ilealizing tliat we Imd ma<le a mistake, the ( Ieneral ordered me to turn hack 
in order to gel on the other road. By tliis time tin; Germans had recognized a Stall' car and were 
IhrowinK shells at us with speed and ever-increasing accuracy. When I approacticd the inter- 
siMlion of the three roads, it was Ijeing swept by shell-lire, so I turned across the fields and was 
lucky lo gel on the road to Fresnes without l)einK hit. I had not Kone more than .500 yards when 
1 found Ihal llie hridgi'. cros-sinp one of the branches of Ihe ()urc(|. had been destroyed by the 
(HTmaiis in their retreat, so once again I had to lake lo Ihe lields anil foUoH lh<' siream for several 
hundred yards until 1 found another bridge. By this time every window in the car had been 
blown out by tin' force of concussion, liut otherwise no serious damage was done." 

A large number of colored men from Philadelphia serve<l during the war and 
had many and varitxl experiences. 

Min\ard William Xewsome. a resident of this city, was a student in the 
theological department of Lincoln I niversily wiien the war started. He was sent 
to Camp Taylor in June, 1918, where he jnincd llu; 532d Engineers, a unil in w iiii h 
a number of other Philadelphia men were eiuolled. 

Ncwsomc. who was a good musician, became a menibci- of llic bund and went 
with the regiment to France, where it was attached to the S. (). S. For a short 
time the 7->'y2d luigineers were at Is-siir-Tille and lab^r at \ncy-la-l"iance. Here 
the men built the barracks and performed the main duties rcipiired by the S. O. S. 
Although not at any time at the extreme front, the men were in ilie advance sector 
at the lime of the armistice. 

774 



The regiment canu; home on the U. S. S. Troy, and witli his service record 
N(>wsome lianded in a copy of the Trojan Journal, the newspaper pnblislied on 
i)oard ship for Sunday June 29, 1919. 1\> the left of the heading — "Almost 
There" — are the words: "Brest Cafe — 2.821 miles"; and to tlie right: " 42d & 
Broadway — 339 miles." 

A statement in the journal speaks of the work of tlie hand in the following 
words: "The 532d Engineers has some jazz band. It sure can tear off the wildest 
sort of jazz — that creepy, shufily sort. This same regiment also had an entertain- 
ment section known as the 'Dixie Minstrels of the A. E. F.,' which put on a series 
of fifty or more shows in the 36th, 78th and 80th Divisional areas to audiences of 
over 25,000 doughboys. At an entertainment on shipboard, the 'Harmony Four' 
of the 'Dixie Minstrels' won second prize." 

Robert H. Nones, Jr., a Major in the Dental Corps, was one of those who had 
an opportunity of helping Army men, whose features were destroyed by wounds. 
The following statements give some idea of the way in which he and his associates 
were able to accomplish remarkable results: 

"At the entrance of Anieriiii into the (ireat War, one of the chief jirohliTjis wliich presented 
itself to the Surgeon (ieneral of the United States Army was how i)riiperl\ to train ollicers to 
lake care of anfl make o\er tliose \ictims of warfare whose faces were so liadly shattered as l<i 
midie their appearance in public a hardship. These wounds had to be operated upon and 
treated .so that the men would not be ashamed to {^o among their fellows. I may say that this 
condition was one of the most horrible of warfare. 

"Through the three years' experience of both the French and British Medical ('orjjs, we 
were enabled to gain much knowledge and, therefore, put that knowledge to practice. 

"The Surgeon General established courses covering oral and plastic surgery in the Uni- 
versity of PennsyKania. \\ ashington University in St. Louis, and Northwestern University in 
Chicago. Men who were known for their adaptability, and who had special training in this line 
of work, were sent to these Army scliools for training of four or five weeks. The idea was to organ- 
ize teams of a surgeon luul a dentist to work together on tlie cases. 

"On April 4. tOlf!, the first oral and plastic surgery unit, under connnand of Lieutenant 
Colonel Vilray P. Blair, of St. Louis, set sail on the transport Anwriai. 'there were thirty-live 
surgeons and dental surgeons in this unit. They arrived two weeks later at the port of i5resl 
in France, were immediately sent to Blois, and there received orders distributing them to their 
dill'erent hospitals and stations. The majority of the unit went to Sidcup and Queen's hospitals, 
London, I'^igland. Eight others, of whom the writer was one, were sent to No. 18 General Hos- 
pital. British lilxpeditionary Forces, on the British front. They spent .some time observing and 
working with the surgeons, profiting much by their great experience. Visits were paid and ub- 
•servations were made at various other hospitals, and much work was done. The British Army 
was enduring some heavy fighting and sufi'ering heavy casualties. 

"In a few weeks, orders were received, and that small body of eight men was broken up 
and sent to different hospitals on the front. I was ordered to American Red Cross Military 
Hospital No. 5, a huge tent hospital of 2,400 beds, the largest of its kind in France, one lliat 
could be picked up and moved in forty-eight hours. Cases were coming in continuously througli 
the drives, and nuich work was done. The greatest amount of oral plastic work done at that 
time was probably performed at No. 1 Hospital, the American Ambulance at Neuilly. 

"A few weeks after the arrival of the first unit, a second unit, under command of I,ieuteiiant 
Colonel Robert H. Ivy, of Philadelphia, arrived, and opened headquarters at Vichy, which place 
became a center for afi oral and plastic surgery work. 

"The duties of the dentists in these units were twofold; first, they liad to possess mechan- 
ical skill to construct the proper appliances for holding shattered parts together, then they 
must assist the surgeon at the actual operation, working with him at all times until the case 
was finally dismissed, which might be, as I have seen in many cases, after twenty-five fiperations 
or more had been performed on one man's face. 

775 



"AKmH with all this work the dentist had to take care of the mouths mid teeth of I lie piiticiils 
in I he hospitals, and in many cases, my own for instance, in more than one hospital I had 
to take care of many rominands outside of my station, amhulance drivers, troops under arms, 
air service, etc. 

"Several of the original unit were in evacuation hospital units, which were constantly 
under shell lire. They were able h\ their skill to give imniediate attention to the face cases, 
thereby lessening the chances of fatal results, and gri'al credit must bi' gi\en to the skill and \alor 
of these men, as upon them rested the future of the results obtained in the hospitals farther back. 

"The wonderfid part of all this work was the great conlidence the patient liad in the sur- 
geon. .\t all times during the operation he was without pain through the use of local anesthetics 
and seeme<l to be happy in tlie thought of the promise that his looks would he restored to nearly 
normal. After all. a man may lose an arm or a leg, and people will not shudder, but let him 
go before his fellows with a face torn beyond recognition and pi'ople will turn away, forgetting 
the great gooil he did, and the great work he performed so that those same people could enjoy 
\\tr fruits of his lalujr. 

"Fortunately for America, and the men of the Vmerican Army, tlw war ended soon, so I ha I 
our face cases were not nearly so many as those of the other .\rmies. 

".\fter the armistice, many of the original oral and plastic units recei\i(l llieir orders to 
return home, accompanying the wounded. In this way the man familiar with the work Kiuld 
take care of the cases without inlerruptiim. and when they were recei\ed on this side ihe work 
could be carried on without danger of serious elTects. such as infection, ilc." 

Iii(lii(li'(i ill the personnel of the first Oral and I'lastic Siirirci > I nil. were Ihe 
following' I'hiladelphians: Major Thomas (".. Sleilwafren, \1. C: Major ( ieor-.'e M. 
Dorrance. \\. ('..: .Major lulward 1". I.alille. !>. ('..: Major iiolieil II. \oiies, ,lr.. 
I>. ("..: Captain John \V. Bransli.ld, M. (.. 

.Serf.'eanl (iilinore Berry, Chief Qiiartermaster. l\ S. N.. serxed dnrint; ihe lale 
war on the 1 . S. S. Benlmm. He gives some idea of life on a destroyei- as follows: 

■■(►n the dale that a state of war was declared lo exist between the rniled Stall's and ll" 

(ierman Kmpire, 1 was ser\ ing on Iniard the di'slroyer liniliani, at thai li d<iing patrol duly 

oil' the Virginia Capes. 

"On the Tthof .\pril. 1917, we wereordered.by radio, to proceed to ihe Navy ^ardal Norfolk. 
Va., for repairs, fuel oil and provisions. On the lHh of April, 1917, the ship sailed from .Norfolk, 
Va., to the Navy Yard at Br<M)klyn, N. Y., where two anti-aircraft guns were mounted on board. 

"At midniglit, on the 17lh of April, 1917, we sailed from St. George, Stalen Island, con- 
voying Ihe S. S. La iMrraine. in company with the I'Veiuh cruiser Almiranle Aube, and the I'. S. 
7th Destroyer Division, consisting of the U. S. S. Cuxhintj. 1'. S. S. Cassiii. U. S. S. liinlmni. 
LI. S. S. WainuriijhI. and the I . S. S. Cuntmiiids. 

"When clear of Nantucket Shoals Light Vessel, the destroyers left thi' I'rench ships and 
S4't a course for Halifax, No\a Scolia. arri\ing on Ihe IHth of April, 1917. After the dixision 
had taken capacity loads of fuel oil, we left Halifax an<l set a course for (,)ueenslown, Irelanil. 

"On the 2lth of April, 1917, we arrived at Queenstown, after an uneventful \oyagi'. (Iiir 
(irst li\e days there were spent in having depth charge racks and releasing gear installed by the 
men from our tender, the U. S. S. Meleille t\dmiral Sims' Flagship), and general instructions 
lo the crew. 

"On the si.xtli day in Queenstown. we were allotted a palrol dislriit oil Ihe sotilh Irish coast 
oxer which we scouted for enemy submarines, convoying all nienhant ships sighted, to the boun- 
daries of our district, and only returning lo our base for fuel and pro\isions. This duty lasted 
iMilil the system of convoy was changed. 

• In .Itine, 1917, our di\ ision met and convoyed into St. Nazaire. I'ranci', the U. S. S. S<uilllc 
and lransiM)rls bearing the United States Marine (^orps and Isl Division, A. K. F. On our 
return to (^)ui-enstown from this duty, we engaged an enemy submarine oil' Ihe coast of I'rance. 
but before we could gel fairly into action vvilli our depth charges she had submerged and dis- 
a|)peariHl. 

"On mun<-rous occasions we picked up llie survivors of ships ihal had been ti.rpidoed, who 
had lo be fed, ilcitln'<l. billeted, and doctored until we reached port. 



"'I'll!' il:iy lliiil llir U. S. S. Jacob Junes w;is lorpwlut'd, we liad hiM'ii in ht'i' company, en 
route from St. Nazaire. France. At 2 p.m. she stopped for target practice. At 8 p.m. we received 
a radio message from the Land's Knd Iladio Station saving she had heen torpeiloed, and that her 
survivors were adrift in rafts and Ixjals. We put al)out and ran at full speed to the scene of the 
disaster, but her crew had already been rescued by the British cruiser Zinnin. 

"On the 30th day of July. 1917, we engaged an enemy submarine olf Land's End, England, 
in the act of submerging. After fifteen minutes of gun-fire and depth-charge attack, the amount 
(jf waste matter and fuel oil that arose to the water's surface was suHicient evidence that she 
had been destroyed and our captain reported it as such. This engagement won the ship a letter 
of <()mmendation from Admiral Sims, and the British Admiralty. 

"On the 21st of ,\ugust. 1'*I7. while en route to meet a convoy, the Henliurn was rammed 
amidships by the British cruiser Zinnia. The night was exceptionally dark and foggy, and the 
absence of running lights on either ship was no doubt the cause of the ('ollision. The engine-room, 
after fireroom and after m.igazine filled rapidly, and although the collision mat was put over the 
side immediately, it was too small to cover the hole made in her side. The ship settled until 
her stern and after gun were under water. Not knowing what moment the forward bulkheads 
would buckle and fill the ship with water, the captain ordered all hands to abandon the ship, 
and ollicers and crew took to the boats and life rafts, excepting Captain Lyons, Lieutenant W . A. 
liiedel. J. J. Dallier. Chief Gunner's Mate John Schnell, Chief Machinist's Mate Thomas J. 
I'laherty, Boatswain's Mate, First Class, B. B. Alexander, Fireman, First Class, and myself, 
who remained until the ship reached port. 

"Our olliiers and crew were picked up by the Zinnia, and after she had eH'ecti^d temporary 
repairs to her bow, she towed us to (^neenstown, accompanied by the II. S. Destroyers Trippe 
and IJraylon. 

" Upon arrival in Queenstown, a temporary wooden patch was put over the hole, and the ship 
made her own way to Newport, Monmouthsliire, South Wales, where all necessary repairs were 
effected. On the 1st of November, 1917, the ship was again on the high seas and ready for duty. 

"On the 13th of December, 1917. a terrible gale swept the south coasts of England and 
Ireland, which did much damage to all the destroyers then at sea. Our own damage amounted 
to the loss of half of each mast and radio aerials, boats stove in, and all frail deck gear smashed. 
We were at this time in the Englisti < liaimel, off Davenport Light. During this storm, which 
alternated between hail and snow, we picked up forty-one survivors from a torpedoed British 
tanker, of whom thirty-nine were .Singalese, one a boy of the English Naval Gun Crew, and the 
first mate. The remainder of her crew and officers were picked up by the U. S. S. Trippe. 
The ferocity of the storm forced us to take refuge in the harbor of Falmouth, England, and e\ en 
here the wind was so strong our anchors would not hold ground. We left Falmouth on the 21th 
of December, 1917. 

"On ('hrislinas Day, 1917, oU' Land's End, LLngland. we sighteil the I'^nglish destroyer H-01. 
with masts and stacks gone, no compasses, her decks a heap of twisted wreckage, and her eiLsign 
Hying at half mast. This ves.sel had tried to weather out the storm. We towed her into Penzance, 
England, and as we left the harbor, we were attacked by an enemy submarine, one torpedo 
missing our bow by a scant three or four yards. We circled, and attacked her approximate posi- 
tion with depth charges, but without visible results. 

"On the 17th of May, 1918, I was transferred to Base No. 6, with twenty-four other men, 
to form Nucleus Crew No. 17. which would return to the LToited .States, and connnission a new 
destroyer. We proceeded by American Line Steamer from Liserpool, England, to New York 
City, thence overland to the Mare Island, Cal., Navy Yard; where we were assigned to the 
destroyer Killy, then building. 

"While waiting fVjr our ship to be cou'.missioned, 1 was detailed as instructor in the Officers' 
Material School, teaching the students the working of the compass, log, deadline, and signals. 

"Just prior to the commissi(jning of the Killy, the keel was laid for the destroyer ttani. 
No. 139, and the Kilty's crew was transferred to her. As this was during the Fourth Liberty 
Loan dri\e, they dubbed the Ward, Liberty Destroyer No. 139, and set out to make a record on 
her construction. Fourteen and a half tlays after her keel was laid, she took to the water and 
ninety days later she steamed away from the Navy Yard complete, and in full commission. How- 
ever, due to the installation of an inferior grade of pumps the Ward was forced to return to the 
Navy Yard for repairs. 



"One (liiy after the armistice was signed, we afjaiii left Mare Island, and in the reeord lime 
of ele\en days, eight hours and forty-six minutes made llie trip, \ia llie Panama Canal, to Nor- 
folk, Va. Captain .Milton S. Davis, coranianding the It ar</, brought her through the Canal in 
four hours and five minutes, beating his own previous world's record, made by the U. S. S. Shaw, 
by twenty-five minutes. The Ward made nearly tliirty-six knots per hour for six hours and a 
little better than thirty-eight knots for her best hour on trials." 

One of the most interesting I nils with the American Kxpeditionary Forces 
was the 1st Gas Regiment, popularly known as the Hell Fire BaltaHon. Major W. 
( Jriflin (Jribhel of this city was one of the oflicersof the first hattahon, and among 
the other I'iiilacU'lphians were: Sergeant Frank L. Fleming. Corporal l-]dwin 
Jepson, and Privates (1st Class) Harry J. Brown. Alfred B. (irayson and 
Michael Sheerin. 

The regiment, originally organized as the iU)th luigineers, assembled at Camp 
American 1 mversity, Washington. D. C., and at Fort Alyer. ^ irginia. Its first 
battalion sailed from lloboken on Christmas Day. I')17. on the U. S. S. President 
Cirunl. 

Within three weeks the men were actually in the line hiigaded with a platoon 
(jf the Boyal (British) Kngineers. and jjarlicipated in tlie preparation and execution 
of gas attacks in almost every point in the British line from ^ pres to Frcpiighneni 
until the enemy otfensive beginning April 8. 1918. Dining this period the i)attalioii 
was provisioned solely by the British Quartermaster Department. It was early 
apparent that the British ration was small as compared to the American, and the 
men had great diflicidty in accustoming themselves to the absence of such staples 
as beans, coffee and oatmeal. In speaking of his impressions with the British 
troops. Major Gribbcl says: 

■ 1 1 w as our impression that the British were tiring. ( )n sober second thought, 
this did not seem entirely surprising, in view of the four years of exhaustive duty 
lliat they had uncomplainingly pas.sed through. By contrast, our enlisted personnel 
might be likened to a new broom. This, 1 think, is a fair comparison. 1 have 
frequently doubted whether our green, youthful troops could have withstood the 
incessant pressure along the western front which the phlegmatic and rather stoical 
British temperament had learned to successfidl\ endure with an almost uncanny 
cheerfulness under any and all conditions. Conversely, 1 may be [)ar(k)ne(l if I 
hazard the assertion that the British troops at the beginning of the final offensive 
could not have carried through the sw ift and effective thrusts starting with (^.hateaii- 
Thierry and ending on November 11, 1918. 

"After the enemy offensive of April, aimed at the British, we were withdrawn 
from the British I'^xpedilionary Force and were moved to the portion of the French 
front taken over by the American Expeditionary Force. The first American gas 
attacks were made at Flirey, and at a point west of Seichprey on the night of .Jutie 
18-19, 1918. Whether as a result of extraordinary French iiilclligciice iiilormatioii 
guiding us, or as a result of |)ure chance, both of these o|)crations were extremely 
liiucly. In the case of Company A. Ilieir gas discharge nip|)e(l in the bud an 
enemy movement then about to be laimched at us; and in llie case of ('ompany 
B, a divisional relief in lh(> enemy lines. The prompt withdrawal of personnel 
from the exposed locations of these two attacks avoided ilic loss of a single 
man. 

77« 



"Subsequently, attacks were made in the ^'osffes and at Chateau-Thierry. 
From tliis latt(M' point the niuveinents were so swiff Ihat we were limited to the 
use of the portable T Stokes Mortar, and could nol use llie nielhods of putting 
over a heavier concentration which was adapted to a lixed front. 

"Prior to this time, the 2d and 3d Battalion had arrived in France, and hy a 
process of personnel assimilation were brought up to an effectiveness identical with 
the 1st Battalion. From this point on the regiment participated in all major 
oiTensives, being a considerable assistance to the infantry in our Thermite attacks 
oil enemy strong points. 

"The signing of the armistice, welconKxl though it was by the European Allies, 
prevented the full development of American effectiveness. In our own Chemical 
Welfare Service it resuU<Hl in several very imjiortant and efl'ective lethal gases 
not being used by our troops. These agencies had been developed, but could not 
be brought into action as a result. To my knowledge the gases, both lethal and 
lachrymator, used by the 1st Gas Begiment, were supplied altogether by the British 
and the French. These were effective and are not in any sense to be despised. 
It is only natural, however, that we should have felt a little reluctant at the early 
signing of the armistice having interfered with the employment of our own ma- 
terial. It was believed tiiat the use of lethal gases, as practiced by the 1st Gas 
Begiment, was a very much cheaper method of killing Boche than was the use of 
artillery shell lire: and wliile to some minds it seemed an unholy and awful senti- 
ment, 1 sincerely hope that our Government will continue research along these 
lines so that we may be in a position to meet any future enemy with tools as sharp 
as his own." 

When the 12(1 Division was mobilized at Camp Mills, Long Island, in August. 
1917, its enlisted personnel represented National Guard units of some twenty-six 
(26) states. 

The Pennsylvania Unit, which was the Divisional Machine Gun Battalion 
had very few Philadelphians, but a numljer of men from this city served as officers 
with the division. Among these was Captain William W. Bodine, Battery A, 
H9th Field Artillery. 

In speaking of his experiences. Captain Bodine writes: "As the Cham|iagne 
Defense of July 11-17, 1918, was the heaviest defensive engagement of the division, 
and to the minds of many of us the most important, because the success of this 
defense rendered possible the Ainse-Marne offensive, it may be interesting to give 
a few facts relative to this operation. 

"In June, 1918, the Bainbow Division in the Baccarat sector was relieved by 
the 61st French Division with the 77tli American Division as a reinforcing element. 
For four months we had served without lelief, but we were all anxious to get into 
the actual fighting, and orders to proceed to the line of the Moselle with the imme- 
diate entraining for destinations unknown were welcomed. After a brief journey 
and a four-day respite, we were suddenly transferred to the 4th French Army under 
the command of (General Gouraud. 

"We found ourselves in a place which although one time the scene of most 
sanguinary engagements was now a region of unusual ciuiet. Nevertheless, we 
were organized and prepared to resist the attack which we believed to be only a 
matter of time. 

779 



"It was the luivilege of the |{aiiil)()\v I3i> ision to [>c llic oiilv laijic Aincricaii 
Unit serving under General Gouraud, and on July Tth he published the f'oilowinf; 
order : 

"To THE French and American Soldiers of the Ith \hmv: 

We may be attacked at any moment. 

You all know that a defensive battle was never engaged iimlir more favorable iiiiidilions. 
We are awake and on our guard. 

We are powerfully reenforeed with infantry and artillery. 

You will hghl on a terrain thai you have transformed by your work and your perseverance 
Into a rtnloubtable fortress. This invincible fortress, and all its pas.sages are wi-ll guarded. 
The bombardment will l)e terrible. You will stand it without weakness. 
The assault will be tierce, in a cloud of smoke, dust and gas. 
But your positions and your armament are formidable. 
In your breasts beat the brave and strong hearts of free men. 
None shall look to the rear; none shall yield a step. 

ICach shall have but one thought; to kill a-plenty, until they ha\e had their lill. 
Therefore, your general says to you: You will break this as.sault. and it will be a happv day." 

(Signed) (Joihai i>. 
Hi \i iU(miT\ <ik thk Ciiiki' oi' SrvFF. 

I'Kri'Ki.Ar. 

"On IJastile Day. 1918. tlie division was signaled — Kiangois 570 — which 
meant that a general attack on an extended front was expected by the enemy. 
Hefore midnight the artillery on both sides began to let loose a tremendous lire. 
As the (iermans advanced they were met with a defense that hurled them back, 
and each assault was repulsed with such vigor that after ten hours the infant r\ 
attacks died out. "Among the troops of the (icrnian \rmy with which we fought 
at this time were the JOth (ierman Division, the Uh Prussian (iuard Gahary 
Division (dismounted), the 1st and 2d Bavarian Divisions, and the 72d Reserve 
and :50th (ierman Divisions. 

"When our division withdrew from tiie Champagne front, (iciieral iNoulin, 
commanding ll)(> 2lsl French Army Corps complimenled its work in the following 
ordei': 

"At the moment when the I2d American Division is on the point of leaving the 21sl .\rmy 
Corps, I desire to express my keen .satisfaction and my sincere thanks for the services which it 
has renileri'd under all conditions. 

"Hy its \alor, ardor and its spirit, it has very particularly distinguished itself on Jul> l.">th 
and l()lh in the course of the great battle where the llh \rm\ broki> the German olTensivc on the 
( Ihampagni' front. 

"1 am proud to have had it under m\ orders dming this period: and my prayers accompany 
it in the great struggle engaged in for the liberty of the world." 

" The work of our own regiment was commended b\ tin- colonel cormnanding 
the Dixisional Field Artillery of the ITOfh French Division in the folhtwing report": 

"The 1 lyth Field Artillery has shown ([ualilics of the first order. I do not speak of the spirit 
of the regiment, of its high sense of duty, of its superb courage which are the characteristics of 
all American troops, but of its technical value, of its careful attention to detail, of its knowl- 
edge of correct methods. In spite of the fa<t that the battalions fired without a preliminary fire 
of adjustment and with only a topogra()hical pri'paralion. their fire has been remarkable for 
precision from the begiiuiing and for suppleness throughout the condiat." 

Captain (then Lieutenant) Bodine was executive oflicer of his battery, and 
took command of it on .Tidy 11. 1918, when the battery commander was wdunded. 



"\ol every youiifj: "sliave-lair" wIki went up in tlio air al tlio l)egiiiniii^ i>( Ills 
military eareer managed to land safely on both feet. However, Cieoige Scott 
Stewart. Jr., a member of the Philadelphia Bar, after receiving his commission in 
the first officers' training camp in 1917, served first with the 54th Field Artillery 
Brigatle as a balloon observer and, after twelve months overseas, returned as 
Lieutenant Colonel and Adjutant of the 29th Division. 

Colonel Stewart summarizes some of his experiences as an officer as follows : 

'"Those of us who had O. R. C. tacked on our names came to believe that those 
initials stood for 'On Railroad Cars, ' for we were moved about from place to place 
with disconcerting frequency. In October, 1917, after serving as Assistant 
Division Judge Advocate, 1 faced the possibilities f)f one more transfer, but the 
Bureau of War Risk Insurance saved the situation, for I was promoted to a First 
Lieutenancy and assigned as Division Insurance Officer. Our division raised 
.S2i?.5,000,000.00 of insurance, which was quite a task, especially to convince many 
(tf the soldiers of the wisdom of being insured. When I was appointed Aide-de- 
C.amp to Major General Charles G. Morton. Division Connnander in February, 
1*^)18, I found that an aide's duties ranged from receiving the President's 
daughter and arranging for her to sing to the soldiers, to du-ecting the naturalization 
of ISO foreign-born soldiers in three days. Incidentally, it was necessary for me 
to edit and publish a pamphlet on Embarkation Rules and Regulations. 

"On June 7, 1918 (Stewart was than a captain), I received an order to 
proceed to Wilmington, Del., for duty with a Coast Artillery Brigade. Fortu- 
nately we sailed before the War Department had time to act upon my telegram 
refusing the appointment. 

"While on our way to Europe I understood more fully the remaikable part 
which our Navy was playing. For hours at a time while in conunand of a detail 
in the crow's nest, we could see the ships which were convoying us steaming here 
and there, ever ready to repel any attack. 

"After landing in France it was my privilege to act as haison officer to the .'iUth 
Infantry Brigade, and I was with the combat troops during the largest ojK'iatinii 
in which the A. E. F. participated." 

Captain Stewart received his promotion to the rank of Major on ><ovember I. 
1918, and to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in May, PJi"^). lie was cited b> 
Major General Morton as a result of the re|iort of his work made by the Cliiel' of 
Stall of the 29th Division. 

The man who carried a camera had, at times, as many thrills as the man with 
a gun. foi' war photography is no "Pink Tea" sport. It involves danger and hard- 
ship and long hours. The first Photographic Unit of the Signal Corps was organized 
at Camp \ ail. New Jersey, in September, 1917 with a personnel of 80. After 
a brief iiitroduttion to the rudiments of military training, the unit was broken 
u|) and sent to various Photo-training schools in camps all over the united States. 

Charles Darwin, of this city, was one of the men who reported to Camp Vail 
and was soon sent to ('olumbia I niversity, New York City. Here he acted as an 
Instructor for nine months. Upon receiving a Commission, Darwin was sent out 
in command of a unit consisting of one sergeant, first class, and one private, 
first class, and attached to the 31st (Dixie) Division. When he reached France, 
he was reassigned to the 28th Division. 

71! I 




Cooper and his seven prisoners. 

In talking ovor some of his experiences, Lieutenant Darwin recallid I In- fact 
that, alllioiifih only one war |)h(itiif;raj)her was killed, many of the men were 
wounded and gassed. Of their initiative he added, "I'rivale Camplx'll. a Phila- 
delphia niiMi. found himself far behind the lines with no prospect of jiellinji up with 
his (-(]uipnient. I iowever. the car of ( IcncMal I'ctain was near by and the chaud'eur 
did not seem to be busy, so Campbell calndy conunandeercd the limousine and rode 
in fine style to rejoin the Division. Lieutenant Edwin H. Cooper, also of this 
city, was firindin;: <iiit films on his mnvinjr-picture camera when he was startled to 
see seven 'llcinies" come out of a shell lujle. Jiefore Cooper knew it he had seven 
perfectly good prisoners, who had mistaken his camera for a machine gun. Per- 
sonally. I covered the work of the Arjionne. operating from (I. It. (). in one of 
the ten units under connnand of Major tirillin, C 2, (i. II. Q. Many of the 
pictures were filmed from an aeroplane, from which it was possible to secure remark- 
able results." 



Although the Cavalry was not largely employed in the World War, neverthe- 
less, certain troops were used for special service. The old Second ('.a\alry with 
Headquarters at Fort Myer, \ irginia, and the Second and Third Squadrons at 
Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, were sent to France in the late spring of 1918. 
Among the Philadelphians in this regiment was W. ^. I'rii'l. \\hn scrxcd in 
Troop II. 

Reminiscing over his experiences, Friel asserted that the nund)cr of 
horses wound(>d and killed was very great, but that the \i'my was able to 
replace the animals with remai'kable speed. Continuing, he suitl, "Our Squadron 
was used as a Cavalry Unit at St. Mihiel and for one day in the Argonne. Afterwards 
we were used as mounted messengers and patrols There were about seventeen 

782 



IMiiladelphians in Troop H, and we had the excitement of our lives one day just 
after we had entered a woodland and prepared to camp. A German aviator flew 
down within a few hundred feet and, giving the signal to his batteries, we were soon 
deluged with shells. It was at this time that probably seventy-flve per cent of 
the horses were kifled or wounded. However, the Philadelphia boys came through 
very well." 

While "the home folks" were thinking of their dear ones with the A. E. F. 
those same boys were not unmindful of families in "God's Own Country," for 
many of them had helped to share in the family's fortune before they marched 
away. In an intimate letter to his brother, which asks for information about each 
member of the home circle, Private RayTUond Sweeney, Headquarters Company, 
76th Field Artillery, expressed the interest of many when he adds: 

"Did mother ever get those Liberty bonds and my insurance? Let me know, 
so that if she did not, I can see about it." 

Discomfort, danger, wounds, the very hand of death itself, never drove from 
the heart and mind of the men of the A. E. F. the finest and truest devotion to those 
who also, in full measure, sacrificed in the cause of righteousness. 

While many Philadelphia men were overseas, others were doing their duly at 
home. In some cases those who never reached an embarkation camj> faced perils 
more dangerous than submarines and shell fire. The men in the Chemical Welfare 
Section in the manufacturing centers faced death from poison gas daily, not 
that which was sent over by the enemy, of which usually some warning was 
given, but the ever-present fumes in tiie laboratories. 

In the final edition of the Gas-Etle, issued at the Edgewood Arsenal (Stamford), 
Conn., Plant, Lieutenant ^ ictor E. Fishburn, C. W. S. Commanding, speaks of 
the work of his men in the following terms: 

" In this, the last issue of the Gas-Elle, I am again attempting to express my 
appreciation for the services rendered by you while at Stamford. It is only 
an attempt on my part, as it is impossible for me to express in writing, or in any 
other way, exactly what the work is that you have done here. Let us hope that 
the ]ieace terms include a stipulation against the manufacture of poison gas in the 
future. 

"For almost a year the men of this arsenal have been in daily contact with 
the poison gas. I believe that every man stationed here can say that he has been 
gassed. The men on the bleach gang put in many disagreeable hours rolling 
l)leach drums on hot summer days, often when it was too hot to wear masks. 

"It took grit and courage to inhale chloride and bleach dust during this hot 
weather. There was never a complaint from you men, and the operations were 
never held up because there was not enough bleach unloaded. 

" In the picric acid plant, you men were required to breathe nitrous fumes night 
after night. Quite often you got more than you could stand. A good many of 
you received severe burns from nitric and sulphuric acid. There were many days 
when you lould hardly eat, due to the picric acid dust that you had swallowed. 
None of those hardships ever interfered with production. 

"The men in France had the excitement of battle to urge them on and to keep 
up their spirits. The glory to be gained on the battlefield was not an opportunity 

783 



oll'orod llie men at Slaiiiford. hlxciy man wanlotl to fjo acmss. It is woiidci I'lil 
to know that with the opportunities to win the glory on the battlefield gone, and 
only months of unpleasant work to look forward to, every man here came to work, 
eager to do all in his power. If you men. as I am sure you will, go back to work in 
civil life with the .same spirit that you have shown here, your success in the futun- 
is assured." 

The copy from which tiie foregoing excerpt was taken was .sent in b\ I'riNatc 
First Class, Wm. F. Connelly, C. W. S., who was sent from Cajnp Lee. \ irginia. 
to the Edgewood Arsenal. He also enclosed with his other records a cops of a 
poem written by I'rivate Alexander London, C. W. S., entitled: 

THF B\TT!>1-: OF KDC.FWOOD 

■■'riu! great War had been o\er for more than forty years. 

And people had forgotten it.s sorrows and its tears. 

The Soldier's Home was crowded with heroes of the past 

\\ ho had fought beneath Old Clory that Liberty might last. 

Vruund the gray-haired veteran from the rock-liound coast of Maine. 

Were some comrades he had fought with in the valley of Champagne. 

They talked of Lens and Lille They talked of old \ erdun. 

They fought the same old battles, as they sat there in the sun. 

They painted vivid pictures of the battle of Arras. 

They talked of Tanks and Aeroplanes and of the poison gas. 
'Come here, you gray-haired Dizzy" the old man cried with glee. 

To a sad eyed man who stood alone beneath an apple tree. 
■ Dont stand there, you old Fogey, as if you"re in a trance. 

But come here quick and tell us of what you did in France." 

The old man slowly tottered to where the other stood. 

And said, ■15t)ys let me tell you of the battle of lulgewood. 

We marched away from hearth and home without a big brass ImihI, 

They sent us first to Syracuse and then to Maryland, 

I met boys there from Kansas and from the ( iolden (laic, 

lioys from far Wyoming and from every other State. 

They worked from early morning, until the sun had died. 

'I'hey worked and gave the best they had to keep you bovs suppliiil. 

We made Chloride and Phosphorus, and made the dread \1. ().. 

We were always out there battling with that dreadi'd unseen foe. 

If a little drop of any (las would touih the hand or face 

It meant a speedy auto ride and a long stay at the Base. 

They did liieir very biggest bit. as I know I did mine. 

To help to drive the enemy, acro.ss the mighty Bhine. 

So take your hats off to the boys at home, who had nu rhaiire. 

To fight with you across the sea on the battlefield of Fiance. 

So let us get together, as soldiers tried and true. 

And give three ringing cheers — and more, for the old Bed, W hilc and Blue." " 

Philadelphia is piouil of her men. The\ fought on ever> lie-Id iiiid in cscin 
branch of the service. To those who returned. I lie city opened her aims in welcuinr 
and sought lo arliciilale her deepest emotions. Some never will return. Perhaps 



all that is mnital will he l(i()iij,^lit lionip, to rest with their coimadi's-in-airiis at 
Arlington or in the peaceful beauty of a tiny "God's acre" far from tlie noise and 
confusion of life. 

Many will sleep tiieir long sleeji in foreign lands. Over their graves are the 
tiny crosses '"row on row." symbolic of vicarious sai-rifice. On those crosses might 
well be inscribed "non-niinistraii." for surely those who rest beneath them truly 
nn"nistered, and gave their lives a ransom for many. 

In all humility and reverence may we draw aside the veil and lind revealed 
the spirit that sustained these men to the last. Is it not fitting that so intimate 
a revelation should have lieen made by a son to his mother, for who in all the world 
paid a gTcater i)rice dining the days of uncertainly and strife than the mothers 
of all lands? So we read: 

American Y. M. C. A. 

On Active Service, with the 
Amkrican Kxpeditionarv Force 

Saturday, Sept. 20, I'M!!. 
"Dearest Mother: 

"Just a few lines to let you know that all is well and I am enjoying the best 
of health and hope that you are enjoying the same. 

"Up to date I have been having considerable experience, and I will ha\e so 
much to talk about that I will keep you up many a night telling you the little 
tales of a soldier, and his experiences. I sincerely hope that you have given u|) 
worrying about me by this time, for too well you know that there is One abov(^ 
to watch over us and provide for us, and if it is His will lie will again restore us 
to our own beloved ones. Too well you know how He has pulled me through 
when I was quite young and I am sure that I will not be forsaken. (lod's will be 
done, and not ours. So all we liave to do is wait. 

"Do your best to keei) in the best of spirits, as I am doing, and all will be 

'^*'"- " (Private) Joseph 0. Yehle, 

Company D, 31.5 Infantry, 

A. P. 0. 771, A. K. V. 

The writer of this letter fell on the Held of honor September 2'), 1918 — nine 
days later. 

"There is One above to watcii. AH will be well." Spoken nr unexpressed, 
that was the sentiment that found lodgment in the hearts and minds of the \. Iv F. 
Their's was a virile faith. With such confidence, victory for them and foi' tlieii- 
cause was inevitable. 




Ik' 



